Earthdog trials use man-made underground tunnels containing protected quarry (usually a rat protected by bars across the ends of the tunnels). The dogs must scent the rat, follow the scent to the quarry, then work the quarry by barking, scratching, staring, or using any other active behavior to indicate the quarry has been found.

Earthdog trials and tests are available across North America and around the world. Terriers and similar dogs are bred to work, and Earthdog training allows them to use their natural instincts to succeed in a recognized dog sport. Working your dog keeps him or her happy, healthy, and well-behaved, and earthdog is the perfect sport for many terrier, dachsund, and other small hunting breeds.

Earthdog Organizations

The AKC has long sanctioned Earthdog tests in the US. They are intended as noncompetitive venues to gauge a dog’s natural hunting aptitude. The AKC limits participation to specific breeds, click here for a list of breeds permitted to participate in AKC sanctioned Earthdog tests. The AKC breaks the tests into more specific steps and parts than the AWTA.

The American Working Terrier Association (AWTA) also sanctions Earthdog trials across the US. The breeds allowed to compete are also limited – check the list of AWTA earthdog breeds here.

The CKC sanctions Canadian Earthdog trials.

AKC Earthdog Breeds

The following breeds are classified as eligible to participate in AKC Earthdog tests:

• All Dachshunds
• Australian Terrier
• Bedlington Terrier
• Border Terrier
• Cairn Terrier
• Cesky Terrier
• Dandie Dinmont Terrier
• Glen of Imaal Terrier
• Parson Russell Terrier
• Lakeland Terrier
• Manchester Terrier
• Miniature Bull Terrier
• Miniature Schnauzer
• Norfolk Terrier
• Norwich Terrier
• Rat Terrier
• Russell Terrier
• Scottish Terrier
• Sealyham Terrier
• Silky Terrier
• Skye Terrier
• Smooth Fox Terrier
• Welsh Terrier
• West Highland White Terrier
• Wire Fox Terrier

AWTA Earthdog Breeds

The following breeds are recognized (and therefore able to compete) in AWTA den trials:

• All Dachshunds
• Australian Terrier
• Bedlington Terrier
• Border Terrier
• Cairn Terrier
• Cesky Terrier
• Dandie Dinmont Terrier
• Fell Terrier
• Wire Fox Terrier
• Smooth Fox Terrier
• Glen of Imaal Terrier
• Jack Russell Terrier
• Jagdterrier
• Lakeland Terrier
• Norwich Terrier
• Norfolk Terrier
• Patterdale Terrier
• Scottish Terrier
• Sealyham Terrier
• Skye Terrier
• Welsh Terrier
• West Highland White Terrier

Other small terrier breeds may compete in the miscellaneous class.

Field Trial Basics

Field trials and hunt tests provide practical demonstrations of hunting dogs’ ability to perform the functions for which they are bred.

Field trials are generally open to pointing breeds, retrievers, spaniels, beagles, basset hounds, and dachsunds. The types of events vary depending on the participating breeds’ functions, but in all trials the dogs compete against each other for placement and to earn points toward their championships.

The AKC sanctions a number of different field trials, including:

• Beagling  The AKC has run Beagle field trials for over 100 years and currently there are three types: brace, small pack option, and large pack trials.
• Basset Hounds Field trials only (no hunting), run much like the Beagle Brace trials.
• Dachshunds Field trials only (no hunting), run much like the Beagle Brace trials.
• Pointing Breeds The AKC has run Pointing Breed field trials for over 70 years and added hunting tests about 25 years ago. The pointers are run in braces (pairs) around a course where birds are released. The dogs demonstrate their ability to find birds, point staunchly, and retrieve the downed birds. The eligible pointing breeds include Brittany, English Setter, German Shorthaired and Wirehaired, Pointers, Gordon Setters, Irish Setters, Vizslas, Weimaraners, and Wirehaired Pointing Griffons.
• Retrievers Retriever events include both hunting tests and field trials. The dogs are tested on their ability to mark the location of downed birds and return those birds to their handler. As retrievers progress through the levels, the difficulty increases such that the dogs must mark multiple birds and blind retrieves (find unmarked birds). Eligible retriever breeds include Chesapeake, Curly Coated, Flat Coated, Golden and Labrador Retrievers, and Irish Water Spaniels.
• Spaniels  Hunting tests are available for most Spaniel breeds, but field trials are currently only run for Cocker, English Cocker, and English Springer Spaniels. The dogs are tested on their natural and trained ability to hunt, flush, and retrieve game both on land and in the water. Eligible breeds (for hunt tests) include Clumber, Cocker, English Cocker, English Springer, Field, Sussex and Welsh Springer Spaniels.

The most common types of field trial events are:

• Brace The brace is the oldest field trial event and is run in braces of two or three dogs who are judged primarily on their accuracy in trailing a rabbit. Used in Beagle,
• Small Pack Option (SPO) The SPO divides the dogs into packs of seven to track the rabbit.
• Large Pack Trials  These events turn all the dogs in the class loose to find and track the hares.

Pointer Field Trial History

The field trial was invented in England as a way to evaluate the breeding stock of hunting dogs, and this purpose is still a priority for field trial organizations around the world. The first recorded field trial was held in Bedfordshire in 1865. This was a brace event testing only setters and pointers. Other European countries soon followed suit, including Germany in 1876, Holland in 1878, Belgium in 1882, and France in 1888. In 1897 solo field trial contests were added.

The first US field trial was run in 1874 near Memphis, Tennessee. These original events were held for pointing dogs (“bird dogs”) under the auspices of The American Field. The AKC’s first field trial was held in 1024 by the English Setter Club of America in Medford, New Jersey. The same club still owns and conducts field trials at this venue!

The AKC did not host another field trial until 1931, and very few occurred during the Depression of the 30s and war years of the 40s. Once the war ended, however, AKC field trials events popped up throughout the US. Also a likely result of the war, field trial entries saw an increased number of continental breeds: German Shorthaired & Wirehaired, Brittanys, Vizslas, Weimaraners, and Wirehaired Pointing Griffons.

Through the 1950s and 60s, breed clubs all over the country began conducting field events and even national championships. The AKC Field and Amateur Field Championship program has seen thousands of dogs gaining titles since its inception, and the sport continues to grow in popularity.

The AKC, in an effort to improve and increase the scope of its pointing breed field trials, began the AKC Gun Dog Championships in 1993. This has become an immensely popular event with both Retrieving and Non- Retrieving stakes. The event is held in the spring of each year and rotates around the country to give everyone from each region an opportunity to compete.

Today, hundreds of AKC Pointing Breed Field Trials are held each year. Total entries number in the tens of thousands. The sport has made considerable progress since the early 20th century and will continue its growth in the 21st.

Beagle Field Trials

Beagle Field Trial History

Beagle field trials are found only in the US and Canada. The first recorded trial was held by the National Beagle Club of America in Hyannis, Massachusetts on November 4, 1890. There were 18 entries in that first beagle field trial. The organization tried to gain membership with the AKC right away, but were rejected until they joined forces with the beagle organization already in, the American English Beagle Club. There was some disagreement among the AKC elite about whether the breed club should be involved in both show and field trials, but the National Beagle Club stood strong and the AKC finally relented.

Three Formal Packs were entered at the National Beagle Club’s meet in 1896. The packs were foot handled and judged as a unit or team and competed against the other packs entered in the field trial. By the early 1900s, the beagle’s ability to hunt independently of pack mates had led to a more open field of entries – hunters no longer had to be super-wealthy (in order to maintain a full pack of dogs), but could breed and train a single beagle to compete in the sanctioned field trials.

Beaglers are known for their conservation efforts. Many beagle clubs own or lease land to work their dogs and hold trials, and this practice has long been encouraged by the AKC. Beagle clubs often purchase marginal land and work to both improve the soil and “farm” rabbits for training and trials. Over time, the clubs had to enclose their grounds with fencing to avoid the rabbits and dogs running across dangerous roadways, a change which had a drastic impact on the sport.

The enclosed area bred rabbits who ran differently than those who lived in the wide open, and the result was that slower more precise beagles performed the best in most of the field trials. Thus, houndsmen began breeding for these traits. Unfortunately, the best trial beagles were now undesirable as actual hunting beagles! By the early 1970s, a movement backward to breeding real gundogs, or hunting beagles, took hold.

Meanwhile, northern clubs were still running their hounds in large packs and believed that trial method to be the best example of beagles’ abilities, at least as compared to the hunting beagles now popular in the south. Eventually, each of these standards were given their own trial format, including the brace on wild rabbit or hare, gundog brace,  small pack option, and large pack classes.

Beagle Field Trial Basics

Sport beagles typically compete in just one of the four types of beagle field trials run by the AKC – brace, small pack option, large pack, or gundog brace field trials – or in the basic hunt tests.

Brace trials involve two or three beagle packs running as a brace. The dogs are judged primarily on how accurate they are in trailing the rabbit. Small pack option trials run in packs of seven beagles. They are expected to find and pursue the rabbit enthusiastically while maintaining control of the rabbit’s trail. Large pack trials involve packs of up to 25 dogs. They are expected to run for a minimum of three hours in Open trials where they earn points toward a field championship. Gundog brace trials involves pairs of beagles finding their own rabbit. They are judged on how well they follow the rabbit and must continue through a test for gun shyness.

The AKC hunt test for two couple packs are run with packs of four hounds. They are judged on how well they search for their own rabbit. They are also tested for gun shyness and are run for at least 20 minutes. The title of Master Hunter (MH) can be earned through the AKC hunt tests.

The American Field

Amateur Field Trial Clubs of America

Strideaway

Bird Dog Foundation

National Field Trial Championship

National Field Trial Championship Sequel Book Project

National Red Setter Field Trial Club

Pointing Dogs FCI Field Trials

AKC Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Retrievers

Field Trials in Europe (compared to the American system)

North American Versatile Hunting Dog Association

Cover Dog Field Trial Message Board

Maritime Cover Dog Forum

There are several titles to be earned through AKC and CKC tracking tests, and only one track must be successfully completed to earn each title. The AKC titles are:

• Tracking Dog (TD)   The dog must follow a track 440 to 550 yards long with three to five changes of direction. The track is aged 30 to 120 minutes after laid by the human tracklayer, at which time the dog is expected to follow the trail and locate an article left at the end of that trail. In this entry level event, the handler may follow the dog on a long leash and encourage him or her along.
• Tracking Dog Excellent (TDX)   The next level of title requires the dog to follow an older (3 to 5 hours) and longer (800 to 1000 yards) with 5 to 7 directional changes. In addition, there are often human cross tracks included that are intended to test the dog’s distractibility.
• Variable Surface Tracking (VST)   VST requires dogs to track through real-world, urban settings. The track is usually 3 to 5 hours old and may run down a public street, through a building, or in other urban places.
• Champion Tracker (CT)   Champion tracker titles are awarded to dogs that have successfully completed all three tracking titles discussed above.

Herding trials and tests are a relatively new addition to the AKC. When launched in 1989, there was already a significant amount of interest and the sport has continued to grow rapidly. The AKC opens the tests and trials to all AKC recognized herding breeds as well as Rottweilers and Samoyeds. The AKC program allows the owner or handler to choose from a variety of courses and livestock.

Herding, or stock dog, is a sport in which the dog is evaluated on his or her ability to bring the livestock together in a group, maintain the group, and move the group from place to place.

The herding tests are noncompetitive and are intended to gauge a dog’s basic instinct and trainability. The herding trials are intended to preserve and develop the herding skills that come naturally to the herding breeds and to demonstrate the useful functions for which they are bred. The trials are set up as artificial simulations of farm situations, but are carefully staged to standardize the testing of herding characteristics.

The herding trial dogs are not required to work in any particular style and may compete on whichever course the handler chooses. Most herding dog organizations and local clubs provide ample practice and training opportunities for competitive dogs.

The initial class in herding trials is the instinct test. The dogs do not require any training before entering this class and may be handled by the owner or a judge or hired handler. The evaluation is based on the dog’s ability to move and control livestock by fetching or driving. The instinct test is for herding breeds, Rottweilers, Samoyeds, Standard and Giant Schnauzers, Pyrenean Shepherds, Swedish Vallhunds, Norwegian Buhunds and Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs.

Herding Training and Equipment

Training for herding trials is a matter of accentuating your dog’s natural instincts to gather and guide livestock. The best herding dogs have a strong grasp of basic obedience and the skill to listen to you (the handler) even while the sounds of livestock and the distraction of pens are all around.

Training dogs for herding trials includes:

• Basic Obedience All show dogs must be experts in basic obedience. That is, they must follow your commands and signals (sit, stay, stand, heel, etc.) without fail and not be distracted by other people, dogs, or activity around them.
• Chase & Stop Work: with your dog on chasing objects – throw a toy, drive an RC car around the yard, whatever – and use the basic obedience commands to stop them every so often. Your goal is to encourage the chase, but to also put rules on the game (keep yourself in control).
• Introduce the Environment: Take your dog to herding trials and other livestock environments to get him or her used to the sounds, sights, and distractions.

Lure coursing, like any other dog sport, requires a certain amount of training in order to succeed at trial. Training for lure coursing includes:

• Basic Obedience All show dogs must be experts in basic obedience. That is, they must follow your commands and signals (sit, stay, stand, heel, etc.) without fail and not be distracted by other people, dogs, or activity around them.
• Conditioning The dog must be in top condition for lure coursing. It is essential that your dog enjoy some form of cardio exercise on a daily basis. There are a number of other dog sports that you and your dog can enjoy together that will also keep him or her in great shape including agility, disc dog, pull sports (canicross), and dock dogs. The multi-sport athletic dog not only improves his or her all-around conditioning but mastering the skills for various sports tends to improve their performance in each one as well.
• Lure Practice Many breeds, especially sighthounds, instinctively chase moving objects, but that instinct must be encouraged and rewarded to ensure success in lure coursing trials.

The equipment you will need to practice lure coursing includes:

• Space A wide open space of at least 2 acres, preferably fenced, is enough to get started in lure coursing. Many local clubs own property for practice and training that you can use.
• Quick Release Collar
• Lure Coursing Machine Pre-built, motorized machines are available to train your dog.
• Accessories  Pulleys and braided nylon string will keep your dog running allow you to set up your own courses and keep your dog running!

Lure Coursing Organizations

There are lure coursing organizations and clubs throughout North America. Most limit coursing events to sighthounds and other typical coursing breeds, but some host events open to all breeds, even mixed breeds!

• AKC
• American Sighthound Field Association
• Luratics   This southern California lure coursing club is open to all breeds!
• Lure Coursing Fanatics
• Mixed Breed Dog Club of America

Lure Coursing

Lure coursing is a dog sport that involves chasing a mechanically operated lure. The sport was developed as a more civilized version of hare coursing, which is now banned in much of Europe and the US. The original hare coursing was essentially an exercise in killing the prey…a bloody, violent exercise that many regard as cruel to the animal being pursued. While many coursing organizations do still use live hare for events and give extra points for the dogs able to catch (kill) the hare, most clubs have moved away from the practice in favor of lure coursing.

Most lure coursing competitions are limited to purebred sight hound breeds, though the popularity of the sport has encouraged more and more non-sight hound breeds to give it a shot. Many coursing clubs around North America have begun to open their trials to other breeds, and even mixed breed, dogs.

Sight hounds are a class of about 13 breeds like greyhounds and rat terriers – any dogs that instinctively chase prey by sight. Sight hounds include greyhounds, Afghan hounds, Borzois, and Whippets. There are other breeds that the AKC and CKC allow to compete in lure coursing, such as the Basenji and Rhodesian Ridgeback, that the international federation does not. The AKC is working on reorganizing the breed groups which could result in the hound group being divided and a separate sight hound group added. If this occurs, the dogs eligible for lure coursing trials will be clearer.

Lure coursing trials use pre-designed 600 yard courses that have at least four turns. The mechanical lure, usually a piece of cloth or a fox tail, is moved by remote control along the course on a string that winds around the set pulleys. The dog tracks the lure, by sight, along the predetermined path.

Lure coursing titles in both testing and trials include:

• Junior Courser (JC) The dog runs a 600 yard course with four turns by himself and must earn two qualifying tests under two different judges to achieve the JC title.
• Senior Courser (SC) The SR title requires the dog to run with at least one other dog and earn a qualifying score at four AKC tests.
• Master Courser (MC) The MC title is earned by achieving 25 qualifying scores in Open, Open Veteran, or Specials Stake tests (and have the SC title).
• Field Championship (FC) A trial title, the FC is earned by accumulating 15 points with at least two first place wins (of 3+ points).
• Lure Courser Excellent (LCX) Once the FC is earned, another 45 Championship points are required to achieve the LCX title.
• LCX Levels (I, II, III, IV, etc.) For every 45 Championship points earned after the LCX title, a dog can move up the numbered levels.

Protection sports evaluate a dog’s ability to protect both himself and his (or her) handler. The tests and trials of the various protection sports are based on the overall temperament of the dog. That is, the dog must be protective, but also safe for the handler and public and responsive to the handler’s commands. Dogs may be trained for personal protection, for work (police and military), or for sport.

Those unfamiliar with protection sports often dismiss them as too closely related to dog fighting. In fact, success in any of these protection sports requires an extremely high level of obedience and self-control on the part of the dogs. Each sport includes its own exercises that test obedience, jumps, and protection in one form or another.

Most protection sports are modeled to some extent on police dog training. The most common protection sports include:

• Schutzhund (US or Canada) Developed in Germany in the early 1900s, Schutzhund was designed to test the breeding stock of German Shepherd Dogs. A very difficult sport, dogs who are not bred for Schutzhund are rarely able to compete at the highest levels.   
• French Ring Sport   The sport involves jumps, obedience, and bite work. Closely related to Belgium Ring, it also incorporates pieces of schutzhund and mondio.
• Belgium Ring Sport The oldest and most difficult form of protection sports, Belgium Ringsport is dominated by the Malinois breed.
• Mondio Ring Sport
• P.S.A.(Protection Sports Association)   Sanctions civilian competitions in obedience and controlled protection, including championships, throughout the US.
• K-9 Pro Sports   The oldest American protection dog sport, the organization now sanctions international competitions in the area of personal protection dogs.
• United Schutzhund Club of America

If you are interested in protection performance sports, get involved with a reputable organization. The right training develops extremely obedient, perfectly safe athletic dogs. The wrong training is dangerous to you, your dog, and everyone who comes into contact with your dog!

One of the most popular off-season training options for sled dogs and skijoring, bikejoring most closely mimics the speed and style of the faster snow sports. Many mushers prefer bikejoring even over cart pulling simply because the mountain bike is significantly easier to maneuver and can be transported to and from desirable training locations much easier than a full-sized cart.

It is essential that the handler be an experienced off-road bike rider and the dog be a well-trained puller before trying bikejoring. Remember, bikejoring is not about a leisurely ride with your dog by your side (though AthleticDogs.com does have excellent products for conditioning your dog while biking), it is a working sport in which the dog pulls the bike along at higher than normal rates of speed.

No more than two dogs should be used to pull a single cyclist, and for most riders one strong puller is more than enough. If you are thinking that bikejoring might be the perfect performance sport for your dog, consider starting with canicross to get both you and your canine athlete used to the equipment and skills required in pulling sports. Without a proper foundation, bikejoring can be dangerous to both dog and rider.

However, once the bikejoring team learns to work well together, the sport is fun and exciting for dog and handler alike!

Canicross is cross-country running with dogs – canine plus cross-country equals canicross! The sport originated in Europe as a way to train mushing (sledding) dogs in the off-season. In recent years, canicross has become very popular as a sport in its own right. While it is most popular in the United Kingdom, it is quickly gaining loyal participants across North America as well.

Similar sports to canicross are bikejorring, in which athletes bike with their dogs, and skijoring, in which the dogs run alongside a cross-country skier. While participants in sled dog and skijoring are the most common canicross athletes (using canicross as off-season training), many long-distance runners (marathoners) have adopted the sport as well.

Canicross is the best introduction to pulling sports. You have better control over the dog as he is learning the basics, and the starts and stops of training are much easier to manage on foot (rather than on a bike, cart, or sled). Once your athletic dog masters the essentials of the pulling sport through canicross, he will be ready to try out any of the other taut-line sports as well.

Canicross can be run with one or two dogs wearing harnesses attached to the runner by a waist belt and bungee or elastic line. The use of regular leashes can be dangerous to both the dog and runner when the dog pulls. While huskies and malamutes were the original canicross dogs, now all breeds have joined the sport. Breeds from small terriers to large rottweilers and poodles are now running canicross…and loving every minute of it! At the end of the day, all dogs can run, it’s good for them, and most dogs enjoy it.

Running with your dog might sound like an easy sport to pick up, but really it takes some work to get it right. The pull of the dog can increase the runner’s distance per stride and can be a big help up steep hills…or it can yank you off your feet and drop you on your face! It is absolutely essential that you and your dog work well together and that he or she is able to follow basic directions like stop or sit. The idea of canicross is to harness your dog’s natural desire to pull into a teamwork effort for both of you.

People of all ages and abilities have picked up canicross. It is a great, inexpensive way to keep both dog and human fit and healthy!

Canicross Versus Regular Running

Running with a dog is not particularly unusual, but the bonus of canicross is that the dog is actually helping to propel the runner along. For regular running, the dog is generally trained to remain at heel, running right next to the runner. The regular runners often use a regular leash and collar. In canicross, the runner is attached to the dog by three pieces of equipment – a belt for the runner attached to a bungee or elasticized cord attached to the dog’s body harness. The dog is trained to pull the runner as they go.

Recreational runners have shaved minutes off their best trail-running times. Olympic caliber long-distance runners have found they can run 5% to 10% faster with a well-trained canicross dog! Many of the world’s best runners compete in the popular European canicross events simply to enjoy another aspect of their sport.

Voice commands are used to tell the dogs when to turn, stop, and go using esoteric Nordic commands like gee (right), haw (left), and on-by (leave it – ignore the distraction). The dogs are trained to stay ahead and pull steadily, keeping the line taut at all times. The line is elasticized to reduce the sudden jerks of starts and stops for both the dog and runner.

Most people who run with dogs simply use a loose-leash training style where the dog stays near the runner and never pulls on the leash. In canicross, the pull is the whole point, so safer equipment is required for both the dog and runner. The dog needs a snug, comfortable harness and the human requires a sturdy waist belt harness. Between the two is an integrated shock cord (elasticized tow line) of variable lengths. The runner should also carry a pack with incidentals and plenty of water. Placing a pack on the dog can be an extra burden that wears them out too soon.

While any dog can adapt to loose-leash running, many dogs have a natural pulling instinct. The assumption that the biggest dogs are best for canicross is misleading – very big, very fast dogs will have trouble learning the pace of running with their humans.

The amount of weight being pulled is an issue as well. In general, most dogs are comfortable pulling an amount equal to their own weight. Those dogs bred for pulling can handle twice their bodyweight or more, but smaller dogs might not even be able to drag along their twin! Be careful to work up to the appropriate weight for your dog and be alert to any signs that a weight is too difficult to pull.

Most canicross experts believe that midsize working dogs are the best choice (a 40 pound husky, for example). Huskies, malamutes and pointers are common choices for pulling sports, but canicross and other dryland athletes have been successful with labs, greyhounds, weimeraners, retrievers, and even border collies.

Sled dogs on dry land! Cartjoring (or cart pulling) is an age-old canine performance sport, originally used to keep sled dogs conditioned in the off-season. Also called drafting, dogcarting, or other similar names, cartjoring is a fun and accessible sport for just about any dog. Cart pulling is gaining popularity as a sport on its own, and is widely enjoyed as a recreational activity as well.

Carting is the most basic of harness sports – the dog is harnessed to the cart and pulls it along. In other pulling sports, the handler is often self-propelled and the dog simply keeps up or assists with speed. In cartjoring, the dog does all the work himself. In this way, cartjoring can be safer for both handler and dog…though sudden or unexpected movements from the dog might well tip the cart!

There is nothing new about the sport of cartjoring. Native American tribes used domesticated dogs to haul their stuff on sleds. Europeans did the same for eons as well. Certain breeds of dog were bred specifically for pulling and were essentially the poor man’s horse. Though cartjoring is no longer a necessity in most parts of the world, the conditioning and enjoyment of the sport have kept it alive. With dog sports growing in popularity across the board, cartjoring is also enjoying a resurgence in popularity – but for fun and competition rather than actual work!

Skijoring is a pulling performance sport in which a dog (or team of dogs) assist a cross-country skier. The skier is propelled both by their own power and the extra pull from the dog. The skier and dog each wear appropriate harnesses and are connected with a length of rope or line (often elastic or bungee).  

Originally, skijoring was used as a training method for mushers (sled dogs), though now it has become popular as a stand-alone performance sport. Recently, snowboarders have adopted the sport as well, enjoying cross-country boarding with their pulling dogs!

Just about any breed of dog can be trained for skijoring, though dogs under 35 pounds are typically just along for the company, rather than to assist in pulling the skier along!

Skijor is practiced both recreationally and competitively across North America and anywhere else with a good supply of snow in the wintertime. The longest skijoring race (that we know of) is held annually in Whitehorse Yukon. The Road Runner 100 is a 99-mile (160 km) distance! Most often, skijoring races in North America are held in conjunction with sled dog races. In Scandinavia, skijor racing is closely related to the classic Scandinavian sport of Pulka and competitions are frequent.

Weight pulling is most often utilized as a conditioning program for all different types of performance dogs. Weight pulling combines strength training with a more concentrated, obedient focus than other conditioning exercises.

Weight pulling is the ideal place to start with any dog training for the other pulling sports. One of the most critical factors for a successful bikejoring or canicross dog is mastering the obedience commands of pulling – if he doesn’t stop or turn immediately on demand, both dog and handler can be injured. By working with weight training first, your dog can gain the skills and confidence necessary to compete (or just enjoy) the other pulling sports.

Aside from training for other pulling sports, weight training is used as a conditioning exercise for other performance sports. Tracking, protection sports, field trials, and even agility and disc dogs must be in top athletic condition. Weight pulling is a more well-rounded workout than just running…and it’s easier on the dog’s paws!

The tricks to weight pulling are to use the right equipment and train your dog progressively. It is essential that the dog’s harness fits well, the line is secure, and the appropriate weight is used to keep your dog healthy and safe. Progressive training means starting simply and working up to your pulling goals. That is, start by getting your dog comfortable with the harness and the idea of pulling a weight by starting with an extremely light object – even a 2-liter soda bottle with a few pebbles is a good way to start.

Once your dog is completely comfortable with the obedience and feel of weight pulling, gradually add weight – no more than a couple of pounds at a time – and allow him a few training sessions to adjust to the new weight before adding more. Over time, your dog should be comfortable pulling a weight equal to his own for 20 to 30 yards at a time. Then, increase the weight at smaller intervals until he can comfortably work with 1 1/2 to 2 times his weight, 20 to 30 feet at a time.

This basic progression should be followed before your dog is expected to pull a cart, bike, or even you. Training this way will ensure that your dog is both physically and mentally prepared for any pulling sport. That is, he will have the strength foundation to avoid injury and will be alert and responsive to your verbal commands.

Weight pulling competitions are not as common as other dog performance sports, but they are available, often in conjunction with other performance events. Weight pulling is be a fun, innovative way to keep your dog conditioned, and is especially enjoyable for those dogs who like to work. Just about any breed can participate in weight pulling, including mixed breeds!

As with all athletics, it is essential that both you and your dog be prepared before training for pulling sports. Cross-country running, skiing, and long-distance biking are not events most humans can do without training, and the conditioning and basic skills of your dog must be in order to become a successful pulling competitor and partner as well.

Basic dog training ensures that your dog will respond to your commands and be able to work through environ

mental distractions. In any pulling sport, you must be confident that your dog will stop when told to do so and be able to work with you

. Your dog will need to learn to move continuously, smoothly, and consistently without distraction. Start by training him or her on a loose

leash such that the dog stays with you whatever action you take – you stop, the dog stops, you speed up, he or she does too. Some basic commands, including heel, will be of particular use in the partner pulling sports (canicross, skijoring, bikejoring). Yes, you want your dog to learn to take the lead and pull, but on steep downhill trails, you will be grateful the dog still knows how to heel!

Be sure the dog only pulls in certain situations, such as when the leash is attached to the harness but not when the leash is attached to the collar or head harness. Dogs are smart and can easily learn to distinguish between the two attachments. If you and your dog have never attended basic obedience courses, it is probably a good idea to start there. A knowledgeable trainer will be able to help you develop the specific habits a pulling performance sport dog needs and help identify any particular motivators and issues with your dog.

For dogs who have a solid foundation in loose leash walking, encouraging them to pull at all might be the hard pa

rt. The ideal solution to this is to run along with an experienced canicross or skijoring team or with a cart pulling dog…your dog will be tempted to keep up with a dog slightly ahead of him, and you can encourage that behavior. Working together in canicross will build an even stronger bond between you and your dog. You will be better able to communicate and a working dog is usually a happy dog!

The equipment required to participate in pulling sports include:

Waist Belt: For the handler in canicross or skijoring, the right belt should be secure and comfortable. Some include leg loops to keep the belt securely in place.

Bike Attachment: For bikejoring, there are a number of different styles of equipment to attach the lead or line to your bike, and the best option is generally based on personal preference. Whether the attachment connects to the handlebars or l

ower on the bike will impact the handler’s center of gravity.

Line or Lead: All pulling sports use a line made of hollow poly rope with a heavy duty bungee cord integrated into the core of the rope. One end typically has a snap to attach to the dog’s harness and the other a loop to attach to a bike or cart attachment or waist belt (canicross, skijoring).

Harness: Pulling dogs use an X-back harness with an attachment loop located near the tail of the dog. Walking harnesses have the attachment in the middle of the back, which would not work for pulling. The X-back style allows the dog full range of motion in their legs and expands to accommodate the dog’s breathing.

Pack: You will need a number of items on hand, especially for longer 5 to 10 mile excursions in bikejoring, skijo

ring, and canicross. It is essential to bring sufficient water and a basic first aid kit, at a minimum, to ensure you are prepared for all possibilities on the trail.

Paw Protection (optional): Off-road or on-road, the ground can be rough on your dog’s paws. Be sure to have plenty of supplies on hand to take care of any injuries or to protect his paws from danger.

Other Equipment: Whichever pulling sport you spursue, it is essential that the related equipment be of good quality and condition as well. That is, don’t use a cheap mountain bike for bikejoring, or an old broken down cart for cartjoring. Using poor quality or ill-fitting equipment can be dangerous for both you and your dog.

Pulling Sports -

For all the benefits that come from canine pulling sports, there is ample opportunity for injury as well. Obviously, running long distances and overdoing strength training can be a recipe for injury for any athlete. However, the various pulling sports actually provide significant health benefits and preventing injury is simply a matter of good preparation and communication with your dog.

Pulling develops muscles that reduce deterioration in dogs with hip dysplasia. Those muscles provide support and cushioning to the hip, and the more developed they are, the better. Most breeds of dogs are made to work, and the pulling sports are an excellent way to feed that need for them. A dog with work to do is happier, better adjusted, and has fewer behavioral problems than a bored dog. And, the time you spend together doing a positive, bonding sport, the happier both you and your dog will be.

The one rule to avoid injury in canicross is to stay off the road. A hard surface is dangerous to both your and your dog’s feet, ankles, and knees. Offroad paths are much safer, and a fairly narrow dirt path can make it easier for your dog to stay focused on where he or she is going.

It is also important to learn your dog’s signals for when he or she has had enough. Most dogs will keep working long after they should, which is obviously a potential danger. Keep an eye on the dog’s gait and movement…if you see any changes, stop immediately and give the dog a break. Be sure to carry plenty of water for both of you, and start out with easy, level, short distances to learn your dog’s normal versus abnormal behaviors.

Jogging with a dog on a leash is not the same as running him or her in a harness. The harness requires different muscle groups and, with canicross in particular, your dog is doing the extra work of pulling you for that fraction of a second that you are completely off the ground. Those fractions add up to a much harder job for your dog. It is always better to stop early than to push too far…your dog will be far more eager for the next training session if they tend to end on a positive note.

Pulling sports for dogs spring from the sport of sled dogs – each type of pulling sport started as a way to keep the dogs healthy and fit in the off-season. Generally, the dogs who work in pulling sports are not handled with reins, but rather must be self-motivated to run and respond consistently and reliably on the handler’s verbal commands. Thus, it is imperative for a pulling dog to be well-trained before performing any of the pulling performance sports.

Skijoring is the closest to the sled dog sport, as it can be performed in the same season as sledding. The others – bikejoring, cartjoring, and canicross – are primarily dryland sports performed during the non-snowy seasons. In the sports of canicross, bikejoring, and skijoring, the handler provides some of the power and the pulling dog assists and adds speed.  

Each of the different pulling sports is quickly becoming a stand-alone sport in its own right, complete with clubs and trials for teams of dog and handler. Many long-distance runners and cyclists enjoy both the company of their canine friends and the extra speed that comes with the pull of the dog.

Generally, only dogs over 35 pounds perform in pulling sports. The most common breeds are those who are naturals for running and pulling, including Northern breeds like Siberian and Alaskan Huskies, Malamutes, Samoyeds, and Inuit dogs and the classic pulling breeds like Bull and Staffordshire Terriers, American Bulldogs, and Mastiffs. Other working breeds also take to pulling performance sports, including Pointers, Setters, and the herding breeds. And, with the rapid growth in popularity of dryland pulling sports in recent years, even Golden Retrievers, Labradors, Giant Schnauzers and mixed breeds are harnessing up to pull their handler along!

Most breeds of dogs are made to work, and the pulling sports are an excellent way to feed that need for them. A dog with work to do is happier, better adjusted, and has fewer behavioral problems than a bored dog. And, the time you spend together doing a positive, bonding sport, the happier both you and your dog will be.

Pulling sports can be dangerous unless both dog and handler are trained to work together correctly. Check out the organizations in your area if you are interested – most offer basic training classes to help get you started!

Canicross Organizations

ECF (Europe) – The European Canicross Federation is the European governing body for canicross. They currently boast 11 affiliate countries.

CaniX UK (United Kingdom) – CaniX UK is the official body for canicross in the UK, and they represent the UK in the ECF.

Canicross Hiking Club (US) – A Minnesota canicross club…the first in the US!

Dog Run Dog (US) – A small Vermont company hosts 5k and 10k runs across the US for both recreational dog and runner teams and canicross competitors.

Maryland Sled Dog Adventures – A Maryland Sled Dog company that provides training and events for various pulling sports.

Mushing USA (US) – Governing body for sled dog sports in the US, hosts dryland events.

Canicross Competitions

The majority of canicross competitions are held in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, though a more and more are being held in North America. Most events are sanctioned by sled dog organizations or official canicross clubs, but any marathon that allows runners to participate with their dogs are unofficially supporting the sport!

Distances vary in canicross competitions, with some races as long as 28 miles! Most recreational events are 3 to 8 miles, and a few companies host 5k and 10k events across the US and Canada.

The ECF (European Canicross Federation) provides good information on canicross events throughout Europe.

Competition obedience is conducted at three levels: novice, open, and utility.

Novice

Novice is the entry level of competitive obedience. The exercises to be mastered here are:

• Heel on Leash and Figure Eights
• Heel Free (off-leash)
• Stand for Examination
• Recall (come on command)
• Long Sit (1 minute)
• Long Down (3 Minutes)

Open

Open is the second level of obedience mastery and includes more complicated exercises. A dog must earn the CD title from the novice class before competing at the Open level. The handler commands the dog using both voice and signal. The exercises in Open are:

• Heel Free and Figure Eight (off-leash)
• Drop On Recall (drop into a down on signal from handler during recall)
• Retrieve On Flat (retrieve an object on command)
• Retrieve Over High Jump
• Broad Jump (twice as long as the dog is tall)
• Long Sit (3 minutes)
• Long Down (5 minutes)

Utility

Utility is the third and highest level of obedience competition. Dogs must earn the CDX title from the Open class before competing in the Utility class. The exercises are significantly more difficult, including identifying the handler’s scent from a pile of articles! The exercises include:

• Signal Exercise (no voice commands)
• Scent Discrimination (finding handler’s scent on an article)
• Directed Retrieve
• Moving Stand and Examination
• Directed Jumping (distance handling)

NOTE: Trial classes are typically labeled as A or B, as in Open B or Novice A. The difference between A and B is typically the experience of the handler. The A classes are reserved for new and first-time handlers who have not achieved a championship title with any dog and for dogs who have not earned that level’s title. The B class is reserved for more experienced handlers and dogs, including trial judges showing their own dogs. Once a dog has earned a title at each level, he or she may compete in the B classes indefinitely for that level.

Obedience Titles

Several organizations award obedience titles in the US and Canada, including the AKC, UKC, and CKC as well as many breed-specific (and mixed breed) organizations. The standards discussed here are based on the AKC, but most other obedience programs follow a similar path.

When a dog earns a competition title, it is like earning an advanced degree – the letters of the title are added to the dog’s registered name as a permanent prefix or suffix. Though the titles do vary among the different organizations, in general they are similar to:

• CD For Companion Dog, achieved by receiving three qualifying scores from three different judges at three different Novice class trials. The abbreviation CD is usually placed after the dog’s registered name.
• CDX For Companion Dog Excellent, achieved by receiving three qualifying scores from three judges at three different Open class trials.
• UD For Utility Dog, this title is achieved by receiving three qualifying scores at the Utility class level.
• UDX For Utility Dog Excellent, this title is earned by receiving qualifying scores in both the Open B and Utility B class at ten different trials. That is, the dog must earn qualifying scores in both classes at a single trial…and do so ten different times.
• OTCh For Obedience Trial Champion, achieved by earning a certain number of points and wins as established by the sanctioning organization. For the AKC, the current requirement is a total of 100 points (according to the AKC’s rating scale, which is based on how many other handler and dog teams that are defeated in competition), as well as 3 first place awards – at least one each from both Open B and Utility B classes.
• NOC For National Obedience Champion, this is an AKC title awarded annually to the winner of the AKC National Obedience Invitational. This abbreviation is always placed before the dog’s registered name.

The actions that the dog must perform in obedience, known as exercises, are well-defined by the sanctioning organizations. As the dog progresses from novice to advanced competition, more exercises are added and they become more challenging. The handler can select his or her own commands to achieve the same actions, and both verbal and nonverbal signals are used.

The basic exercises used in Competition Obedience are:

Recall

Recall is basically the come command. The dog is left in a sit and stay position on one side of the   ring while the handler proceeds to the other side of the ring and turns to face the dog. On the judge’s command, the handler calls or signals to the dog and the dog must come directly to the handler at a trot or gallop and sit squarely in front of the handler. The judge will then order the handler to finish and the handler must call or signal the dog to sit in heel position.

Drop on Recall

The dog is left in a sit and stay position on one side of the ring while the handler proceed to the other side. On the judge’s order, the handler recalls the dog. As the dog is returning to the handler, the judge will signal and the handler must command the dog to drop (lie down) immediately. The dog must hold the down position until called or signaled to come again, then finish as in the recall exercise. This exercise is first used in the Open class.

Heel

The dog and handler must walk a predetermined path that includes one left, one right, and one about turn; a fast and slow section; and at least one halt. The dog must remain in heel position and automatically sit at heel whenever the handler stops. The Heel exercise is performed twice in Novice class, once on-leash and once off, once in Open class, and once in Utility class as a part of the signal exercise.

Figure 8

The Figure 8 exercise is performed both on-leash and off in both the Novice and Open classes. The Figure 8 is performed like the heel on leash but around two cones in a figure eight pattern.

Stand for Exam

Starting in heel (then sit) position, the handler commands the dog to stand and stay, then moves away from the dog. The judge then examines the dog, touching the head, shoulders, and hips. Once the exam is complete, the judge instructs the handler to return to the dog and to the heel position. In Utility, the SFE is modified as a Moving Stand where the dog moves directly from heeling to standing, without the sit. The judge then performs a more thorough exam and the dog again returns to the heel position.

Long Sit/Long Down

At an Obedience trial, these exercises will be performed by groups of dogs simultaneously. At the Novice level, the sit must be held for one minute and the down for three. The times for the Open level are three and five minutes, respectively. The exercise is performed by the handler commanding or signaling the dog to sit or down position and to stay, then the handlers walk across the ring (Novice)or out of sight (Open). At the end of the time, the judge orders the handlers to return to the heel position by walking around their dogs.

Retrieve On Flat

This Open class exercise requires the dog to begin in heel position. On the judge’s order, the handler commands or signals the dog to sit then throws an approved dumbbell at least 20 feet. On the judge’s order, the handler then commands the dog to fetch and the dog must go quickly to the dumbbell, retrieve it, and return to sit directly in front of the handler. On the judge’s order, the handler gives the release command and takes the dumbbell from the dog and commands the dog to finish (return to the heel position).

Retrieve Over High Jump

Same as retrieve on flat, except the handler begins by standing in front of a solid jump as tall as the dog’s shoulder height. The handler tosses the dumbbell over the jump and the dog retrieves by jumping over, fetching the dumbbell, and jumping back over the jump. Again, the finish closes the exercise.

Recall Over Broad Jump

This Open class exercise begins with the dog and handler in heel position about 8 feet from the broad jump. On the judge’s order, the handler commands or signals the dog to stay and moves to the right side of the jump. When the judge hollers “Call your dog!”, the handler commands or signals the dog to jump over the broad jump. The dog must clear the jump, return to the handler, and sit squarely in front of him or her until instructed to finish (return to heel).

Directed Retrieve

This Utility class exercise involves three gloves placed on one side of the ring while the dog and handler face the opposite direction. On the judge’s order, handler and dog turn to face the glove indicated by the judge and the dog is sent to retrieve the correct glove.

Scent Discrimination

In this Utility class exercise, an approved set of articles must be used – 5 numbered metal objects and 5 numbered leather objects, usually dumbbells. The judge selects one of each and the ring steward places the rest on the ground about 20 feet away, out of sight of the dog (both dog and handler are turned away). The handler then marks (scents) the selected articles using his or her hands and the judge places one among the other articles. On the judge’s command, the handler turns and sends the dog who must retrieve the scented article. The exercise is performed twice – once for each scented article.

Directed Jumping

This Utility class exercise is set up with two jumps (a high jump and a bar jump), set about 18 to 20 feet apart. The handler begins centered between the two jumps and about 20 feet away from them. On the judge’s order, the handler sends the dog to the other end of the ring (about 20 feet past the jumps) to a sit position (facing the handler). The judge then orders Bar or High and the handler commands the dog to return to him or her over the appropriate jump. The dog must clear the jump and sit directly in front of the handler, then follow the command to finish. The process is then repeated for the other jump. This exercise is often referred to as go outs.

Signal

This Utility exercise tests the dogs’ ability to follow non-verbal commands. The handler gives the dog the signal to heel and the team follows the judge’s heeling pattern. On the judge’s order, the handler will signal to the dog to stand and stay while the handler crosses the ring. Again, on the judge’s order, the handler signals the dog to down, sit, and come. As always, the exercise ends with the finish (return to heel).

Moving Stand

This Utility exercise requires the dog to stop in a standing position and stay while the handler continues moving away (about 10 feet) and turns to face the dog. The judge then examines the dog and orders the handler to recall the dog to heel position.

Training for disc dogs requires work for both the dog and handler. Both dog and handler must be skilled in a number of areas, including:

• Basic Obedience All athletic dogs must be experts in basic obedience. That is, they must follow your commands and signals (sit, stay, stand, heel, etc.) without fail and not be distracted by other people, dogs, or activity around them.
• Conditioning Both dog and handler must be in top physical condition to compete in disc dogs.
• Throwing Throwing a flying disc correctly for disc dogs requires some practice.
• Catching Training your dog to catch a flying disc requires time and patience…and a lot of practice…to master.
• Creativity Competing at the highest levels of disc dogs, the freestyle events, requires athleticism and creativity beyond the needs of most dog sports. It is a good idea to spend time watching top disc dog competitions to build your repertoire of freestyle actions so that you can develop routines that show off your team’s skill.

The equipment required to participate or compete in disc dogs is limited. You just need:

• Open Space: A park or other open field with room for your disc dog to run and catch!
• Good Flying Discs: Not all discs are created equal…check out the disc dogs product page for more on how to select the right flying disc for your dog!
• Neoprene Vest/Leg Wrap: Protects the handler and  allows for more impressive and complicated disc dog tricks…without sacrificing your body too much!

Disc Dog Organizations

There are a number of very active disc dog organizations throughout North America and worldwide. Member clubs organize and promote the sport of disc dogs on a local level and affiliate with national organizations to run events. The clubs and sanctioning organizations are generally very involved in animal charities and raise a significant amount of money in their efforts.

Here is a list of Disc Dog Organizations:

The UFO

Ashley Whippet

The Quadruped

Flying Disc Dog Open

Skyhoundz

US Disc Dog Nationals

Purina Incredible Dog Challenge

Individual Disc Dog Clubs include:

Northwest Arkansas K9 Disc Club

Central Alabama Disc Dog Club

Arizona Disc Dogs

Disc Dogs in Southern California

Disc Dogs of the Golden State

Southern California K9 Air Corps

Colorado Disc Dogs

Yankee Flyers Dog & Disc Club

Greater Jacksonville Disc and Dog Club

Central Florida Dog and Disc Club

Greater Atlanta Dog and Disc Club

Windy City K-9 Disc Club

Indy Dog & Disc Club

Bluegrass Area Disc Dogs

Derby City Disc Dogs

Minnesota Discdog club

Missouri Disc Dog Club

St. Louis Disc Dogs

Southern Ohio Flying K9s

Mid-Atlantic Disc Dogs

Dallas Dog & Disc Club

Houston Canine Frisbee Disc Club

Appalachian Air Canines

Washington Owners of Flying Disc Dogs

West Virginia Dog’N’Disc

International Disc Dog Clubs

Disc-Hoppers Dogfrisbee Team Germany

DiscDog Club of Czech republic – Europe

Know of another disc dog club? AthleticDogs.com is happy to add it to the list! Let us know at DiscDogs@AthleticDogs.com!

Disc Dog Competitions

Skyhoundz World Canine Disc Championship    The largest disc dog competition series in the world. Includes more than 100 free local competitions throughout the US and other countries, US State Championships, 9 US World Championship Qualifiers, 7 International World Championship Qualifiers, a European Championship and a World Championship. In addition, Skyhoundz hosts extreme distance challenge events and discdogathon competitions around the world.

UFO World Cup Series A points series that culminates in the World Cup Final.

US Disc Dog Nationals (USDDN) Member clubs in the US, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, and Australia organize events around the world culminating in the USDDN Finals.

The Quadruped

The International Disc Dog Handlers’ Association (IDDHA)

Flying Disc Dog Open

Purina Incredible Dog Challenge

Ashley Whippet

US Disc Dog Nationals

The sport of disc dogs has been popular as an informal event since the Frisbee first hit the marketplace. The explosion of the Frisbee in the 1970s naturally extended to playing disc with our canine companions. Even now, nearly 40 years later, you are likely to see a disc dog team (dog and handler) playing in the park on a sunny day…no matter where you are!

Disc dogs is a fun and exciting sport that keeps both dog and handler active. From the sport’s sensational start in 1974 (when Alex Stein and his dog Ashley Whippet jumped the fence during a MLB game to show off their skills), disc dogs has grown steadily more popular. Today, there are hundreds of Disc Dog organizations that host competitions throughout North America and beyond.

The sport of disc dogs involves the handler and dog playing catch with a frisbee-like flying disc. The competitions include both simple toss-and-fetch events and more creative freestyle events, where dog and handler teams perform original disc routines, often set to music. Disc dogs is a very accessible sport – all you need is open space, a good quality flying disc, and the energy to work with your dog.

Disc dogs can be of any breed or mixed breed, any size, and any shape, which makes disc dogs a great performance sport option for just about anyone (and any dog)! Just ask any of the more than one million disc dog athletes  - they will tell you it’s the most fun you can have with your dog!

Disc Dogs Basics

More than one million dog and handler teams are estimated to participate in the sport of disc dogs, from a guy playing in the park with his dog to professional teams that perform during the halftime of professional sports. A very small percentage of that million compete in sanctioned events, but the number is growing all the time.

A significant portion of disc dog teams use the sport as a fun way to keep the dog conditioned and trained for other dog sports like agility, dock dogs, flyball, and the like.

Disc dog competitions generally include the standard distance toss-and-fetch event and a dynamic freestyle event, and sometimes a long-distance event is added. The team consists of one handler and one dog who work together to complete the requirements for each event.

The toss-and-fetch event is also called MiniDistance, Distance/Accuracy, or Throw and Catch, but the concept is always the same. The disc dog team has 60 seconds to complete as many toss and catches in a row (with a single disc) on a field marked with increasingly longer distances, up to about 50 meters. The dogs are awarded points for the distance of the throw but mid-air catches warrant extra points.

Freestyle events are considered the highest level of competitive accomplishment for disc dog teams. Freestyle routines are generally from 90 seconds to three minutes long and are choreographed and rehearsed to perfection prior to the event. The routine is set to music and tend to include spectacular flips, rapid multiple catches, and athletic vaults off the back of the handler…all of which serve to make disc dogs very popular with spectators.

Freestyle disc dogs are judged in a variety of categories including canine athleticism, degree of difficulty, and showmanship. The competitions are generally divided into classifications based on the handlers’ experience. There are no gender divisions in any event except, sometimes, the long-distance category.

Disc Dog History

As the sport of Frisbee gained popularity in the early 1970s, playing Frisbee with dogs was a natural extension. But the sport experienced its defining moment at a Major League Baseball game in 1974. While it is unlikely that many people recall the final score of the Dodgers versus Reds game that day, anyone watching the nationally televised game likely never forgot the disc dogs display. Alex Stein, a 19-year-old college student from Ohio, jumped the fence with his dog, Ashley Whippet. He proceeded to toss several frisbees to Ashley, who impressed the crowd with her catching and fetching abilities. She was recorded as running up to 35 miles per hour and jumping 9 feet vertically to catch the discs.

The baseball game actually came to a halt during Alex and Ashley’s stunt, and announcer Joe Garagiola went right on announcing…the flying disc action on the field! The show continued for eight minutes before the disc team was escorted off the field and Alex was arrested. But their mission was accomplished as the sport of disc dogs exploded across the nation.

Alex Stein went on to create the Frisbee Dog World Championship for disc dogs in 1975 and he and Ashley captured the title for the first three years. During the early years, the competition was held alongside the Junior Frisbee Disc Championships – a human-only event – at the Rose Bowl in California.

By the early 1980s, the Frisbee Dog World Championship had developed into a contest series and was renamed the Ashley Whippet Invitational (AWI). The local and regional events turned out winning teams who qualified for the finals. Until the mid-1990s this was the only organization for disc dog competitions and the AWI was the only championship event. Todd Murnan and his Belgian Malinois Bella are the current (2009) Champion team at the Ashley Whippet Invitational Worlds.

The first organized club was founded in the mid 1980s  - the Dallas Dog and Disc Club. Today, there are hundreds of local clubs throughout North America and across the world. To find a club in your area, check here.

In 2000, Skyhounds took over the World Canine Frisbee Disc Championship for one year and has since run its own championship event – the Hyperflite Skyhoundz World Canine Disc Championship. They now sanction the largest disc dog competition series in the world.

There are a number of sanctioning organizations for dock diving events, and the original DockDogs company is still going strong as well. DockDogs has set the standard for the sport, though the other organizations do promulgate their own rules, regulations, and standards for their trials.

DockDogs sanctions their National Championship Series across the US and Canada. The best competitors from these events then work their way up to compete in the DockDogs World Championship or other Major National events.

DockDogs events are listed on their website at www.DockDogs.com, and registration for these events is available online up until a few days before the competition. In most cases, you can also register on-site the day of the event, up to an hour before they actually start!

Scoring for dock diving is handled by certified judges. The DockDogs events use digital video with their own software tools to accurately score each jump. The distance is measured from the starting point on the dock to the point where the dog’s tail-set or hind end enter the water. In some venues, the distance may be measured by hand.

Each team has two tries in a round-robin format. The best distance of these two jumps is the team’s score for the round. The jump is only official if and when the toy leaves the handler’s hand. Dock Diving competitions divide the dogs into a variety of classes, primarily based on size and experience, and sometimes age (“veteran” classes for older dogs, Lap dogs for smaller dogs)

DockDogs

• Novice 1″ to 9’11″
• Junior 10′ to 14’11″
• Senior 15′ to 19’11″
• Master 20′ to 22’11″
• Elite 23′ to 24’11″
• Super Elite 25′ & above

The DockDogs organization also has a high jump competition (Extreme Vertical) and (Speed Retrieve) which involves running, jumping, and swimming, to complete a triathlon-type sport Iron Dog!

UAD

• Novice 1” to 9’11”
• Junior 10’ to 14’11”
• Senior 15’ to 19’ 11”
• Master 20’ to 22’5”
• Ultimate 22’6” & above

Splash Dogs

• Splash 1″ to 9’11″
• Junior 10′ to 14’11″
• Senior 15′ to 19’11″
• Pro 20′ to 22’11″
• Extreme 23′ & above

Dock Diving Organizations

DockDogs is the original and still most popular dock diving organization, though the rapid growth of the sport has opened the field to many other organizations and clubs. DockDogs runs over 100 events each year across North America.

UKC added dock jumping as a recognized dog sport in 2008.

Northwest Challenge

SplashDogs

Super Retriever Series

Ultimate Air Dogs (UAD)

Dock Diving is a relatively new sport in which dogs compete in jumping for distance or height from a dock into a body of water. The dock diving team is made up of one handler and one dog.  The dog can be of any type or age (over 6 months) and may use a chase object (toy) to encourage the best jumps.

Dock Diving is a fun, exciting sport that is easy to learn. It is a great way to spend good working time with your dog and the fun, positive environment of dock diving tournaments make the sport an ideal choice for all types of handlers and all types of dogs!

Dock Diving Basics

Dock Diving is so popular because it is a fun, accessible sport that just about any dog and handler team can enjoy. There are practically no restrictions on the type or breed of dogs that can participate…or even win! Anyone can show up at an event, register their dog and compete. The handlers must be at least 7 and the only restriction is that the dog must be over 6 months old (for safety reasons).

Dock Diving does not require the level of training that other dog sports warrant. In fact, the 2002 ESPN2 Super Retriever Champion both won and broke the world record in his first competition – the qualifier for the Championship he ultimately won! Dogs of all sizes compete, from Chihuahuas to Great Danes, against other dogs if the same class.

Dock Diving History

Though dogs have been leaping into the water forever, the first formal Big Air Dogs exhibition was included as a filler at the first ESPN Great Outdoor Games in 2000. The promoters did not expect the show to be popular, but the crowd that gathered numbered in the thousands and traffic had to be shut down for several blocks around the venue.

The 2001 and 2002 winners of the Great Outdoor Games, Jerry and Little Morgan, were both voted as finalists for the ESPN’s Outdoor Athlete of the Year. The attention and popularity the sport received in these early years fostered explosive growth. Now, local dock diving clubs are established all over the country.

DockDogs launched in 2002 to formalize and standardize the dock diving competitions. DockDog’s popularity has grown exponentially over the last decade and DockDogs now hosts over 100 events and shows worldwide…with more added each year! In addition, a number of quality dock diving clubs and organizations have sprung up across North America.

Dog agility is an extremely popular and growing dog sport. The obstacles in agility are not particularly difficult to learn, but can take years for an agility team to master. Agility provides a fun outlet for both you and your dog – there is a lot of camaraderie among the competitors and most are very supportive and welcoming to newcomers.

Agility trials are held throughout North America and around the world. At a trial, the handler directs the dog through an obstacle course in a race of both time and accuracy. The dogs run off-leash and are controlled by the handler’s voice and body signals. The goal is to achieve a “Q” or qualifying time, and multiple Qs earn your dog the various agility titles.

Agility courses include a variety of standard obstacles, including jumps, weaves, teeters, and dog walks. AthleticDogs.com carries a wide variety of agility training products to get you and your agility dog on your way to competition!

What Exactly is Dog Agility?

Dog agility is by far the most popular dog sport. Dog and handler work together to complete an obstacle course in a race of both time and accuracy. The dogs run off-leash and are controlled by the handler’s voice and body signals. Agility is fun for both the dog and handler and requires a lot of work to master each role.

Agility courses include a variety of standard obstacles, including jumps, weaves, teeters, and dog walks. The obstacles vary in difficulty, but all require consistent training to master. Different dogs (both breeds and personalities) excel at different agility skills, though just about any dog can become an agility Champion.

The agility judge designs the course within a 100′ by 100′ area and numbers the obstacles in the order they are to be completed. The designs are typically complicated enough that a dog cannot complete them on their own and they need the clear guidance of the handler. The handler is always allowed a short walk-through before the competition starts, without their dog, to determine both their own path and strategy and the dog’s best route through the course.

There are a number of factors that dictate how a dog and handler team should train for agility. The difference between the speed of the handler and dog can be an issue, as well as other strengths and weaknesses of the team members. Both handler and dog must train to master the sport - the reason it looks easy is because those who compete have already done the hard work!

What makes a good agility dog?

Speed. Drive. Passion.

The following organizations sanction agility trials throughout North America and around the world. Each organization establishes its own set of regulations as far as obstacle specifications, trial regulations and standards, and the like. The links provided take you to the agility information on the organization websites:

AKC (USA) – The American Kennel Club is the biggest agility sanctioning organization in the US, and the competition ranges from entry-level fun runs to highly competitive international trials.

USDAA (North America) – The United States Dog Agility Association has affiliate clubs throughout the US and Canada and sanction agility events from basic training classes to international trials.

NADAC (North America) – The North American Dog Agility Council focuses on safety and fun and boast affiliate clubs throughout the US.

AAC (Canada) – The Agility Association of Canada is the primary agility organization serving all of Canada.

ASCA (USA) – The Australian Shepherd Club of America runs a good agility program open to all breeds.

UKC (North America) – The United Kennel Club focuses on the fun, family-oriented aspects of agility. No professional handlers are allowed and their events are run a bit less formally than AKC trials. The UKC also includes a broader range of obstacles in their agility trials.

CPE (USA) – Canine Performance Events run agility trials throughout the US.

CKC (Canada) – The Canadian Kennel Club is the primary registry service for purebred dogs in Canada. Their participation in agility is limited but growing.

TDAA (North America) – The Teacup Dogs Agility Association sanctions agility trials for small dogs without regard to breed or pedigree.

DOCNA (North America) – Dogs On Course North America is the newest dog agility venue, started in 2005.

The Kennel Club (United Kingdom) – The primary dog organization in the UK, they run a comprehensive agility program as well.

FCI (International) – The Fédération Cynologique Internationale, based in Belgium, includes national clubs from throughout the world among their membership. The FCI sets very high standards for dog breeds with the goal of improving each breed, rather than simply issuing certificates for a fee.

ADAA (Australia) – The Agility Dog Association of Australia

ANKC (Australia) – The Australian National Kennel Council

IAD (International) – The International Agility Link

NALA ( ) – The National Agility Link Association

NZKC (New Zealand) – The New Zealand Kennel Club

SACA (Slo) – The Slovak Agility Clubs Association

PAAPP (Penang) – The Penang Dog Agility Association

Most sanctioning organizations offer a variety of titles that a dog and handler team can earn. The titles are achieved by accruing a certain number of qualifying runs (legs). Most require clean runs, with no faults at all, and a faster run time than the maximum standard course time (SCT).

AKC Titles

• Novice, Open, and Excellent titles all require three qualifying scores from two different judges.
• Master Jumper with Weaves requires ten qualifying scores under two different judges.
• Master Agility requires the excellent title and a specific number of additional qualifying times in the excellent class.
• MACH, or Master Agility Champion requires a minimum of 750 points and 20 double qualifying scores (two in the same day) in the Excellent class. This prestigious title is often placed before the dog’s full name.

USDAA Titles

• Novice, Intermediate, and Masters level titles available in standard, jumpers, gamblers, snooker, and pairs relay.
• Championship titles are earned by achieving all of the Masters level titles – five qualifying runs in each with some in the top 15% of dogs competing at that trial.

CAA Titles:

• Masters titles available in standard, jumpers, gamblers, snooker, and team relay classes with up to three qualifying runs in each.
• Champion Title earned by achieving all of the Master level titles.
• Also titles for steeplechase!
• NADAC, CPE, ASCA, and Teacup all also offer Champion titles.

Each agility course is set up differently. Generally, the course judge lays out the course and numbers the obstacles in the order they are to be completed. The path of an agility course is rarely a straight line. Rather, there are various turns, even u-turns and 270° (three-quarter) turns, in order to follow the obstacles in order. The course often crosses back over itself and the same obstacle can be used more than once. Two or more obstacles might be set up very close together or might be arranged so that the handlers must work with obstacles between them and their dog (called layering).

The courses are typically laid out in a 100 by 100 foot area with about 10 to 20 feet between the obstacles. The course judge determines the layout of the course (though NADAC judges also have the option of selecting from previously designed courses). Given the high number of different obstacles and possible faults, there are an infinite number of possible course layouts. Each sanctioning organization sets its own rules for agility course design, trial classes (standard, jumpers, power & speed, juniors, etc.), and how each obstacle must be performed.

The obstacles used in competition vary slightly depending on the governing organization of the agility trial. The differences are usually found in the details – the sizes and dimensions of the obstacle construction. Otherwise, the selection of obstacles is basically the same. Agility obstacles include:

• A-Frame
• Teeter-Totter
• Tunnel
• Dog Walk Colllapsed Tunnel (chute)
• Jumps (various)
• Weave Poles  Pause Table
• Miscellaneous Obstacles

At each agility trial (competition), the handler is provided with a course map (example) to help him or her strategize the best course to follow. Also, the handler is typically allowed one run-through of the course (without the dog) prior to competing. Mastering the strategy of agility just requires practice…and lots of it!

Agility Competition Classes – Different Class, Different Course

The most common classes of agility competition are:

Standard, Regular, or Agility

The course includes at least one each of the three primary contact obstacles (teeter, dogwalk, and a-frame) as well as jumps, tunnels, and weave poles of various types. The course is numbered in the order the obstacles are to be completed. A novice course might have as few as 15 obstacles while more advanced courses might include 20 or more. The standards for these courses include performing the obstacles in the correct order and staying within the standard course time (SCT).

Jumpers

Also a numbered course, these usually include a variety of jumps as well as weave poles and tunnels. The dog must complete the course in order within the allotted standard course time (SCT). These are quicker runs because there are no contact obstacles.

Gamblers

Also called the jackpot or joker course, the obstacles are not numbered in these challenges. Instead, the handler runs the dog through any of the obstacles, scoring points for each one completed successfully within the specified time. For the last 15 seconds or so of the run, the handler is required to stay behind a marked line, typically about 10 to 20 feet from the obstacles, and guide the dog through a set series of obstacles designated by the judge ahead of time. This last period is called the gamble – the risk of handling the dog from a distance.

Snooker

The snooker course includes at least three red jumps, each numbered 1, and six other obstacles numbered 2 through 7. These competitions are also split into two periods. The first period requires the dog to complete a 1, then any obstacle numbered 2 to 7, then a different 1, then any obstacle numbered 2 to 7, then a different 1, and so on. Points are accumulated based on the numbers of the obstacles completes (one point for each of the 1s, 7 points for obstacle number 7, etc.). The second period requires the dog to complete the obstacles 2 to 7 in order, for a total of 27 additional points. This game is for the very experienced dog and handler – any fault (failure to follow the sequence, knocking a bar, etc.) can result in being whistled off the course. It also requires a significant amount of strategy to balance earning points with the time it takes to get back and forth to the obstacles.

Power & Speed

The two sections of these courses are judged separately. The power section consists of the contact obstacles as well as a selection of others at the judge’s option (weaves, pause table, a-frame, broad jump). The power section is untimed, but must be completed with no faults to move on to the speed section. The speed course is a jumpers course that is timed.

Juniors

The USDAA runs a junior class for handlers aged 18 and younger. The competitions are available at four levels – beginner, elementary, intermediate, and senior and the handlers are awarded medals or rosettes for their successes.

Relay

Team or relay competitions are just what they sound like – two or three dog and handler teams each complete a portion of a standard agility course, exchanging a baton among the handlers for each turn.

FAST

The AKC has developed a fairly new agility competition, the Fifteen and Send Time (FAST). A variation of the gambler, points are awarded for the successful completion of obstacles at the handler’s discretion. Fifteen obstacles are arranged according to the judge’s preference; each obstacle is assigned a point value. Some obstacles may be taken in either direction, while others are directed. A bonus area, called the send, is also on the course and is marked off with tape. The handler must send the dog over the obstacles without crossing the tape. The beauty of FAST is that it allows for dogs to compete that are not quite ready for a regular course. If a dog cannot weave, the weaves may be skipped.

Other Classes

Other agility competition classes are basically variations on the classes discussed above and run by the various agility organizations.

Agility Obstacles – The A-Frame

The A-Frame is just what it sounds like – two boards (usually 3’ wide by 8’ or 9’ long) hinged together and raised into an A shape. The top of the A-frame is raised to between 5’ and 6.5’ above the ground, and the bottom 36” to 42”, the contact zones, are painted a bright color (usually yellow). The variations in measurements depend on the organization regulations. Most sanctioning organizations require A-frames to have narrow, horizontal slats all along the length of the obstacle to help the dog’s grip. Some organizations allow the top of the A-frame to be narrower than the bottom, as well.

The handler must guide the dog up, over, and down the A-frame, ensuring that at least one paw hits the contact zone on both ascent and descent. Training for the A-frame requires two separate skills – speed in the ascent and descent of the a-frame, and contact training to ensure the dog touches the yellow area in both directions.

Agility Obstacles – The Dog Walk

The dog walk includes two ramps on either end of a center plank. Each plank is 8 to 12 feet long and 9 to 12 inches wide, and connected end-to-end. The center plank is 4 feet off the ground. The bottom ends of the ramps have contact zones, 36 to 42 inches that are painted a bright color (usually yellow). Most sanctioning organizations require dog walks to have narrow, horizontal slats along the length of the ramp boards to help the dog’s grip on ascent and descent.

Training for the dog walk is all about speed and contacts. The boards are relatively narrow and some dogs are nervous about being high off the ground at first. The dog must rapidly ascend the ramp, cross the center board, and descend the other ramp, ensuring that at least one paw hits the contact zone (yellow portion) at both ends.

Agility Obstacles – The Teeter-Totter

The teeter-totter obstacle is a 10 to 12 foot plank that pivots on a reliable fulcrum. They are pretty much like the see-saws in the park, except they are constructed slightly off-balance so that the same end always returns to the ground. To do so, the board is attached to the fulcrum slightly off-center or a weight is attached to one end of the teeter.

The teeter has contact zones marked at each end, marked with yellow paint and measuring 36 to 42 inches from the end up the plank. The teeter is the only contact obstacle that does not have horizontal slats for traction.

Training for the teeter is a bit more complicated than some of the other obstacles. Many dogs are nervous about the falling teeter at first, but most will adjust in no time at all. This obstacle takes longer for smaller dogs simply because their lighter weight doesn’t drop the teeter as quickly as for heavier dogs. Smaller dogs get a bit longer time to complete an agility course, and the teeter is part of the reason for that.

Agility Obstacles – The Standard Tunnel

The standard tunnel is a vinyl tube 10 to 20 feet long and 2 feet in diameter. The tunnel is constructed of flexible vinyl and wire which allows it to be set up in a straight line or curved, depending on the course.

Training for the tunnel is not particularly difficult, though some dogs have a hard time once the tunnel is curved (since they can’t see through to the other side). In general, however, the tunnel is one of the easiest obstacles to master.

Agility Obstacles – The Collapsed Tunnel or Chute

The collapsed tunnel or chute is a barrel-like cylinder with a tube of fabric extending from one end. The barrel is generally x feet long with a 2 foot diameter and the chute extends 8 to 12 feet from the end of the barrel. The chute lies closed on the ground until the dog runs through it, pushing open the fabric tube.

Training for the collapsed tunnel is relatively straightforward. It is the same concept as the standard tunnel, though it takes time to convince the dog that he or she can push through the chute!

Agility Obstacles – Jumps

Jumps are the most basic agility obstacle. They are used in a variety of styles and construction, and are always adjustable for different sized dogs. It is essential that your dog jump the right height in order to avoid injury.

Training for any of the jumps simply requires repetitive practice. Each of the specialty types of hurdles are designed to create an extra obstacle for both dog and handler – more distraction, length of jump as well as height, an increased distance between handler and dog, and the like.

Basic Jump or Hurdle

Two upright bars support a horizontal bar over which the dog jumps. The height is adjustable for different sized dogs. The basic jump comes in various sizes and colors, and the most common bar length is 4 or 5 feet. For the safety of the dog, the cross bar of the jump is designed to easily come off in case the dog hits it. Usually, the basic jumps are made from PVC pipe (1 inch for recreational use, larger for commercial use).

Double and Triple Jump

Double and triple jumps include two or three sets of uprights (respectively), each with horizontal bars. The double jump may have the cross bars set parallel or ascending, and the triple jump always sets the bars ascending. The spread between the horizontal bars is adjustable according to the height of the dog.

Wing Jump

Wing jumps add panels to the outside of basic jumps to create both a distraction for the dog and more distance between the dog and handler. The wings can be a variety of shapes, sizes and colors.

Panel Jump

In a panel jump, the horizontal bars are replaced with a solid panel from the ground to the jump height. Usually, this obstacle is constructed of multiple short panels that can be added or removed to adjust for the height of the dog.

Broad Jump

The broad jump is constructed of a set of four or five slightly raised platforms laid out to create a long jump. The dogs may not touch any part of the platform. The length is easily adjusted for the dog’s height.

Tire Jump

The tire jump is just like it sounds – a tire suspended in a simple frame. The dog must jump through the tire’s opening, and the height is adjusted for the height of the dog.

Agility Obstacles – The Weave Poles

The weave is a set of upright poles, each about 3 feet tall and spaced about 20 inches apart. The dog must weave in and out of each pole, like a slalom. Agility trials vary in the number of poles used, usually from 5 to 12 poles in a row.

Training for the weave is the most difficult of the agility obstacles. The dog must always enter with the first pole to his or her left and may not skip poles. There are numerous training aids to assist in mastering the weave poles, but again the most important training advice is repetitive practice in your own yard.

Agility Obstacles – The Pause Table

The pause table is an elevated 3×3 foot square platform. The dog must jump up onto the table and hold a sit or down position for a specified period of time. The height ranges from 8 to 30 inches off the ground depending on the dog’s size and the sanctioning organization.

A pause box is a variation on the pause table, where the square is simply marked off on the ground with tape or PVC pipe where the dog is required to do the same pause behavior.

Agility Obstacles – Miscellaneous Equipment

There are a number of obstacles that have been discontinued in most major agility organizations, but are still sometimes used in smaller agility trials and in UKC agility.

Crossover

The crossover is a 4 foot high, 3×3 platform with ramps descending from three sides. The handler must guide the dog up a specific ramp, then down another specific ramp which usually requires the dog to change direction (or turn completely around).

The crossover has been discontinued in most major agility trials because the equipment is a bit unwieldy and the exercise can be dangerous to the dog – they can’t always see where the ramps meet the platform and falling off is a common problem. None of the major agility organizations include this obstacle anymore, but some smaller organizations still choose to include this obstacle.

Other Tunnels

UKC agility allows two additional types of tunnels – the crawl tunnel and the hoop tunnel. The crawl tunnel is a long rectangular framework with a fabric roof intended for the dog to crawl under. Often, the roof can be adjusted higher or lower for different sized dogs.

The hoop tunnel is just what it sounds like – a tunnel made with a series of hoops. Unlike the standard tunnel, there is no fabric to enclose the tunnel. Training for the hoop tunnel can be slightly more difficult because the dog is able to exit mid-tunnel.

For a few years, CPE allowed a tunnel maze, a set of interconnected tunnels through which the handler must guide the dog using only voice commands. Currently, no US sanctioning organizations use the tunnel maze, but some international organizations still do.

UKC Hurdles

UKC agility allows a variety of hurdles not used by other organizations including the bush hurdle, high hurdle, log hurdle, picket fence hurdle, rail fence hurdle, long hurdle, window hurdle, and water hurdle…all of which are basically exactly what they sound like they would be!

Other UKC Obstacles

There are a few additional obstacles used in UKC events that are not found in other organizations.

• Swing Plank
• Sway Bridge
• Platform Jump