Otford Rail Tunnel – Closed

The Otford Tunnel IS the grand daddy of all the six disused tunnels in the Helensburgh and surrounds area. None of the other five existing tunnels have more written about them than the Otford Tunnel. Technically it is the No.7 tunnel on the Illawarra line, measuring a whooping 1550m in length, more than double the length of any of the other five tunnels. The tunnel is dead straight right up until the Stanwell Park end where there is a short curve.

In the 70’s, my aunty would often look after me when I was quite young. She owned a house in Station Rd, Otford and I remember vividly hearing the trains roar by and tractors moving around in the approach of the northern portal of Otford Tunnel, then a busy mushroom farm. I clearly remember the smell of mushroom compost and used to watch the tractor turn the compost to see masses of steam rising from it. In the late 70’s my aunty met with one of the workers from the mushroom farm and a romance blossomed. He lived in the house which is located on the northern side of the school boundry next to the field, and left of the entrance road to the then mushroom farm.

Some time had passed and I remembered one afternoon going down to the mushroom farm with my cousin who was of similar age to me. We went into the northern portal of Otford Tunnel on the back of a tractor with my uncle, and goofed around in there while my newly related uncle did his job of farming mushrooms. I remember the smell of mushroom compost more than anything as the scent would emanate through the air and bathe the whole of Otford with its stench. I also remember many old wooden box crates piled on top of each other. They looked old, as the wood was that grey, weather beaten colour. The tractor used in the tunnel had really flat tyres and to my amazement and shock, I watched my cousin place his foot under the back tyre of the tractor. The expression on my face must have been of horror as my cousin just laughed at me. He said “try it”…”it doesn’t hurt”. Cautiously I did and I immediately wanted to pull away but kept my foot in the path of the tractor tyre. The tyre is coming closer and closer, I start to get nervous and it goes over my foot. A mass of pressure now starts to weigh on my foot but its soon over. “I did it” I yelled. I think we did it another 5 times after that. I have no idea what my uncle was thinking letting two children place their feet under a tractor tyre, but as I recall he didn’t say anything.
Years later I showed my Father a photo of the strange prawn looking tractor that has been discarded and abandoned in the Otford Tunnel. He told me that he remembers when it was in use, and that my uncle and his work mate used to fool around with that piece of machinery. I can’t remember it however… faint and distant are most of my memories of the Mushroom Farm, except the ones I have shared.

Another time I remember, was being woken very early and it was dark. (when you’re a very small child dark is sleep time). In thinking back, it must have been around 2-3am, and my uncle had a delivery of mushrooms to the Sydney Markets. The trip to the Markets was long and I think I must have slept most of the way as I can’t recall much other than a long drive in the dark. Upon arriving I remember the truck driving into a HUGE warehouse at night where there was loads of space and few people. I don’t remember much after that as I think I must have fallen asleep. A vivid memory it is and one that is etched into my mind. I must have been no more that 5 or 6 years old at the time.

A few years after this my aunty, uncle and two cousins packed up their belongings and moved north. Both houses are still intact and standing in Station Road, Otford today. Their appearance has changed but they are still there. All access to the northern end of Otford Tunnel is completely blocked. A couple of houses have been built near and on the driveway leading down to the northern end of Otford Tunnel, and the area outside of the tunnel where the mushroom production existed is completely overgrown with weeds and lantana.

Otford itself has a rich history and in the early days, grazing and farmlands in the valleys was common right up through to Lilyvale and beyond. The other areas in Otford were to be prized for their inhabitants of some of the best cedars in Australia supporting several mills at the time. A popular well known family in Otford around the 1860’s were the Gardiner’s who’s offspring included six sons and three daughters. Their property consisted of goats for milk, grapes for wine and the training of horses.

In the 1880’s the government decided that a rail link from Sydney to the Illawarra was needed as farming and mining warranted it. Gangers moved in the area starting at Westmacot (Waterfall) then Cawley and Camp Creek (Helensburgh) in 1884. By 1889 the 1st Helensburgh Railway Station opened sending its first train off to Sydney the following year. By 1885 the line had reached Otford and the gangers set up their camps to work on an engineering feat, the Otford Tunnel. During this time the township had the nickname of ‘Little Italy’ as most of the gangers on the tunnels construction were Italians. The rock removed to create the tunnel was an astounding 49,000+ cubic meters and the gangers would work in shifts to complete the tunnel. Five million bricks were made and used in the tunnels construction.

Soon after its construction, the Otford Tunnel became problematic with traffic as more and heavier trains started to use the line. Many trains would have to roll back to Stanwell Park station after stalling or having both travelers and engine crew of the trains, choked and asphyxiated in the tunnel. The engine crews only option was to shut off the engine, engage the brakes and roll back to Stanwell Park. Engine crew would split the carriages and make several trips up to Waterfall then reattach the full load and continue on. Many a story has been circulated by passengers and crew recounting stories of their torture through the Otford Tunnel. Although a tablet system* was introduced making the passage between Stanwell Park and Otford safe, the massive 1 in 40 grade made it very steep and difficult for heavy steam trains heading north.
*Only one train was allowed on the section at a time making it safe. The driver would pick up the tablet from Stanwell Park Station and head to Otford Station. Trains behind him could not leave Stanwell Park until the first driver had relinquished the tablet at Otford. This would be relayed to Stanwell Park that the train had successfully passed through the tunnel and the next train could continue.

In 1891 the powers that be decided to cut a ventilation shaft into the roof of the tunnel to aid in clearer and cleaner air. This was done approximately halfway into the tunnel at a depth of approximately 60m deep with the main vent shaft being 2m wide which expanded into the top of the tunnels roof forming a pretty impressive cone. This worked for a certain period of time but the problems of soot and smoke continued as time went by. Larger trains and more of them with greater loads compounded the problem. Other methods were needed to remedy this problem.

As the years went by, suggestions at the time (early 1900’s) consisted of a rope or cable to haul the trains through the tunnel, electrifying the line between Stanwell Park and Waterfall with a third rail being laid in the Otford Tunnel to provide the electrification as the roof had not enough clearance. Ideas that never came to be as plans for the deviation were in discussions and by 1908 the deviation was being re-surveyed to give a 1 in 80 grade. By 1909 the powers that be attempted another way to overcome the severe problems of soot and smoke. The installation of a massive blower system was initiated with a false portal being installed at the front of the original portal at the northern end. An engine room was constructed just outside the northern portal housing a massive gas engine, (later replaced with a steam engine). This would blow air through the tunnel south along the roof and walls clearing the tunnel of fumes and smoke in minutes. This remained in operation until the remaining section of the deviation works were completed in 1920. There was a delay in the completion of the deviation between Otford and Coal Cliff due to the war, and full operations on the new deviation didn’t swing into action til October 1920. The blower fan was later purchased by the Lithgow Mine in 1923 and was overhauled and converted into an exhaust fan at the mine.

After the Otford Tunnel was decommissioned on October the Tenth 1920, it became a nice walk for pedestrians as a shortcut between Stanwell Park and Otford. My favourite story of the Otford Tunnel revolves around the rectangular concrete brace holding up part of the tunnel just inside the southern end. Fears of a Japanese invasion had the government at the time securing all beaches around Sydney. Upon a successful invasion, the government had plans in place to prevent making the spoils of war easy. A plan was devised to blow up all bridges up and down the coast with the Sydney Harbour Bridge being the one exception. A ’scorched earth policy’ was also hatched and the Military ordered a test explosion which involved blowing up the Otford Tunnel to prevent intrusion of an advancing hostile enemy. The army exploded a demolition charge in the roof 30-odd metres in the southern end of the Otford Tunnel completely blocking access in 1942.

Years passed and water had banked up behind the fallen earth creating a dam. Hardly anyone could walk right through after the tunnel was blown in, although there are stories of some people being able to crawl through a small opening in the earthen heap, emerging at the Stanwell Park end during times of drought when not much water was present in the tunnel. During the early 60’s the mushroom farmers leased the tunnel to cultivate mushrooms. Sometime in the 70’s the mushroom farmers cleared the fallen debris from the explosion and erected a rectangular concrete brace to allow passage once again. By the late 80’s the mushroom cultivators had vanished and the land was leased to another company which ended up not allowing anyone to enter the area. During the late 80’s early 90’s several attempts by State Rail to restrict access to the tunnel had been implemented and shortly after vandalised and failed.

In 1999 the State Rail Authority deemed the tunnel unsafe due to erosion and past human actions. In 2000-2001 the Sydney Water Corporation made plans to have a sewerage pipe routed through the tunnel to link Stanwell Park to the sewerage system. Presentations were made to the Heritage Council who were advised of several other proposals but had considerable costs involved. The proposal were:

1. a pipeline laid partly following Lawrence Hargrave Drive with two pumping stations required in restricted areas;

2. a new tunnel to the cost of $8 million;

3. construct a pipeline over Bald Hill with similarities to the 1st proposal with greater environmental impact.

The cost to use the disused Otford Tunnel was quoted in section 60 of their application as being in the range of $500,000.00 to $1,000,000.00. After consideration by the members of the Heritage Council the members agreed that the presentation by Sydney Water to have been poor and lacking in detail. After much debate and working out of finer details, the council approved the application with several conditions.

• the pipe should be fixed to wall with non-ferrous fixings, preferably into the joints, and otherwise conform to Recommendation 1 of the Heritage Impact Statement (HIS);
• further consideration be given to reducing the visual impact of the pipe;
• the pipe should be buried at the south portal to conform to recommendation 4 of the HIS. The pipe is to be buried as far as possible in the tunnel without disturbing significant archaeology. The minimum length for the buried portion of the pipe within the tunnel, from the portal is 20 metres;
• that the location of the SPS4 pumping station conform to recommendation 6 of the HIS, but the precise location, elevations, construction details and details of any associated equipment be subject to approval by the Director of the Heritage Office. The detailed plans are to include the relationship of the pumping stations and associated equipment to the curtilage boundary of the item and to significant archaeology like the track bed;
• the pipe should remain buried from the south portal to SPS 4 pumping station and beyond it as in recommendations 5 and 7of the HIS;
• the nominated excavation director must be present to monitor any excavation works and to record any archaeological features that are located. Significant relics should not be removed and should be retained in situ. The pipeline is to be diverted around relics if found;
• the works will be supervised on site by a consultant/s experienced in the conservation of similar heritage items;
• the repair works required to the tunnel, to enable the installation of the pipe, must be carried out prior to or in parallel with these works. The repair works will require a separate section 60 application where they are in excess of the Standard Exemptions. These repair works must include items 10, 12 & 15 of the Recommendations of the HIS described by Edward Higginbotham & Associates;
• a Conservation Management Plan (CMP) should be prepared and endorsed by the Heritage Council prior to the repair works being carried out to inform the future management and interpretation of the heritage item. The CMP should include consideration for limited public access to the tunnel;
• a Conservation Management Plan (CMP) should be prepared and endorsed by the Heritage Council prior to the repair works being carried out to inform the future management and interpretation of the heritage item. The CMP should include consideration for limited public access to the tunnel;
• a photographic archival record shall be prepared including black and white prints and colour slides prior to the commencement of works. Copies are to be lodged with Wollongong Council and the NSW Heritage Office prior to the commencement of works;
• a photographic archival record as described above shall be prepared of any significant fabric uncovered during the course of the works. Copies are to be lodged as described in i);
• a photographic archival record as described above shall be prepared at the completion of the work. Copies are to be lodged as described above;
• a Heritage Agreement must be signed by Sydney Water (as applicant for the work), the State Rail Authority (as owner of the heritage item) and the Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning to cover the conservation, adaptive re-use and maintenance of the heritage item;
• the Heritage Council notes that as the proposal has the potential to improve visitor access to the tunnel a strategy that will facilitate safe public access and interpretation of the tunnel will be prepared to the satisfaction of the Heritage Council.

The last point has interesting implications from a rail and historic enthusiast point of view. I look forward to seeing what comes of it if anything. I remember reading a comment posted online from a surveyor who had passaged through the tunnel recently to survey it for the Water Board. I don’t think much has become of the proposal because as of October 2009, nothing has disturbed the growth of lantana and other weeds encroaching on the northern portal entrance of the Otford Tunnel, let alone the presence of a sewerage pipe. Nothing is in the tunnel except the remains of the mushroom cultivators machinery at both the entrance at the northern end, and a piece of machinery in the middle near the ventilation shaft.

Accessing the northern end of the Otford Tunnel is almost impossible if you don’t know how to access it. Access through the old driveway is now block as mentioned before, and western access is almost impossible. Cutting through the school is a commonly used access route but is fraught with danger such as lantana thick as aerosol cans and stinging nettle, not to mention the alignment floor is now a nice water reservoir. The false portal is still present although the whole portal can barely be seen because of weed infestation. Upon entry, you are immediately greeted with piles of rubbish abandoned by the mushroom farmer. Once passed, the floor of the tunnel is in very bad shape with areas completely washed away exposing the original 3 brick high water culvert which runs the entire length of the tunnel. Black walls are still present with the occasional chalk graffiti on the walls and some modern rubbish carelessly discarded on the tunnel floor. (nothing compared to the mess left behind by the mushroom cultivators). The tunnels length is astounding and just goes on and on, dead straight till the light at the northern end is a small speck. The tunnel must of been hell to travel on via a steam train. Towards the bend and end of the tunnel, the roof dramatically appears closer to you as the amount of erosion and earth run off has build up the area around the southern end. So much has washed down that the first manhole in from the southern end just pass the concrete brace, is at knee height. Much graffiti and vandalism has occurred at the Stanwell Park end including the damage and removal of four layers of bricks on the left side of the portal which lined the tunnel and entrance.

The Otford Tunnel is truly a magnificent feat of engineering and hard work. The work involved just boggles ones mind when you consider man power made the bore and lined it with an artwork of bricks. Hats off to the gangers. Well done, even though the tunnel had a relatively short life of 32 years.

Otford Tunnel, 121 years old and still there.

Opened: 3 October 1888

Closed: 10 October 1920

The Otford Tunnel is listed on the State Heritage Register as item number 1219.

http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Otford+Tunnel

We had ground lamb in the freezer from Bald Hill Farm just down the road. So I recreated the sesame-crusted meatballs we feasted on last week. Take a pound of ground lamb, chop lots of mint, parsley, dried figs and green garlic, beat in an egg and grate in orange zest. Serve with a minted yogurt sauce. Here’s a version of the recipe from Gourmet Magazine here. They were aromatic, crunchy yet moist on the inside. But Dan still prefers his lambs in stews or more saucy, curry-like creations.

Gorbachev accepts ban on intermediate-range nuclear missiles

In a dramatic turnaround, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev indicates that he is willing to negotiate a ban on intermediate-range nuclear missiles without conditions. Gorbachev’s decision paved the way for the groundbreaking Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty with the United States.

Gorbachev’s change of mind was the result of a number of factors. His own nation was suffering from serious economic problems and Gorbachev desperately wanted to cut Russia’s military spending. In addition, the growing “no-nukes” movement in Europe was interfering with his ability to conduct diplomatic relations with France, Great Britain, and other western European nations. Finally, Gorbachev seemed to have a sincere personal trust in and friendship with Ronald Reagan, and this feeling was apparently reciprocal. In December 1987, during a summit in Washington, the two men signed off on the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.

“Gorbachev accepts ban on intermediate-range nuclear missiles.” 2008. The History Channel website. 20 Jul 2008, 05:22 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=2736.

On This Day

1376 – The legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin leading rats out of town is said to have occurred on this date.

1587 – A second English colony was established on Roanoke Island off North Carolina. The colony vanished under mysterious circumstances.

1796 – Cleveland was founded by Gen. Moses Cleaveland.

1798 – The USS Constitution was underway and out to sea for the firs time since being launched on October 21, 1797.

1812 – English troops under the Duke of Wellington defeated the French at the Battle of Salamanca in Spain.

1933 – Wiley Post ended his around-the-world flight. He had traveled 15,596 miles in 7 days, 18 hours and 45 minutes.

1937 – The U.S. Senate rejected President Roosevelt’s proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court.

1943 – American forces led by Gen. George S. Patton captured Palermo, Sicily.

1946 – 90 people were killed when Jewish extremists blew up a wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.

1955 – U.S. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon chaired a cabinet meeting in Washington, DC. It was the first time that a Vice-President had carried out the task.

1991 – Police arrested Jeffrey Dahmer after finding the remains of 11 victims in his apartment in Milwaukee. Dahmer confessed to 17 murders and was sentenced to life in prison.

1998 – Iran tested medium-range missile, capable of reaching Israel or Saudi Arabia.

2003 – In northern Iraq, Saddam Hussein’s sons Odai and Qusai died after a gunfight with U.S. forces.

Battle of Atlanta continues

Confederate General John Bell Hood continues to try to drive General William T. Sherman from the outskirts of Atlanta when he attacks the Yankees on Bald Hill. The attack failed, and Sherman tightened his hold on Atlanta.

“Battle of Atlanta continues.” 2008. The History Channel website. 20 Jul 2008, 05:21 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=2255.

The Preparedness Day bombing

In San Francisco, a bomb at a Preparedness Day parade on Market Street kills 10 people and wounds 40. The bomb was hidden in a suitcase. The parade was organized by the city’s Chamber of Commerce in support of America’s possible entrance into World War I. San Francisco was suffering through severe labor strife at the time, and many suspected that anti-war labor radicals were responsible for the terrorist attack.

Labor leader Tom Mooney, his wife Rena, his assistant Warren K. Billings, and two others were soon charged by District Attorney Charles Fickert with the bombing. The case attracted international interest because all evidence, with the exception of a handful of questionable witness accounts, seemed to point unquestionably to their innocence. Even after confessions of perjured testimony were made in the courtroom, the trial continued, and in 1917 Mooney and Billings were convicted of first-degree murder, with Billings sentenced to life imprisonment and Mooney sentenced to hang. The other three defendants were acquitted. Responding to international outrage at the conviction, President Woodrow Wilson set up a “mediation commission” to investigate the case, and no clear evidence of their guilt was found. In 1918, Mooney’s sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.

During the next two decades, many groups and individuals petitioned California to grant the two men a new trial. By 1939, when evidence of perjury and false testimony at the trial had become overwhelming, newly elected Governor Culbert Olson pardoned Mooney and commuted Billing’s sentence to time served. Billings was not officially pardoned until 1961.

“The Preparedness Day bombing.” 2008. The History Channel website. 20 Jul 2008, 05:18 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=5198.

Dillinger gunned down

Outside Chicago’s Biograph Theatre, notorious criminal John Dillinger–America’s “Public Enemy No. 1″–is killed in a hail of bullets fired by federal agents. In a fiery bank-robbing career that lasted just over a year, Dillinger and his associates robbed 11 banks for more than $300,000, broke jail and narrowly escaped capture multiple times, and killed seven police officers and three federal agents.

“Dillinger gunned down.” 2008. The History Channel website. 20 Jul 2008, 05:19 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=5200.

Deportations from Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka begin

On this day in 1942, the systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto begins, as thousands are rounded up daily and transported to a newly constructed concentration/extermination camp at Treblinka, in Poland.

“Deportations from Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka begin.” 2008. The History Channel website. 20 Jul 2008, 05:25 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=6527.