Direct Objects are “immediately affected by the action of a verb” within a standard sentence.

• Direct objects always follow transitive verbs

Indirect Objects are less than immediately affected by the action of the verb

• This definition captures the indirect sensibility of genitive and ablative indirect objects, which are not your standard ‘recipient of gift’ phenomena
• Indirect objects are immediately affected by the milieu of a subject-verb-direct object ‘unit’, regardless of whether this ‘unit’ states all parts explicitly
• Indirect objects may therefore follow transitive or intransitive verbs

The accusative is the case proper to direct objects, yet an English sentence containing a direct object, where translated to Latin, may feature the other cases as well.
Direct and Indirect in Latin

The following sentences, in English, all feature ‘girl’ as direct object, yet in Latin receive either direct or indirect variations, dependent on the particular syntax of the Latin verb:

• puellam videō: I see the girl.
• puellae serviō: I serve the girl. (dative, indirect)
• puellae misereor: I pity the girl. (genitive, indirect)
• puellā ūtor: I make use of the girl. (ablative, indirect)

Note that the dative usage holds the regular ‘recipient of gift’ formula that we’d imagine in English, yet the genitive and ablative examples feature non-active verbs, which couldn’t take any object in English without a preposition.

Indeed, the conservative structure of Latin syntax allows Latin to omit many English prepositions when constructing subject-verb-direct object units:

• petit aprum: he aims at the boar.
• laudem affectat: he strives for praise.

Where the direct object/subject transition, in English, requires a preposition, Latin merely requires a shift in case:

• pater fīlium vocat: the father calls his son
• fīlius patre vocātur: the son is called by his father

The Essential AG: 274-5

It’s a rare bit of grammar, but we’re lucky, because it’s simple. It takes one of only four forms:

• The supine is always a fourth-declension (the -us, -ūs declension) noun, and always appears in the accusative or ablative
• Moreover, these forms will always have an initial t- or s-, leaving four possible endings: -tum, -sum, -tū, and -sū

The accusatives move with verbs; the ablatives move with adjectives: vēnit spectātum [he came to see]; mirabile dictū [marvelous to tell]

You have the endings, now consider the stems:

• The supine stem is always identical to the perfect passive participle’s stem
• amātus: amātum, amātū; rectus: rectum, rectū

Uses of the Supine

As I mentioned just above, there are four forms with two endings, and therefore two uses:

The supine accusatives, -tum and -sum are “used after verbs of motion to express purpose” (AG, 509)

• nam vēnī dē tumultū te admonitum, quem cum abīrēs linquistī: and I’m here to remind you, of the mess you left when you ran away
• pārentēs abībit inventum postrīdiē: she leaves tomorrow to find her parents

Not that the supine is a singular accusative, even where it follow a plural verb, or takes a plural object

The supine ablatives, -tū and -sū are used with a handful of adjectives, as a means of reference 

• iste senex foedus et visū et olfactū est: that geezer is hard on the eyes and the nose
• nulla optima via catō deglūbū est: there is no best way to skin a cat

The ablatives may also appears with fās, nefās and opus, again as a means of reference 

• this is unholy to say: hōc nefās dictū est
• this letter is a burden to write: literra opus scriptū est. 

The supine ablatives are commonly attached to statements about the senses, or statement denoting easy or difficulty.

Essential AG: 94.b; 509-10

Where’d It Come From?

Here’s a story of three cases: there were originally the ablative (case from where), the instrumental (case how or by what) and the locative (case whereat).

• The instrumental and the locative were eventually absorbed, leaving the ablative to denote both instrument and location
• However, there are still a few handfuls of words which retain an archaic locative
• Compare it to the way that certain English words (who/whom, he/his/him) still take case endings, despite the near non-existence of visible cases within modern English

Things look trickier with the dative cause. Some argue that dative is directly related to or descended from the locative, where it originally noted the place to which. I’m no master of historical Latin linguistics, so this is all the research I’m going to bother with.

• Suffice it to say: the locative has a historical relationship with the dative and the ablative

Locative Adverbs

The following adverbs are all archaic locatives: ubi, where; hīc, here; ibi, there; illī, there; peregrī, abroad; prīdiē, yesterday; hōdiē, today; postrīdiē, tomorrow; perendiē, the day after tomorrow

Locative in Apposition

The locative may be placed in apposition to an ablative

• They halted at Alba, a fortified town: Albae cōnstitērunt, in urbe mūnītā.

Mind and Soul

The archaic animī are mentis are common locatives.

• Antipho tortures my mind: Antiphō mē excruciat animī.
• She is in suspense: animī pendet.
• My mind deceives me: mē animī fallit.
• I was out of my mind: dēsipiēbam mentis.
• He is sound of mind and heart: sānus mentis et animī est.

Exhausitve List of Ablative

A&G appears to offer an exhaustive list of all remaining locatives in section 427.3. However, elsewhere they imply that you could make a locative of any word using the basic rules of formation. I don’t know whether Romans did or did not freely form the locative where they needed it (for place names). I’m not sure A&G do either.

The list:

Rōmae, at Rome; Rhodī, at Rhodes; Samī, at Samos; Tīburī/Tībure, at the Tibur; Philippīs, at Philippi; domī/domuī, at home; Athēnīs, at Athens; Lānuvī, at Lanuvium; Cyprī, at Cyprus; Cūribus, at Cures; Capreīs, at Capri; rūrī, in the country; bellī, at war; mīlitae, at war; humī, on the ground; vesperī/vespere, in the evening; forīs, outdoors, animī, in the soul, mentis, in the mind; temperī, at a time; herī/here, yesterday; īnfēlīcī arborī, on the barren tree; terrā marīque, by land and sea

If the list is short a few words, these may be the locative adverbs mentioned above.

But… that’s it? I suppose if you wrote these out five times you would have an entire case memorized.

The Essential AG: (again, scattered) 215.5; 282d; 358; 398; 421; 426.3; 427a

Famous Phrase: nec mē animī fallit quam sint obscūra [nor am I deceived by how dark it is]

Lucretius, Dē Rērum Natūrā 1.922

(he’s discussing the intimidating depth of the universe–a fear which study overcomes)

Let’s start with the formation of the locative case (post 1) and then I’ll search out all the things we can do with it (post 2).

__________________

Formation for First Declension

singular genitive; plural dative

(Rōmae; Athēnīs)

[remember that only place names which are already plural, like Athēnae, will appear with a plural locative]

__________________

Formation for Second Declension

singular genitive; plural dative

[Corinthī; Philippīs]

__________________

Formation for Third Declension

singular dative or ablative (-ī or -e); plural dative

[Carthāginī or Carthāgine; Trallibus]

__________________

Formation for Fourth Declension

The only locative offered by A&G is that for domus, house: it’s either domī or domuī

__________________

Formation of the Fifth Declension

Here, the locative only appears in a few fixed expressions of time, where it always ends in the singular ablative:

hodiē, today; diē quārtō (etc.), on the fourth day; postrīdiē, tomorrow; perendiē, the day after tomorrow; prīdiē, yesterday

Review

1 —> gen/dat; 2 —> gen/dat; 3 —> dat or abl/dat; 4&5 —> just a few words!

__________________

The Essential AG: (scattered, I know) 43c; 49a; 80; 93 n1; 98b

Famous Phrase: in locō parentis [in place the parent]

This is a legal term describing a state of non-parent custody of children; a teacher or your aunt (while you’re staying at her cottage) are in locō parentis figures

The basic relations of place are: (a) place from which, (b) place to which and (c) place where

• Place from which : ablative + ab, dē, or ex
• Place to which : accusative + ad or in
• Place at which : ablative + in 

Originally, these were implied by the cases themselves. “The accusative…denoted the end of motion. The ablative… denoted the place from which, and… the place where” (AG, 426). Prepositions exist to add precision.

Forthcoming posts will explore exceptions, variations and precise rules associated with particular nouns. For now, let’s get the basics settled:

Place From Which (ab, dē, ex +abl.)

They came from the north: ā septentriōne vēnērunt.

The sheep descend from the mountain: pecus dē prōvinciā dēscendit. 

The send hostages from Britain: ex Britanniā obsidēs mittunt. 

Place To Which (ad, in + acc.)

They came by night to the river: nocte ad flūmen vēnērunt.

He sails to Africa today: hodiē in Āfricam nāvigat. 

She will send her brother to Italy: fratrem in Ītaliam mittet. 

Place At Which (in + abl.)

She passed her entire life in this city: in hāc urbe tōtam vītam dēgit.

They had remained in Gual: in Galliā remanerant. 

The Essential AG: 426

Famous Phrase: creātiō ex nihiliō [creation from nothing]

Three word summary of the First Cause position in the philosophy of religion, which places this or that divine creator at the head of all creation. For those of you disinterested in the precise tenets of the argument, here’s a brief ‘history‘ of its traces in the ancient world.

The ablative of source, usually with a preposition, describes the source of any given thing

• poetry will often omit the preposition (asyndeton)
• verbs denoting birth or origin use the ablative of source without a preposition

Examples

• The Rhine rises in from the country of the Lepontii: Rhēnus oritur ex Lepontiīs.
• Here is the sweetness of odors which flow from the flowers: hīc suāvitās odōrum quī afflārentur ē flōribus.
• He was born of kings: ēditus est rēgibus.
• She lost Caius Fleginas of Placentia : dēsiderāvit C. Flegīnātem Placentiā.
• The charm of the house consisted in its wood : dōmūs amoenitās silvā cōnstābat.

The Ablative of Material

The ablative of material, usually with a preposition, describes the material of which something consists

• poetry will often omit the preposition (asyndeton)
• the verbs cōnsistō and contineor use the ablative of material without a preposition
• the ablative of material, without a preposition, is used with faciō and ficior to mean “to do with” or “become of”
• the ablative of material may replace a partitive genitive

Examples

• He was made all of fraud and falsehood: erat tōtus ex fraude et mendāciō factus.
• I will build a temple of marble: templum dē marmore pōnam.
• The charm of the house consisted in its wood : dōmūs amoenitās silvā cōnstābat.
• What will you do with this man: quid hōc homine faciātis?
• What will become of my dear Tullia: quid Tulliolā meā fīet?
• He was one of four: erat ūnus ēx quattuor.
  

The Essential AG: 403

Famous Phrase: ē plūribus ūnum: from many, one

[motto of the United States]

Speaking of ūnus, coinage and Latin–cēterum censeō pennem dēlendam esse.

Death to Pennies.

]]> http://latinforaddicts.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/verbs-with-rare-dative-uses/ Sat, 16 Jun 2012 04:52:50 +0000 rsmease http://latinforaddicts.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/verbs-with-rare-dative-uses/ Verbs Taking the Dative (p5/7)

To be honest, I’m not sure why these were offered as a set in Allen and Greenough. There are a few common ties between this or that verb, but nothing to make them a set. The grammar also re-listed studeō, which was already listed on the previous page.

Some of the these verbs have a more common meaning that takes some other case (grātulor, plaudō, probō, excello), but grātificor, nūbō and supplicō are stand-alone dative verbs. 

Verbs with Irregular Dative Uses

• We will oblige her request: eius postulatiōnī grātificābimur.
• Let us congratulate the married couple: coniugiō grātulēmur!
• They will marry the Cretans: Crētensibus nūbent.
• But who would marry my daughter: sed quī meae filiae nūbat?
• She approved the dancers: saltātōribus plausit.
• She convinces the judges: iudicibus probat.
• The witch refused to supplicate the king: praecantrix rēgī nōluit supplicāre.
• She surpassed the king in wisdom: sapientiā rēgī excelluit. 

Exceptions and More Common Case Usage

• Grātulor often takes dē + abl
• Plaudō, where it means ‘to strike, beat,’ takes an acc.
• Probō more often means ‘to prove, show, demonstrate or test, and takes an acc.
• Note the a synonym of supplicō, obsecrō, takes an acc.
• Excellō also means ‘to elevate, raise’ and takes an acc.

Verb Summary

• Grātificor, grātificārī, grātificātus sum: to gratify, oblige
• Grātulor, grātulārī, grātulātus sum: to congratulate, rejoice for
• Nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī, nūptum: to marry, wed
• Plaudō, plaudere, plausī, plausum: to applaud, approve, or (w/ acc.) to beat, strike
• Probō, probāre, probāvī, probātum: to convince, or (w/ acc.) to test, prove, show
• Supplicō, supplicāre, supplicāvī, supplicātum: to pray, supplicate, beg
• Excellō, excellere, excelluī, (no passive): to surpass

The Essential AG: 368.3

Famous Phrase:

‘sic solitus: ‘populus me sibilat, at mihi plaudo /

ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca”

(Thus he [the miser] says, “the people hiss at me, yet at home

I praise myself, and so too the wealth I watch in my chest.”)

-Horace, Satires, 1.1

dative_verbs5b.pdf

The gerundive, or perfect passive participle, is a verbal adjective, which conveys a sense of necessity, obligation or propriety

• The gerundive may appear in any case, according to its corresponding noun

The gerund is a type of gerundive, appearing only the oblique (non-nominative) cases, used substantial as a verbal noun

• This use of the gerundive, always neuter singular, is comparable to the English gerund, which ends in -ing

For a more basic discussion of gerunds and gerundives, see the articles on ‘Gerunds’ and ‘Gerundives’ elsewhere in this blog

Gerunds and Gerundives with the Ablative

The ablative of gerunds and gerundives has three purposes: (1) as an ablative of manner, means, or cause, (2) after comparatives, (3) after certain prepositions

In each use, the gerund and gerundive have similar frequencies

These ablatives may take a direct object, but they do so rarely

Ablative of Manner, Means and Cause

• He persuades by large promises: multa pollicendō persuādet. (gerund)
• She is equal to any man in speaking Latin: Latīnē loquendō cuivīs pār est. (gerund)
• He revealed by reading these very things: hīs ipsīs legendīs ostendābat. (gerundive)

With Comparatives

• No duty is more important than repaying favors: nūllum officium referendā grātiā magis necessārium est. (gerundive)
• He enjoys reading more than writing: legendō magis quam scrībiendō fruitur. (legendō is abl. with fruor, describing manner) (gerund)

After Prepositions

• These prepositions are ab, dē, ex, in and prō 
• I want to be employed in conducting affairs: in rē gerendā versārī volō (gerundive)
• She spoke of mourning: lugendō orābat. (gerund)

The Essential AG: §507

Famous Phrase: castigat rigendō mōrēs. (one corrects custom through laughter)

[neo-Latin phrase coined by the French poet Jean de Santeul]

ger_ger_p3:3.pdf

Summary of Use

Allen and Greenough identify three major categories of case usage with the ablative: (1) the ablative proper, (2) the instrumental ablative and (3) the locative ablative

• The ablative of means, manner and instrument are a collected heading under the (2) instrumental ablative

These uses of the ablative are part of what was once the instrumental case, so “no sharp line can be drawn between them, and indeed the Romans themselves can hardly have thought of any distinction” (AG 408)

The ablative of manner is often distinguished by the use of cum as an initiating preposition

Ablative of Means with Deponent Verbs

The verbs ūtor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor and their compounds use the ablative of means or instrument

• I will make use of your kindness: ūtar vestrā benīgnitāte.
• The hero takes the gold: aurō hērōs potitur.
• They fed on milk and game: lacte et ferīnā carne vescēbantur.
• She enjoyed the songs: cārmēnibus frūctus est.
• He performs the sacrifice carefully: hostiā religiōse fungitur.
• I could use your sharp eyes here: hīc acerbīs oculīs utār.

With Opus and Ūsus

The impersonal constructions opus est and ūsus est take the ablative of instrument, with ūsus est the rare variant of the two

These constructions favor an ablative participle over an ablative noun

• There was need of haste: properātō opus erat.
• I must have your best cunning and cleverness: opus est tuā exprōmptā malitiā atque astūtiā.
• There is need of magistrates: magistrātibus opus est.
• Now there is need of arms: nun vīribus ūsus est.

Opus est may also appear as a predicate, with the corresponding noun as nominative subject

• We need a chief and authority: dux nōbis et auctor opus est. 
• Here are the things which are required: hīc sunt quae opus sunt.

Famous Phrase: quod nōn opus est, asse carum est.

(what you don’t need is pricey at a penny)

[motto for frugality]

- Seneca, Epistulae Morales, 94 (quoting Cato the Elder)

ablative_means_instrument_p2.pdf

Summary of Use

Allen and Greenough identify three major categories of case usage with the ablative: (1) the ablative proper, (2) the instrumental ablative and (3) the locative ablative

• The ablative of means, manner and instrument are a collected heading under the (2) instrumental ablative

These uses of the ablative are part of what was once the instrumental case, so “no sharp line can be drawn between them, and indeed the Romans themselves can hardly have thought of any distinction” (AG 408)

The ablative of manner is often distinguished by the use of cum as an initiating preposition

Ablative of Manner 

Like the ablative of means and instrument, the ablative of manner qualifies a verb is usually paired with the conjunction cum

• He came with speed: cum celeritāte vēnit.
• She died with honor: cum hōnōre periit. 

The ablative of manner may appear without cum where it is paired instead with a limiting adjective, though even here cum is not unheard of

• He came with the greatest speed: summā celeritāte vēnit.
• What does it matter how your compel me: quid rēfert quā ratiōne mē cōgātis?
• I will not say at how great a risk he did this: nōn dīcam quantō cum perīculō id faceret.

Cum will also disappear with certain ‘stock uses’ of the ablative of manner, such as modō, pactō, ratiōne, ritū, vī, viā, silentiō, iūre, and iniūriā

• These may be translated as by means of, as agreed upon, with the reason, according to ritual, with force, by the road, silently, rightly, with injury, i.o and etc.

These have become, by frequent use, virtual adverbs

• He performed the deed according to ritual: ritū actum fēcit.
• They arrived on the Appian way: viā Appiā vēnit.

Latin poetry will also emit cum, as needed

• A mountain of water follos in a mass: īnsequitur cumulō aquae mōns.

Famous Phrase: cum hōc, ergō propter hōc

(with this, therefore because of this)

[logical fallacy linking correlation to causation]

ablative_manner.pdf

Page one, in the time-honoured way of such primers, dealt with a declension of the substantive feminine noun: Mensa (table): nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and ablative: (a table, o table, table, of a table, to a table and by/with/from a table).

The young boy studied this in silence and, on the master’s return, he was sitting looking slightly bemused at this new information. The headmaster asked:

-              Well, young man, any problems?

-              No sir, I don’t think so sir, but I am rather puzzled by the vocative case …

-              Well the vocative is used when one addresses the object directly, for example «o table» … but you still don’t look convinced.

-              No I understand, sir; it’s just that in our house, we don’t generally speak to our furniture.

Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill

Winston Churchill, later in life, won the Nobel Prize for literature.

During the planning of the invasion of Cardassia Prime some months later, a new Defiant class starship, the USS Sao Paulo (NCC-75633), is assigned to Deep Space Nine. The Starfleet Chief of Operations grants special dispensation to rename the ship Defiant. Although the USS Sao Paulo commissioning plaque gives a registryof “NCC-75633″, in all exterior shots the new ship has the “NX-74205″ registry. This is because most external shots of the new vessel were reused shots of the old one, and the new CG shots subsequently used the same registry number for consistency.

Ron Moore said in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion that the new ship was intended to be designated “Defiant-A”, but it was prohibitive to redo the CG model for one episode because stock shots from earlier episodes had to be used as well for budgetary reasons. Nevertheless Moore stated that as far as he was concerned, the change did happen.

Courtesy of Wiki

The Sao Paulo dedication plaque used the English spelling, without the tilde, instead of São Paulo

In the DS9 episode Shattered Mirror, a Mirror Universe version of the Defiant is seen, constructed by the Terran Rebellion. A computer readout, barely visible onscreen, gives the ship’s name as the ISS Defiant

Pictures Courtesy of TrekCore.com

The USS Defiant, Moscow, Valiant and São Paulo are selectable on the PC game Star Trek: Legacy in The Next Generation era.

The Defiant class is a playable ship class in the MMORPG Star Trek Online.

The USS Sao Paulo was assigned to DS9 to replace the Defiant after its destruction. Captain Sisko was granted special dispensation by the Chief of Starfleet Operations to rename the Sao Paulo to Defiant. (DS9: “The Dogs of War“)

Courtesy of Memory Alpha.org

Unique Characteristics

Ablative armor

The Maquis attack the Defiant

The Defiant was equipped with an ablative armor coating that was designed to disintegrate under enemy fire at a controlled rate. It dissipated the effects of directed energy weapons, decreasing damage to the main hull of the ship and therefore providing an extra layer of defense. As late as 2372, Starfleet wasn’t informed that the Defiant was equipped in that way. (DS9: “Past Tense, Part I“, “The Way of the Warrior“, “Paradise Lost“, “The Changing Face of Evil“)

Cloaking device

The USS Defiant activating its cloaking device

After the Dominion threat emerged in late-2370, a special amendment made to the Treaty of Algeron allowed the Defiant to be equipped with a Romulan cloaking device. In exchange for providing the cloaking device, the Federation agreed to share all of its Dominion intelligence with the Romulan government.

Additionally, the cloak was only authorized for use in the Gamma Quadrant; although Captain Sisko violated this provision on numerous occasions. Use of the cloaking device was initially supervised by Subcommander T’Rul, although the Romulans later discontinued supervision. (DS9: “The Search, Part I“, “Defiant“, “The Way of the Warrior“)

Because of the amount of power the Defiant used, the cloak did not completely hide the ship from Jem’Hadar sensors during normal operation. (DS9: “The Search, Part I“)

Command Crew

The Defiant’s permanent assignment at Deep Space 9 as a support vessel meant that it had no specific or dedicated crew complement. The vessel was manned by station personnel; its crew complement, as well as their assignments, often varied by mission.

Captain Benjamin Sisko – commanding officer (CO) (2371-2375)
Colonel Kira Nerys – executive officer (XO)/tactical officer (2371-2375)
Lieutenant Commander Worf – executive officer (XO)/tactical officer (2372-2375)
Lieutenant Commander Jadzia Dax – helmsman/science officer – (2371-2374)
Lieutenant Commander Michael Eddington – security chief (2371-2372)
Lieutenant Julian Bashir – chief medical officer (CMO) (2371-2375)
Lieutenant junior grade Ezri Dax – counselor/communications officer (2375)
Ensign Nog – helmsman (2374-2375)
Senior Chief Petty Officer Miles O’Brien – chief engineer (2371-2375)

Although DS9: “Apocalypse Rising” established that Worf was the first officer of the Defiant while Kira was the first officer of the station, there was some inconsistency in this arrangement. Based on DS9: “Sons of Mogh“, DS9: “By Inferno’s Light“, and DS9: “Tears of the Prophets“, it would appear that Kira retained the first officer’s position when the Defiant was operating outside of Federation space, while Worf took the position during operations inside Federation space, although this was not directly clarified on the show so it remains speculation.

The main reason for the creation of the Defiant was that Ira Steven Behr and the writers felt that the Danube-class runabouts would not be able to protect the space station from the Dominion, and that something with more muscle was necessary.

In the second season finale, “The Jem’Hadar“, the Dominion had shown themselves capable of destroying a Galaxy-class starship (the USS Odyssey) and it was felt that viewers would not accept the idea that the Federation‘s first line of defense against such a powerful enemy was three runabouts. As Behr explains, “We had all these plans for this Dominion, not so much the Dominion War yet, but the Dominion as a three-pronged attack, and what were we going to go after them with? Shuttlecrafts? You know, I mean, with the Galileo or whatever the hell those names were? You know, it just seemed ridiculous. So we needed a ship.“

Ira Steven Behr

Similarly, production designer Herman Zimmerman states, “We needed a ship that would give the writers the opportunity to have more direct conflict.” (USS Defiant, DS9 Season 3 DVD special features)

Ronald D. Moore originally wanted to call the Defiant the USS Valiant, but was unable to, as the USS Voyager also began with a “V”. It was three years before Moore was able to name a ship Valiant. The USS Valiant appears in the sixth season episode “Valiant”.

Rick Berman was originally against the idea of the ship having a cloaking device because one of the tenets of Gene Roddenberry’s universe was that Starfleet “did not believe in sneaking around.” However, Behr and Robert Hewitt Wolfe were able to convince Berman that the Defiant was a unique ship in a unique situation and, with the added stipulation that the cloak could only be used in the Gamma Quadrant, Berman agreed. (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion)

• Bellwork: Ablative Uses Mad Minute Ablative Uses Mad Minute
• Review ablative endings
• Groups: Create posters to review ablatives of Means, Place Where, Place From Which, Accompaniment, Agent, and Manner Ablatives Lesson
• Ablative Comparison Chart Ablative Constructions Comparison Chart
• Review Ablative Absolute
• New constructions: Ablative of Respect, TB p 334; Time When, p 354
• IP: Ablative Uses Worksheeet Ablative Uses Worksheet

W/Th:

• Bellwork: Vocab p 333 – add to notes
• Finish ablative chart as needed
• Form groups; translate “Cineas et Pyrrhus” Cineas et Pyrrhus Notes
• IP: “Cineas et Pyrrhus” composition worksheet Composition XLIX Cineas et Pyrrhus

• Bellwork: Change active sentences (English) to passive
• Whiteboard review: Present, imperfect, future tense verb endings
• Notes: Passive endings: TB 188-89
• Whiteboard practice: Form passive verbs; change active verbs to passive
• IP: Passive Voice Missing Letters worksheet Passive Voice – Missing Letters

W/Th:

• Bellwork: Passive verbs crossword
• Vocabulary lesson 27, p 186 and 28, p 192 - powerpoint drill; add to notes
• Notes: Transitive/Intransitive Verbs, TB p 193
• Notes: Ablative of Agent, TB p 193-94
• Oral practice A-B p 194
• Passive Voice & Ablative of Agent worksheet Passive Voice and the Ablative of Agent
• IP: Exercises p 194-195: Regular do A; Honors do A & B

Over the weekend on ESPN’s Baseball Tonight, the host Karl Ravech said the following:

…Dustin Pedroia is going to join Bobby Valentine and I…

No, Karl, that would be “Bobby Valentine and me…“, as in “join us”, not “join we”.

On a well-listed to radio show yesterday,  Jim Gray said the following about the order of broadcasting during the LeBron James 1-hour tv special during which he announced his NBA team choice:

“…and then they’ll throw it out to LeBron and I…”

No,  that would be “..throw it out to LeBron and me…”, or the Dative case.

Later, in an incorrect reversal, he said

“…It’ll be LeBron and me and no one else…”

No, that would be “…LeBron and I”, or the Nominative case.

As I mentioned, copper in one of its forms is normally used in the paint as the biocidal active ingredient. Tin was found to be more effective, although it’s widely banned because it was found to be damaging to shellfish. There are four common types of anti-fouling paint:

1. Ablative. As the name implies, ablative paint gradually erodes away, uncovering a new copper surface over time. The new exposure to copper keeps it effective over time. The erosion is caused by both chemical reaction of the copper molecules with water molecules, as well as the mechanical action of the water rushing past. This paint is 100% effective as long as it remains on the boat. It is quite expensive (copper is expensive) and needs two coats minimally, preferably more.

2.  Sloughing. This is similar to ablative paint but comes off in big flakes instead of on a smaller particle level. It’s less costly but loses effectiveness more quickly.

3.  Modified epoxy. With this kind, the copper wears away, not the paint. Copper in the epoxy gradually dissovles and allows the water to penetrate deeper and deeper until all the biocide is depleted. Not a good choice if your boat is out of the water a lot; it loses its effectiveness quickly under those conditions, but it’s a great choice if your boat’s in the water year-round.

4. Vinyl. This works similarly to epoxy. If you have a racing boat, you can make a shiny smooth finish of it. It’s a fussy paint though–its solvents can damage other components of the coat and cause blistering.

I will need the following things:

A manual counter to count the no. of rounds

a banner to show people what I’m doing

a minibus.

OK I realise that the last one is slightly more problematic than the first two.  Or is it?  Anyway, if you are by, with, from, in or on Leicester, England (an ablative got in there*) you might want to get in on this.  Or by  it.  Or with it.

Just get to it!

Enjoy the day.  Salute the sun in your own way.

ttfn

* an ablative is a case in Latin (and possibly elsewhere) which changes the ending of a noun.  The cases run thus:

a worm (nominative)

o worm (vocative – as in, “o worm thou art sick!”)

the worm (accusative)

of the worm (genitive)

to, for the worm (dative)

by, with, from, in or on the worm. (ablative)

So now you know, you can delight your friends and stun your enemies.  Go on!

PS Don’t say you don’t learn anything on this blog!

Honorificabilitudinitas. Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious. Antidisestablishmentarianism. floccinoccinihilipilification. Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosi. Can you say them?

Stems

Before I begin, you have to know about stems. I explained in the previous post, but I’ll do it again. The stem of a noun is the part that appears when it is declined. Like for ager, the stem is agr-, because when ager is declined, every form of the noun except for the nominative singular features agr-.

hihihihihihihihihiSingular:             Plural:
Nominative:       ager                  agrī
Genitive:            agrī                  agrorum
Dative:               agrō                 agrīs
Accusative:        agrum              agrōs
Ablative:            agrō                 agrīs

Since the nominative singular often does not feature the stem of a noun, it is common practice to also list the genitive of a noun when defining it so that you know what the stem looks like. So if I were defining ager, I would write:
ager, agrī, m., field (the m. stands for masculine, because Latin nouns have gender. More on that in a later post).

Okay, enough with stems. Here are the different noun cases.

Noun Cases

• Nominative – kind of like the “default” noun case. This form is used when the noun is the subject of a sentence or the predicate nominative of a sentence. Hopefully you haven’t forgotten your basic English grammar and remember what subjects and predicate nominatives are. If you don’t, a subject is the noun in the sentence that is doing an action (the dog bit the boy), and a predicative nominative is a noun used with a linking verb. Huh?
  Here are some examples – that cat is brown; this porridge tastes bland; an ox is a male cow; Robert seems sad; the Biology book is a beast; et cetera.
  The nominative form is also used when the noun is a subject or predicative nominative of a prepositional phrase (in most cases) like “Marcus ambulat ad agrōs quod Aurelius est” (Marcus walks to the fields because Aurelius is there) – notice that Aurelius is nominative.
  The nominative form of a noun often does not include its stem.

• Genitive – the possessive form of a noun. Whereas the nominative does not always feature the stem of a noun (as I discussed before), the genitive always does. The genitive form of each noun declension is unique, so if you want to identify what declension a noun is in, looking at the genitive form is a sure way of finding out. That’s why I will list the genitive form of each noun along the nominative when I give a definition.

• Dative – now it gets tricky. The dative form is used in several different situations – but there IS a somewhat common theme here. Dative is always used when a noun is an indirect object – I hope you know what that means. If you don’t, an example – I gave Edgar a toy. Do you see? I did not give Edgar – I gave a toy to Edgar. So Edgar is an indirect object. Another example – I mailed Billy a letter. I hope you see the pattern. So dative case is used in those situations (Do puerō baculum – I give a staff to a boy). Dative is also used as “for” and “to” (when the “to” is being used where a “for” could also be used) -
  if you wanted to say “The boy’s name is Gaius,” you could say “Puerī nomen Gaius est.” However, the Romans liked more to say “The name to/for the boy is Gaius” – which requires the dative case. That would be “Nomen puerō Gaius est.”
  In later grammar posts, I will explain more usages of the dative.

• Accusative – ah, a bit easier. Kind of. Accusative is mainly used for direct objects – hopefully you know what that is. If you don’t, a direct object is a noun that is having something done to it.
  Examples – Bob ate an apple. Marcus wrote Latin. Odoacer destroyed the Roman empire.
  Okay, hopefully you get that.
  Unfortunately, accusative is used for a bit more – it is also used in most prepositions. So if you want to say, “Marcus walks to the fields” it would be “Marcus ambulat ad agrōs” – ad is a VERY important preposition that means “towards” or “to.” Ad is only used in the sense that you are moving towards something – if you are giving something to someone, that would be just dative with no preposition (“Do puerō baculum”).
  If you see a preposition, just take it for granted that it takes the accusative. However, there is a set of very commonly used preposions that take the ablative. But more on that below…

• Ablative – the most complicated form. I’ll just say it now. Ablative is evil. There is no English equivalent of the ablative whatsoever – you just have to take this form on a case-by-case basis. There are certain prepositions that only take the ablative – here they are, and remember them (very, very, very) well, because they are very common:

  Sub – under
  In – in, on
  Dē – about, down from, concerning
  
  Sine – without
  Prō – for (as in “in support of”), in front of, on behalf of
  Ā, ab – from, away
  Cum – with
  Ēx – out of, from

  Yes, they spell SID SPACE. If you can think of anything better, please tell me.
  There are many, many, many other uses for the ablative. I will not mention them in “Basic Grammar,” however, because that would be cruel and useless. And too long.

Well, I hope that these explanations help you understand the language. This stuff is pretty confusing, so if you have questions, please ask. And once I explain first declension and once I get through how verbs work, all of the pieces should begin to fit together.

Tim Cameron is an Australian designer with some really nice ideas about making the sport safer and less costly.  As part of a project with IAG Technical Research Centre and Swann Insurance he has developed a concept vehicle making use of “Ablative Design.”  Many low cost components are designed to take the brunt of damage if the bike is laid down.  In his own words,

Think of a $30 alloy cover bearing the brunt of a simple fall off the sidestand, instead of your $2,000 muffler. Simple really. ‘Ablative’ comes from the old Apollo space program, where it was used to describe the heat shield that burnt up whilst protecting the crew on re-entry.

Beyond that the bike makes use of some very nice electronics to handle proximity warnings and alert you if it is not on level ground when leaving it on the side stand.  The proximity sensors that monitor the blindspots are also a plus.

Link: Tim Cameron

Link: Swann Project