Biological warfare generally refers to the use of pathogens (infectious agents) such as viruses or bacteria that are delivered to an enemy. The term, as applied to the treatment of RA, really refers to the use of antibodies produced via biological processes. These antibodies are designed to target biological processes of RA.

Wikipedia Commons

The biological basis for RA was outlined in an earlier blog post. In that post, the biochemical picture of RA in simplistic terms was outlined as follows:

• Something unknown triggers lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells)
• Lymphocytes trigger Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and inflammation
• TNF induces another chemical called RANKL
• RANKL promotes the production of osteoclasts (special bone cells)
• Osteoclasts erode bone tissue.

Once these processes began to be understood in the 1980s and 90s, scientists starting developing and testing biological treatments for RA. These treatments are disease modifying (DMARDs) in the sense that they modify or slow the effects of the disease. Compared to other traditional weapons in the fight against RA, biologicals demonstrate more effectiveness in disease modification. They are even more effective when combined with the use of methotrexate. There are currently 18 biological treatments approved by the FDA and eight are approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis. [i] Being that these treatments consist of complex and fragile proteins, they must be injected into the body.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/42dreams/

Due to the complex procedures needed to develop and manufacture biological treatments, they are very expensive, typically costing $15,000 – $30,000 per year. Pharmaceutical companies currently have a 14 year lock on the copyright on biologicals (it’s 7 years for small chemical drugs). But there may be traction in the Congress and by President Obama to change this so cheaper, generic versions are available. [ii] [iii] The cost of these treatments raises cost/benefit questions (“pharmacoeconomics”-hopefully a future blog topic). Never the less, it has been shown that the effectiveness of biologics reduces the number of work days missed and disability claims. [iv]

Like many chemical RA drugs, biological treatments suppress the immune system in the fight against RA. This leads to higher incidents of lymphomas and serious infections in patients who use them. But most RA patients would agree that the benefits far outweigh potential risks.

Below is a table displaying the currently approved biological treatments for RA. [v] [vi] [vii] [viii]

Many of the RA blogosphere community members have experience with these biological treatments. I had an initial five month experience injecting Enbrel every week. Monday morning brought with it the joy of using their autoinjector pens. Within a few weeks I felt like I got my life back. My energy levels soared and my rheumatologist was quite pleased with my progress. But after 3-4 months I could feel myself slipping back into full blown RA symptoms. My rheumatologist suggested that I try a newly approved TNF inhibitor called Cimzia. It is designed to stay in the body longer and only requires monthly injections. I’m heading into my third month and while I can see an improvement, the jury is still out on its long term effectiveness (see previous post). But the past three days have been wonderful and I’m thankful for these treatments (in spite of the fact that I must jab myself). Some even experience remission after being on biological treatments – this is my hope and dream.

I feel fortunate that I have not experienced any infections since being on biological treatments. Colds and swine flu visited several members of my household and I was spared every time. I suspect that having a strong immune system prior to treatment helps. My entire professional career has been working in K-12 schools and universities and I’m guessing that I’ve been exposed to plenty infectious pathogens! Getting regular vaccinations to seasonal and H1N1 flu viruses is important (I got both).

Even though RA may take a back seat to other diseases like cancer and heart disease, plenty of scientists continue to hunt for more successful biological treatments (see earlier post). Of all of the weapons currently used in the war against RA, they represent the most effective to date. But there remain several sticky points to their use…costs and infections. Hopefully these issues will be resolved in the future.

Next post…Natural Treatments for RA

[ii] http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090722/Costly-biologics-drugs-prompt-exclusivity-debate.aspx

[iii] http://www.tri-cityherald.com/1182/story/810461.html

[iv] http://ezinearticles.com/?Are-The-New-Biologic-Drugs-For-Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Worth-The-Cost?&id=559432

[v] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies

[vi] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monoclonal_antibodies

[vii] http://www.arthritistoday.org/DrugGuide/drug-chart.php

[viii] http://www.physorg.com/news174077828.html

Standard Level: Essential Biology 6.3 Defense Against Infectious Disease

Higher Level: Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1  Defense Against Infectious Disease

Core content:

Additional Higher Level:

The Click4Biology pages are here: Core – - AHL

-

A separate post on HIV/AIDS will follow.

Intestinal disease genomics and how hedgehogs cause arthritis…

Genetic Clues to ‘Belly Aches’ in Children: The largest genomic investigation into early onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis involved the efforts of an international research team.  In total, genetic information from 3,400 children with IBD and 12,000 healthy children were compared.  This study resulted in the identification of five genetic regions associated with susceptibility to pediatric and adolescent IBD.  The team is now taking a closer look at these regions to try to identify the specific proteins that may explain why or how the disease develops.  Another question that they would like to address is why some individuals develop IBD early whereas others develop it later in life.  Two Toronto researchers, Dr. Anne Griffiths (Sickkids) and Dr. Mark Silverberg (Mount Sinai Hospital), contributed their expertise to the study, which appears in this week’s issue of Nature Genetics.

Colon Cancer Susceptibility Genes: In another intestinal disease research project, scientists noticed that different strains of mice exhibited different levels of resistance or susceptibility to colon cancer induced by a chemical carcinogen.  Using genetic studies, the determining factor was mapped to a specific region in chromosome 3 that they designated as colon cancer susceptibility locus 3 (Ccs3).  Within this region are about 94 known genes and they have identified a subset that are expressed at high levels in the colon.  What is also interesting is that Ccs3 in mice is homologous to regions in human chromosome 1 and 4, which also contain genes known to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.  This mouse model will be a very useful tool for future studies on the pathogenesis of colon cancer.  Dr. Philippe Gros led the research team at McGill University and published the study in the journal Oncogene.

Hedgehogs are Key to Osteoarthritis: An unexpected discovery may hold the key to solving painful osteoarthritic disease.  Elevated expression or activity of a group of proteins called Hedgehog resulted in the development of osteoarthritis in mice.  In simple terms, the balance of this signalling pathway in chondrocyte cells determines whether they go on to make cartilage or bone.  In the animal model of osteoarthritis, Hedgehog levels are high and there is less cartilage being produced from the chrondrocytes.  Obviously, Hedgehog becomes an immediate pharmacologic target for the treatment or prevention of osteoarthritis.  You may find it strange that this study on a disease primarily affecting adults is from The Hospital for Sick Children but it just shows that research is full of surprises and you never know where it may take you!  Dr. Benjamin Alman and his research team reported their study in the online edition of Nature Medicine.

Pathway Signalling Antibody Production: A key signalling pathway required for the efficient production of antibodies was identified recently and verified using knockout mice.  A receptor on T cells called ICOS (Inducible Costimulator) is required for their conversion into a specialized type of T cell called Tfh cells (follicular B helper T cells).  As the name implies, their role is to help B cells make the right antibodies to the target.  Dr. Woong-Kyung Suh’s team at Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal discovered that ICOS activates an enzyme called phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which eventually leads to the release of factors that trigger the formation of Tfh cells.  With this knowledge, researchers may find ways to tweak the system to suppress (in autoimmune disease) or enhance (in infectious disease) antibody production as required.  The study is reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

A second dose of Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) was injected Wednesday evening. Since Enbrel was no longer working well, my rheumatologist recommended trying a new medication. Cimzia, which was recently approved by the FDA, is designed to stay in the body longer thereby making it more effective. The nurse stated that about 15-20 patients in their office switched to Cimzia after Enbrel and Humira stopped working for them.

Below is a photo showing all the paraphernalia associated with self-administration of the antibody treatment. I do “enjoy” the ergonomically designed syringes!

I noticed less fatigue last month after the first injection although joint pain and inflammation continued. The first clear evidence of finger joint bending was noticable. My knee was bothering me after swimming a little (so much for swimming as a good exercise for RA). The fatigue returned over the past few days. Since swine flu made a visit to our house last week (my son had it), I debated whether I should wait to take the second dose. Cimzia lowers the immune system increasing vulnerability to infections. We were still in the incubation period for the flu. But I realized that the toll of RA on my body trumped anything else and I gave myself the second injection. The day after the 2nd injection brought an obvious increase in energy, less “brain fog”, and less joint stiffness and pain.

My rheumy said to give it a good 3-4 months before making any long-term judgements about the efficacy of Cimzia.  Since the pain was still present and finger bending noticeable, my rheumy suggested that I try Mobic (meloxicam) which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID). I can’t tolerate ibuprofen so we’ll see how this goes. Thus, another weapon is added to the chemical arsenal designed to fight RA in my body.

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034432     โมโนโคลนัลแอนติบอดี     Monoclonal Antibody

การผลิตโมโนโคลนัลแอนติบอดี การฉีดสัตว์ทดลอง การรวมตัวของเซลล์หนูและเซลล์มะเร็ง เทคนิคอีไลซา เพื่อการคัดเลือกไฮบริโดมา การโคลนเซลล์ไฮบริโดมา การดูแลและการเก็บรักษาเซลล์ไฮบริโดมา การเพิ่มปริมาณโมโนโคลนัลแอนติบอดี

(Monoclonal antibody production, immunization, mouse-myeloma cell fusion, ELISA techniques for hybridoma screening, hybridoma cell cloning, maintenance and preservation of hybridoma cells, mouse ascetic fluid production.)

(034432 มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์)

การติดเชื้อในกระแสเลือดเป็นโรคที่มีอัตราการตายสูงมาก และ ตายอย่างรวดเร็วถ้าหากได้รับการรักษาไม่ทันถ่วงที

การติดเชื้อในกระแสเลือดเป็นโรคที่มีอัตราการตายสูงมาก และตายอย่างรวดเร็วถ้าหากได้รับการรักษาไม่ทันถ่วงที เพราะเลือดคือองค์ประกอบหลักของร่างกายไหลไปอวัยวะทุกส่วนร่างกาย การเกิดพยาธิสภาพต่างๆในร่างกายจึงเกิดขึ้นเร็วและรุนแรง เชื้อที่พบบ่อยในการติดเชื้อในกระแสเลือดนั้นพบได้ทั้ง

เชื้อแกรมบวก เช่น S.aureus และแกรมลบ เช่น E.coli ,Acinetobactor spp.,K.pneumoniae

เมื่อตรวจพบว่ามีการติดเชื้อต้องมีการรายงานผลเบื้องต้นให้แพทย์ทราบทันที เพื่อทำการรักษาเบื้องต้นและดูแลเป็นพิเศษ ก่อนที่การวินิจฉัยเชื้อ และการตรวจความไวต่อยาของเชื้อนั้นจะออกมา แต่ล่าสุด Ingber’s team ได้ทำการวิจัยการรักษาการติดเชื้อในกระแสเลือดแบบใหม่ ที่จะช่วยให้การรักษาทำได้ง่ายและรวดเร็วยิ่งขึ้น ในแล็บของเขาได้ทำการผสมเชื้อรา Canida albican เชื้อหนึ่งที่ก่อโรคได้ลงไปในเลือดแล้วจากนั้นเติม plastic-coated iron-oxide beads(เม็ดเหล็กที่เคลือบด้วยพลาสติก)เคลือบอีกชั้นด้วย antibody เมื่อเติมลงไป antibody นี้จะเข้าจับกับตัวเชื้อเสมือนว่าเอาเหล็กไปติดที่เชื้อจากนั้นนำเลือดเข้าเครื่อง dialysis(เหมือนเครื่องฟอกไต)ที่มีการเพิ่ม electromagnetic คลื่นแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า

ซึ่งแรงนี้จะดูดเม็ด beads ทำให้เชื้อที่ติดอยู่ ถูกดูดออกมาไหลเข้าสู่น้ำเกลือที่อยู่อีกด้าน Ingber ให้ข้อมูลว่าในเวลา 2-3 ชั่วโมง วิธีนี้สามารถกำจัด แบคทีเรียได้ถึง 80% ตอนนี้ได้เริ่มทดสอบกับสัตว์ทดลองแล้ว และในอนาคตนอกจากจะใช้ในการกำจัดแบคทีเรียในกระแสเลือดแล้ว ยังสามารถที่จะพัฒนาไปใช้กับการกำจัดเซลล์มะเร็งในเลือดหรือการเก็บ stem cell ได้อีกด้วย

งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ไม่ถือว่าใหม่ซะทีเดียวการใช้หลักการติด beads เหล็ก กับอะไรสักอย่างแล้วใช้แม่เหล็กดูดออกมานานแล้ว แต่ยังมีการพัฒนามาใช้กับมนุษย์อย่างจริงจังส่วนมากจะใช้ในระบบ in vitro การประยุกต์เอาวิธ๊นี้เข้ามาใช้ร่วมกับเครื่อง dialysis ถือว่าดีมาก แม้ว่าจะไม่สามารถกำจัดแบคทีเรียออกไปได้ 100% แต่ก็ลดอัตราการตายของคนไข้ได้อย่างมาก งานวิจัยนี้นับว่าเป็นประโยชน์กับวงการแพทย์ไม่น้อยเลยทีเดียว

ข้อมูลจาก: http://www.biomed.in.th

One week passed since Cimzia was first injected. I must admit that skepticism prevailed from the beginning since Enbrel stopped working over the past couple of months. This skepticism was grounded in the fact that Cimzia acts on the same system as Enbrel – they both block TNF. But some investigation revealed that the structure and sources of these antibody treatments differ. That alone brought some hope.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/ajc1/

In searching out information about Cimzia, I learned more about the systems involved in producing antibody treatments (which actually resulted in a Nobel Prize). Biologicals are typically antibodies - proteins produced as part of the immune system. There are about 20 antibody medicines currently approved by the FDA. Antibody medicines are genetically engineered. It appears that mice play an important role (thank all of your local lab mice). The first developed treatments were mouse proteins and these failed once placed into a human. But genetic developments resulted in the mixing of mouse and human components. Currently approved antibody treatments for RA have a range of mouse and human parts. For example…

• Remicade (chimeric = 65% human, 35% mouse)
• Cimzia (humanized = 95% human, 5% mouse)
• Humira (human = 100% human)

But no matter how much human or mouse protein is in the final product, mice are used somewhere in the development of all of them. That’s why I’m going around teasing my children by making my fingers into mouse whiskers and showing buck teeth.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/hthg1983/

Yesterday brought a level of energy not felt in over a month. Never the less, hope was suppressed. I think that skepticism is a psychological defense mechanism in order to avoid disappointment. Many with RA travel down this road of dashed hopes as one after another medical treatment is tested and abandoned. But today brought even better news…I woke up quickly, met someone for breakfast (they commented that I looked good!), and worked a full day. It’s now 7:00 p.m. and I’m still going strong. On top of that, joint pain and swelling is much diminished. My wedding band easily slipped off my finger. That pesky right knee with the beat up cartilage was quiet. This was truly a day for rejoicing.

The Cimzia literature indicates 1-2 weeks before symptoms may improve. The pattern of the last two days is a good sign. But taking life one day at a time is a lesson that RA quickly teaches. Waxing my snow skis will wait until later this winter (now there’s hope!).

A CimPay card arrived in the mail yesterday. This nifty card, easily obtained by completing an online form, provides $500 of benefits for 12 months. That will come in handy to cover that $40 a month co-pay required by my insurance company. These cost savings can be used for shaving gear to get rid of those “mouse whiskers”!

What an excellent day! We danced, we colored, we laughed and all in the name of fair trade! Thanks to everyone who came out to help us celebrate Fair Trade Month at Ten Thousand Villages, Pasadena. It was a very Fairy Day!

See photos here.

antibody : A protein produced by the body in response to the presence of an antigen to which it can specifically combine.

Antibodies, like other proteins, can be covalently modified in many ways to suit the purpose of a particular assay. Many immunological methods involve the use of labeled antibodies, and a variety of reagents have been created to allow labeling of antibodies. Enzymes, biotin, fluorophores and radioactive isotopes are all commonly used to provide a detection signal in biological assays. Covalently attaching such a label to an antibody combines the unique specificity of the antibody with a sensitive means for detection, thus creating an ideal probe molecule. Aside from antibodies, these same labels can be attached to avidin, streptavidin, Fc-binding proteins such as Protein A or G, and many other proteins.

Full PDF

Antibodies are proteins; therefore, methods of purification from biological samples (serum, ascites fluid or culture super-natant) are really specialized forms of general protein purification methods (see the Protein Purification section of the Pierce TechnicalHandbook and Catalog). Antibody purification can be rather crude (as in precipitation of a fraction containing immunoglobulins and other proteins), particular to immunoglobulins as a group or highly specific to only those antibodies in a sample that bind to a given antigen.

Full PDF

Antibody

Antibodies are host proteins that are produced by the immune system in response to foreign molecules that enter the body. These foreign molecules are called antigens, and their molecular recognition by the immune system results in selective production of antibodies that are able to bind the specific antigen. Antibodies are made by B lymphocytes and circulate throughout the blood and lymph where they bind to their specific antigen, enabling it to be cleared from circulation.

This ability of animal immune systems to produce antibodies capable of binding specifically to antigens can be harnessed to manufacture probes for detection of molecules of interest in a variety of research and diagnostic applications. No other current technology allows researchers to design and manufacture such highly specific molecular recognition tools. In addition to their high specificity, several important features make antibodies particularly conducive to development as probes. For example, except in those portions that determine antigen binding, antibodies share a relatively uniform and well-characterized protein structure that enables them to be purified, labeled and detected predictably and reproducibly by generalized methods.

Procedures for generating, purifying and modifying antibodies for use as antigen-specific probes were developed during the 1970s and 1980s and have remained relatively unchanged since Harlow and Lane published their classic Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual in 1988 (Product # 15050). Antibody production involves preparation of antigen samples and their safe injection into laboratory or farm animals so as to evoke high-expression levels of antigen-specific antibodies in the serum, which may then be recovered from the animal. Alternatively, monoclonal hybridoma cell lines that produce one particular antigen-specific antibody can be prepared by fusion of individual antibody-secreting spleen cells from immunized mice with immortal myeloma cell lines.

Antibody purification involves isolation of antibody from serum (polyclonal antibody), ascites fluid or culture supernatant of a hybridoma cell line (monoclonal antibody). Purification methods range from very crude (precipitation of sample proteins including any antibodies present) to general (affinity purification of certain antibody classes without regard to antigen specificity) to specific (affinity purification of only those antibodies in a sample that bind to a particular antigen molecule). Which level of purification is necessary depends on the intended applications for the antibody.

Antibody characterization includes assessing antibody concentration and titer and determining the class and subclass of a purified antibody. Antibody concentration can be estimated by either a general protein assay or one of the species-specific Easy-Titer IgG Assay Kits. Antibody titer refers to the functional dilution of an antibody sample necessary for detection in a given assay, such as an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Determining the class (e.g., IgG vs. IgM) and subclass (e.g., IgG1 vs. IgG 2a ®) of an antibody is important for choosing an appropriate purification and modification method for the molecule. Class and subclass can be determined using an antibody isotyping kit (see page 22).

Purified antibodies may be modified for particular uses by several methods including fragmentation into smaller antigen-binding units, conjugation with enzyme or other detectable markers, and immobilization to solid supports. This handbook provides an overview of antibody structure and types, as well as of the procedures, reagents and tools used to produce, purify, fragment and label antibodies.

Full PDF

The Abbott Prism HIV O Plus assay was approved for use by the FDA on September 17th. The test is used to screen “donated blood and blood specimens from other living donors, and for screening specimens from organ donors when specimens are obtained while the donor’s heart is still beating and from cadavers” (HealthNews).

amfAR has developed a site that showcases its researchers and their work, while allowing supporters to personally help fund their projects. Visit Adopt-A-Scientist to get started!

CANCER: Cancer is a chronic disease of rapid growth and or invasion of cells that are uncontrolled. CANCER does not discriminate and can affect humans, plants, and animals. Over 10,000 children and adults could benefit from a marrow or blood cell transplant every year, however, many of them are not fortunate enough to find a match in the pool of donors. Ethnic minorities have marginal success with finding a match in the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) and are in dire need of more registrants. 

There are billions of Asians, however, there only 20,000 registered in the South Asian Registry—leaving Asians and ethnic minorities with only a 30% chance of finding a match in comparison to Whites having up to an 85% chance. Patients have a 25%-30% chance of finding a match within their own family and the other 70%-75% is found in an unrelated donor. From cultural nurture, it is our responsibility to be altruistic and support those who need our help; in the end, everyone benefits from cooperation.

Chances of finding a match are slim for ethnic minorities because Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) needs to be as closely matched between the donor and the recipient to increase the chances of a successful transplant. Like inherited characteristics such as the eye, skin, and hair color, the HLA are markers on the white blood cells. These genetic factors play a role in finding a matching donor; patients are more likely to find a match with a donor who shares the same racial background.  A 6/6 match is a perfect, ideal match, but with a shortage of ethnic donors, the probability of finding a 6/6 match is slim to none.

At any given time, there are over 6,000 patients with bone marrow deficiency diseases searching for a donor within the registry. When patients reach a stage where the only possibility of surviving is receiving a marrow transplant, they turn to YOU. Once there is a match, 70% of White donors will proceed with a match, whereas only 50% of ethnic minorities will continue. Issues of cultural beliefs arise but if everyone was informed equally, more lives can be saved.

As of this year, only 25% of donors in the NMDP are ethnic minorities. Together, WE can make a difference by raising awareness about the astounding statistics and register before a close friend or family member is affected by CANCER.

My sister and I have teamed up with the Asian American Donor program to raise awareness about bone marrow transplants and the scarcity of the ethnic minority donors. For more information, please visit their site and the sites listed below for up-to-date drives and benefits.

http://www.projectkhanh.com/

http://www.projectmichelle.com/

http://teamanh.org

http://teammatthew.org/

http://www.projectswab.com/

If you are not an ethnic minority but wish to register, I encourage you to visit http://marrow.org/

Elakkan Bencana H1N1 bersama VeMMA!

Salam sejahtera,

Apa itu H1N1?
Viral novel influenza type A H1N1. Ianya berasal dr virus avian flu (selsema burung H5N1) yang telah menjangkiti babi @ khinzir dan telah bergabung dengan swine flu (yg sepatutnya hanya menjangkit ternakan babi sahaja) dan telah evaluasi (mutasi) untuk penyesuaian diri di dalam ‘host’ yg lebih tinggi di dlm rantaian makanan @ manusia. Semasa di dlm badan manusia, sekali lagi ia berevolusi supaya ia menjadi ‘air born’ dan menjangkit dr manusia
kpd manusia.

Jangka hayat virus

Oleh kerana ia adalah virus yg air born, ia hanya boleh bertahan di udara selama 2 hingga 8 jam sahaja. jika selepas tempoh tersebut ia idak mendapat perumah @ host( badan manusia) ia akan mati.
Maka bilik yang dibiarkan selama 24 jam dengan air ventilation yg baik….akan ‘bersih’ dr virus tersebut.

Apa yg perlu tahu ? Asal virus ini
Sebenarnya telah terdapat outbrake di US sebelum terjadi outbrake di mexico tp tidak dilaporkan kpd WHO.kemungkinan outbrake ini telah dikesan dan US mahu ‘baling batu sembunyi tangan’ lalu tercetus la outbrake di mexico.

Virologi virus H1N1
incubation period yg singkat pada purata 2 hari dgn julat 1 – 4 hari
ini bermakna ia cepat menyerang badan manusia setelah ia menjangkit pesakit pesakit akan menunjukkan simptom selepas 1 hari dijangkit paling cepat dan selewat2nya hari ke-4 H1N1 sebenarnya adalah selsema biasa namun kpd pesakit yg berisiko, ia dapat membunuh. jika pesakit adalah seorang yg normal, ia hanya akan
memberi kesan seperti demam selsema biasa dan batuk.

Cara serangan :
Virus ini boleh disebarkan melalui batuk, bersin dan percakapan
virus ini akan menyerang sistem pernafasan ( seperti selsema burung dan SARS) peringkat awal ia hanya pada ‘trakea’ jika tidak mendapat rawatan awal, ia akan menyerang paru2 dan boleh menyebabkan kematian akibat ‘lung collapse’ ia amat merbahaya kpd golongan yg berisiko tinggi

Siapa yang berisiko?
1. Orang yg ada masaalah ‘obesiti’ @ gemok
2. Perempuan yg mengandung
3. Orang yg ada astmatic
4. Orang2 yg bermasalah dgn sistem imunisasi :-

( menjalani ‘operation yg besar’, kanak2 yg belum cukup suntikan imunisasi, golongan2 yg rendah tahap imuniti eg. HIV ext.)
* kematian yg telah dilaporkan terdiri drpd golongan2 di atas

SEKADAR INGIN BERKONGSI…

Peluang KE-EMAS-AN menanti Anda disamping menjaga kesihatan.
** Influenza H1N1 sedang menyerang Negara Kita. Lindungi Keluarga & Diri Anda dengan

meminum produk daripada VeMMA untuk MENAMBAHKAN ANTIBODI SEMULAJADI dalam menghadapi VIRUS H1>> INFO ini sangat berguna..MENCEGAH LEBIH BAIK DARI MENGUBATI…..

Banyakkan Minum minuman Buah-buahan & Sayur-sayuran untuk menambahkan ANTIBODI dalam badan…

MENCEGAH LEBIH BAIK DARI MENGUBATI…

KEPADA SESIAPA YANG MEMPUNYAI PENYAKIT KRONIK YANG MEYEBABKAN LAGI CEPAT MEREBAKNYA VIRUS H1N1 INI..DI SARANKAN PERKUATKAN SISTEM IMUN BADAN / ANTIBODI DENGAN MEMINUM MINUMAN BUAH-BUAHAN SEPERTI YANG DI SARANKAN OLEH HOSPITAL SULTANAH AMINAH JOHOR.

ANTARA MINUMAN YANG PALING BERKESAN BUAT MASA SEKARANG INI ADALAH MINUMAN ANTIOKSIDA DARI VeMMA. Di sahkan HALAL oleh kerajaan Malaysia . TERBUKTI MEMBANTU MENYELESAIKAN PELBAGAI PENYAKIT. INSYA-ALLAH…

TERMASUK H1N1 YANG AMAT2 DI TAKUTI

1.Apakah itu VEMMA?

VEMMA adalah program nutrisi yang lengkap dengan Vitamin, Anti oksida dan Multimineral sebagai makanan tambahan dalam bentuk cecair. Mengandungi lebih daripada 80 kandungan nutrien dalam persediaan ini. Vemma datang dalam dua botol.

2.Bukankah VEMMA adalah ekstrak buah manggis?

Vemma boleh dikategorikan sebagai makan berfungsi. Ia bukannya sekadar terdiri daripada buah manggis atau jus manggis. Tetapi keseluruhan buah manggis di ekstrak (termasuk kulitnya) merupakan satu daripada 80 bahan-bahan yang lain. Vemma datang dalam dua botol. Satu botol terdiri daripada 65 micromineral daripada sumber sayur-sayuran. Botol kedua terdiri daripada keseluruhan buah manggis yang diekstrak, daun aloe vera dan the hijau bebas kafein yang diekstrak.

3.Memang hebat. Apakah keistimewaan buah manggis yang diekstrak?

Keseluruhan buah manggis itu sendiri mengandungi anti oksida yang amat tinggi kandungannya dan sangat hebat. Ini terutamanya terdapat pada kulit buah manggis yang boleh dimakan begitu sahaja. Vemma adalah keseluruhan buah manggis termasuk kulitnya sekali semasa proses penghasilan.

4.Apakah kandungan bahan-bahan lain yang ada dalam VEMMA?

Untuk lebih tepat lagi, Vemma adalah kombinasi daripada 65 mikromineral, kesemua 12 jenis vitamin asas (A, B komplek, C, D dan E) dan tiga ekstrak botanik (keseluruhan buah manggis, aloe vera dan teh hijau) yang menyediakan anti oksida, asid amino dan phyto-kimia yang diperlukan oleh badan kita.

8 Kelebihan dan Keunikan Produk VeMMA yang Utama :

1.Cecair anti oksida yang terkuat di dunia dengan nilai ORAC 115,779.
2.Bioaktif yang tinggi walaupun setelah mengambilnya.
3.Memenuhi keperluan harian vitamin, 65 jenis mineral dari sumber tumbuh-tumbuhan yang mengandungi phytonutrient, enzim dan asid amino.
4.Menggunakan teknologi sains terkini, diformulasi untuk tahap pharmaceutical yang berkualiti tinggi yang mengandungi 30% Aloe Vera dan 25 gm teh hijau yang telah dikeluarkan kafein dalam satu liter.
5.Dalam bentuk ionic (molekul yang lebih kecil dari sel badan) dan membolehkan badan menyerap sehingga 99.99% khasiatnya.
6.Makanan berfungsi bertaraf dunia yang menigkatkan system kalis (immune system).
7.Terdiri lebih daripada 80 bahan termasuk manggis (keseluruhan buah manggis).
8.Spektrum terluas anti oksida, terutamanya Xanthones yang memberi kelebihan nilai kesihatan yang optimum.

Lebih daripada 33 sebab kenapa menggunakan Program Nutrisi Vemma

S – sihat … K – kecantikan … M – merawat

1. Anti Oksida Yang Hebat

2. Pemangkin Tenaga (Anti Keletihan)

3. Mencegah Kebimbangan/Kekhuatiran

4. Anti Penuaan

5. Merawat Kesakitan

6. Mencegah Kemurungan

7. Mencegah Kegemukan

8. Mencegah Cirit – birit

9. Mencegah Osteoporosis

10. Mencegah Kesan-kesan Diabetes

11. Mencegah Kelumumur

12. Mencegah Pening-pening (Gayat)

13. Anti-Parkinsonism

14. Anti Tumor dan Mencegah Kanser

15. Mencegah Ulser (Perut, Mulut dan Dubur)

16. Mencegah Bengkak-bengkak

17. Anti Katarak (bahagian legap pada kanta mata)

18. Mencegah Glaukoma (sejenis penyakit mata)

19. Mencegah Lenguh Sendi

20. Mencegah Batu Karang dan Buah Pinggang

21. Mencegah Keanjalan Arteri

22. Mencegah Penyakit Gusi

23. Mencegah dan Merawat Jangkitan Fungus

24. Mencegah Alahan dan Merawat Sakit Kulit/Masalah Kulit

25. Mencegah Jangkitan Virus dan Kuman

27. Membantu Mengawal Tekanan Darah Tinggi

28. Menjaga Kesihatan Jantung

29. Membantu Mengurangkan Demam

30. Meningkatkan Sistem Kalis

31. Mengelakkan Jangkitan Bakteria

32. Membantu Mengurangkan Sakit Saraf

33. Membantu Mencegah Dementia (Sejenis Penyakit Otak)

MAMPUKAH ANDA DAPATKAN SEMUA BAHAN-BAHAN DIBAWAH DLM SEHARI???

2.66 buah oren untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Vitamin C

9.6 avocado untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Vitamin E

3.09 broccoli untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat zat besi

55.55 telur untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Vitamin D

1.78 cawan bayam untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Vitamin A

3.88 cawan kacang peas untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Thiamin

19.76 pisang sederhana untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Riboflavin

62.5 oz keju untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Vitamin B-12

5.14 kentang besar untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Niacin

61.54 cawan tomato untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Folate

2.46 tembikai besar untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Vitamin B-6

17.89 oz buah ceri untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat nilai ORAC

37.17 cendawan sederhana untuk sama nilai dengan khasiat Asid Panthothenic

…..hanya dengan mengambil dua sudu besar Vemma sehari! Bukan gurauan & Bukan penipuan .

Ia terbukti berkesan………

KEAJAIBAN DAN KEBAIKAN VeMMA Mangosteen

Funding Source: DARPA
Funding Type: Discretionary, Grant & others
Total Available: N/A
Award Ceiling: N/A
Deadline: 09.30.09 Proposal Abstracts, 11.16.09 Full Proposals
Eligibility: Unrestricted
Description:

DARPA is interested in reviewing proposals that describe innovative research towards developing and demonstrating the ability to simultaneously improve antibody stability and control antibody affinity. The goal of the Antibody Technology Program is to enable multiplexed, antibody-based biosensors that have long shelf life and operate in harsh environments that are relevant to the DoD mission.