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	<title>adjoints &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/adjoints/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "adjoints"</description>
	<pubDate>Tue, 08 Dec 2009 11:11:55 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Assemblée générale Office de la Jeunesse: La municipalité absente du débat...]]></title>
<link>http://nouveaucentre.wordpress.com/2009/06/21/1499/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2009 11:16:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Jean-François SOYEZ</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nouveaucentre.wordpress.com/2009/06/21/1499/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Jean-François SOYEZ D&#8217;habitude très loquace et prompt à poser devant les objectifs des journal]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Jean-François SOYEZ D&#8217;habitude très loquace et prompt à poser devant les objectifs des journal]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Actualité municipale]]></title>
<link>http://mairieplouha.wordpress.com/2008/06/01/tags/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2008 17:13:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Admin</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mairieplouha.wordpress.com/2008/06/01/tags/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[h Banquet des Anciens Les inscriptions sont ouvertes C’est une tradition d’honorer nos anciens en fi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">h</span></h3>
<h3><strong>Banquet des Anciens</strong><strong> </strong></h3>
<h4><span style="color:#666699;">Les inscriptions sont ouvertes</span></h4>
<p>C’est une tradition d’honorer nos anciens en fin d’année. Comme d’habitude un repas leur sera offert le dimanche 17 janvier 2010 à 12h. L’objectif est de faire la fête, de se rencontrer, de passer un bon moment. Le banquet sera animé par Pascale et Juliette, qui présenteront leur spectacle « Bienvenue au cabaret ». Le repas gratuit est ouvert à tous les Plouhatins nés avant le 31 décembre 1937.<br />
Les personnes qui ne peuvent se rendre au banquet pourront recevoir un colis.<br />
Les inscriptions pour le banquet ou pour le colis seront prises en mairie jusqu&#8217;au 27 novembre. Le respect de cette date est impératif afin de pouvoir répondre à toutes les demandes.</p>
<h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">h</span></h3>
<h3><strong>L&#8217;événement</strong><strong> </strong></h3>
<h4><span style="color:#666699;">Mona Ozouf revient sur les lieux de son enfance</span></h4>
<p>Depuis le 25 septembre, l’école maternelle porte le nom d’ &#8220;<strong>Ecole maternelle Jacques et Mona Ozouf</strong>&#8220;. La célèbre historienne a accepté la proposition de la Municipalité, et s’est émue de se retrouver à Plouha, dans l’école où s’est déroulée une partie de sa scolarité. Les anciennes élèves de l’école publique se souviennent de Mona Sohier, leur condisciple des années 30. Devenue une philosophe et une historienne de renom, elle est l’auteur, avec son époux, d’ouvrages de référence sur la Révolution française et sur les instituteurs d’avant guerre.<br />
Son dernier ouvrage, &#8220;Composition française, retour sur une enfance bretonne&#8221;, raconte son enfance plouhatine avec une expertise d’historienne de l’école, de la Révolution et des femmes. Comment combiner les attachements particuliers et l’exigence de l’universel ? Tel est le questionnement perpétuel.<br />
De nombreuses manifestations ont ponctué cette journée : une <strong>conférence de l’UTL</strong> l’après-midi dans une salle de L’Hermine archi pleine, la cérémonie devant l’école, une <strong>séance de dédicaces</strong> avec la Presse de Plouha, puis une <strong>émission sur TV Armor</strong>.  L’émotion était à son comble quand les anciennes de la classe de Mme Le Quéré de 1939 se sont retrouvées. Les souvenirs sont intacts : la petite bague de Mona, les leçons de couture, la maison des poupées, les Allemands dans &#8220;le palais scolaire&#8221;. Mona les décrit ainsi dans son livre : &#8220;elles sont tout de suite là, joyeuses,  jacassantes, endiablées… il n’y a qu’à se laisser glisser dans le groupe… on y est acceptée, reconnue&#8221;. La magie des retrouvailles a fait son effet et une photo de 2009 immortalise maintenant les élèves de 1939.<br />
L’atelier d’éveil musical de l’établissement d’enseignement artistique de la Communauté de communes, avec une chansonnette transformée pour l’occasion, et le bagad Plouha ont apporté leur concours à la réussite de la soirée. Qu’ils en soient remerciés.</p>
<p>Toutes nos écoles publiques sont maintenant clairement identifiées et portent des noms de personnes qui ont contribué à leur renommée.<br />
Le collège : Jean-Louis Hamon était un peintre né à Bréhec.<br />
L’école élémentaire : Théophile Le Lannou fut le 1<sup>er</sup> directeur de cet imposant ensemble.<br />
L’école maternelle &#8220;Jacques et Mona Ozouf&#8221; rend hommage à une historienne-philosophe prestigieuse qui a tenu à associer son époux sans qui, dit-elle, sa « Composition Française » n’aurait jamais vu le jour.</p>
<h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">h</span></h3>
<h3><strong>A</strong><strong> la résidence des Genêts-d&#8217;Or</strong><strong> </strong></h3>
<h4><span style="color:#666699;">Les animations sont partagées</span></h4>
<p>Afin de rompre l’isolement des personnes âgées résidant sur notre commune, la résidence des Genêts-d’Or s’est inscrite dans un partenariat avec le comité cantonal d’entraide et la résidence Saint-Joseph afin d’ouvrir les activités et animations aux personnes intéressées.<br />
Le programme est fourni aux directions pour être mis à disposition du public retraité.</p>
<h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">h</span></h3>
<h3><strong>Un déménagement attendu</strong><strong> </strong></h3>
<h4><span style="color:#666699;">Le relais parents assistants maternels à L&#8217;Hermine</span></h4>
<p>Suite aux demandes de nombreux parents et assistantes maternelles, et en accord avec la Communauté de communes qui les organise, les rencontres du RPAM ont désormais lieu dans la petite salle de L’Hermine le mardi matin de 10h à 12h. Il accueille gratuitement les enfants de moins de 3 ans accompagnés de leurs parents ou de leur assistante maternelle. Encadré par du personnel diplômé, il permet de mettre les petits dans un environnement socialisant et de favoriser les rencontres entre adultes et professionnels.</p>
<h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">h</span></h3>
<h3><strong>Au Palus</strong><strong> </strong></h3>
<h4><span style="color:#666699;">Les jeux font des heureux</span></h4>
<p><img title="07-01-Palus2" src="http://mairieplouha.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/07-01-palus2.jpg" alt="07-01-Palus2" width="490" /></p>
<p>Les enfants qui connaissent bien l&#8217;aire de jeux du Palus, profitent aujourd&#8217;hui de <strong>deux nouvelles structures</strong> récemment installées. La surface consacrée aux jeux a été agrandie, et le bateau des petits a pris place dans l&#8217;enceinte existante, tandis que la structure permettant aux grands de s&#8217;exercer à différentes acrobaties a été installée de l&#8217;autre côté du ruisseau du Corzic. Les jeux existants ont été redistribués dans ces deux enceintes, selon l&#8217;âge des enfants auxquels ils s&#8217;adressent. Dès l&#8217;an prochain, <strong>une passerelle sur le Corzic</strong> facilitera le passage d&#8217;une aire à l&#8217;autre.</p>
<p><img title="07-01-Palus3" src="http://mairieplouha.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/07-01-palus3.jpg" alt="07-01-Palus3" height="135" />aa<img title="07-01-Palus4" src="http://mairieplouha.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/07-01-palus4.jpg" alt="07-01-Palus4" height="135" /></p>
<p>Le centre de loisirs municipal de Plouha profite aussi d&#8217;<strong>un emplacement réservé à côté</strong> de l&#8217;aire de jeux des grands. Ces travaux marquent la volonté de l&#8217;équipe municipale de mettre en valeur le site du Palus, d&#8217;autres aménagements suivront.</p>
<p><strong>A noter :</strong> une toute nouvelle association de plaisanciers profite d&#8217;un emplacement réservé pour le stationnement des bateaux. Renseignements à la mairie.</p>
<h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">h</span></h3>
<h3><strong>Pour votre été</strong><strong> </strong></h3>
<h4><span style="color:#666699;">Des vacances sans voiture</span></h4>
<p>Le service départemental des transports vous propose depuis le 1er juillet et jusqu&#8217;à la fi</p>
<p>in de l&#8217;été d&#8217;aller à la plage&#8230; en car ! Depuis le centre-ville de Plouha, devant la mairie,  le Ti&#8217;bus vous amène à la plage du Palus en quelques minutes. Il vous suffit de réserver votre trajet la veille avant 17h au 0 810 22 22 22.</p>
<p>Départ de Plouha : 14h30</p>
<p>Retour au départ du Palus à 17h40</p>
<h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">x</span></h3>
<h3><strong>Une pétition à signer</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h4><span style="color:#666699;">Pour que l&#8217;accès à l&#8217;eau devienne un des Droits de l&#8217;Homme</span></h4>
<p>Proposition d&#8217;un article supplémentaire pour intégrer ce droit à la</p>
<p>DECLARATION UNIVERSELLE DES DROITS DE L&#8217;HOMME</p>
<p><strong>&#8220;Article 31</strong></p>
<p>Tout le monde a le droit à l&#8217;accès à l&#8217;eau potable, suffisamment pour la santé et le bien-être de l&#8217;individu et de la famille. Personne ne sera privé d&#8217;un tel accès et d&#8217;une telle qualité d&#8217;eau à cause d&#8217;une circonstance économique individuelle.<strong>&#8220;</strong></p>
<p>L&#8217;eau est un droit, pas un privilège.</p>
<p>Pour que la répartition des ressources en eau ne soit pas la conséquence d&#8217;intérêts commerciaux.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.article31.org/">Signez la pétition pour l&#8217;adoption de l&#8217;article 31</a>a</p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">e</span></p>
<h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">x</span></h3>
<h4><em>Faites-nous part de vos idées, contactez-nous !</em></h4>
<h4><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="mailto:communication@mairiedeplouha.fr">communication@mairiedeplouha.fr</a></span></h4>
<h6>Copyright Mairie de Plouha &#8211; Service Communication &#8211; Mai 2008 &#8211; Photos Mairie de Plouha et Nicolas Defives (Gwin Zegal)</h6>
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<title><![CDATA[Truth-valued matrix algebra and adjoints]]></title>
<link>http://topologicalmusings.wordpress.com/2008/04/16/truth-valued-matrix-algebra-and-adjoints/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2008 15:35:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Todd Trimble</dc:creator>
<guid>http://topologicalmusings.wordpress.com/2008/04/16/truth-valued-matrix-algebra-and-adjoints/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In our last installment in this series on Stone duality, we introduced the notion of Heyting algebra]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>In our <a href="http://topologicalmusings.wordpress.com/2008/04/08/distributivity-topology-and-heyting-algebras/">last installment</a> in this series on Stone duality, we introduced the notion of Heyting algebra, which captures the basic relationships between the logical connectives &#8220;and&#8221;, &#8220;or&#8221;, and &#8220;implies&#8221;. Our discussion disclosed a fundamental relationship between distributive laws and the algebra of implication, which we put to work to discover the structure of the &#8220;internal Heyting algebra logic&#8221; of a topology.</p>
<p>I&#8217;d like to pause and reflect on the general technique we used to establish this relationship; like the Yoneda principle and the Principle of Duality, it comes up with striking frequency, and so it will be useful for us to give it a name. As it turns out, this particular proof technique is analogous to the way <em>adjoints</em> are used in linear algebra. Such analogies go all the way back to work of C. S. Peirce, who like Boole was a great pioneer in the discovery of relationships between algebra and logic. At a deeper level, similar analogies were later rediscovered in category theory, and are connected with some of the most potent ideas category theory has to offer.</p>
<p>Our proof that meets distribute over sups in the presence of an implication operator is an example of this technique. Here is another example of similar flavor.</p>
<p><strong>Theorem</strong>: In a Heyting algebra <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' />, the operator <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5CRightarrow+-%3A+X+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \Rightarrow -: X \to X' title='p \Rightarrow -: X \to X' class='latex' /> preserves any infs which happen to exist in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' />, for any element <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5Cin+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \in X' title='p \in X' class='latex' />. [In particular, this operator is a morphism of meet-semilattices, i.e., <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28p+%5CRightarrow+%28q+%5Cwedge+r%29%29+%3D+%28%28p+%5CRightarrow+q%29+%5Cwedge+%28p+%5CRightarrow+r%29%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(p \Rightarrow (q \wedge r)) = ((p \Rightarrow q) \wedge (p \Rightarrow r))' title='(p \Rightarrow (q \wedge r)) = ((p \Rightarrow q) \wedge (p \Rightarrow r))' class='latex' />, and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28p+%5CRightarrow+1%29+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(p \Rightarrow 1) = 1' title='(p \Rightarrow 1) = 1' class='latex' />.]</p>
<p><strong>Proof</strong>: Suppose that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S+%5Csubseteq+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S \subseteq X' title='S \subseteq X' class='latex' /> has an inf, which here will be denoted <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+s&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\bigwedge_{s \in S} s' title='\bigwedge_{s \in S} s' class='latex' />. Then for all <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%5Cin+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a \in X' title='a \in X' class='latex' />, we have</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%5Cleq+p+%5CRightarrow+%28%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+s%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a \leq p \Rightarrow (\bigwedge_{s \in S} s)' title='a \leq p \Rightarrow (\bigwedge_{s \in S} s)' class='latex' /> if and only if</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%5Cwedge+p+%5Cleq+%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+s&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a \wedge p \leq \bigwedge_{s \in S} s' title='a \wedge p \leq \bigwedge_{s \in S} s' class='latex' /> if and only if</p>
<p>(for all <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=s+%5Cin+S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='s \in S' title='s \in S' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%5Cwedge+p+%5Cleq+s&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a \wedge p \leq s' title='a \wedge p \leq s' class='latex' />) if and only if</p>
<p>for all <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=s+%5Cin+S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='s \in S' title='s \in S' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%5Cleq+p+%5CRightarrow+s&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a \leq p \Rightarrow s' title='a \leq p \Rightarrow s' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>By the defining property of inf, these logical equivalences show that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5CRightarrow+%28%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+s%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \Rightarrow (\bigwedge_{s \in S} s)' title='p \Rightarrow (\bigwedge_{s \in S} s)' class='latex' /> is indeed the inf of the subset <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bp+%5CRightarrow+s%3A+s+%5Cin+S%5C%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\{p \Rightarrow s: s \in S\}' title='\{p \Rightarrow s: s \in S\}' class='latex' />, or in other words that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5CRightarrow+%28%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+s%29+%3D+%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+p+%5CRightarrow+s&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \Rightarrow (\bigwedge_{s \in S} s) = \bigwedge_{s \in S} p \Rightarrow s' title='p \Rightarrow (\bigwedge_{s \in S} s) = \bigwedge_{s \in S} p \Rightarrow s' class='latex' />, as desired. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5CBox+%5C%2C&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\Box \,' title='\Box \,' class='latex' /></p>
<p>In summary, what we did in this proof is &#8220;slide&#8221; the operator <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5CRightarrow+-&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \Rightarrow -' title='p \Rightarrow -' class='latex' /> on the right of the inequality over to the operator <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=-+%5Cwedge+p&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='- \wedge p' title='- \wedge p' class='latex' /> on the left, then invoke the defining property of infs, and then slide back to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5CRightarrow+-&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \Rightarrow -' title='p \Rightarrow -' class='latex' /> on the right. This sliding trick is analogous to how adjoint mappings work in linear algebra.</p>
<p>In fact, everything we have done so far with posets can be translated in terms of matrix algebra, provided that our matrix entries, instead of being real or complex numbers, are truth values <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0%2C+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0, 1' title='0, 1' class='latex' /> (<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1' title='1' class='latex' /> for &#8220;true&#8221;, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0+%5Cmbox%7B+for%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0 \mbox{ for}' title='0 \mbox{ for}' class='latex' /> &#8220;false&#8221;). These truth values are added and multiplied in the way familiar from truth tables, with join playing the role of addition and meet playing the role of multiplication. In fact the lattice <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbf%7B2%7D+%3D+%5C%7B0%2C+1%5C%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mathbf{2} = \{0, 1\}' title='\mathbf{2} = \{0, 1\}' class='latex' /> is a very simple distributive lattice, and so most of the familiar arithmetic properties of addition and multiplication (associativity, commutativity, distributivity) do carry over, which is all we need to carry out the most basic aspects of matrix algebra. However, observe that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1' title='1' class='latex' /> has no additive inverse (for here <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1+%2B+1+%3D+1+%5Cvee+1+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1 + 1 = 1 \vee 1 = 1' title='1 + 1 = 1 \vee 1 = 1' class='latex' />) &#8212; the type of structure we are dealing with is often called a &#8220;rig&#8221; (like a ri<em>n</em>g, but without assuming <em>n</em>egatives). On the other hand, this lattice is, conveniently, a sup-lattice, thinking of sups as arbitrary sums, whether finitary or infinitary.</p>
<p>Peirce recognized that a relation can be <em>classified</em> by a truth-valued matrix. Take for example a binary relation on a set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' />, i.e., a subset <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R+%5Csubseteq+X+%5Ctimes+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R \subseteq X \times X' title='R \subseteq X \times X' class='latex' />. We can imagine each point <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%29+%5Cin+X+%5Ctimes+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, y) \in X \times X' title='(x, y) \in X \times X' class='latex' /> as a pixel in the plane, and highlight <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R' title='R' class='latex' /> by lighting up just those pixels which belong to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R' title='R' class='latex' />. This is the same as giving an <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28X+%5Ctimes+X%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(X \times X)' title='(X \times X)' class='latex' />-matrix <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R%28%5Ccdot%2C+%5Ccdot%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R(\cdot, \cdot)' title='R(\cdot, \cdot)' class='latex' />, with rows indexed by elements <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' /> and columns by elements <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' />, where the <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28y%2C+x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(y, x)' title='(y, x)' class='latex' />-entry <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R%28y%2C+x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R(y, x)' title='R(y, x)' class='latex' /> is <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1' title='1' class='latex' /> (on) if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, y)' title='(x, y)' class='latex' /> is in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R' title='R' class='latex' />, and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0+%5Cmbox%7B+%28off%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0 \mbox{ (off)}' title='0 \mbox{ (off)}' class='latex' /> if not. In a similar way, any relation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R+%5Csubseteq+X+%5Ctimes+Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R \subseteq X \times Y' title='R \subseteq X \times Y' class='latex' /> is classified by a <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28Y+%5Ctimes+X%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(Y \times X)' title='(Y \times X)' class='latex' />-matrix whose entries are truth values.</p>
<p>As an example, the identity matrix has a <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1' title='1' class='latex' /> at the <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, y)' title='(x, y)' class='latex' />-entry if and only if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x = y' title='x = y' class='latex' />. Thus the identity matrix classifies the equality relation.</p>
<p>A poset is a set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> equipped with a binary relation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R' title='R' class='latex' /> satisfying the reflexive, transitive, and antisymmetry properties. Let us translate these into matrix algebra terms. First reflexivity: it says that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x = y' title='x = y' class='latex' /> implies <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, y) \in R' title='(x, y) \in R' class='latex' />. In matrix algebra terms, it says <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Id%28y%2C+x%29+%5Cleq+R%28y%2C+x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Id(y, x) \leq R(y, x)' title='Id(y, x) \leq R(y, x)' class='latex' />, which we abbreviate in the customary way:</p>
<blockquote><p>(Reflexivity) <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Id+%5Cleq+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Id \leq R' title='Id \leq R' class='latex' />.</p></blockquote>
<p>Now let&#8217;s look at transitivity. It says</p>
<blockquote><p>(<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cexists_y++%28x%2C+y%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\exists_y  (x, y) \in R' title='\exists_y  (x, y) \in R' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28y%2C+z%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(y, z) \in R' title='(y, z) \in R' class='latex' />) implies <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+z%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, z) \in R' title='(x, z) \in R' class='latex' />.</p></blockquote>
<p>The &#8220;and&#8221; here refers to the meet or multiplication in the rig of truth values <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbf%7B2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mathbf{2}' title='\mathbf{2}' class='latex' />, and the existential quantifier can be thought of as a (possibly infinitary) join or sum indexed over elements <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' />. Thus, for each pair <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+z%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, z)' title='(x, z)' class='latex' />, the hypothesis of the implication has truth value</p>
<blockquote><p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_y+R%28z%2C+y%29+%5Ccdot+R%28y%2C+x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sum_y R(z, y) \cdot R(y, x)' title='\sum_y R(z, y) \cdot R(y, x)' class='latex' /></p></blockquote>
<p>which is just the <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28z%2C+x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(z, x)' title='(z, x)' class='latex' />-entry of the <em>square</em> of the matrix <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R' title='R' class='latex' />. Therefore, transitivity can be very succinctly expressed in matrix algebra terms as the condition</p>
<blockquote><p>(Transitivity) <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R%5E2+%5Cleq+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R^2 \leq R' title='R^2 \leq R' class='latex' />.</p></blockquote>
<ul>
<li><strong>Remark</strong>: More generally, given a relation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R+%5Csubseteq+X+%5Ctimes+Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R \subseteq X \times Y' title='R \subseteq X \times Y' class='latex' /> from <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' />, and another relation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S+%5Csubseteq+Y+%5Ctimes+Z&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S \subseteq Y \times Z' title='S \subseteq Y \times Z' class='latex' /> from <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' /> to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Z&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Z' title='Z' class='latex' />, the <em>relational composite</em> <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S+%5Ccirc+R+%5Csubseteq+X+%5Ctimes+Z&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S \circ R \subseteq X \times Z' title='S \circ R \subseteq X \times Z' class='latex' /> is defined to be the set of pairs <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+z%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, z)' title='(x, z)' class='latex' /> for which there exists <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' /> with <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, y) \in R' title='(x, y) \in R' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28y%2C+z%29+%5Cin+S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(y, z) \in S' title='(y, z) \in S' class='latex' />. But this just means that its classifying matrix is the ordinary matrix product <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S+%5Ccdot+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S \cdot R' title='S \cdot R' class='latex' />!</li>
</ul>
<p>Let&#8217;s now look at the antisymmetry condition: (<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, y) \in R' title='(x, y) \in R' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28y%2C+x%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(y, x) \in R' title='(y, x) \in R' class='latex' />) implies <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x = y' title='x = y' class='latex' />. The clause <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28y%2C+x%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(y, x) \in R' title='(y, x) \in R' class='latex' /> is the flip of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%29+%5Cin+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, y) \in R' title='(x, y) \in R' class='latex' />; at the matrix level, this flip corresponds to taking the <em>transpose</em>. Thus antisymmetry can be expressed in matrix terms as</p>
<blockquote><p>(Antisymmetry) <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R+%5Cwedge+R%5E%5Ctop+%5Cleq+Id&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R \wedge R^\top \leq Id' title='R \wedge R^\top \leq Id' class='latex' /></p></blockquote>
<p>where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R%5E%5Ctop&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R^\top' title='R^\top' class='latex' /> denotes the transpose of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R' title='R' class='latex' />, and the matrix meet <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cwedge&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\wedge' title='\wedge' class='latex' /> means we take the meet at each entry.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Remark</strong>: From the matrix algebra perspective, the antisymmetry axiom is less well motivated than the reflexivity and transitivity axioms. There&#8217;s a moral hiding beneath that story: <em>from the category-theoretic perspective, the antisymmetry axiom is relatively insignificant</em>. That is, if we view a poset as a category, then the antisymmetry condition is tantamount to the condition that isomorphic objects are equal (in the parlance, one says the category is &#8220;skeletal&#8221;) &#8212; this extra condition makes no essential difference, because isomorphic objects are essentially the same anyway. So: if we were to simply drop the antisymmetry axiom but keep the reflexivity and transitivity axioms (leading to what are called <em>preordered</em> sets, as opposed to partially ordered sets), then the theory of preordered sets develops exactly as the theory of partially ordered sets, except that in places where we conclude &#8220;<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> is equal to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' />&#8221; in the theory of posets, we would generally conclude &#8220;<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> is isomorphic to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' />&#8221; in the theory of preordered sets.</li>
</ul>
<p>Preordered sets do occur in nature. For example, the set of sentences <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p%2C+q%2C+...&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p, q, ...' title='p, q, ...' class='latex' /> in a theory is preordered by the entailment relation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5Cvdash+q&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \vdash q' title='p \vdash q' class='latex' /> (<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=q&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='q' title='q' class='latex' /> is derivable from <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> in the theory). (The way one gets a poset out of this is to pass to a quotient set, by identifying sentences which are logically equivalent in the theory.)</p>
<p><strong>Exercises</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li>(For those who know some topology) Suppose <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> is a topological space. Given <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%2C+y+%5Cin+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x, y \in X' title='x, y \in X' class='latex' />, define <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cleq+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \leq y' title='x \leq y' class='latex' /> if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> belongs to the closure of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' />; show this is a preorder. Show this preorder is a poset precisely when <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> is a <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=T_0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='T_0' title='T_0' class='latex' />-space.</li>
<li>If <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> carries a group structure, define <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cleq+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \leq y' title='x \leq y' class='latex' /> for elements <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%2C+y+%5Cin+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x, y \in X' title='x, y \in X' class='latex' /> if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+y%5En&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x = y^n' title='x = y^n' class='latex' /> for some integer <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />; show this is a preorder. When is it a poset?</li>
</ol>
<p>Since posets or preorders are fundamental to everything we&#8217;re doing, I&#8217;m going to reserve a special <em>pairing</em> notation for their classifying matrices: define</p>
<blockquote><p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+x%2C+y+%5Crangle+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle x, y \rangle = 1' title='\langle x, y \rangle = 1' class='latex' /> if and only if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cleq+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \leq y' title='x \leq y' class='latex' />.</p></blockquote>
<p>Many of the concepts we have developed so far for posets can be succinctly expressed in terms of the pairing.</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong>: The Yoneda principle (together with its dual) is simply the statement that if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> is a poset, then <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x = y' title='x = y' class='latex' /> if and only if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+-%2C+x+%5Crangle+%3D+%5Clangle+-%2C+y+%5Crangle&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle -, x \rangle = \langle -, y \rangle' title='\langle -, x \rangle = \langle -, y \rangle' class='latex' /> (as functionals valued in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbf%7B2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mathbf{2}' title='\mathbf{2}' class='latex' />) if and only if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+x%2C+-+%5Crangle+%3D+%5Clangle+y%2C+-+%5Crangle&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle x, - \rangle = \langle y, - \rangle' title='\langle x, - \rangle = \langle y, - \rangle' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong>: A mapping from a poset <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28X%2C+%5Clangle%2C+%5Crangle_X%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(X, \langle, \rangle_X)' title='(X, \langle, \rangle_X)' class='latex' /> to a poset <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28Y%2C+%5Clangle%2C+%5Crangle_Y%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(Y, \langle, \rangle_Y)' title='(Y, \langle, \rangle_Y)' class='latex' /> is a function <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A+X+%5Cto+Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f: X \to Y' title='f: X \to Y' class='latex' /> such that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+x%2C+y+%5Crangle_X+%5Cleq+%5Clangle+f%28x%29%2C+f%28y%29+%5Crangle_Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle x, y \rangle_X \leq \langle f(x), f(y) \rangle_Y' title='\langle x, y \rangle_X \leq \langle f(x), f(y) \rangle_Y' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong>: If <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> is a poset, its dual or opposite <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X%5E%7Bop%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X^{op}' title='X^{op}' class='latex' /> has the same elements but the opposite order, i.e., <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+x%2C+y+%5Crangle_X+%3D+%5Clangle+y%2C+x+%5Crangle_%7BX%5E%7Bop%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle x, y \rangle_X = \langle y, x \rangle_{X^{op}}' title='\langle x, y \rangle_X = \langle y, x \rangle_{X^{op}}' class='latex' />. The principle of duality says that the opposite of a poset is a poset. This can be (re)proved by invoking formal properties of matrix transpose, e.g., if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R%5E2+%5Cleq+R&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R^2 \leq R' title='R^2 \leq R' class='latex' />, then <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28R%5E%5Ctop%29%5E2+%3D+%28R%5E2%29%5E%5Ctop+%5Cleq+R%5E%5Ctop&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(R^\top)^2 = (R^2)^\top \leq R^\top' title='(R^\top)^2 = (R^2)^\top \leq R^\top' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>By far the most significant concept that can be expressed in terms of these pairings that of <strong>adjoint mappings</strong>:</p>
<p><strong>Definition</strong>: Let <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X%2C+Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X, Y' title='X, Y' class='latex' /> be posets [or preorders], and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A+X+%5Cto+Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f: X \to Y' title='f: X \to Y' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%3A+Y+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='g: Y \to X' title='g: Y \to X' class='latex' />  be poset mappings.  We say <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=+%28f%2C+g%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt=' (f, g)' title=' (f, g)' class='latex' /> is an <em>adjoint pair</em> (with <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> the <em>left adjoint</em> of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='g' title='g' class='latex' />, and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='g' title='g' class='latex' /> the <em>right adjoint</em> of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' />) if</p>
<blockquote><p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+f%28x%29%2C+y+%5Crangle_Y+%3D+%5Clangle+x%2C+g%28y%29+%5Crangle_X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle f(x), y \rangle_Y = \langle x, g(y) \rangle_X' title='\langle f(x), y \rangle_Y = \langle x, g(y) \rangle_X' class='latex' /></p></blockquote>
<p>or, in other words, if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29+%5Cleq+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x) \leq y' title='f(x) \leq y' class='latex' /> if and only if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cleq+g%28y%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \leq g(y)' title='x \leq g(y)' class='latex' />. We write <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f+%5Cdashv+g&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f \dashv g' title='f \dashv g' class='latex' />. Notice that the concept of left adjoint is dual to the concept of right adjoint (N.B.: they are not the same, because clearly the pairing <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+x%2C+y+%5Crangle&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle x, y \rangle' title='\langle x, y \rangle' class='latex' /> is not generally symmetric in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' />).</p>
<p>Here are some examples which illustrate the ubiquity of this concept:</p>
<ol>
<li>Let <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> be a poset. Let <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X+%5Ctimes+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X \times X' title='X \times X' class='latex' /> be the poset where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%29+%5Cleq+%28x%27%2C+y%27%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, y) \leq (x&#039;, y&#039;)' title='(x, y) \leq (x&#039;, y&#039;)' class='latex' /> iff (<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cleq+x%27&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \leq x&#039;' title='x \leq x&#039;' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y+%5Cleq+y%27&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y \leq y&#039;' title='y \leq y&#039;' class='latex' />). There is an obvious poset mapping <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdelta%3A+X+%5Cto+X+%5Ctimes+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\delta: X \to X \times X' title='\delta: X \to X \times X' class='latex' />, the <em>diagonal mapping</em>, which takes <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x, x)' title='(x, x)' class='latex' />. Then a meet operation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cwedge%3A+X+%5Ctimes+X+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\wedge: X \times X \to X' title='\wedge: X \times X \to X' class='latex' /> is precisely a right adjoint to the diagonal mapping. Indeed, it says that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28a%2C+a%29+%5Cleq+%28x%2C+y%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(a, a) \leq (x, y)' title='(a, a) \leq (x, y)' class='latex' /> if and only if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%5Cleq+x+%5Cwedge+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a \leq x \wedge y' title='a \leq x \wedge y' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>Dually, a join operation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cvee%3A+X+%5Ctimes+X+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\vee: X \times X \to X' title='\vee: X \times X \to X' class='latex' /> is precisely a left adjoint to the diagonal mapping <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdelta%3A+X+%5Cto+X+%5Ctimes+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\delta: X \to X \times X' title='\delta: X \to X \times X' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>More generally, for any set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />, there is a diagonal map <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5CDelta%3A+X+%5Cto+X%5ES&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\Delta: X \to X^S' title='\Delta: X \to X^S' class='latex' /> which maps <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cin+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \in X' title='x \in X' class='latex' /> to the <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />-tuple <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28%5Cldots%2C+x%2C+x%2C+x%2C+%5Cldots%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(\ldots, x, x, x, \ldots)' title='(\ldots, x, x, x, \ldots)' class='latex' />.  Its right adjoint <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X%5ES+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X^S \to X' title='X^S \to X' class='latex' />, if one exists, sends an <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />-tuple <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x_s%29_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x_s)_{s \in S}' title='(x_s)_{s \in S}' class='latex' /> to the inf of the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bx_s%3A+s+%5Cin+S%5C%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\{x_s: s \in S\}' title='\{x_s: s \in S\}' class='latex' />. Its left adjoint would send the tuple to the sup of that set.</li>
<li>If <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> is a Heyting algebra, then for each <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cin+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \in X' title='x \in X' class='latex' />, the conjunction operator <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cwedge+-%3A+X+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \wedge -: X \to X' title='x \wedge -: X \to X' class='latex' /> is left adjoint to the implication operator <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5CRightarrow+-%3A+X+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \Rightarrow -: X \to X' title='x \Rightarrow -: X \to X' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>If <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> is a sup-lattice, then the operator <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csup%3A+PX+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sup: PX \to X' title='\sup: PX \to X' class='latex' /> which sends a subset <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S+%5Csubseteq+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S \subseteq X' title='S \subseteq X' class='latex' /> to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csup%28S%29+%5Cin+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sup(S) \in X' title='\sup(S) \in X' class='latex' /> is left adjoint to the Dedekind embedding <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=i%3A+X+%5Cto+PX&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='i: X \to PX' title='i: X \to PX' class='latex' />.  Indeed, we have <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csup%28S%29+%5Cleq+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sup(S) \leq a' title='\sup(S) \leq a' class='latex' /> if and only if (for all <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=s+%5Cin+S%2C+s+%5Cleq+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='s \in S, s \leq a' title='s \in S, s \leq a' class='latex' />) if and only if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S+%5Csubseteq+%5C%7Bx+%5Cin+X%3A+x+%5Cleq+a%5C%7D+%3D+i%28a%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S \subseteq \{x \in X: x \leq a\} = i(a)' title='S \subseteq \{x \in X: x \leq a\} = i(a)' class='latex' />.</li>
</ol>
<p>As items 1, 2, and 4 indicate, the rules for how the propositional connectives <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cwedge%2C+%5Cvee%2C+%5CRightarrow&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\wedge, \vee, \Rightarrow' title='\wedge, \vee, \Rightarrow' class='latex' /> operate are governed by adjoint pairs. This gives some evidence for Lawvere&#8217;s great insight <em>that all rules of inference in logic are expressed by interlocking pairs of adjoint mappings</em>.</p>
<p><strong>Proposition</strong>: If <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f+%5Cdashv+g&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f \dashv g' title='f \dashv g' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%27+%5Cdashv+g%27&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f&#039; \dashv g&#039;' title='f&#039; \dashv g&#039;' class='latex' /> where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%3A+X+%5Cto+Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='g: X \to Y' title='g: X \to Y' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%27%3A+Y+%5Cto+Z&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='g&#039;: Y \to Z' title='g&#039;: Y \to Z' class='latex' /> are composable mappings, then <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f+%5Ccirc+f%27+%5Cdashv+g%27+%5Ccirc+g&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f \circ f&#039; \dashv g&#039; \circ g' title='f \circ f&#039; \dashv g&#039; \circ g' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Proof</strong>: <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+f+f%27+z%2C+x+%5Crangle_X+%3D+%5Clangle+f%27+z%2C+g+x+%5Crangle_Y+%3D+%5Clangle+z%2C+g%27+g+x+%5Crangle_Z&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle f f&#039; z, x \rangle_X = \langle f&#039; z, g x \rangle_Y = \langle z, g&#039; g x \rangle_Z' title='\langle f f&#039; z, x \rangle_X = \langle f&#039; z, g x \rangle_Y = \langle z, g&#039; g x \rangle_Z' class='latex' />. Notice that the statement is analogous to the usual rule <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28A+B%29%5E%5Cdagger+%3D+B%5E%5Cdagger+A%5E%5Cdagger&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(A B)^\dagger = B^\dagger A^\dagger' title='(A B)^\dagger = B^\dagger A^\dagger' class='latex' />, where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=A%5E%5Cdagger&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='A^\dagger' title='A^\dagger' class='latex' /> refers to taking an adjoint with respect to given inner product forms.</p>
<p>We can use this proposition to give slick proofs of some results we&#8217;ve seen. For example, to prove that Heyting algebras are distributive lattices, i.e., that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5Cwedge+%28x+%5Cvee+y%29+%3D+%28p+%5Cwedge+x%29+%5Cvee+%28p+%5Cwedge+y%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \wedge (x \vee y) = (p \wedge x) \vee (p \wedge y)' title='p \wedge (x \vee y) = (p \wedge x) \vee (p \wedge y)' class='latex' />, just take left adjoints on both sides of the tautology <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdelta+%5Ccirc+g+%3D+%28g+%5Ctimes+g%29+%5Ccirc+%5Cdelta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\delta \circ g = (g \times g) \circ \delta' title='\delta \circ g = (g \times g) \circ \delta' class='latex' />, where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g+%3D+p+%5CRightarrow+-&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='g = p \Rightarrow -' title='g = p \Rightarrow -' class='latex' /> is right adjoint to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5Cwedge+-&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \wedge -' title='p \wedge -' class='latex' />. The left adjoint of the left side of the tautology is (by the proposition) <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p+%5Cwedge+-&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p \wedge -' title='p \wedge -' class='latex' /> applied to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cvee&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\vee' title='\vee' class='latex' />. The left adjoint of the right side is <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cvee&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\vee' title='\vee' class='latex' /> applied to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28p+%5Cwedge+-%29+%5Ctimes+%28p+%5Cwedge+-%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(p \wedge -) \times (p \wedge -)' title='(p \wedge -) \times (p \wedge -)' class='latex' />. The conclusion follows.</p>
<p>Much more generally, we have the</p>
<p><strong>Theorem</strong>: Right adjoints <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%3A+X+%5Cto+Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='g: X \to Y' title='g: X \to Y' class='latex' /> preserve any infs which exist in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' />. Dually, left adjoints <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A+Y+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f: Y \to X' title='f: Y \to X' class='latex' /> preserve any sups which exist in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Proof</strong>: <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+y%2C+g%28%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+x_s%29+%5Crangle_Y+%3D+%5Clangle+f%28y%29%2C+%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+x_s+%5Crangle_X+%3D+%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+%5Clangle+f%28y%29%2C+x_s+%5Crangle_X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\langle y, g(\bigwedge_{s \in S} x_s) \rangle_Y = \langle f(y), \bigwedge_{s \in S} x_s \rangle_X = \bigwedge_{s \in S} \langle f(y), x_s \rangle_X' title='\langle y, g(\bigwedge_{s \in S} x_s) \rangle_Y = \langle f(y), \bigwedge_{s \in S} x_s \rangle_X = \bigwedge_{s \in S} \langle f(y), x_s \rangle_X' class='latex' /> where the last inf is interpreted in the inf-lattice <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbf%7B2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mathbf{2}' title='\mathbf{2}' class='latex' />. This equals <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbigwedge_%7Bs+%5Cin+S%7D+%5Clangle+y%2C+g%28x_s%29+%5Crangle_Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\bigwedge_{s \in S} \langle y, g(x_s) \rangle_Y' title='\bigwedge_{s \in S} \langle y, g(x_s) \rangle_Y' class='latex' />. This completes the proof of the first statement (why?). The second follows from duality.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise</strong>: If <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> is a Heyting algebra, then there is a poset mapping <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=-+%5CRightarrow+c%3A+X%5E%7Bop%7D+%5Cto+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='- \Rightarrow c: X^{op} \to X' title='- \Rightarrow c: X^{op} \to X' class='latex' /> for any element <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c' title='c' class='latex' />. Describe the left adjoint of this mapping. Conclude that this mapping takes infs in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X%5E%7Bop%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X^{op}' title='X^{op}' class='latex' /> (i.e., sups in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' />) to the corresponding infs in <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' />.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Les adjoints au maire]]></title>
<link>http://villerose.wordpress.com/2008/03/25/les-adjoints-au-maire/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2008 16:14:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>villerose</dc:creator>
<guid>http://villerose.wordpress.com/2008/03/25/les-adjoints-au-maire/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Nous connaissons enfin les adjoints à Pierre Cohen qui l&#8217;aideront dans sa tâche. Ils représent]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p align="center"><a href="http://villerose.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/adjoints.jpg" title="adjoints.jpg"></a></p>
<p align="center">Nous connaissons enfin les adjoints à Pierre Cohen qui l&#8217;aideront dans sa tâche. Ils représentent la diversité et l&#8217;ouverture avec des hommes et des femmes représentant diverses Catégories Socio-Professionnelles. Pour en savoir plus, cliquez <a href="http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2008/03/21/443979-Politique-Les-adjoints-de-Pierre-Cohen.html">ici</a>.</p>
<p align="center">&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Un grand MERCI à toutes et tous ...]]></title>
<link>http://aimergrandcharmont.wordpress.com/2008/03/23/un-grand-merci-a-toutes-et-tous/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 23 Mar 2008 16:31:50 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>aimergrandcharmont</dc:creator>
<guid>http://aimergrandcharmont.wordpress.com/2008/03/23/un-grand-merci-a-toutes-et-tous/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Aimer Grand Charmont vient de paraître, il sera distribué très prochainement dans les boites aux let]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Aimer Grand Charmont vient de paraître, il sera distribué très prochainement dans les boites aux let]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Nouvelle équipe municipale :]]></title>
<link>http://aimergrandcharmont.wordpress.com/2008/03/17/nouvelle-equipe-municipale/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 17 Mar 2008 19:30:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>aimergrandcharmont</dc:creator>
<guid>http://aimergrandcharmont.wordpress.com/2008/03/17/nouvelle-equipe-municipale/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Vendredi 14 Mars 2008, lors du premier conseil municipal du nouveau mandat, les nouveaux conseillers]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Vendredi 14 Mars 2008, lors du premier conseil municipal du nouveau mandat, les nouveaux conseillers]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Élection du maire et des quatre adjoints]]></title>
<link>http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/2008/03/15/election-du-maire-et-des-quatre-adjoints/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 15 Mar 2008 09:18:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lexpresso</dc:creator>
<guid>http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/2008/03/15/election-du-maire-et-des-quatre-adjoints/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Le maire et les quatre adjoints ont été élus à l’unanimité par le nouveau conseil municipal, hier so]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Le maire et les quatre adjoints ont été élus à l’unanimité par le nouveau conseil municipal, hier soir :</p>
<p>maire : Vincent Popelier</p>
<p>1er adjoint : Gérard Malthet</p>
<p>2e adjointe : Céline Bastin</p>
<p>3e adjointe : Emmanuelle Dupin</p>
<p>4e adjoint : Noël Bonnet</p>
<p>Les commissions et les délégations seront mises en place à la prochaine étape. Vincent Popelier a seulement annoncé dans son court discours la mise en place d’une commission communication concertation qui aura la mission (essentielle) de créer des liens les plus riches possibles entre la municipalité et l’ensemble des fierboisiens.</p>
<p>Voici quelques photos :</p>
<p>l&#8217;accueil par Régis de Lussac&#8230;</p>
<p><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/passation-1.jpg" title="passation-1.jpg"></a></p>
<div style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/passation-1.jpg" title="passation-1.jpg"><img src="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/passation-1.jpg" alt="passation-1.jpg" /></a></div>
<p>&#8230; le premier discours de M. le maire&#8230;</p>
<p><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/passation-2.jpg" title="passation-2.jpg"></a></p>
<div style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/passation-2.jpg" title="passation-2.jpg"><img src="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/passation-2.jpg" alt="passation-2.jpg" /></a></div>
<p>&#8230; le nouveau conseil municipal désormais installé&#8230;</p>
<p><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/nouveau-conseil-3.jpg" title="nouveau-conseil-3.jpg"></a></p>
<div style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/nouveau-conseil-3.jpg" title="nouveau-conseil-3.jpg"><img src="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/nouveau-conseil-3.jpg" alt="nouveau-conseil-3.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align:center;" align="left"></div>
<p>&#8230; les quatre adjoints : (de gauche à droite) Gérard Malthet, Céline Bastin, Emmanuelle Dupin et Noël Bonnet &#8230;</p>
<p align="center"><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/adjoints.gif" title="adjoints.gif"><img src="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/adjoints.gif" alt="adjoints.gif" /></a></p>
<p>&#8230; et en route vers le vin d&#8217;honneur à l&#8217;Auberge Jeanne d&#8217;Arc !</p>
<p><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/vers-le-vin-dhonneur.jpg" title="vers-le-vin-dhonneur.jpg"></a></p>
<div style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/vers-le-vin-dhonneur.jpg" title="vers-le-vin-dhonneur.jpg"><img src="http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/vers-le-vin-dhonneur.jpg" alt="vers-le-vin-dhonneur.jpg" /></a></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Élection du maire]]></title>
<link>http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/2008/03/11/election-du-maire/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 11 Mar 2008 06:39:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lexpresso</dc:creator>
<guid>http://masaintecatherine.wordpress.com/2008/03/11/election-du-maire/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Le code électoral oblige le nouveau conseil municipal à se réunir dans les huits jours suivant l]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Le code électoral oblige le nouveau conseil municipal à se réunir dans les huits jours suivant l&#8217;élection municipale, afin de désigner le nouveau maire, ainsi que les adjoints.</p>
<p><font color="#800000"><b>Le nouveau conseil municipal est donc convoqué vendredi 14 mars, à 18H00, en salle du conseil, pour l&#8217;élection du nouveau maire et des adjoints.</b></font></p>
<p>Cette séance, qui ne comporte pas d&#8217;autre point à l&#8217;ordre du jour, est bien entendu publique, même si les votes se font obligatoirement à bulletin secret.</p>
<p>Jusqu&#8217;à l&#8217;élection du maire, c&#8217;est le doyen d&#8217;âge qui présidera la séance !</p>
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