They come in a bunch of colors and are opened like a ball-pen.

I have come across many a times issues with Virtual memory, /3GB,/PAE etc. So is with you I guess. Here is a brief description of how /3GB and /PAE works and where to use them.

/3GB – This is a switch in boot.ini file which increases the User mode Virtual Address Space and decreases for Kernel mode. By default, /3GB switch is not enabled, system will allocate 2GB for User mode and 2GB for Kernel mode. It means, 2GB of Virtual Address space can be used by Applications in User mode and rest can be used by Kernel mode. In other words, 2 Billion memory addresses for kernel mode and 2 billion for Applications. MS W2k, W2k3 can directly address up to 4GB of Memory address space, regardless of how much physical RAM is installed. From the process perspective, each element of virtual address conceptually refers to a byte of physical memory.

Now we see what is Virtual Address Space. Is it the same as Virtual Memory? … No. Virtual Address space is different from Virtual Memory. Virtual address space is something to do with allocating address space for each process of user mode and kernel mode. Now you can understand the advantage and disadvantage of /3GB switch.

Let’s see how it works.

Adding /3GB switch increases the performance of programs/applications that are
capable of using the /3GB switch.
For example, Active Directory is capable of using /3GB switch and this allows AD to improve its caching.
W2k – /3Gb switch allows AD caching a maximum – 1024MB
W2k – without /3GB switch, AD caching is limited to 512MB
W2k3 – AD Cache is allowed to grow more freely but remains by virtual address space.

Note1: Do not enable /3GB switch unless the application is aware of /3GB. If you enable /3GB for application who is not aware of large address spaces, that will hurt the kernel address space and do not improve the performance.
Note2: If you use /3GB with /PAE will have conflicts and kernel is limited to 16GB of memory. This is caused as the kernel virtual memory address space limitations.

/PAE - Causes Ntldr to load Ntkrnlpa.exe, which is the version of the x86 kernel that is able to take advantage of x86 PAEs. The PAE version of the kernel presents 64-bit physical addresses to device drivers, so this switch is helpful for testing device driver support for large memory systems.

Operating system Maximum memory support with PAE
Windows 2000 Advanced Server – 8 GB of physical RAM
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server – 32 GB of physical RAM
Windows XP (all versions) – 4 GB of physical RAM
* Windows Server 2003 (and SP1), Standard Edition – 4 GB of physical RAM
* Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition – 32 GB of physical RAM
Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition – 64 GB of physical RAM
Windows Server 2003 SP1, Enterprise Edition – 64 GB of physical RAM
Windows Server 2003 SP1, Datacenter Edition – 128 GB of physical RAM
* Total physical address space is limited to 4 GB on these versions of Windows.

I will cover PTEs, paged and non-paged pool in my next article.

introduction

i’ve been running oracle databases with around 5 gb sga since the days of oracle release 9iR2 and windows server 2003 (enterprise edition) on regular midrange 8 gb machines. although i initially had to pass a long and winding road to come up with a really working configuration, between oracle and windows server 2003, the effort really did pay off in having that extended, past 2 gb ram access in spite of the limitations of the 32 bit addressing range. to scetch the windows 2003 recipe in short, one may follow this approach:

• add the /3gb and the /PAE to the boot.ini file (and reboot)
• have the account running the oracle service be a part of the administrators group
• set several local user rights for the account running the oracle service, for example lock_pages_in_memory
• do not use the oracle asm-parameters with the spfile, instead apply use_indirect_data_buffers and the pre-asm stuff just as db_block_buffers and buffer_pool_keep
• optimize the setting of _db_block_lru_latches according to the cpu-count of your machine
• reexecute oracle.exe, a shutdown/startup-bounce is not sufficient for the change to take effect

although just scetching, i want to emphasize the role of the /3gb-switch mentioned above. using a past 2 gb ram access on 32 bit windows must be a rope trick of some sort in overcoming the limitations of the addressing range. the trick is, here, to define a mapping window between the regular and the extended ram address space. that mapping window can also actually be seen by the applications. some secondary process however, maps memory pages into that window, either from the extended address space, which is a fast ram access, or just from disc, the traditional way. that is, the larger the mapping window within the regular address space is, the higher the hit ratio will grow (see the AWE_WINDOW_MEMORY-parameter to be set in the registry for more information). such a way, it always really pays off to employ /3gb alongside with /PAE.

the windows 2008 recipe

to anticipate the result of the 2008 trial, nothing conceptually changes compared to the 2003 recipe. the exception is the application of bcdedit, with is the new boot configuration command, replacing the need to directly hack the boot.ini file (it is just ignored if done) and the naming and default values of /3gb and /PAE. but let’s follow the trial.

bcdedit

i do not want to discuss bcdedit in detail. concerning the two intended settings one may execute the following command and lookup the osloader section:

 bcdedit /? TYPES osloader 

it is shown, that /3gb does not exist anymore and has been integrated into by increaseuserva. in contrast, /PAE continues to exist, as pae, but however, it is enabled by default. one may verify the current boot loader settings by just entering (an appropriate screenshot follows below):

 bcdedit 

extending the process address space step #1

at first, on a default installation with 2 gb process address space and 8 gb physical ram the memory layout may look as follows:

2 gb address space memory layout

running:

 bcdedit /set increaseuserva 3072 

extends the process address space to 3 gb:

current boot loader settings

such that now one may configure an oracle instance to run with around 2.5 gb sga size:

setting an oracle instance to run at 2.5 gb sga size

after having the instance under steam for a moment, all the configured sga gets allocated from virtual to transient memory (remenber the memory allocation concept for nowadays, widely-used operating systems) :

all transient memory being allocated by the instance

of course, starting up the instance with anything beyond 3 gb sga size will still fail:

insufficient os memory settings for the configured sga size

extending the process address space step #2

to go beyond 3 gb process address space, one must now change the spfile-layout as being specified in the 2003 recipe, most importantly, employing the use_indirect_data_buffers-option. on the windows side, the account running the oracle service must be granted lock_pages_in_memory, which is a local user right:

local user rights setting for use_indirect_data_buffers on the os-side

such a way, running an instance with around 4.5 gb sga size succeeds:

running an instance with around 4.5 gb sga size

finally, the steam test shows the memory allocation graphically. however, this time, having the rope trick in the back, all memory gets mapped into the transient space at once:

memory layout with a running 4.5. gb sga instance

a short hand calculation merely fits the numbers being shown by oracle and the task manager: 4 gb sga buffers (includes 1 gb awe) + 0.5 gb sga pools + 0.5 gb pga + 1 gb windows system + 0.5 gb other stuff ~ 1.5 gb free.

conclusions

some names and methods changed, but conceptually the 2003 recipe may easily be ported to 2008. employing use_indirect_data_buffers was very relyable in 2003, so one may expect the same experience with 2008.

have fun

Bild: T-Mobile

T-Mobile hat nun die möglichen Preise für Tethering und VoIP bekannt gegeben, wenn auch unter offener Hand. So kann man Tethering für 19,99 Euro im Monat dazubuchen, wodurch die Drosselung der Geschwindigkeit dann erst ab 3 GB eintritt. Zubuchbar soll dies bei den neuen Complete-Tarifen, sowie Combi Flat und Combi Relax sein.

VoIP ist getrennt davon zubuchbar und schlägt bei den großen Verträgen mit 9,99 Euro zu Buche. Bei den kleineren Tarifen möchte T-Mobile 14,95 Euro haben. Gerechnet wurde im Vorfeld mit einem Aufpreis von 10 Euro der beides, Tethering und VoIP beinhaltet, diskutiert worden. Das T-Mobile jedoch die Preise derart anhebt ist ein nicht nachvollziehbarer Schritt. Noch ist Tethering per Eigenfreischaltung möglich, mit 3.1 kann dies nur noch vom Serviceprovider durchgeführt werden. Ob die Preise endgültig sind, steht jedoch noch nicht fest.

640GB Hard Disk has joined the group of Seagate Free Agent category. It is an external Hard Drive uses 2.0 interface and is available in Tuxedo Black and Titanium Silver. You can have this disk in 250 GB, 320GB and 500GB of storage capacity. This thinnest portable drive features compact cable and is available in your favorite colors to suit our style.

Click to know about External USB Sata Drive Dock

It is supposed to work for automatic backup for peace of mind and it brings encryption technology to keep our files safe. Moreover, you can have easy synchronization with most recent version. It features fast data transfer with USB.

[ More ]

The new media library has been set up! Feel free to upload pictures to our lovely blog. We have set aside 3GB of space for your files. Try not to fill it up too soon. Please keep in mind that this is a public blog, and you’re siblings may see what you post. Keep it PG-13 people.

The link to the media library can be found at the bottom on the main blog site where you would see all the posts, or for admins, authors, and contributors of the blog, can be found by clicked the My Dashboard link at the top right of the screen and by clicking the media tab.

Enjoy!

yoigo

Yoigo ha aumentado la capacidad con la que sus clientes pueden navegar por Internet con su ordenador allí donde se encuentren: en el autobús, en el tren, en el parque o en una cafetería. Ahora Internet para llevar tiene hasta 3Gb de capacidad para que los clientes puedan consultar sus correos electrónicos, ver sus videos preferidos o leer los diarios online. Este aumento en la capacidad lo disfrutan desde el 1 de marzo todos los yoiggers que ya son clientes de Internet para llevar sin necesidad de hacer nada para activarlo. A partir de mañana día 18, lo disfrutarán las nuevas altas.

usb_yoigo

Manteniendo la tarifa de 25€ al mes (sin impuestos), con Internet para llevar se podrá acceder a Internet con una velocidad HSDPA de hasta 3,2 Mbps. A partir de los 3Gb, la velocidad se reduce a 128 kbps y cada Mb adicional será 1,5 céntimos, hasta un máximo de 70€ al mes.

Una de las grandes ventajas de Internet para llevar de Yoigo es que no existe un compromiso de permanencia, de este modo, el usuario puede decidir con libertad cuándo quiere dejar de utilizar la conexión, teniendo que pagar sólo la tarifa del mes en curso.

Bom galera navegando na internet a fora achei uma solução para o problema dos 3.25GB no Windows XP. Achei no Site do pplware. E vou transcrever aqui como fazer.

Como é do conhecimento geral todas as versões “não servidores” de 32-bits do Windows XP e Vista impõem um limite de memória ram de 4GB.

Felizmente existem técnicas que se podem utilizar para ultrapassar estas limitações. Esta técnica em que “tropecei” baseia-se no Physical Address Extension (PAE), uma característica dos processadores x86 que permite aos sistemas operativos de 32-bits ultrapassarem o tal limite de memória de 4GB.

Um artigo MSDN explica que os sistemas operativos Windows a 32-bit suportam o PAE.

Em um ou dois casos (raros), os programadores podem tirar vantagens da tecnologia PAE para ultrapassar os limites do Windows. Por exemplo, um utilizador destes sistemas operativos, Alan Gorski, verificou que quando aumentou a memória ram do seu computador para 8GB, o AutoCAD conseguiu abrir grandes ficheiros de desenho sem aparecer o erro “out of memory“, erro que anteriormente lhe aparecia com frequência.

Existe esta possibilidade do sistema operativo usar a tecnologia PAE. Explica-se pelo facto do Windows assentar nessa tecnologia para apoiar a característica de segurança conhecida como Data Execution Prevention (DEP).

Se o computador suportar hardware-enforced DEP, então o PAE está presente também.

Vamos então procurá-lo no Windows XP:

1. Iniciar -> Executar.

2. Escrever sysdm.cpl e clique no Enter.

3. Clicar no separador Avançadas. Dentro da caixa Desempenho, clicar em Definições e de seguida em Prevenção de Execução de Dados.
4. Procurar por uma mensagem no fundo. Se indicar que o hardware não suporta DEP, existem hipóteses do PAE não estar activado.

Vamos então activa-lo:

1. Iniciar -> Executar

2. Escrever na caixa “notepad c:boot.ini” e pressionar Enter.
3. Por baixo da linha [operating systems], procurem por linha que contenha “/noexecute switch”, pode estar por exemplo “/noexecute=optin” ou “/noexecute=optout” ou “/noexecute=always on”. Coloquem o cursor exactamente a seguir a isso e façam espaço seguido de “/pae”. Gravem o ficheiro e reiniciem.

Nota1. Os parêntesis não se colocam, foram utilizados para definir apenas o comando a utilizar.

Vamos ao Windows Vista:

1. Propriedades do Computador -> Definições Avançadas do Sistema -> Avançadas -> Desempenho -> Definições -> Prevenção de Execução de Dados.

2. Se aparecer a caixa do User Account Control, clicar Continuar.
3. Se a mensagem no fundo disser que o sistema suporta DEP e a aparecer a opção “Activar a DEP…” seleccionada, então o PAE está activado também.

Vamos então activá-lo (ou desactivar), caso não esteja activado:

1. Iniciar escrever cmd.exe e pressionar Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

2. Se aparecer a caixa do User Account Control, clicar Continuar. Isto vai fazer surgir uma janela da linha de comandos privilégios de administrador.
3. Escrever nessa caixa “BCDEdit /set PAE ForceEnable” e pressionar Enter.

- Mais informação sobre o PAE no TechNet da Microsoft’s.

A Microsoft avisa, no entanto, no artigo do TechNet que alguns drivers não irão correr se o PAE estiver activado. Após efectuada esta alteração fiquem de olho no sistema operativo a nível da estabilidade.

Se tiverem problemas com drivers ou no início do sistema operativo, removam a linha “/pae” do boot.ini no XP, ou escrevam a seguinte linha na linha de comandos, com privilégios de administrador para o Vista:

BCDEdit /set PAE ForceDisable

Antes de começar, faça uma cópia de segurança no caso de alguma coisa correr mal.

NOTA2: Este artigo tem especial interesse pelo facto de muitas máquinas hoje em dia estarem aptas a receberam memória acima dos 4GB, depois o preço da ram tem vindo a cair, tornando-se num área interessante para melhorar o desempenho do nosso sistema.

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]]> http://genlinux.wordpress.com/2008/06/10/no-es-un-ordenador-sino-un-pc-de-la-nasa/ Tue, 10 Jun 2008 00:36:43 +0000 Cross http://genlinux.wordpress.com/2008/06/10/no-es-un-ordenador-sino-un-pc-de-la-nasa/

Aunque el título sugiera una cosa extraña como podría ser una filtración con imágenes de los ordenadores de la NASA, en este caso siento deciros que no es así, pero sí vais a poder ver lo más parecido a uno de los ya mencionados. Y aquí lo podeís ver;

Se trata del nuevo Acer Predator, como se puede apreciar no es un ordenador de el que nos vamos ha aburrir ya que su diseño y sus componentes hacen de él una bestia para los Gamers. Con un procesador de cuádruple núcleo Intel Core 2 Extrem con 13333MHz FSB, con una placa base nVidia nForce 780 SLI ofrece compatibilidad con las últimas tarjetas del típo G9600GT, con compatibilidad con dos tarjetas gráficas G9800GTX o G9800GX2.

La carcasa dispone de una trampilla frontal inferior para extraer sus cuatro discos duros Serial ATA de 3Gb/s. Todo una maravilla, tal vez en un tiempo no muy lejano, postee alguna foto de mi nuevo pc ;P.

Si algun@ de vosotr@s lo teneís; No dudeis en enviar las fotos!

La Blackberry 3G no se lanzará al mismo tiempo que el iPhone intencionalmente, de acuerdo a fuentes cercanas a la revista Fortune. La nueva versión 3G, con el número de serie 8900 con el sobrenombre Meteor, no saldrá en los EEUU al menos hasta el próximo Agosto. La explicación oficial de RIM es que quieren asegurarse de la calidad de la función móvil. Las mismas fuentes señalan que la verdadera razón tiene que ver con AT&T y su intención de separar ambos lanzamientos para evitar competencia directa de uno con otro.