The Shipwreck (Image from www.artinthepicture.com)

NOTE: Parts of this newspaper image were very hard to read,  especially the numbers, which I have marked with a – ?-  question mark.

Loss of the Ship Resource.

Mr. B. Wyman of this town, who arrived in the Jane, from Manilla, has communicated the following particulars respecting the loss of the ship Resource, Sowle. — “On the 20th of Nov. 1818, on the passage from Kamtschatka, being in about lat. 28, N  long. 80, E while under easy sail, at about 6 PM, she struck on an unknown reef of rocks, weather thick and squally — she remained about ten minutes, when she slid off, and on sounding the pumps found she had made considerable water — the pumps were immediately set at work, but the water gained on them fast. The foremast was then cut away, and all hands employed in clearing the wreck, and getting out the boats.

After providing provisions, water, &c. the officers and crew left the ship and she soon after sunk. The long boat, having on board most of the provisions and water saved from the ship, being very leaky soon filled and capsized, and the contents lost; some of the crew in her swam to the other boats, others clung to her till morning, and were then taken off, except one, who was drowned.

There were now the two whale boats left; Capt. Sowle and 12? men in one, and Mr. Joseph Harris, first mate, and 12 men in the other – each boat had about 30 lbs of bread, but no water — the men were on an allowance of half a biscuit per day. The boats kept company all the next day, but soon after dark the captain’s boat suddenly disappeared, and it was thought must have been upset, and all on board perished, as nothing was seen of her afterwards, the sea running very high. On the ?0th Dec., the surviving boat landed on the uninhabited island of Agrigon, the crew not having had any water for 2? days, except what they caught as it fell from the heavens, which gave them from one to three spoonfulls a man per day.

Mr. S. La Roach died Dec. 2?, Mr. Wm. S. Sp??hawk the ??th, Mr. Joseph Adams 15th; and Mr. Harris, the mate, fell from a rock, Jan. 17, 1819, while fishing and was drowned. Mr. Wyman and 7 others remained on the island subsisting on what it afforded, (it having been stocked with goats and hogs) till the 18th of Nov ‘19, a period of eleven months, when they were discovered and taken off by a Spanish brig, bound to Manilla, at which place they were landed, Dec. 22. Two of the survivors went thence to Canton*, two remained at Manilla, and ? [3 ?] took passage for the U.S.

The Resource had no cargo but salt on board when lost.

Ohio Repository, The (Canton, Ohio) Jul 6, 1820

* China? Wales? Australia?

The latitude and longitude given in the article puts the ship somewhere in northern India, which doesn’t seem likely.  Kamtschatka, which is one location mentioned, appears to be on the lower part of the Russian peninsula near the Bering Sea. I was not able to locate Agrigon, or anything with a similar name, that would fit the general location, however, there are lots of islands in that area.

Image from http://z.about.com/

From the N.Y. Evening Post.

LAUNCH OF THE OHIO 74.

Behold the stately pond’rous ship,
High on the rocks, Majestic tow’rs!
To move her from her station there,
Would seem beyond all human pow’rs;
Yet she is destin’d soon to ride,
Upon the bosom of the tide.

Th’ appointed hour at length arrives,
And lo! the signal now is given;
When to her destin’d element,
With force resistless she is driven;
And never did the yielding wave,
A prouder, nobler freight receive.

Success attend thee, gallant ship,
Where’er thou may’st in future sail,
And may no force that ploughs the deep,
Against thee e’er in fight prevail;
And may thy sides of stubborn oak,
By no opposing foe be broke.

And should’st thou ere be doom’d to meet
Old JOHNNY BULL in dread array,
Thine Eagle shall pluck out his eyes,
Thy HERCULES,* his lion slay’
And ever shall OHIO ride,
Victorious on the swelling tide.

H

*The figure head of the Ohio is a Hercules wrapped in a lion’s skin.

Ohio Repository, The (Canton, Ohio) Jul 13, 1820

We three kings of Orient are;
Bearing gifts we traverse afar,
Field and fountain, moor and mountain,
Following yonder star.

Refrain

O star of wonder, star of light,
Star with royal beauty bright,
Westward leading, still proceeding,
Guide us to thy perfect light.

Born a King on Bethlehem’s plain
Gold I bring to crown Him again,
King forever, ceasing never,
Over us all to reign.

Frankincense to offer have I;
Incense owns a Deity nigh;
Prayer and praising, voices raising,
Worshipping God on high.

Myrrh is mine, its bitter perfume
Breathes a life of gathering gloom;
Sorrowing, sighing, bleeding, dying,
Sealed in the stone cold tomb.

Glorious now behold Him arise;
King and God and sacrifice;
Alleluia, Alleluia,
Sounds through the earth and skies.

John Henry Hopkins Jr. was born this date, 10/28/1820 at Pittsburgh, PA.  He grad­u­at­ed twice (1839 BA, 1845 MA) from the Un­i­ver­si­ty of Ver­mont.  He was a re­port­er in New York Ci­ty but eventually enrolled at Gen­er­al The­o­log­ic­al Sem­in­ary grad­u­ating in 1850. He was that sem­in­ary’s first mu­sic teach­er but went on to minister in Trin­i­ty Church, Platts­burg, New York, and Christ Church, Will­iams­port, PA.  He wrote several other songs in addition to “We Three Kings” (done for a Christ­mas pa­geant). Hopkins, died 8/14/1891 at Hudson, NY.

I just finished doing a “clean” uninstall (per akb 1820) of NS 7 to fix an issue in AKB 26197. After attempting a reinstall via SIM7 I was getting an error when trying to install the Symantec Management Platform by itself or as part of the client management suite. Altiris knowledge base article 1820 covers the process one must complete to do a manual uninstall of Notification Server. In short the article states:

1. Backup your existing Altiris or AeXNS (this is optional, but recommended).
2. Backup custom files: This includes Patches, Software Delivery packages, and any other customized files within your Notification Server installation. This does not include core program files.
3. Stop any Altiris Service using the Services Manager
4. Uninstall All Solutions, Notification Server, and the Altiris Agent from Add or Remove Programs.  Do *not* remove the Wise Toolkit if it is installed. This may cause IIS from running correctly.
5. Go into Regedit and delete the following keys if they still exist:
6. • HKLM > Software > Altiris and remove the keys: Altiris Agent, Communications, Scheduler, StartSoftwarePortal, StartCMS, Software Management, Patch Management, APackageStub.
   • HKLM > Software > Altiris > Express and remove all keys except Boot Disk Creator, console, Winpk.log (these will exist if Deployment Server is installed).
   • Delete the HKCR\Installer\Products\4E5A8049C67… key and any other keys that relate to Altiris including AppWeaver, Alert Manager, etc. (This will require you to explore the keys to find Altiris references, whether by Solution name or Altiris).
   • DeleteHKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Installer\Userdata\S-1-5-18\Products\ any of the IDs that correspond to Altiris.
   • Delete HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\ any of the IDs that correspond to Altiris.
   • Delete HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services any of the Altiris services.
7. Delete the follow locations on the drive where Notification Server was installed:
   • Install path\Program Files\Altiris\Notification Server
   • From Windows: delete any Aex files in Winnt\System32
   • From Windows: delete any MSI files in WINNT\Installer related to Altiris (Look at the MSI properties).
   • Install path\Program Files\Altiris\Setup Files
8. Reinstall Notification Server. (Use the version from www.solutionsam.com/solutions/6_0/ to make sure you have the most current version.)

Number 6 is in need of a little clarification. Where it says to delete any items related to altiris from HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Installer\Userdata\S-1-5-18\Products\. The only way to know if these keys relate to altiris is to expand the key and click on the installerproperties subkey and then reference the values in the right pane to see if they say anything about Altiris, if they do then delete the entire key related to that installer.

Note: This is for Altiris NS 6 but I applied it NS 7 without incident, ymmv.

Update!: This did not fix the SIM7 installer issue I experienced. There was an event log error reporting that NS 5.5 must be uninstalled before NS 6.0 can be installed. This was puzzling since we’re trying to install NS 7. The fix is to delete the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Installer\UpgradeCodes\BD07D9FBBCB1C4A4394A9F46F2FACC2D This should take care of the problem, I was able to relaunch SIM7 and install the SMP without issue.

Os entusiastas por whiskies gamharam um novo point em São Paulo. É o 1820 – The Blue Bar, no Itaim. O primeiro flagship bar da marca Johnnie Walker Blue Label.

O projeto é uma parceria entre a Pink Elephant e a Johnnie Walker e tem como objetivo antecipar as comemorações dos 200 anos do rótulo Blue Label.

O Blue Bar tem decoração toda inspirada no mundo do whisky. O grande destaque do ambiente é o teto folheado a ouro, que levou 76 dias para ser finalizado. O espaço conta com uma programação musical voltada para o Jazz, MPB e pop-rock, e um cardápio diversificado para acompanhar os drinks. No menu pratos como filé mignon ao poivre vert com aspargos frescos, e risoto de funghi porcini e shitake, combinam muito bem com o bom e velho whisky.

As coqueteleiras estão sob o comando do barman Luis Claudio Simões, atual campeão paulista e brasileiro da categoria. Ele é o responsável pela criação do drinque que leva o nome da casa, o 1820, que é composto por Johnnie Walker Blue Label, licor de whisky e Jerez.

• Endereço: Rua Gumercindo Saraiva, 289 , Itaim Bibi, São Paulo
• Telefones: (11) 2769-2003 / 2769-2004
• Dias e Horário: Terça a domingo, das 18h às 3h.

San Petersburgo en 1893

"St. Petersburg" from Murray, John. Handbook for Travellers in Russia, Poland and Finland. Paris, 1893

El imperio ruso en 1820

From The Cyclopaedia or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature by Abraham Rees, 1820

Están todos vivos: Un café con Rodion Romanovich Raskólnikov

Saturno devorando a sus hijos

Saturno devorando a sus hijos, Francisco de Goya. 1820-1823

Hoy estrenamos sección en el blog, dedicada al arte, y empezamos con esta maravillosa pintura de Goya. Una pintura que pertenece a lo que se llamaron pinturas oscuras, una serie de cuadros de tinte drámatico, entre las que podemos encontrar dos frailes, dos viejos, o Judith y Holofenes. Esta serie de cuadros se encontraban en la planta baja de La Quinta del Sordo, en Madrid, una casa perdida en la que vivió el artista.

El cuadro representa el mito de Saturno, quien derrocando a su padre Urano, reinó en lugar de su hermano Titán. Ssabiendo que uno de sus hijos le derrocaría, Saturno obligaba a su esposa, Ops (o Cibeles) a que le entregara a los recién nacidos para devorarlos, y así evitar su derrocamiento. Cibeles, sin embargo, consiguió salvar a su hijo Jupiter, que le declaró la guerra a su padre cuando fue adulto, derrotandolo y ascendiendo al poder.

Este cuadro se realiza en la estapa anciana de Goya, como todas sus pinturas negras, donde la melancolía y el desgarro son apreciables a primera vista en todos sus lienzos. Tambien se dice que la obra es una representación de Fernando VII devorando a su pueblo, y es que no hay que olvidar que Francisco de Goya fue uno de los más visibles afrancesados durante la ocupación napoleónica de España.

Un cuadro que a mi me parece espectacular y que me trasmite muchas emociones, aunque cuentan que en la última reparación de la obra (la que veis) se hizo un poco “de aquela manera”, a mi me sigue encantando, entre otras cosas porque conocí así la obra.

Saludos.

Fanny Crosby

FANNY CROSBY IS DEAD AT HER HOME
Noted Hymn Writer, Blind Since Youth, Lives To Age of Ninety-Five.
—
Was the Author Of More Religious Songs Than Any Other One Person.
—
Bridgeport, Conn., Feb 12. — Fanny Crosby, well known hymn writer, died today at her home in her ninety-fifth year.

Eight thousand hymns of Christian worship sung in Protestant churches throughout the world are the work of Fanny Crosby. No one since the days of Charles Wesley or Isaac Watts has made anywhere near as large a contribution to the gospel song book as did the blind writer.

Miss Crosby’s health had been failing for some time. Shortly before the end she became unconscious and remained so until death. At her bedside were her niece, Mrs. Henry Booth, and other members of the family, with whom she long had made her home.

In spite of feeble health Miss Crosby continued writing hymns up to a short time before her death.

Fanny Crosby’s name was signed so regularly as author of one hymn after another that the hymn book makers of a quarter century ago were forced to give her some 200 different pen names to make it appear that someone besides the famous writer had contributed. Thousands — perhaps hundreds of thousands who sang her songs, which were translated into every language, did not know that it was a blind woman’s inspiration which they employed to express their Christian faith and hope in song.

“Saved by Grace,” “Blessed Assurance,” “Rescue the Perishing,” and “Safe in the Arms of Jesus” are typical of Fanny Crosby’s most popular religious verses. Of the latter Miss Crosby has related an incident showing the remarkable rapidity with which she employed her inspiration and her talents of versification.

Incident In Life.

W.H. Doane, who wrote the music for many of her verses, had called one morning at Miss Crosby’s home in New York.

“I must take a train to Cincinnati in forty minutes,” he said, “and I have some music for which I want you to write a hymn.”

“He sat down at the piano and played his music.

“I think I can write it, Mr. Doane,” I said.

“I hurried upstairs and sat down to write. For some time I was entirely oblivious of surroundings. When I came back to my full senses the hymn was written and was on paper before me. I learned that I had only taken fifteen minutes. Triumphantly I carried it down to Mr. Doane. The music he played then and the words that I had hurriedly written, are the same used today in singing “Safe in the Arms of Jesus.”

“It was my most successful hymn, and I believe it was dictated by the spirit of the Lord, and that it was born for a mission.”

Wrote Popular Melodies.

But Fanny Crosby did not begin hymn-writing until she was over 40 years of age. Fifty years ago she was best known for her popular melodies which were whistled all over the country, such as “Proud World Good-by, I’m Going Home,” “Hazel Dell,” “The Honeysuckle Glen,” and “Never Forget the Dear Ones.”

Born in Putnam county, New York state, March 24, 1820, christened Frances Jane Crosby, and married to Alexander Van Alstyne, a blind music teacher, who died many years ago, the blind writer lived to be almost 95 years old. Her mother had lived to be 102, and her grandmother to be 106. She retained to the last all her faculties — excepting eyesight. She lost this during a fever in infancy when a hot poultice was applied to her eyes, destroying the optic nerve.

At eight years the little girl displayed her first talent in versification by this philosophy of contentment:

Oh, what a happy soul am I!
Although I cannot see;
I am resolved that in this world
Contented I will be.

How many blessings I enjoy,
That other people don’t;
To weep and sigh because I’m blind,
I cannot and I won’t.

For twelve years she studied at the New York Institution for the Blind. She never learned to read by the raised letters. Playing the guitar while a child she so calloused her fingers that they were not sensitive enough to read the raised characters. All she learned she memorized from hearing. During her connection with the institution, which included an additional twelve years as a teacher, she traveled all over the country declaiming her own verses. Before both houses of congress she once recited these special lines:

“O ye, who here from every state convene,
Illustrious band! may we not hope the scene
You now behold will prove to every mind
Instruction hath a ray to cheer the blind.

The Lincoln Daily Star (Lincoln, Nebraska) Feb 12, 1915

A Young Fanny Crosby (Image from www.nyise.org)

Fanny Crosby, the blind Methodist hymn writer, is now 70 years of age. She has written about 3000 Sunday school hymns, many of which are widely known. She was born at South East, N.Y., in 1823?, and lost her sight when six weeks old through the ignorant application of a warm poultice to he eyes. She has been an inmate of and teacher in the institution for the blind in New York since 1835. In 1858 she was married to Alexander Van Alstyne, a musician, who was also blind. Her first poem was published in 1831 and her first volume of verse, “A Blind Girl and Other Poems,” in 1834.

The Fitchburg Sentinel (Fitchburg, Massachusetts) Jul 27, 1894

More pictures and links to her hymns, go HERE.

The following is a poem written on board the H.M.S. Hecla in 1820 while it was landlocked in the Arctic circle and was forced to spend the entire winter marooned on Melville Island, enduring months of total darkness and severe cold.  It appeared in the North Georgia Gazette, a newspaper initiated by Sir William Edward Parry, Captain of the Hecla in an effort to distract the officers and crew from the isolation and tedium of the long winter months.  

For the WINTER CHRONICLE.

THOUGHTS ON  NEW YEAR’S DAY, A.D. 1820.

_______

The moments of chasten’d delight are gone by,

When we left our loved homes o’er new regions to rove,

When the firm manly grasp, and the soft female sigh,

       Mark’d the mingled sensations of friendship and love.

The season of pleasure has hurried away,

       When through far-stretching ice a safe passage we found,[1]

The led us again to the dark rolling sea,

       And the signal was seen “on for Lancaster’s Sound.[2]

The joys that we felt when we pass’d by the shore,

       Where no footstep of man had e’er yet been imprest,

When rose in the distance no mountain-tops hoar,

       As the sun of the evening bright gilded the west,[3]

Full swiftly they fled—and that hour too is gone

       When we gain’d the meridian assign’d as a bound,[4]

Le comte de Chambord

Nous avons à l’image du dernier héritier non-contesté, comme quelqu’un de rétrograde, bigot, vivant dans un autre âge. Pourtant la réalité est tout autre. Tout en respectant les principes qui ont fait la France, le comte de Chambord n’a pas cessé d’intervenir dans les débats politique, économique et social de son temps, donnant une idée précise de la royauté restaurée à ces concitoyens et aux prétendants de la branche d’Orléans, une base institutionnelle économique et sociale de la France.

I. Idées politiques économiques et sociales.

« Exclusion de tout arbitraire ; le règne et le respect des lois, l’honnête et le droit partout ; le pays sincèrement représenté, votant l’impôt ; et concourant à la fonction des lois, les dépenses sincèrement contrôlées, la propriété : la liberté individuelle et religieuses inviolables et sacrées : l’administration communale et départementale sagement et progressivement décentralisée, le libre accès pour tous aux honneurs et avantages sociaux : telles sont à mes yeux les véritables garanties d’un bon gouvernement ». Lettre au duc de Lévis, du 12 mars 1856.

Contrairement à ce que nous pouvons penser, le comte de Chambord ne voulait pas d’une royauté ancrée dans l’Ancien Régime, mais au XIXème siècle, la citation de dessus en est la preuve.

1. Le renouveau du légitimisme : jeune France.

En premier, lieu, le comte de Chambord s’inspira largement d’un mouvement légitimiste, nommé Jeune France, voulant tourner la page de l’Ancien Régime et de l’émigration, et prenant en compte des changements effectués depuis la fin du XVIIIème siècle. Elle prônait la représentativité politique, et la défense des libertés publiques fondamentales, de religion, d’opinion et d’expression, enfin la décentralisation de l’Etat.

Leurs idées ont été plus ou moins influencé par le légitimiste libéral et romantique, François-René Chateaubriand. Ces légitimistes « henriquinquisme » possèdent plusieurs journaux : L’Echo de la Jeune France, la gazette de France, et la Mode.

Ces ultra royalistes espèrent régénérer la monarchie avec le jeune, duc de Bordeaux qui n’a pas connu l’Ancien Régime et la Révolution.

De même, cette tendance politique s’inscrit en plein XIXème siècle romantique, épris d’esprit chevaleresque, d’une restauration de la religion, et de la condamnation de la société bourgeoise incarnée, par le régime de Louis-Philippe. Ce mouvement fut crée par l’abbé Antoine de Genoude, théoricien d’une monarchie librement consentie.

2. Esprit et institution de la monarchie chambordienne.

1. Une monarchie nationale et légitime.

Bien qu’en tenant compte de ces critiques, il développe sa propre pensée politique.

Le comte de Chambord comprend que la royauté s’est peu à peu séparée de la patrie, depuis Louis XV, et surtout avec Waterloo. Il comprend que royalisme et patriotisme sont indissociables, surtout à partir de 1870, avec la défaite française. Il préfigure à cette date, le nationalisme intégral de Charles Maurras.

Ensuite, le comte de Chambord pose les bases de l’institution de la monarchie traditionnelle.

Après les échecs des 12 constitutions depuis la chute de la Royauté, la France connaît une instabilité politique. Le comte de Chambord pense que seule la monarchie légitime et traditionnelle peut permettre la stabilité et la continuité du pouvoir, et la garantie des libertés fondamentales telles de conscience, de religion, associatives, individuelles, d’enseignement et d’instruction.

2. Une monarchie chrétienne.

Cette monarchie, bien que donnant la liberté religieuse et de conscience sera chrétienne, basée sur les évangiles.

Parfois on me demande quel sera mon programme, il est bien simple. C’est l’Evangile tout pu, sans en retrancher un iota, car j’ai la conviction profonde que l’Evangile est le code du gouvernement tout aussi bien que celui des individus ».

Ce pendant, il ne tombe pas dans une théocratie, séparant bien la sphère spirituel et temporel :

Pleine liberté de l’Eglise dans les choses spirituelles, indépendante souveraine de l’Etat dans les choses temporelles, parfait accord et l’un et l’autre dans les questions mixtes » Lettre du 26 mars 1859 La Monarchie française.

3. Un roi arbitre et judiciaire.

Sa conception du roi est celui d’un arbitre, au dessus des classes et des partis,

« Si je tiens à préserver l’intégralité du principe monarchique, ce n’est pas pour exercer ne domination égoïste et absolue. Je veux une autorité tempérée. Mais je veux aussi une autorité respectée pour y puiser la force de m’élever au-dessus des exigences des partis, dans l’intérêt même du pays, et d’exercer un rôle de modérateur efficace et d’arbitre écouté ».

Il doit favoriser l’ascension sociale des plus méritants et ne plus être le premier parmi des nobles.

Les revendications de la Révolution française, l’égalité du droit, de l’impôt et aux fonctions publiques auraient été donc conservés par une constitution écrite si Le comte de Chambord avait régné.

La constitution aurait prévu un système bicamériste avec une chambre basse élue au suffrage populaire, et familial dit intégral, la chambre haute, nommée par le roi, qui aurait fait office de grand conseil, composée en partie par les intérêts économiques et sociaux : agriculteur, propriété, industrie commerce, main d-’ouvre et scientifiques ». Le gouvernement aurait été responsable devant le roi. La loi aurait été partagée entre l’exécutif et le législatif.

Pour ce qui est de la justice, les magistrats auraient été indépendants :

La justice est le fondement des Etats, et ceux qui la rendent au nom d’un prince, ont besoin, pour remplir dignement leur haute mission, d’un noble et sage indépendance. Rien de ce qui peut y porter atteinte ne saurait avoir mon approbation, et je juge comme vous la mesure dont vous parlez ».

« La France reviendrait à une saine décentralisation dans les communes, cantons et départements. Outre l’effet qu’elle permettrait de redonner des libertés aux français pour défendre leurs intérêts, de recentrer l’Etat dans les affaires régaliennes, elle permettrait aussi de former une élite locale, aux grandes affaires nationales. (Lettres du 22 janvier 1848, du 14 novembre 1862, et du 30 janvier 1865). »

Surtout préservons les classes populaires de joug tyrannique et de l’odieuse servitude de l’instruction obligatoire qui achèverait de ruiner l’autorité paternelle et d’effacer les dernières traces du respect dans la famille et dans l’État. (lettre du 30 janvier 1865).

« Je disais encore que la décentralisation sagement comprise et loyalement pratiquée, en multipliant et mettant à la portée de chacun les occasions d’être utile, et de se consacrer selon ses facultés à la gestion des intérêts communs, entretiendrait au sein de la société et dans les carrières ouvertes à tous, l’émulation du zèle, de l’intelligence, du dévouement ; que ce serait un puissant moyen de régler, d’organiser la démocratie qui gagne toujours du terrain, et de préserver ainsi l’ordre social des dangers dont elle le menace. » Lettre sur la décentralisation, 14 novembre 1862

3. Un programme économique et social avant-gardiste.

Sur le plan économique et social, le comte de Chambord s’inscrit dans le courant catholique social qui donnera en 1881 « rerum novarum » de Léon XIII, sur la doctrine sociale de l’Eglise.

Sa pensée économique et sociale est développée dans deux lettres : Lettre sur l’agriculture, 1866 et Lettre aux ouvriers de 1865.

Pour ce qui est de l’agriculture le comte de Chambord avait des connaissances économiques assez classiques, prônant un protectionnisme agricole, ainsi que les analyses de Ricardo, considérant que la prospérité économique dépend de l’agriculture.

En ce qui concerne la question ouvrière, le comte de Chambord est assez avant-gardiste. Qui sait que nos ateliers nationaux de 1848 ont été voulu expérimenter par l’héritier de Saint-Louis dans ses domaines de Chambord ?

Il prône tout d’abord, la charité envers les ouvriers, l’association entre ouvriers et patrons sous surveillance de l’Etat, et ainsi une législation protégeant le prolétariat.

En résumé, droit d’association sous la surveillance de l’État, et avec le concours de cette multitude d’œuvres admirables, fruits précieux des vertus évangéliques, tels sont les principes qui semblent devoir servir efficacement à délier le nœud si compliqué de la question ouvrière.
Lettre aux ouvriers, 20 avril 1865

Enfin, sa fibre sociale se vit lors de la Commune de 1871. Non qu’il approuva la Commune elle-même qui aurait mis en France, un processus révolutionnaire, connu depuis 1789, mais il fut horrifié de la répression contre le peuple manipulé, selon lui, par les meneurs, alors qu’eux eut l’autorisation de s’exiler.

Distinguimos tres etapas en la pugna entre liberalismo y absolutismo durante el reinado de Fernando VII: el Sexenio Absolutista (1814-1820), el Trienio Liberal (1820-1823), y la Década Ominosa (1823-1833). La situación política del continente fue muy parecida a la española durante esos años. Una vez derrotado Napoleón, se procedió a restaurar el absolutismo en todo el continente. Sin embargo, los brotes revolucionarios que se sucedieron después trataron de acabar con el Antiguo Régimen para implantar un sistema liberal.

Situación en 1813-1814.

Al finalizar los trabajos constituyentes de Cádiz, las Cortes se disolvieron y se procedió a convocar unas nuevas de carácter ordinario. Esto vino acompañado por la victoria sobre el invasor francés, la firma de la paz de Valencia, y el regreso a España del rey Fernando VII. Fue entonces cuando se produjo un gran rebrote absolutista, que logró convencer al monarca de que lo mejor era suprimir la obra de los liberales. Prueba de esta influencia es el “manifiesto de los persas”, un auténtico programa político expuesto al rey al poco de su retorno a España.

Vuelta al absolutismo.

Por el decreto de Valencia (mayo de 1814) se declaró nula la obra legislativa de Cádiz. El capitán general de la zona procedió, por orden del rey, a disolver las Cortes Ordinarias. Además, en este acto fueron detenidos varios de sus miembros. Estos hechos marcaron el retorno de España al Antiguo Régimen; Fernando VII volvió a Madrid como un rey absolutista.

Ante la persecución de la que eran objeto por parte del nuevo régimen, muchos liberales se decidieron a emigrar. Otros fueron detenidos, y los que eran miembros del ejército fueron relevados de sus cargos para evitar levantamientos militares en favor del liberalismo. Los privilegios estamentales abolidos durante el conflicto volvieron a ser válidos. Como consecuencia de esto, la crisis de la Hacienda, que se pensaba resolver con la aportación fiscal de los privilegiados, continuó acrecentándose.

Contexto internacional.

En los primeros años del siglo XIX, España perdió la mayor parte de sus posesiones coloniales. Dentro de este proceso distinguimos tres etapas:

- Primer periodo (1800-1815); la debilidad de la metrópoli, ocupada por los franceses, se hace patente.

- Segundo periodo (1815-1818); se consolidaron los primeros movimientos secesionistas. Además, estos fueron apoyados por las potencias europeas con intereses comerciales en Hispanoamérica.

- Tercer periodo (1818-1824); el proceso emancipador llegó a su fin con la batalla de Ayacucho. A partir de ese momento España pierde de manera inevitable su presencia en la inmensa mayoría de las colonias americanas.

Por el decreto de Valencia (mayo de 1814) se declaró nula la obra legislativa de Cádiz. El capitán general de la zona procedió, por orden del rey, a disolver las Cortes Ordinarias. Además, en este acto fueron detenidos varios de sus miembros. Estos hechos marcaron el retorno de España al Antiguo Régimen; Fernando VII volvió a Madrid como un rey absolutista.

Ante la persecución de la que eran objeto por parte del nuevo régimen, muchos liberales se decidieron a emigrar. Otros fueron detenidos, y los que eran miembros del ejército fueron relevados de sus cargos para evitar levantamientos militares en favor del liberalismo. Los privilegios estamentales abolidos durante el conflicto volvieron a ser válidos. Como consecuencia de esto, la crisis de la Hacienda, que se pensaba resolver con la aportación fiscal de los privilegiados, continuó acrecentándose.

Bibliografía:

[1] Historia Contemporánea de España II; Javier Paredes (Coord.) – Madrid – Ariel – 2005.

[2] Historia Contemporánea de España II; José Luis Comellas – Madrid – Rialp – 1986.

[3] Historia de España; José Luis Martín, Carlos Martínez Shaw, Javier Tusell – Madrid – Taurus – 1998.

[4] Las Cortes de Cádiz; Federico Suárez Verdeguer – Madrid – Rialp – 1982.