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	<title>arpanet &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/arpanet/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "arpanet"</description>
	<pubDate>Tue, 08 Dec 2009 15:41:15 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Going Ba-looney for the Internet]]></title>
<link>http://mediaserial.com/2009/12/05/going-ba-looney-for-the-internet/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 05 Dec 2009 17:19:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lanazp</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mediaserial.com/2009/12/05/going-ba-looney-for-the-internet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[http://www.flickr.com/photos/mccaughan/ / CC BY-SA 2.0 Today is the celebration of the 40th annivers]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mccaughan/4157264199/in/photostream/"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-324" title="Red Balloon" src="http://mediaserial.wordpress.com/files/2009/12/4157264199_9b2a6eb41f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="375" /></a></p>
<div><a rel="cc:attributionURL" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mccaughan/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/mccaughan/</a> / <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">CC BY-SA 2.0</a></div>
<p>Today is the celebration of the 40th anniversary of DARPA&#8217;s (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency) creation of ARPAnet, the first packet-switching network and a precursor to the Internet.  As an homage to the &#8216;Net&#8217;s ability to facilitate networking, mobilization, and the rapid spread of information, DARPA released 10 red balloons all over the country and is offering a 40,000 prize for the first group to locate them all (<a href="https://networkchallenge.darpa.mil/default.aspx">DARPA Network Challenge</a>).  According to <a href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/12/05/how-to-find-those-red-balloons/">TechCrunch</a>, MIT has a team (obviously), and is promising a cut of the reward to those who contribute a balloon&#8217;s coordinates to the team.  If one happens to drop by the window at the Penn library, I&#8217;ll be sure to hand over the information&#8230;</p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Looking for balloons + online behavior test = $40K prize]]></title>
<link>http://eideard.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/looking-for-balloons-online-behavior-test-40k-prize/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2009 05:00:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>eideard</dc:creator>
<guid>http://eideard.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/looking-for-balloons-online-behavior-test-40k-prize/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The prize is $40,000, and it goes to the first person or group to determine the locations of 10 red ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[The prize is $40,000, and it goes to the first person or group to determine the locations of 10 red ]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Nuovi spazi per la cultura!]]></title>
<link>http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/nuovi-spazi-per-la-cultura/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2009 10:58:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>edizioniarpanet</dc:creator>
<guid>http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/nuovi-spazi-per-la-cultura/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[  Libri, Arte, Tecnologia e Design per questo Natale 2009 Nel cuore di Milano, dal 1° al 24 dicembre]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"> <a href="http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bannersitoarpanet.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-535    aligncenter" title="bannerSitoARPANet" src="http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bannersitoarpanet.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="191" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>Libri, Arte, Tecnologia e Design per questo Natale 2009</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>Nel cuore di Milano, dal 1° al 24 dicembre</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> Per meno di un mese, a due passi da via Torino, apre il primo ARPANet Temporary Store.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> Luci, arte, segni, narrazioni, suggestioni sensoriali in uno store per lo shopping natalizio, dove provare tante esperienze speciali:<br />
in un ambiente in continuo movimento, con una differente installazione luminosa e sonora ogni sera, è possibile prendere parte agli eventi e alle presentazioni letterarie che si susseguiranno giorno dopo giorno, oppure sostare negli spazi di lettura su comode poltroncine per scorrere la nuova narrativa contemporanea, o ancora soffermarsi nella contemplazione delle opere della mostra &#8220;Fotografie&#8221;, di Gianluca Chiodi.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> Edizioni di narrativa ARPANet a tiratura limitata, oggetti di design per la casa e il lavoro, tecnologia innovativa per immergersi in un&#8217;atmosfera tutta particolare. Perché ogni parola ha un suono che inventa mondi!</p>
<p><strong> </strong> </p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>OPENING PARTY:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>giovedì 3 dicembre 2009, ore 19</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>In regalo un libro ARPANet</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> ARPANet Temporary Store – Via Stampa, 8 – Milano</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Dal 1° al 24 dicembre 2009, tutti i giorni orario continuato 10-20.</p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Breve historia de Internet]]></title>
<link>http://ermelindamaglione.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/breve-historia-de-internet/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 23:21:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ermelindamaglione</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ermelindamaglione.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/breve-historia-de-internet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Guerra fría: investigación militar. 1962: primera vez que se consiguen conectar dos computadoras. 19]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Guerra fría: investigación militar.</p>
<p>1962: primera vez que se consiguen conectar dos computadoras.</p>
<p>1969: se conectan 4 computadoras.</p>
<p>1971: se crea el correo electrónico y la arroba @.</p>
<p>1972: se crea el ARPANET.</p>
<p>1983: se crean los IP.</p>
<p>1989: se creó el html.</p>
<p>1990: nace oficialmente la www.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Người 'khai tử' thư tay]]></title>
<link>http://netvietnam.org/2009/11/18/ng%c6%b0%e1%bb%9di-khai-t%e1%bb%ad-th%c6%b0-tay/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 06:33:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Nhân Mã</dc:creator>
<guid>http://netvietnam.org/2009/11/18/ng%c6%b0%e1%bb%9di-khai-t%e1%bb%ad-th%c6%b0-tay/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Nếu lâu rồi không sử dụng bút và giấy để viết thư cho ai đó, người ta nên &#8220;trách&#8221; một kỹ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Nếu lâu rồi không sử dụng bút và giấy để viết thư cho ai đó, người ta nên &#8220;trách&#8221; một kỹ]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Sejarah Singkat Internet]]></title>
<link>http://thesparkofinsanity.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/sejarah-singkat-internet/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 17:35:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>GLG</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thesparkofinsanity.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/sejarah-singkat-internet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[1969: ARPANET Arpanet merupakan jaringan pertama yang berjalan diatas teknologi packet switching (sa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1969: ARPANET</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-02_arpanetmap1977.jpg" alt="" width="421" height="274" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Arpanet merupakan jaringan pertama yang berjalan diatas teknologi packet switching (saat itu masih baru dikenal). Pada tanggal 29 Oktober untuk pertama kalinya komputer yang berada di Standford and UCLA saling terhubung dalam sebuah jaringan komputer. Inilah yang merupakan cikal bakal berdirinya internet.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1969: Unix</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-03_unix.png" alt="" width="403" height="196" /><br />
</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Salah satu perkembangan terbesar di era 60-an adalah ditemukannya Unix. Sebuah sistem operasi yang kini menjadi dasar perkembangan sistem operasi lain seperti Linux dan FreeBSD (Sistem Operasi yang saat ini terkenal dengan ketangguhan dan kestabilannya).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1970: Arpanet Network</strong><br />
Sebuah jaringan bernama Arpanet Network resmi diluncurkan dan berhasil menghubungkan komputer-komputer di Harvard, MIT, dan BBN (perusahaan yang membuat dan mendesain interface message processor yang digunakan untuk interkoneksi dalam suatu jaringan.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1971: Email</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-04_email.jpg" alt="" width="403" height="208" /><br />
Email pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun 1971 oleh Ray Tomlinson, yaitu seorang yang juga menetapkan penggunaan simbol &#8220;@&#8221; sebagai pemisah antara <em>username</em> dengan <em>computer name</em> (yang nantinya berubah menjadi <em>domain name</em>).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1971: Project Gutenberg dan Ebook</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-05_project_gutenberg.jpg" alt="" width="402" height="201" /><br />
Salah satu dari perkembangan besar pada tahun 1971 adalah dimulainya Proyek Gutenberg. Proyek ini merupakan kegiatan usaha global untuk membuat buku dan dokumen yang berada pada kehidupan sehari-hari menjadi tersedia dalam bentuk elktronik, dan dapat diakses / diperoleh secara bebas/gratis dalam berbagai format.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Proyek ini dimulai ketika Michael Hart memperoleh akses ke sebuah sistem block komputer yang cukup besar, dan kemudian menyadari bahwa perkembangan komputer di masa depan bukanlah merupakan komputer itu sendiri, tetapi lebih kepada penyimpanan, pengambilan informasi, dan perncarian informasi. Ia kemudian meluncurkan Proyek Gutenberg yang berisikan berbagai buku dalam format elektronik. Inilah yang merupakan cikal bakal dari eBook.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1972: CYCLADES</strong><br />
Perancis memulai proyek serupa dengan jaringan arpanet pada tahun 1972, yang dikenal dengan nama CYCLADES. Walaupun proyek ini tidak diteruskan lagi, proyek ini menjadikan pionir pertama yang memberikan ide bahwa: komputer host-lah yang seharusnya bertanggung jawab dalam transimisi data, ketimbang jaringan itu sendiri.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">1973: Koneksi lintas Atlantik pertama dan Meningkatnya Popularitas Email<br />
Arpanet membangun sambungan lintas atlantik pertamanya pada tahun 1973 bersama dengan Universitas London. Di tahun yang sama juga dikalkulasi bahwa Email memenuhi 75% trafik aktifitas jaringan Arpanet.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1974: Dimulainya Era TCP/IP</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-06_internet_transmission.png" alt="" width="430" height="211" /><br />
Tahun 1974 merupakan tahun yang sangat luar biasa. Diterbitkannya sebuah proposal yang bertujuan menggabungkan beberapa jaringan yang sejenis dengan Arpanet menjadi satu jaringan yang disebut &#8220;inter-network&#8221;, dimana jaringan ini tidak memiliki kontrol yang terpusat dan akan beroprasi berdasarkan suatu protokol kontrol tersendiri (Inilah yang nantinya akan berkembang menjadi TCP/IP)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1975: Email Klien</strong><br />
Dengan meningkatnya popularitas email, akhirnya dikembangkan program email modern pertama. Program ini dikembangkan oleh John vittal, seorang programmer di Universitas California pada tahun 1975. Sebuah teknologi terbesar yang dibuat pada program ini adalah diterapkannya fungsi &#8220;Reply&#8221; dan &#8220;Forward&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1977: Modem PC</strong><br />
Tahun ini merupakan lonjakan yang revolusioner bagi Internet. Di tahun 1977 ini pertama kalinya dikembangkan sebuah alat bernama Modem (modulator/demodulator). Alat ini dikembangkan oleh Dennis Hayes dan Dale Heatherington.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1978: Buletin Board (BBS)</strong><br />
Buletin Board System peratama kali dikembangkan disaat terjadi kekacauan di Chicago pada tahun 1978.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1978: Lahirnya Spam</strong><br />
Tahun 1978 juga merupakan tahun dimana pertama kalinya sebuah pesan sampah yang biasa dikenal dengan istilah SPAM menyebar kepada 600 pengguna jaringan Arpanet di California. Pesan ini dikirimkan oleh user bernama Gary Thuerk.<br />
<strong><br />
1979: MUD- Game Multiplayer Pertama</strong><br />
Pendahulu dari World of Warcraft dan Second Life dikembangkan pertama kali pada tahun 1979 dan disebut dengan MUD (Multiuser Dungeon). MUD merupakan dunia yang seluruhnya berbasiskan teks. Merupakan game yang memiliki perpaduan elemen RPG, interaktif, fiksi, dan online chat.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1979: Usenet</strong><br />
Usenet pertama kali dibangun oleh dua orang mahasiswa. Merupakan sistem diskusi berbasis internet yang mengijinkan orang-orang dari seluruh dunia untuk membahas suatu topik yang telah di kategorisasikan.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1980: Software ENQUIRE</strong><br />
Organisasi Riset Nuklir Eropa (biasa dikenal dengan nama CERN) meluncurkan program bernama ENQUIERE (dibuat oleh Tim Berners-Lee), yaitu sebuah program hyperteks yang mengijinkan para ilmuwan di laboratorium fisika pratikel untuk mencatat perubahan kegiatan setiap orang, program, dan project menggunakan hyperteks (hyperlink).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1982: Emoticon pertama</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-09_first_emoticon.png" alt="" width="407" height="148" /><br />
Banyak orang yang mengidentikan Kevin MacKenzie dengan penemuan Emoticon pada tahun 1979, Namun Scott Fahlman lah yang pertama kali mempromosikan penggunaan <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' />  disaat selesai bercanda, ketimbang emoticon awal &#8211; ) yang dipromosikan oleh MacKenzie. Inilah cikal bakal lahirnya emoticon modern.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1983: Arpanet beralih ke TCP/IP</strong><br />
1 Januari 1983, merupakan deadline yang diberikan kepada komputer-komputer Arpanet untuk beralih menggunakan protokol TCP/IP yang dikembangkan oleh Vinton Cerf. Protokol ini sukses menghubungkan beberapa ratus komputer. Name Server juga dikembangkan pada tahun 1983.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1984: Domain Name Server (DNS)</strong><br />
Domain Name System dibuat pada tahun 1984 bersamaan dengan Domain Name Server (DNS) pertama. DNS merupakan sistem yang sangan penting karena dapet membuat alamat yang ada pada internet menjadi lebih user friendly ketimbang IP Address yang berformat bilangan. Dengan DNS, pengguna internet dijinkan untuk menggunakan nama domain yang mudah diingat yang kemudian nantinya dapet dikonversi secara otomatis menjadi IP Addresss.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1985: Komunitas virtual</strong><br />
1985 merupakan tahun dikembangkannya The Well (Whole Earth &#8216;Lectronic Link) yang merupakan salah satu komunitas virtual tertua yang hingga kini masih beroperasi. Komunitas ini dikembangkan oleh Stewart Brand dan Larry Brilliant pada bulan Februari 1985.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1986: Protocol Wars</strong><br />
Sebuah kondisi yang desebut Protocol Wars dibulai pada tahun 1986. Negara-negara eropa pada saat itu sedang mengejar untuk membangun OSI (Open System Interconnection), sedangkan Amerika menggunakan Protokol Internet/Arpanet.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1987: Pertumbuhan Internet Meningkat</strong><br />
Di tahun 1987, telah terdapat sekitar 30.000 host terhubung ke Internet. Standard asli Arpanet sebenarnya membatasi jumlah host sebanyak 1000 host, namun berkat diadopsinya teknologi TCP/IP membuat jumlah host yang dapat terkoneksi menjadi semakin besar.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1988: IRC (Internet Relay Chat)</strong><br />
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun 1988. Inilah yang menjadi cikal bakal real-time chat dan program Instant messaging yang digunakan sekarang.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1989: Diluncurkannya AOL</strong><br />
Ketika Apple menarik mundur program Applelink di tahun 1989, project tersebut kemudian diberi nama baru yaitu American Online dan kemudian di publish kembali. AOL masih ada hingga kini.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1989: Proposal mengenai World Wide Web (WWW)</strong><br />
Di tahun 1989 juga proposal mengenai World Wide Web diumumkan. Proposal ini ditulis oleh Tim Berners-Lee. Proposal ini sebenarnya telah di publikasikan pada Majalah MacWorld edisi maret, dan kemudian di publikasi kembali pada Mei 1990. Proposal ini dibuat untuk meyakinkan CERN bahwa sistem hyperteks global merupakan sistem yang benar-benar dibutuhkan oleh CERN. Sistem ini awalnya disebut dengan &#8220;Mesh&#8221;. Istilah &#8220;World Wide Web&#8221; baru dicetuskan oleh Berners-Lee disaat menulis kode program pada tahun 1990.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1990: ISP Dial Up Komersial Pertama</strong><br />
Tahun 1990 merupakan tahun lahirnya ISP Dial Up pertama. Tahun 1990 juga merupakan tahun yang sama dimana Arpanet resmi berhenti beroperasi.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1990: Protokol World Wide Web Selesai Dibuat</strong><br />
Code untuk WWW pertama kali dibuat oleh Tim Berners-Lee, berdasarkan proposal yang diajukannya setahun sebelumnya bersama dengan standar untuk HTML, HTTP, dan URL.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1991: Halaman Web Pertama Dibuat</strong><br />
Tahun 1991 membawa banyak inovasi besar bagi perkembangan dunia Intenet. Halaman web untuk pertama kalinya dibuat dan seperti saat email pertama kali di luncurkan, email tersebut menjelaskan tentang apa itu email, halaman web pertama pun berisi penjelasan mengenai apakah yang dimaksud dengan World Wide Web itu sendiri.<br />
<strong><br />
1991: Protokol Pencarian Berbasis Konten</strong><br />
Di tahun yang sama juga, protokol pencarian pertama diluncurkan. Protokol ini bertugas untuk memeriksa isi konten ketimbang hanya memeriksa nama file saja. Protokol ini disebut dengan Gopher.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1991: MP3 Menjadi Sebuah Standar</strong><br />
Di tahun 1991 juga, sebuah format audio bernama MP3 resmi diakui dan diterima sebagai standar format audio. MP3 merupakan formal file audio yang terkompresi sangat tinggi.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1991: Webcam Pertama</strong><br />
Satu perkembangan lain yang menarik di 1991 adalah digunakannya Webcam untuk pertama kalinya di Laboratorium Komputer Universitas Cambridge dan ini semata-mata ditujukan hanya untuk memonitor sebuah coffee maker sehingga para pengguna laboratorium dapat menemukan jalan menuju coffee maker dengan mudah.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1993: Mosaic-Web Browser Berbasis Grafik Pertama Kali Diperkenalkan</strong><br />
Untuk pertama kalinya browser internet yang dapat di download secara bebas telah dirilis. Browser ini diberi dikenal dengan nama Mosaic. Meskipun secara sejarah Mosaic bukan merupakan web browser pertama, namun Mosaic merupakan web browser pertama yang dianggap paling dapat mempermudah pengaksesan internet bagi para pengguna non teknis.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1993: Bergabungnya Pemerintah Dalam Dunia Internet</strong><br />
Di tahun 1993 untuk pertama kalinya White House dan United Nation online. Domain name yang digunakan pertama kali adalah .gov dan .org</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1994: Netscape Navigator</strong><br />
Yup, kompetitor besar Mosaic pertama. Netscape Navigator dirilis pada tahun 1994.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1995: Komersialisasi Internet</strong><br />
Tahun 1995 sering dianggap sebagai tahun pertama dimulainya web menjadi komersial. Ada beberapa perkembangan yang sangat penting terjadi di tahun ini. Untuk pertama kalinya enkripsi SSL (Secure Socket Layer) dikembangkan oleh Netscape. Dengan adanya SSL, diharapkan transaksi finansial yang dilakukan melalui Internet menjadi lebih aman.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1995: Geocities dan Javascript</strong><br />
Salah satu perkembangan besar di tahun ini adalah diluncurkannya Geocities (yang mana resmi di tutup pada tanggal 26 Oktober 2009).<br />
Javascript (Livescript) sebutan yang deberikan oleh pembuatnya Brendan Eich di kembangkan untuk pertama kalinya sebagai bagian dari Netscape Navigator. Di tahun yang sama juga, Microsoft mengembakan ActiveX.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1996: Layanan Webmail Pertama</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-17_hotmail.png" alt="" width="388" height="169" /><br />
Di tahun 1996, Hotmail yang merupakan layanan webmail pertama diluncurkan ke public.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1997: Istilah &#8220;Weblog&#8221; diperkenalkan</strong><br />
meskipun blog pertama telah ada sekitar beberapa tahun sebelumnya, di tahun 1997 inilah istilah resmi weblog digunakan.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1998: Cerita Pertama Yang Dibocorkan Melalu Media Online</strong><br />
Berita besar yang pertama kali dibocorkan melalui Internet adalah berita tentang skandal antara Bill Clinton dan Mocica Lewinsky. Atau biasa dikenal dengan istilah Monicagate.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1998: Google!</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-21_google.png" alt="" width="436" height="233" /><br />
Google diluncurkan dan tersedia secara umum pada tahun 1998. Google merupakan teknologi revolusioner yang dapat memudahknan orang untuk menemukan informasi di dunia maya.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1998: Lahirnya Internet Based File Sharing </strong><br />
Di tahun 1998 juga, napster resmi diluncurkan yang akhirnya membuka gerbang pertukaran file audio besar-besaran secara online.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>1999: Proyek SETI@Home </strong><br />
Tahun 1999 satu lagi proyek yang cukup menarik tersedia secara online. Proyek SETI@home ini merupakan proyek yang bertujuan untuk membuat sistem komputer yang setara dengan kemampuan supercomputer dengan cara mengendalikan komputasi dan menghubungkan komputer-komputer sebanyak 3 juta unit worldwide. SETI@home akan menggunakan processsor disaat idle / screen saver aktif yang menandakan komputer sedang tidak digunakan. Program SETI@home merupakan aplikasi yang digunakan untuk melakukan analisa data radio teleskop dengan tujuan untuk mencari tanda-tanda keberadaan kehidupan ekstraterestrial.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2001: Wikipedia</strong><br />
Di tahun 2001 ditandai dengan diluncurkannya wikipedia, yaitu sebuah ensiklopedia berbasis web dimana setiap pengguna internet dimungkinkan untuk dapat berpartisipasi langsung di dalamnya.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2003: Meningkatnya Teknologi VoIP</strong><br />
Skype meluncurkan layanannya secara resmi di tahun 2003 dan menawarkan interface yang user friendly dalam menggunakan percakapan over IP.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2003: Myspace Menjadi Layanan Social Network Terpopuler</strong><br />
Di tahun 2003 juga, Myspace memulai perjalanannya sebagai sebuah aplikasi social networking yang kemudian tumbuh menjadi aplikasi social network terpopuler dan terbesar di saat itu. (Sebelum diambil  alih oleh facebook).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2004: Web 2.0</strong><br />
Dirumuskan pertama kali pada tahun 1999 oleh Darcy DiNucci. Istilah Web 2.0 lebih mengarah ke website dah Rich Internet Application (RIA) yang benar-benar sangat interaktif. Konsep ini kemudian menjadi populer di tahun 2004.<br />
Dalam konferensi awal mengenai web 2.0, John Batelle dan Tim O&#8217;Reilly menerangkan mengenai konsep &#8220;Web sebagai platform&#8221; yaitu software dibuat untuk mengambil keuntugan dari koneksi internet, meninggalkaan konsep desktop (dimana banyak memiliki kekurangan seperti OS dependency).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2004: Social Media dan Digg</strong><br />
Istilah &#8220;Social Media&#8221; diyakini pertama kali digunakan oleh Chris Sharpley. Website social media adalah merupakan sebuah aplikasi berbasis web yang mengijnkan penggunanya untuk membuat dan saling berbagi mengenai informasi tertentu.<br />
Digg, merupakan sebuah website social media yang diluncurkan pertama klai pada bulan November 2004. Merupakan pelopor website lainnya seperti Reddit, Mixx, dan yahoo! Buzz.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2004: Facebook Pertama Kali Dibuka Untuk Kalangan Mahasiswa</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-24_facebook.png" alt="" width="428" height="149" /><br />
Facebook pertama kali diluncurkan pada tahun 2004, dan saat itu hanya dibuka untuk kalangan mahasiswa. Saat peluncuran pertama kali facebook dikenal dengan naman &#8220;The Facebook&#8221;, yang kemudian berubah menjadi &#8220;Facebook&#8221;. Hingga kini URL http://www.thefacebook.com masih tetap akhif.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2005: Youtube &#8211; Video Streaming </strong><br />
Youtube diluncurkan pada tahun 2005, menawarkan layanan online video hosting secara gratis yang kemudian dapat di sharing kepada pengguna lain.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2006: Twitter</strong><br />
Twitter diluncurkan pada tahun 2006. Awalnya tweeter ingin deberi nama &#8220;twittr&#8221; (terinspirasi dari Flickr). Pesan pertama yang ada pada tweeter pada saat itu adalah &#8220;Just setting up my twttr&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2007: TV Online</strong><br />
Hulu pertama kali diluncurkan pada tahun 2007 dan merupakan kerjasama antara AVC, NBC, dan Fox yang bertujuan untuk membuat acara yang populer di televisi tersedia secara online dan dapat di tonton secara online.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2007: iPhone dan Mobile Web</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.sixrevisions.com/2009/11/09-26_iphone.jpg" alt="" width="373" height="223" /><br />
Inovasi terbesar di tahun 2007 hampir dapat dipastikan adalah iPhone yang merupakan hasil dari kerjakeras Apple dalam usahanya memadukan keindahan desain, kemampuan telepon selular, dan teknologi komputer.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2008: Pemilu Berbasis Internet</strong><br />
Pemilihan Umum pertama yang berbasis internet dilakukan pertama kali pada tahun 2008 pada saat pemilihan Presiden Amerika Serikat. Untuk pertama kalinya lah para kandidat menggunakan seluruh potensi yang dimiliki oleh internet untuk melakukan kampanye mereka. Dimulai dengan Hillary Cliinton yang membuat video kampanye melalui youtube. Kemudian disusul dengan kandidat lainnya. Para kandidat bahkan memiliki halaman di website social networking seperti facebook, twitter, dan lainnya.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">source :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">http://sixrevisions.com/resources/the-history-of-the-internet-in-a-nutshell/</p>
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<title><![CDATA[ARPANet presenta "Spritz!" di Laura Ruzickova]]></title>
<link>http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/arpanet-presenta-spritz-di-laura-ruzickova/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 16:48:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>edizioniarpanet</dc:creator>
<guid>http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/arpanet-presenta-spritz-di-laura-ruzickova/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Doppio appuntamento a Padova per “Spritz! Ho rubato un ritratto (ma per amore di un megabastardo!)” ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:left;">Doppio appuntamento a Padova per <strong>“Spritz! Ho rubato un ritratto (ma per amore di un megabastardo!)” </strong>della scrittrice padovana <strong>Laura Ruzickova</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.arpabook.com/scheda.asp?cerca=spritz&#38;IDTitolo=755&#38;IDCategoria=&#38;page=" target="_blank"><img class="size-medium wp-image-530   aligncenter" title="SPRITZ! Ho rubato un ritratto (ma per amore di un megabastardo!)" src="http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/eventos1.jpg?w=262" alt="" width="262" height="300" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Il romanzo, che ha inaugurato la collana <strong><a href="http://www.chickcult.it" target="_blank">ChickCult</a></strong> di <a href="http://edizioniarpanet.it" target="_blank"><strong>ARPANet</strong></a>, sarà presentato venerdì <strong>27 novembre 2009</strong> alle ore <strong>17.30</strong> presso la sala degli Anziani di <strong>Palazzo Moroni</strong> (in via del Municipio, 1).<br />
Successivamente, dalle ore <strong>18.30</strong>, l’autrice incontrerà i lettori nella <strong>libreria Feltrinelli di Padova</strong> (in via San Francesco, 7).</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Entrambi gli eventi sono a ingresso libero, sino ad esaurimento dei posti disponibili.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[ARPANet presenta "Filo a piombo" di Lorenza Salamon]]></title>
<link>http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/arpanet-presenta-filo-a-piombo-di-lorenza-salamon/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 10:16:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>edizioniarpanet</dc:creator>
<guid>http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/arpanet-presenta-filo-a-piombo-di-lorenza-salamon/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[  ARPANet presenta &#8220;Filo a piombo. Sulle tracce di un mistero dell&#8217;arte&#8221; di Lorenz]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://www.edizioniarpanet.it" target="_blank">ARPANet </a>presenta &#8220;<strong>Filo a piombo. Sulle tracce di un mistero dell&#8217;arte</strong>&#8221; di <strong>Lorenza Salamon</strong>, martedì <strong>24 novembre 2009</strong>, presso l&#8217;Aula Magna della Fondazione Biblioteca di via Senato a Milano.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.edizioniarpanet.it"><img class="size-full wp-image-516  aligncenter" title="filoapiombo" src="http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/filoapiombo.jpg" alt="filoapiombo" width="173" height="290" /></a></p>
<p>“Filo a piombo. Sulle tracce di un mistero dell’arte”, terzo titolo della collana <strong>CONCEPTS Arte</strong>, è un romanzo avvincente che trascina il lettore nel mondo dell’arte (dalla creazione artistica al collezionismo).</p>
<p>Presenta il critico Flavio Arensi e partecipa l’autrice.</p>
<p>Ingresso libero, sino ad esaurimento dei posti disponibili.</p>
<p>Seguirà aperitivo.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ecco i fumetti selezionati grazie all'iniziativa editoriale miniComics!]]></title>
<link>http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/ecco-i-fumetti-selezionati-grazie-alliniziativa-editoriale-minicomics/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 12:45:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>edizioniarpanet</dc:creator>
<guid>http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/ecco-i-fumetti-selezionati-grazie-alliniziativa-editoriale-minicomics/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ecco i fumetti selezionati grazie all&#8217;iniziativa editoriale miniComics! Quattro stili completa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:left;">Ecco i<strong> fumetti selezionati</strong> grazie all&#8217;iniziativa editoriale miniComics!</p>
<p>Quattro stili completamente diversi, quattro matite accomunate dall’originalità: <strong>Serena Romio con Crazy Nena, Maria Grazia Niutta con Rasputin, PV con Donne e dintorni e Sal Modugno con Mister Villain</strong>.<br />
Spensieratezza, ironia, verve e una buona dose di cinismo sono gli ingredienti agrodolci dei fumetti che inaugureranno la nuova collana miniComics.</p>
<p>Ebbene sì, abbiamo riso parecchio, ci siamo divertiti, ma abbiamo apprezzato anche i sogni di Fende, l’idea e la mano di Francesco Prosperi, la ricerca di Fantuz, l’ispirazione a Isozaki di Luana Ventura, l’originale disordine di Nekocherry, il piccolo Gu Gu… complimenti a tutti e grazie per la fiducia accordataci, siamo solo all’inizio del nostro viaggio nel mondo del fumetto, ma come inizio non ci sembra “niente male”</p>
<p>Con gli autori selezionati i nostri minicomics percorreranno l’Italia da Torino a Roma fino a Molfetta.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="size-full wp-image-503  aligncenter" title="vincitori" src="http://edizioniarpanet.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/vincitori.jpg" alt="vincitori" width="463" height="444" /></p>
<p>Protagonisti, una novella sposina poco avvezza ai lavori domestici; un gattone casalingo che guarda e commenta il mondo da una finestra; uomini e donne in pungenti situazioni erotico-sentimentali; e un perfido genio del male, intelligente quanto sfortunato!</p>
<p>Questi fumetti saranno <strong>pubblicati e distribuiti per il Natale</strong>, ma presto riapriremo l&#8217;iniziativa <a href="http://www.miniComics.it" target="_blank">miniComics</a> per raccogliere nuove storie per le prossime pubblicazioni.</p>
<p>A presto!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Belajar dari Darpa, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and  Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future]]></title>
<link>http://jendelaindonesia.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/belajar-dari-darpa-rising-above-the-gathering-storm-energizing-and-employing-america-for-a-brighter-economic-future/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 18:07:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jendelaindonesia</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jendelaindonesia.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/belajar-dari-darpa-rising-above-the-gathering-storm-energizing-and-employing-america-for-a-brighter-economic-future/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Selengkapnya baca link ini: Belajar dari Darpa, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Emp]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Selengkapnya baca link ini: Belajar dari Darpa, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Emp]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[History of Internet]]></title>
<link>http://frontslash.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/history-of-internet/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 22:20:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Diogo Sousa</dc:creator>
<guid>http://frontslash.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/history-of-internet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[40 years ago a world revolution was started. The computers started to talk with each other and peopl]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[40 years ago a world revolution was started. The computers started to talk with each other and peopl]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA["Dear Mr. Watson, My employment with IBM has been terminated" (More Loose Cannons)]]></title>
<link>http://richde.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/dear-mr-watson-my-employment-with-ibm-has-been-terminated-more-loose-cannons/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:50:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>richde</dc:creator>
<guid>http://richde.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/dear-mr-watson-my-employment-with-ibm-has-been-terminated-more-loose-cannons/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[There was a birthday celebration of sorts last week.  From the October 29th edition of  ABC News Sci]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a title="Dilbert.com" href="http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/1998-11-06/"><img src="http://dilbert.com/dyn/str_strip/000000000/00000000/0000000/000000/10000/2000/900/12931/12931.strip.gif" border="0" alt="Dilbert.com" width="389" height="120" /></a></p>
<p>There was a birthday celebration of sorts last week.  From the<a title="ABC News Stroy" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/today-internets-40th-birthday/story?id=8945743" target="_blank"> October 29th edition of  ABC News Science &#38; Technology</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>While the actual date of the Internet&#8217;s birthday is somewhat debated, many say that the Internet was born <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=8454776" target="external">40 years ago today</a> at the University of California, Los Angeles, when a computer to computer message was sent for the first time from the UCLA campus to Stanford.</p>
<p>At the time, <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=906511" target="external">Leonard Kleinrock</a> and his colleagues were charged with developing the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (or ARPANET), a government-funded research project in global computer communications that eventually <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/CEOProfiles/story?id=4882572" target="external">grew into the Internet</a>.</p></blockquote>
<p>I thought it would be a good occasion to  reflect on how easy it is for<a title="Loose Cannons Volume 1" href="http://richde.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/loose-cannons-volume-1/" target="_blank"> Loose Cannons</a> to get smashed by colliding worlds.</p>
<p>In the days before ARPANET, computer-to-computer communications were homogeneous, and computer manufacturers liked it that way. The very idea of not owning every aspect of a technology stack seemed to be ridiculous.  Where&#8217;s the value if you can get critical components from anywhere?  What if competitors start using the same suppliers?  Heads of business units hated the idea, but Loose Cannons kept proposing technical architectures that looked, well, open.  The idea was playing out in many ways in many companies.</p>
<p>At IBM, two architectural revolutions were simultaneously  underway. We now know that they were related. In the summer of  1980, IBM executive Bill Lowe prepared to brief  the company&#8217;s Management Committee on development plans  for a personal computer:</p>
<blockquote><p>It was a dangerous place to be.  The Management Committee &#8212; or, given IBMers&#8217; fondness for acronyms, the MC &#8212; ruled on issues that couldn&#8217;t be resolved at lower corporate levels, so going before the committee was, to IBMers, like going before the Supreme Court.  It was actually rougher because the top IBM executives who sat in judgment were known to be brutal, especially if they thought someone was wasting their time.[1]</p></blockquote>
<p>Bill Lowe had been beaten up by the MC before, but this time Lowes&#8217; plan to use outside suppliers drew polite questions from MC members who expressed some concern about turning over even partial control of any of their businesses to &#8220;outsiders.&#8221; What Lowe and the vast majority of IBM engineers didn&#8217;t know was that earlier in the year the MC had received a  forecast for global PC sales that showed a peak market of 80,000 units in that began to rapidly decline in 1984 as the specialized customer  need for computers was satiated:</p>

<p>IBM had already been embarrassed by early missteps in the PC market but the corporate culture was focused on mainframes and services.  Problems might be created by opening up the hardware and software architecture of personal computers, but</p>
<blockquote><p>The general attitude&#8230;was that you don&#8217;t have big problems in small markets, and we thought the personal computer was a very small market.[1]</p></blockquote>
<p>The MC might have been more inclined to turn its attention to a market that had real legs.  Like, say, networking.  Ed Hendricks was an engineer at IBM&#8217;s Federal Systems Division in San Diego.  Hendricks had helped design VNET, at that time the largest computer network in the world.  VNET was  IBM&#8217;s internal corporate network, linking IBM mainframes at scientific data centers.  By 1980, VNET was a global asset with hundreds of  hosts in North America, Europe and Asia.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, ARPANET was growing into the Internet, and Ed Hendricks was interested in how IBM&#8217;s technology would continue to prosper when the world started connecting IBM mainframes to large UNIVAC computers, HP mini-computers,  PC&#8217;s, and supercomputers from Cray or Control Data.  Hendricks became an industry player in this arena, collaborating with my colleague Larry Landweber at the University of Wisconsin as the expansion of the ARPANET began in earnest. Ed  Hendrick&#8217;s IBM <a title="Trip Report" href="http://edh.net/trip_report.txt" target="_blank">Internet Gateway Project </a> was aimed squarely at insuring that IBM mainframes would not be stranded in a world in which they could only talk to each other:</p>
<blockquote><p>The objective of this project is to begin to bridge the gap between IBM computer systems and network technology predominant among government agencies, conractors and universities.  More specifically, we are working to develop according to DOD standards the technical capacity to interconect networks of IBM computers and systems to similar but different computer networks used by government agencies and their affiliates.</p></blockquote>
<p><a title="IBM Bungle" href="http://edh.net/" target="_blank">Hendrick&#8217;s website</a> preserves the sometimes heated but  thoughtful and deep technical discussions &#8212; involving Hendricks,  the legendary Jim Gray, and MIT&#8217;s Jerry Saltzer, among others &#8211;  that took place througout 1980 about the relative merits of ARPANET and IBM&#8217;s networking strategy. For reasons that are still unclear, IBM decided to move the Internet Gateway Project to IBM Research in Yorktown Heights, New York, an effort that Hendricks calls &#8220;screwy.&#8221;   Hendricks along with team members Gerot &#8220;Mike&#8221; Engel and Dale Johnson planned to spend a <a title="Trip Report" href="http://www.edh.net/trip_report.txt" target="_blank">week</a> at Yorktown Heights, getting comfortable with IBM Research&#8217;s Systems Laboratory, their proposed  new home:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8230;the Systems Laboratory was created to focus more directly on perceived business needs. Consequently, Systems Laboratory projects are evaluated and prioritized on the basis &#8220;leverage&#8221; they exert on the software product line&#8230;by design, ninety-five percent of the work carried out in the Systems Laboratory is so closely related to strategic product development that it cannot be discussed outside IBM.</p></blockquote>
<p>Shocked, the Internet Gateway team concluded:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8230;a project such as ours which is intended to establish internet communication compatible across differing systems&#8230;could not be carried out under such guidelines.  Our overall reaction&#8230;was that the ARPANet Internet Gateway project could not have been started within the Systems Laboratory.</p></blockquote>
<p>They concluded that if the project was to have any chance at all of success, there would need to be a formal review of management decisions, what  IBM called the &#8220;Open Door&#8221; process.</p>
<blockquote><p>March 14, 1981</p>
<p>John R. Opel, President IBM Corporation</p>
<p>Dear Mr. Opel,</p>
<p>This letter is intended to invoke the IBM Open Door Policy.  My purpose in requesting this Open Door is to seek clarification of the decisions which led to a situation where a project which is clearly critical to IBM&#8217;s future posture in the data communications industry cannot be pursued&#8230;Bureaucratic accomodation for only that which is in the strategic plan is a very dangerous posture to be in while the data processing and communication industry is rapidly evolving.</p>
<p>[My team and I] have been working to carry out a project to establish a capacity&#8230;to cooperate with the U.S. Government and University Computer Science departments in the evolution of techniques to interconnect dissimilar computer networks&#8230;There is essentially unanimous agreement that this activity promises important advances for IBM and for computer technology in general.</p>
<p>In September 0f 1980 we were notified by our management that this work could not be carried out&#8230;On each occasion when this qustion [of where the work could be carried out in IBM] was being escalated to the proper level, my management would insist that I leave the management issue to them and to concentrate my own efforts of the technical work.</p>
<p>Last week I was informed verbally that no sponsorship for this project could be found.  My manager asked where hie should look to find me a job. My position was&#8230;that inability to find organizational sponsorship for the project is not equivalent to a decision that IBM should not be involved in developing the capacity to interconnect IBM networks to government and university networks&#8230;to look for other professional opportunities now and give up attempts to pursue this technology&#8230;would be to let the company down&#8230;.</p>
<p>Sincerely yours,</p>
<p>Gernot Engel</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>19 March 1981</p>
<p>Mr. Thomas J. Watson, Jr., Chairman Emeritus</p>
<p>Dear Mr. Watson,</p>
<p>My employment with IBM has been terminated as a consequence of recent management decision which are incompatible with my professional goals&#8230;I believe I am justified in requesting more thorough and explicit responses to the following questions:</p>
<ol>
<li>What &#8220;business needs required the termination of our ARPANET Interconnection Gatweway Project and the abandonment of the&#8230;professionals we had been dealing with?</li>
<li>What factors prevented alternative organizational arrangements that would have allowed our group to continue its work within IBM?</li>
<li>What is IBM&#8217;s posture regarding professional cooperation with the computer scientists working in association with DARPA&#8230;to establish mutual techniques for interconnection of dissimilar computer networks?&#8230;</li>
</ol>
<p>Sincerely yours,</p>
<p>Gernot Engel</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>May 15, 1981</p>
<p>John R. Opel, President IBM Corp.</p>
<p>Dear Mr. Opel,</p>
<p>On March 4, 1981 I sent a letter to your office requesting clarification of a decision which cancelled the internet gateway project&#8230;Your office&#8217;s attempt to analyze the internet decision appears to be stalled because it was handed back to middle management&#8230;.I can only conclude in this instance the Open Door Policy has failed. My recommendation to salvage the situation is that you give fifteen minutes of your time to receive a presentation on the internet project and attempt to evaluation for yourself the value of this project to IBM&#8217;s future.&#8221;</p>
<p>Sincerely yours,</p>
<p>Gernot Engel</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>May 19, 1981</p>
<p>Dear Mr. Engel,</p>
<p>I have reviewed the results of [the] investigation into your concerns.  Your disappointment with the decision to terminate the VNET/ARPANET project is understandable; however, I conclude the decision was properly based on the need to fund other Ad Tech projects with greater business potential&#8230;</p>
<p>I understand you are currently considering a return to IBM, and I hope you choose to do so.</p>
<p>Siuncerely,</p>
<p>John R. Opel</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>Number 1-81: September 11, 1981 MANAGEMENT BRIEFING</p>
<p>TO ALL IBM MANAGERS:</p>
<p>Organizations seem to have an irresistable tendency to codify successful practices in rules, instructions and controls which soon begin to take the place of judgement. When that happens, the result is bureaucracy.</p>
<p>IBM is not immune.  Earlier this year, reports from many sources indicated to me that a growing bureaucracy is affecting the performance of our business&#8230;corporate staff heads, group executives, and the division presidents are exploring ways to reduce unnecessary controls, rules and approvals in their areas of responsibility&#8230;We will succeed in that effort only if you managers, at every level of the business,k are willing to stand up and fight bureaucracy wherever you find it&#8230;If you have all the information to make a decision, make it&#8230;</p>
<p>[signed by John Opel, president]</p></blockquote>
<p>John Opel stepped down as IBM president in January 1985 and chairman in May 1986.  He was succeed by John Akers, and he was succeeded by Lou Gerstner in 1993. Gerstner, the former CEO of RJR Nabisco, described his transformation of IBM in &#8220;Who Says Elephants Can&#8217;t Dance?&#8221;[2].  Most observers agree that critical to IBM&#8217;s turnaround that took it from a free fall in the early 1980&#8217;s to unquestioned market  leadership in computers, software and services was the dismantling of a remote, hierarchical management culture that squeezed innovation in political pincers.  By the time I took over the computing research directorship at the National Science Foundation in the late 1980&#8217;s, IBM had become a major player in the growth of the Internet [3]:</p>
<blockquote><p>In the mid-1980s, NSF decided the time was right to try to link its regional university networks and its supercomputer centers together. This initial effort was called NSFNET.<br />
By 1987, participation in the new NSFNET project grew so rapidly that NSF knew it had to expand the capacity of this new network. In November of that year, it awarded a grant to a consortium of IBM, MCI, and a center at the University of Michigan called Merit to create a network of networks—or inter-net—capable of carrying data at speeds up to 56 kilobits a second. By July, 1987, this new system was up and running. The modern Internet was born.</p></blockquote>
<p>REFERENCES</p>
<p>1. Paul Carroll, <em>Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM</em>, Crown Trade Paperbacks, 1994</p>
<p>2. Louis V. Gerstner, <em>Who Says Elephants Can&#8217;t Dance? Inside IBM&#8217;s Historic Turnaround</em>, Collins, 2002</p>
<p>3. National Science Foundation,<em> NSF and the Birth of the Internet</em>, http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/nsf-net/textonly/index.jsp</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Tecnologias com vinte e cinco anos]]></title>
<link>http://icommercepage.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/tecnologias-com-vinte-e-cinco-anos/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2009 21:22:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>icommercepage</dc:creator>
<guid>http://icommercepage.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/tecnologias-com-vinte-e-cinco-anos/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O ano de 2009 nos traz as lembranças de grandes tecnologias que completam vinte e cinco anos de sua ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1153" title="tecnologia" src="http://icommercepage.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/tecnologia4.jpg" alt="Quando surgiu o tcp/ip" width="400" height="274" /></p>
<p>O ano de 2009 nos traz as lembranças de grandes tecnologias que completam vinte e cinco anos de sua existência. Entre essas tecnologias estão a Nintendo, o celualar e o GNU.</p>
<p>Parece que foi ontem &#8211; não é mesmo? &#8211; mas já se passaram um quarto de século, é meus amigos, vinte e cinco anos. Pensar que a marca icommercepage só está na rede ha seia anos.</p>
<p>Algumas das maiores tecnologias desses vinte e cinco anos, encontraram pela frente a astúcia de mister Bill Gates, que se uniu a IBM, detonando boa parte da concorrência, durante toda uma década.</p>
<p>Curiosamente, a primeira empresa a desafiar todo o poderio da Microsoft, foi a Google, também com dez anos de domínio da internet. O que mudou foi a estratégia, a Google democratizou a internet, colocou os blogs e as grandes corporações em pé de igualdade no topo das buscas, isso só aumentou o seu poderio, reinando absoluta.</p>
<p>O que a Google não podia vencer, a Google comprava, assim, deu tudo certo, até encontrar pela frente a Twitter, onde um dos sócios havia saído, justamente, da Google, não é irônico?</p>
<p>Também completam vinte e cinco anos o editor Word e a planilha Lotus 123, engolida pela planilha integrada do Microsoft office, Excel.</p>
<p>De todas essas tecnologias, nenhuma é mais importante que a criação do DNS, onde a Arpanet adotava um protocolo (o TCT/IP), surgindo daí, inspirado em um projeto de Ted Nelson, surge a Web.</p>
<p>Tudo foi imaginado por Ted Nelson, exceto a Web 2.0, aqui, a internet deu um novo passo, adquirir vida própria e passou a evoluir, por conta própria. Ted deve estar orgulhoso, onde quer que esteja.</p>
<p>Leia mais:<br />
<a href="http://icommercepage.wordpress.com/2008/02/17/como-surgiu-a-internet/">http://icommercepage.wordpress.com/2008/02/17/como-surgiu-a-internet/</a></p>
<p>By Jânio</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Al Gore Wasn't Even There 40 Years Ago]]></title>
<link>http://eatitorwearit.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/al-gore-wasnt-even-there/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 31 Oct 2009 02:14:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Killian Bundy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://eatitorwearit.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/al-gore-wasnt-even-there/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Internet Turns 40 Today: First Message Crashed System Everyone surfing for last-minute Halloween cos]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/10/091029-internet-40th-anniversary.html">Internet Turns 40 Today: First Message Crashed System</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Everyone surfing for last-minute Halloween costumes and pictures of black Lolcats today—what you might call the 40th anniversary of the Internet—can give thanks to the simple network message that started it all: &#8220;lo.&#8221; </p>
<p>On October 29, 1969, that message became the first ever to travel between two computers connected via the ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. </p>
<p>The electronic dispatch was supposed to be the word &#8220;login,&#8221; but only the first two letters were successfully sent before the system crashed. </p>
<p>Still, that humble greeting marked the start of a phenomenon that has become such an important part of modern life that many experts argue access to it should be a right rather than a privilege.</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm">ARPANET &#8212; The First Internet</a></p>
<blockquote><p>The ARPANET was the first wide area packet switching network, the &#8220;Eve&#8221; network of what has evolved into the Internet we know and love today.</p>
<p>The ARPANET was developed by the IPTO under the sponsorship of DARPA, and conceived and planned by Lick Licklider, Lawrence Roberts, and others as described earlier in this section. </p>
<p>The ARPANET went into labor on August 30, 1969, when BBN delivered the first Interface Message Processor (IMP) to Leonard Kleinrock&#8217;s Network Measurements Center at UCLA. The IMP was built from a Honeywell DDP 516 computer with 12K of memory, designed to handle the ARPANET network interface. In a famous piece of Internet lore, on the side of the crate, a hardware designer at BBN named Ben Barker had written &#8220;Do it to it, Truett&#8221;, in tribute to the BBN engineer Truett Thach who traveled with the computer to UCLA on the plane.</p>
<p>The UCLA team responsible for installing the IMP and creating the first ARPANET node included graduate students Vinton Cerf, Steve Crocker, Bill Naylor, Jon Postel, and Mike Wingfield. Wingfield had built the hardware interface between the UCLA computer and the IMP, the machines were connected, and within a couple of days of delivery the IMP was communicating with the local NMC host, an SDS Sigma 7 computer running the SEX operating system. Messages were successfully exchanged, and the one computer ARPANET was born. </p>
<p>. . .</p>
<p>The first full ARPANET network connection was next, planned to be with Douglas Engelbart&#8217;s NLS system at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), running an SDS-940 computer with the Genie operating system and connected to another IMP. At about 10:30 PM on October 29&#8242;th, 1969, the connection was established over a 50 kbps line provided by the AT&#38;T telephone company, and a two node ARPANET was born. As is often the case, the first test didn&#8217;t work flawlessly, as Kleinrock describes below: </p>
<blockquote><p>At the UCLA end, they typed in the &#8216;l&#8217; and asked SRI if they received it; &#8216;got the l&#8217; came the voice reply. UCLA typed in the &#8216;o&#8217;, asked if they got it, and received &#8216;got the o&#8217;. UCLA then typed in the &#8216;g&#8217; and the darned system CRASHED! Quite a beginning. On the second attempt, it worked fine!</p>
<p>- Leonard Kleinrock, The Birth of the Internet.</p></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~lk/LK/Inet/1stmesg.html">Below is a record of the first message ever sent over the ARPANET.</a></p>
<p><img src="http://eatitorwearit.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/internet.jpg" alt="internet" title="internet" width="468" height="230" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3040" /></p>
<p>See also:<br />
<a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/30/content_12358108.htm">Internet&#8217;s 40th anniversary marked in U.S.</a><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jbFs6YOREaV5D5KFFWUgIBucfdTQ">Internet turns 40 with birthday party</a><br />
<a href="http://www.today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/how-40-years-of-the-internet-changed-111878.aspx">How 40 years of the Internet changed the world</a><br />
<a href="http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7016843491">Internet Pioneer Celebrates 40th Birthday Of Brainchild</a><br />
<a href="http://vladivostoktimes.ru/show/?id=44097&#38;r=12&#38;p=">Internet Celebrates Its 40th Anniversary</a><br />
<a href="http://www.crn.com/networking/221300010;jsessionid=H0YWFEYFEUAMTQE1GHPSKH4ATMY32JVN">DARPA Celebrates Internet&#8217;s 40th Anniversary With Balloon Hunt</a><br />
<a href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2009-10/darpa-celebrates-internet-anniversary-bizarre-balloon-challenge?page=">DARPA Celebrates Internet Anniversary with Bizarre Balloon Challenge </a><br />
<a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/30/darpa_network_challenge/">DARPA issues balloon-hunting $40k &#8216;Network Challenge&#8217;</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET">ARPANET</a><br />
<a href="http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/~acc/docs/arpa.html">History of ARPANET</a><br />
<a href="http://www.darpa.mil/">DARPA</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency">DARPA</a></p>
<p>Thank God for military research, it not only keeps us safe, it improves our lives, money well spent.</p>
<p>/we&#8217;ve come a <em>long</em> way from 50 kbps phone lines baby! </p>
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<title><![CDATA[History of the Internet]]></title>
<link>http://tomburtonwoodwired.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/history-of-the-internet/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 15:03:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>tomburtonwood</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tomburtonwoodwired.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/history-of-the-internet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/interactive/2009/oct/23/internet-arpanet Useful article / timel]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_181" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/interactive/2009/oct/23/internet-arpanet"><img class="size-medium wp-image-181" title="history of the internet" src="http://tomburtonwoodwired.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/picture-7.png?w=300" alt="history of the internet" width="300" height="169" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/interactive/2009/oct/23/internet-arpanet</p></div>
<p>Useful article / timeline addressing the history of the internet which is considered to be around 40 years old. Published on the Guardian (UK) website it marks out many of the useful and key moments in the development of this thing we call the internet. <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/interactive/2009/oct/23/internet-arpanet" target="_blank">http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/interactive/2009/oct/23/internet-arpanet</a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Happy 40th birthday, internet!]]></title>
<link>http://unklphil.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/happy-40th-birthday-internet/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 13:42:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>unklphil</dc:creator>
<guid>http://unklphil.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/happy-40th-birthday-internet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Yesterday, 40 years ago, the first message, “LO”, was sent over Arpanet, the predecessor of the inte]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://unklphil.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/internet.png"><img style="border-bottom:0;border-left:0;display:inline;border-top:0;border-right:0;" title="internet" border="0" alt="internet" src="http://unklphil.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/internet_thumb.png?w=500&#038;h=344" width="500" height="344" /></a> </p>
<p>Yesterday, 40 years ago, the first message, “<em>LO”</em>, was sent over Arpanet, the predecessor of the internet, and then it crashed. Claims are that the message was intended to be “<em>LOGIN”</em>, but I prefer to believe it was intended to be “<em>LOL”</em>.</p>
<p>In honour of the 40th year of existence of the internet, <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/interactive/2009/oct/23/internet-arpanet" target="_blank">The Guardian</a> has put together a slideshow with some interesting facts.</p>
<p>[<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/interactive/2009/oct/23/internet-arpanet" target="_blank">The Guardian</a>]</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Un'altra coetanea]]></title>
<link>http://adblues.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/unaltra-coetanea/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 11:38:11 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>AD Blues</dc:creator>
<guid>http://adblues.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/unaltra-coetanea/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Il 29 Ottobre 1969 sulla rete militare Arpanet, la progenitrice dell&#8217;odierna Internet, veniva ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Il 29 Ottobre 1969 sulla rete militare Arpanet, la progenitrice dell&#8217;odierna Internet, veniva ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Hace 40 años nació Internet]]></title>
<link>http://elboligrafo.es/2009/10/30/hace-40-anos-nacio-internet/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 10:28:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>adriabl</dc:creator>
<guid>http://elboligrafo.es/2009/10/30/hace-40-anos-nacio-internet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[FUENTE | abc.es Tal día como hoy hace 40 años, el 29 de octubre de 1969, un estudiante de la Univers]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img src="http://adriabl.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/internet6.jpg?w=300" alt="internet6" title="internet6" width="300" height="225" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1239" /> FUENTE &#124; <a href="http://www.abc.es/20091029/ciencia-tecnologia-tecnologia-internet/aniversario-internet-200910291402.html">abc.es</a></p>
<p>Tal día como hoy hace 40 años, el 29 de octubre de 1969, un estudiante de la Universidad de UCLA, Charles Klein, envió, tras un intento fallido, el primer mensaje entre dos ordenadores localizados a 500 kilómetros de distancia, uno en la Universidad de UCLA (Los Ángeles) y el otro en la Universidad de Standford (San Francisco). Para ello se utilizó la red ARPANET. Esa acción hoy tan común y sencilla, cambió el rumbo de la historia del siglo XX para siempre: era el germen de internet.<br />
Klein quería enviar la palabra “login”, pero sólo logró teclear la “l” y la “o”, porque en ese momento ambas máquinas se colgaron. Hoy, tan sólo cuatro décadas después, el mundo se colapsaría si internet desapareciera.<br />
Cuando a principios de los años 60, el ingeniero estadounidense Leonard Kleinrock documentó su visión de internet, nadie quiso escucharle. Fue finalmente el gigante estadounidense de telefonía AT&#38;T quien, con muchas reservas y convencidos de que no funcionaría, terminó cediendo la infraestructura de red para el proyecto ARPANET, que fue financiado por el ejército de Estados Unidos. Se equivocaron.<br />
La Red tuvo y sigue teniendo un impacto tan profundo en el trabajo, el ocio y el conocimeinto, hasta el punto de que la población internauta a nivel mundial supera ya la cifra de 1.000 millones de de usuarios. Y para el 2010, se prevé que sean 600 millones más.<br />
La evolución que ha seguido internet desde que aquel estudiante envió el mensaje fallido ha sido tan expectacular, y muchos ya lo consideran como el invento del siglo veinte. Para muestra estos datos: en 1990, 2,6 millones de internautas; en 1995, 34 millones; en 2000; 344 millones; en 2005, 938,7 millones, y hoy ya superamos con creces los 1.000 millones.<br />
La población internauta a nivel mundial supera ya la cifra de 1.000 millones de de usuarios. Y para el 2010, se prevé que sean 600 millones más<br />
Otro dato significativo es que, por ejemplo, cada día se crean 150.000 blogs o se descargan más de 100 millones de vídeos a través de Youtube.. Y eso sin hablar del buscador Google, donde se producen más de mil millones de búsquedas diarias.<br />
Fue en 1990 cuando se produjo la muerte de ARPANET y nació la World Wide Web (WWW), que hoy mueve billones de dóles en todo el mundo, pero cuyo creador, Tim Berners-Lee, curiosamente renunció a fortunas por universalizar la Red.<br />
Ni ARPANET -que en 1983 fue dividida en dos redes, una militar MILNET y otra civil- ni Internet se desarrollaron para un propósito en particular. Eran redes abiertas a todo lo que se quisiera colgar en elllas. La filosofía de “la libertad ante todo” ha sido la clave de su éxito que ha tenido un montón de hitos como: el nacimiento de Google en 1997, la aparición de Napster en 1999, con la que se acabó la noción de pagar por la música; la creación de redes sociales como Myspace o Facebook; el canal de Youtube en 2005, de la cual procede el 20% del tráfico total de Internet, o la irrupción de Twitter, que revolucionó internt con el microbloggin, un servicio que permite enviar mensajes instantáneos de hasta 140 caracteres.</p>
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<p><TABLE bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <TD><strong>Url: </strong> http://elboligrafo.es/2009/10/30/hace-40-anos-nacio-internet/ </TD></TABLE></p>
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<title><![CDATA[My Struggle Over Internet Speed]]></title>
<link>http://juntariman.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/my-struggle-over-internet-speed/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 09:54:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>juntariman</dc:creator>
<guid>http://juntariman.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/my-struggle-over-internet-speed/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I was shocked reading an item in a news letter stating that &#8220;their internet charge of P150/hou]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[I was shocked reading an item in a news letter stating that &#8220;their internet charge of P150/hou]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Internet's 40th anniversary celebrated in US]]></title>
<link>http://newshyderabad.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/internets-40th-anniversary-celebrated-in-us/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 09:39:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>seoforever</dc:creator>
<guid>http://newshyderabad.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/internets-40th-anniversary-celebrated-in-us/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&nbsp; Internet Cafes have immensely grown in popularity over the decade.  The 40th anniversary of t]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>&#160;</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-4332" title="-INTERNET_CAFES" src="http://newshyderabad.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/internet_cafes.jpg" alt="-INTERNET_CAFES" width="480" height="285" /></p>
<p><strong>Internet Cafes have immensely grown in popularity over the decade</strong>.</p>
<p> The 40th anniversary of the birth of the Internet was celebrated in the US, with events being organised at the University of California and the Computer History Museum in Los Angeles to mark the occasion. Industry leaders, researchers and analysts, among others, attended the function at the California University on Thursday, Xinhua reported. Computer science professor of the university, Leonard Kleinrock, who on Oct 29, 1969 headed a team to send the first message over the ARPANET, which later came to be known as Internet, also attended the event. “The moment the Internet was born, ushered in a technological revolution that has transformed communications, education, culture, business and entertainment across the globe, leading to dramatic change in our social, political and economic lives,” the university said in a statement. Activities were also planned at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, to mark the occasion. “The 1969 connection was not just a symbolic milestone in the project that led to the Internet, it connected computers and eventually billions of people to each other,” Marc Weber, founding curator of the museum’s Internet History Programme, said in a statement. “In the 1960s, a few hundred users could have accounts on a single large computer using terminals, and exchange messages and files between them. But each of those little communities was an island, isolated from others,” Weber noted. “By reliably connecting different kinds of computers to each other, the ARPANET took a crucial step toward the online world that links nearly a third of the world’s population today,” he said. Four decades after its birth, the Internet is seen by some to have encountered some kind of middle-age crisis. But others argue that it is still in the early stage of innovations. At a symposium hosted this month by market research firm Gartner, Eric Schmidt, chief executive officer of Internet search giant Google, said he envisions a radically changed Internet five years from now. In the next five years, the Internet is expected to be dominated by social media content, delivered over super-fast bandwidth in real time, he predicted. “It’s because of this fundamental shift towards user-generated information that people will listen more to other people than to traditional sources. Learning how to rank is the great challenge of the age,” Schmidt said</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Feliz cumpleaños Internet]]></title>
<link>http://nachocarnes.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/feliz-cumpleanos-internet/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:49:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nachocarnes</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nachocarnes.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/feliz-cumpleanos-internet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Hoy Jueves 29 de Octubre de 2.009 es el cumpleaños de Internet, una tecnología con nada más y nada m]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Hoy Jueves 29 de Octubre de 2.009 es el cumpleaños de Internet, una tecnología con nada más y nada menos que 40 años</p>
<p>Fue el día 29 de Octubre de 1.969 cuando un grupo de trabajo de técnicos estadounidenses consiguió establecer comunicación entre un equipo de la UCLA con otro situado en Stanford, y el doctor Kleinrock quien lideró todo ello. Cuarenta años más tarde lo que empezó llamándose ARPANET, hoy se llama Internet, es un Medios de Comunicación y canal de distribución que posee una audiencia de más de 1.000 millones de usuarios en todo el Mundo, unos 280 millones en Europa, unos 25 millones de usuarios únicos en España</p>
<p>ARPANET fue posible gracias a la compañía telefoníca AT&#38;T, que aunque no creyó en el proyecto y pensó que no funcionaría, proporcionó la infraestructura de red, y fue financiado por la rama de investigación del Ejercito de EEUU. La clave, <strong>dividir la información en paquetes digitales que pueden transmitirse cuando son solicitados, sin perder tiempo ni información</strong></p>
<p>Tres años más tarde, en Octubre de 1972, Kahn organizó una demostración de ARPANET en la International Computer Communication Conference, fue la primera además de una exitosa demostración pública del nacimiento de una nueva tecnología, y unos meses más tarde, surgió la primera aplicación, el correo electrónico</p>
<p>El Internet que vivimos hoy día es un Internet en constante cambio, donde la accesibilidad desde cualquier parte del Mundo a cualquier tipo de contenido es una realidad, donde la distancia física entre personas y empresas se ha hecho más “corta”, y donde el concepto de interactividad a tiempo real como algo implícito en su identidad, es lo que demandamos los usuarios más avanzados, además de ser lo que hace diferente Internet del resto de Medios de Comunicación</p>
<p><strong>Y el futuro de Internet???</strong> Son muchas las hipótesis de cómo será el Internet del futuro, y yo creo que todas las que hacemos y  hagamos de forma individual cada uno de nosotros serán realmente limitadas, tan limitadas como limitados seamos con nuestra imaginación, porque si algo diferencia Internet, es que es la imaginación, la ilusión y el trabajo de muchísimas personas lo que cuenta, y lo que día a día rompe la limitación individual de nuestras subjetivas hipótesis personales, que sin ninguna duda hacemos cuando especulamos como si fuéramos “visionarios”</p>
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<title><![CDATA[INTERNET: HA 40 ANNI MA E' ANCORA INVENZIONE DEL FUTURO]]></title>
<link>http://peppecaridi2.wordpress.com/2009/10/29/internet-ha-40-anni-ma-e-ancora-invenzione-del-futuro/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:42:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>peppecaridi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://peppecaridi2.wordpress.com/2009/10/29/internet-ha-40-anni-ma-e-ancora-invenzione-del-futuro/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[PRIMA RETE COLLEGAVA 4 UNIVERSITA&#8217;, OGGI LA USA 30% POPOLAZIONE (di Luciano Clerico) (ANSA) ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignright" style="border:3px solid black;margin:3px;" src="http://www.apfg.it/public/image/internet_big.jpg" alt="http://www.apfg.it/public/image/internet_big.jpg" width="196" height="151" /><strong><em>PRIMA RETE COLLEGAVA 4 UNIVERSITA&#8217;, OGGI LA USA 30% POPOLAZIONE    (di Luciano Clerico)    (ANSA) &#8211; WASHINGTON, 29 OTT -</em></strong> In principio fu Arpanet: fu  questo il primo nome dato a Internet, la rete di connessione  mondiale oggi entrata a far parte del bagaglio culturale comune  del mondo globalizzato. Ma quando nacque, esattamente 40 anni fa  oggi, si chiamava Arpanet e collegava tra loro quattro computer.    Quella era la &#8216;rete&#8217; messa a punto dalla Defence Advanced  Research Projects Agency (DARPA), l&#8217;agenzia del ministero della  Difesa americano incaricata di elaborare nuove applicazioni in  ambito militare. Erano ancora gli anni della guerra fredda, gli  americani da appena tre mesi erano sbarcati sulla luna e  volevano consolidare sui sovietici quel loro primato  tecnologico. Per questo il Pentagono aveva incaricato alcune  universita&#8217; di ricerca di mettere a punto &#8221;qualcosa di  avanzato&#8221; dal punto di vista della comunicazione. <!--more--> Arpanet nacque allora, dai tentativi di alcuni docenti di  collegare le loro quattro universita&#8217;, ciascuna delle quali  dotata di un computer, che nel 1969 occupava ancora buona parte  di una stanza. E la rete era formata, in principio, da due  computer, poi diventati quattro. Per la prima volta i professori  americani della Ucla University di Los Angeles riuscirono a  trasferire &#8221;pacchetti di dati&#8221; ad un computer dell&#8217;Universita&#8217;  di Standford, a San Francisco, poi dell&#8217;Universita&#8217; di Santa  Barbara, sempre in California, quindi con l&#8217;Universita&#8217; dello  Utah. Il collegamento duro&#8217; pochi secondi poi ando&#8217; &#8216;in crash&#8217;  come si dice in gergo, ma i ricercatori poterono considerarlo un  esperimento riuscito: per la prima volta computer fisicamente  lontani tra loro erano stati connessi l&#8217;uno all&#8217;altro in una  &#8216;rete&#8217; capace &#8211; potenzialmente &#8211; di trasferire pacchetti di  dati.    Era il 29 ottobre del 1969. Bill Gates aveva 14 anni (li  aveva compiuti, coincidenze della storia, proprio il giorno  prima) e la Microsoft ancora non esisteva nemmeno nella  fantasia. Arpanet avrebbe in teoria dovuto essere messa al  servizio del ministero della Difesa, per valutare eventuali  applicazioni di tipo militare. Le ricerche continuarono e due  anni dopo, nel 1971, fu inventata la posta elettronica. Arpanet  cambio&#8217; nome e divenne Internet. Il resto e&#8217; stata una continua  evoluzione tecnologica verso quelle tre WWW (World Wide Web) che  fanno ormai parte dell&#8217;alfabeto del mondo contemporaneo. Secondo  studi recenti, gli abbonati a Internet a tutto il 2008 sono  stati calcolati in 1,5 miliardi di persone, ma saranno 2,2  miliardi nel 2013. Internet e&#8217; il futuro.    Se l&#8217;evoluzione militare di Arpanet ha fatto si&#8217; che il  Pentagono sia in grado oggi di bombardare il Pakistan guidando i  suoi droni (gli aerei senza pilota) da un computer di una base  aerea del Nevada, l&#8217;evoluzione civile di Internet e&#8217;  praticamente senza confini: non c&#8217;e&#8217; campo dello scibile umano  che non faccia ricorso alla comunicazione via Internet. E sono  passati appena quarant&#8217;anni.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Internet faz 40 anos ]]></title>
<link>http://sobrancelhasalbinas.wordpress.com/2009/10/29/internet-faz-40-anos/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:19:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sobrancelhas</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sobrancelhasalbinas.wordpress.com/2009/10/29/internet-faz-40-anos/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&nbsp; A primeira mensagem eviada, em 29 de outubro de 1969, foi entre computadores de um laboratóri]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>&#160;</p>
<p>A primeira mensagem eviada, em 29 de outubro de 1969, foi entre computadores de um laboratório na Califórnia. O texto: &#8220;Lo&#8221;. Na verdade, era para ser &#8220;Login&#8221;, mas a conexão caiu e demorou mais de uma hora para voltar. Pouco mais de um mês depois, era estabelecida a primeira rede estável entre quatro computadores. Nos próximos dois anos o número não parou de crescer. Satélites foram lançados e a conexão chegou à Europa.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone" title="Registro da Primeira Transmissão" src="http://blog.estadao.com.br/blog/media/091029_b_arpalog.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="253" /></p>
<p><em>Registro oficial da primeira mensagem transmitida pela ARPANET, que aconteceu às 22h30 do dia 29 de outubro de 1969</em></p>
<p>Em 1973 75% do tráfego de dados era de e-mails, e no mesmo ano foi implementado o FTP, protocolo que permitia transferir arquivos. Apenas na década seguinte, com a adoção do protocolo TCP/IP, criado por Vinton Cerf, que a rede ganharia o nome de internet. Ted Nelson, em seguida, começaria a desenvolver o conceito de hipertexto, basicamente os links entre sites. Tim Berners-Lee pescou a ideia e resolveu organizar os &#8220;links&#8221; no que chamou de World Wide Web, ou o WWW. Em 1993 surgia o primeiro programa para navegar visualmente na WWW, o Mosaic, predecessor do Netscape. O resto, você já sabe.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[40 Aniversario de la primera conexión entre dos nodos de ARPANET]]></title>
<link>http://historiadelamedicina.wordpress.com/2009/10/29/40-aniversario-de-la-primera-conexion-entre-dos-nodos-de-arpanet/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 19:42:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>fresquet</dc:creator>
<guid>http://historiadelamedicina.wordpress.com/2009/10/29/40-aniversario-de-la-primera-conexion-entre-dos-nodos-de-arpanet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Las páginas de tecnología de Guardian.co.uk, dedican un espacio a la celebración del 40 aniversario ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Las <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/oct/23/arpanet-internet" target="_blank">páginas de tecnología</a> de <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/" target="_blank">Guardian.co.uk</a>, dedican un espacio a la celebración del 40 aniversario del enlace entre dos nodos de ARPANET (<em>Advanced Research Projects Agency Network</em>). Excepto unos cuantos, la mayoría oímos esta palabra cuando ya utilizábamos Internet. La asociábamos a sus inicios.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" target="_blank">ARPANET</a> era un proyecto de los inicios de la década de los sesenta del siglo XX. El 29 de octubre de 1969 a las 10:30 PM el estudiante de programación Charley Kline, supervisado por el <a href="http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/" target="_blank">Leonard Kleinrock</a>, profesor de la UCLA, transmitió el primer mensaje a través de ARPANET. Se mandó desde el servidor UCLA SDS Sigma 7 a la computadora anfitrión SRI SDS 940. El mensaje que se envió era simplemente la palabra “login”. Pasó la “l”, pasó la “o” y se interrumpió. Por tanto, el mensaje fue “lo”. Una hora después fueron capaces de completar el mensaje. Un mes más tarde se estableció el primer enlace permanente entre la UCLA y la Universidad de Stanford. A los pocos días la conexión ya era realidad entre los cuatro nodos (UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara y Utah).</p>
<p><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/oct/23/arpanet-internet" target="_blank">Guardian.co.uk</a> señala que el acontecimiento pasó inadvertido. Entonces los medios hablaban de lo que se consideraba el gran logro: la llegada del hombre a la Luna. El periódico entrevista a los protagonistas y ha reunido historias a través de Internet de lo que ha supuesto Internet para la gente (¿Cómo hemos usado Internet para contar la historia de Internet?), a lo que ha sumado sus trabajos. Interesante forma de celebrar un acontecimiento cuya importancia valoramos <em>a posteriori</em>.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1089" title="Fotografía de Leonard Kleinrock con el primer 'Interface Message Processor'" src="http://historiadelamedicina.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/leonard-kleinrock-and-imp1.png" alt="Fotografía de Leonard Kleinrock con el primer 'Interface Message Processor'" width="421" height="275" /></p>
<p>Fotografía de Leonard Kleinrock con el primer &#8216;<strong>I</strong>nterface <strong>M</strong>essage <strong>P</strong>rocessor&#8217;</p>
<p><a rel="tag" href="http://technorati.com/tag/ARPANET">ARPANET</a><a rel="tag" href="http://technorati.com/tag/40+Aniversario">,</a> <a rel="tag" href="http://technorati.com/tag/Leonard+Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock,</a> <a rel="tag" href="http://technorati.com/tag/Historia+de+Internet">Historia de Internet</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Tal día como hoy nació Internet hace 40 años]]></title>
<link>http://drawers.wordpress.com/2009/10/29/tal-dia-como-hoy-nacio-internet-hace-40-anos/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 14:28:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Hermes</dc:creator>
<guid>http://drawers.wordpress.com/2009/10/29/tal-dia-como-hoy-nacio-internet-hace-40-anos/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[El 29 de octubre de 1969 se produjo la primera transmisión de información entre dos ordenadores. El ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[El 29 de octubre de 1969 se produjo la primera transmisión de información entre dos ordenadores. El ]]></content:encoded>
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