Bismillah arRahman arRahim

I doubt there are any English-speaking Muslims that have pursued the path of learning Arabic(fus-ha) and have not heard of the “Madina Books” or it’s author Dr. V. Abdur Rahim. Yet, to my surprise, I had some difficulty trying to find any biographical information about the man behind the books. In my search I came across a few things which I might post later, but for now lets just stick with the biography. I tried finding his first name but haven’t found it yet, if anyone knows let me know, insha’Allah.

Dr. V. Abdur Rahim

V. Abdur Rahim was born in the small town of Vaniyambadi in the state of Tamil Nadu, India in 1933. After finishing his secondary school studies, he joined Presidency College, University of Madras where he majored in English Language and Literature. He graduated in 1957. In 1964, he joined al-Azhar University, Cairo, where he did his M.Phil. and Ph.D. in Arabic Philology.

It is to be noted that Abdur Rahim learnt Arabic by himself. The school where he did his secondary school studies offered Arabic, but the lessons it offered consisted of only memorizing the conjugation tables. Abdur Rahim detested this method.  He thought that it was the most unnatural way of learning a language. Only dead languages like Latin, Syriac, etc. are taught this way. Living languages teach sentences straightaway. He decided to design a curriculum to teach Arabic to non-native speakers of Arabic.

In 1969, he joined the Islamic University of Madinah to teach Arabic Philology. Here, he was also associated with the Programme of teaching Arabic as a foreign language. The course he designed for this purpose is now known as Durûs al-Lughaħ al-‘Arabiyya ħ li-Ghair al-Nâtiqîna Bihâ. (Now these books are popularly known throughout the world as “MADINA BOOKS”.)

When he was learning Arabic by himself, Abdur Rahim studied the many problems that beset the non-native students of Arabic, and tried to solve them. He discovered that all these problems can easily be solved by applying the principle of taqdîm al- usûl ‘ala al-furû‘, i.e. teaching the primary elements before the secondary elements. The following are some of the manifestations of the application of this principle:

1. Teaching the primary case-endings before the secondary endings, so you teach the  masrûf noun before the mamnû‘ min al-sarf, and the al-af‘âl al-arba‘aħ before the al-af‘âl al-khamsaħ.
2. Teaching the sâlim verb before the other categories.
3. Teaching the al-mudâri‘ al-marfû‘ before the al-mudâri‘ al-mansûb or al-mudâri‘ al-majzûm.
4. Teaching the plural of intelligent nouns before that of non-intelligent nouns.

Another principle Abdur Rahim advocates is that rules of waqfshould not be applied during the teaching stage, for in that case the student cannot learn the correct ending of the last word in the sentence as, ma smu-ka and ma smu-ki, for example,  are both reduced to ma smu-k.

The following are the books Dr. Abdur Rahim has written in field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language:

1. Durûs al-Lughaħ al-‘Arabiyyaħ (3 parts).
2. Key To Durûs al-Lughaħ al-‘Arabiyyaħ (3 parts).
3. Key To Exercises of Durûs al-Lughaħ al-‘Arabiyyaħ (3 parts).
4. Teachers’ Guide To Durûs al-Lughaħ al-‘Arabiyyaħ (3 parts).
5. A Glossary of Words used in Durûs al-Lughaħ al-‘Arabiyyaħ.
6. Ahadith Sahlaħ.
7. Nusûs min al-Hadîth al-Nabawyyi al-Sharîf.
8. Nusûs Islâmiyyaħ.
9. From Esfahan To Madinah.
10. Al-Bâhith ‘an al-Haqq.
11. Innahumâ min Mishkâħ Wahidaħ.
12. Fi Balât Hiraql.
13. Abshir bi-Khayri Yawm.
14. Arba‘ûna Hadîthan.
15. Al-Mus‘if fî Lughati wa I‘râbi Suraħi Yûsuf.

Currently, Dr V. Abdur Rahim is Director, Translation Centre, King Fahd Qur’an Printing Complex, Madinah Munawwarah.

Source: LQ Toronto (Learn Arabic through here, Awesome and Free!)

Imagine all the people that were abe to learn the Arabic Language through his works and through the courses designed by him at the Islamic University of Madinah. Almost all Madinah University graduates in the West went through this program and learned through these books. And the inumerable others that learned by studying these books. Insha’allah he will share in that reward of the good done by others because of this. May Allah preserve Dr. V. Abdur Rahim and have mercy on his family and all those dear to him and grant him the highest in Jannah!

Apogee Foundation “Top Non-Profit”

New York, NY – The Apogee Foundation has announced that in its 2009/2010 season it will build on its historic record of achievements fostering creative excellence worldwide by introducing new multi-disciplinary, multi-cultural programs designed to empower creative artists to achieve their greatest potential.

Apogee President Kenneth Schneider said: “It is my pleasure to applaud the Foundation’s dedicated supporters around the world for the increasing levels of recognition and success their efforts have been achieving. The continuing expansion of the Foundation’s programs worldwide demonstrates the increasing importance of our mission: inspiring mankind to fulfill its greatest vision of itself.”

During the 2008/2009 season just concluded, Apogee achieved new milestones of global prestige and effectiveness, resulting in the Foundation being named “Top Non-Profit” in the inaugural Fast Pitch! Business Awards: http://www.apogeefoundation.org/media/2009/apogee_foundation_top_nonprofit.php

An international choral performance at Apogee’s Odessa International Music Festival, which was distributed nationally and internationally through radio, television and broadband media

Apogee also partnered with the international media and technology group Aurience Ltd. to create greater awareness of Apogee Awards laureates, increase the impact of Apogee Academy educational programs, and expand the reach of Apogee Artists performance events worldwide:
http://www.apogeefoundation.org/media/2008/
aurience_apogee_kenneth_schneider.php

During the season to come, Apogee’s trademark Synergy Programs, which offer artists from diverse backgrounds the opportunity to transcend cultural boundaries together, will take center stage. In the next phase of Synergy’s evolution, the Foundation focus on the power of sacred music as a transcendent medium that can enable the sharing of values and convey new forms of understanding: http://www.apogeefoundation.org/media/2008/collaboration_spiritual_traditions.php

Apogee is a global philanthropic organization dedicated to discovering, developing and celebrating creative excellence

The Foundation’s efforts in the coming year will be directed towards ‘reinventing the future of human creativity’ by re-envisioning the types of institutions within which creative artists’ careers evolve. In doing so, Apogee plans to consolidate the most effective educational and artistic traditions from both East and West into global creative centers where gifted artists can achieve their fullest potential together.

Apogee invites people everywhere to participate in its mission of fostering creative excellence around the world. The Foundation’s management therefore invites the public to participate in shaping its future agency by responding to a brief questionnaire contained in Apogee’s recent newsletter: http://www.apogeefoundation.org/documents/newsletters/apogee_newsletter_fall_2009.pdf

About The Apogee Foundation ®
The term “apogee” means “the highest point, the culmination.” The Apogee Foundation believes in the power of the performing arts to embody and inspire the pursuit of human excellence. By virtue of its innovative approach to implementing this vision, the Foundation has become an internationally recognized platform for the promotion of humanity’s greatest vision of itself.

Contact
Marjorie Schneider, Ass’t Corporate Secretary
The Apogee Foundation
1001 Avenue of the Americas, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10018-5460 (USA)
+1.646.224.6960

Abdassamad Clarke is from Northern Ireland and studied Maths and Physics in Edinburgh. In 1973 he accepted Islam at the hands of Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi, later travelling to study Qur’an, Arabic and the deen in Cairo. He translates from Arabic, edits and typesets books on Islam, and is currently, along with Shaykh Ali Laraki, an imam of the Ihsan Mosque, Norwich, UK. This interview was originally conducted for the website of Mohamed Omar in Sweden and translated into Swedish by ‘Abd us-Salâm Nordenhök as Sufierna har alltid lett jihad – intervju med Abdassamad Clarke

MO: How did you convert to Islam? Tell us the story.

Shaykh Dr Abdalqadir as-Sufi came to Edinburgh in 1973 with a group of people who had accepted Islam at his hands in order to call people to Islam. I had been studying there and attended a meeting he organised. I met the Shaykh and he invited me to spend some time with him and his people while they were in Edinburgh, which I did. Then I accompanied him down to London and spent some weeks in the community, performing the prayers and taking part in all the community activities. They performed all the prayers together and ate together. After that I became a Muslim.

MO: You are a part of the Murabitun Movement. What are they?

Properly speaking Murabitun is not the name of a movement because Imam Malik, may Allah be merciful to him, did not accept any name other than Muslim. Murabitun denotes the people of ribat, which means a number of things, including a man’s going to the frontiers in order to stand guard and protect the Muslims and the lands of Islam, and it also denotes those who remain steadfast in the front-line of the battle. So I don’t know if I could claim such a rank, and prefer to call myself one of the Muslims in the communities initiated by Shaykh Dr Abdalqadir as-Sufi.

MO: Do you consider Sufism to be an integral part of Orthodox Islam?

My opinion is not so important in that. We go back to what the ulama say about such things. In that sense tasawwuf is the science of Ihsan as mentioned in the famous hadith of Jibril, peace be upon him, when the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said words whose meaning is, “Ihsan is that you worship Allah as if you see Him, for if you do not see Him, He sees you.” There is a huge literature on this subject and if you go back before the colonial era and rise of the movement of Muhammad ibn Abdalwahhab in the Najd and the appearance of Muhammad Abduh and Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, although there is a domain of legitimate difference about some aspects of this matter, you do not find the current controversy about Sufism. And if you go back to the very earliest community before the appearance of the tariqahs, you find no difference at all about figures such as Imam Junayd, Sahl ibn Abdullah at-Tustari and Hasan al-Basri, may Allah be merciful to them all. So yes Sufism is an integral part of the deen of Islam.

MO: Why is Sufism important?

Since most of the Muslims consider the intention the first part of action because of his words, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, “Actions are only by intentions”, and the intention is formed in the heart, then clearly the purity of the heart is of fundamental importance. And this is no easy matter. It is much easier to talk about than to do. The heart gets encrusted by ‘things’ and purifying it is serious work, and if people do not even have the concept of doing that then their Islam becomes a hard and rigid external matter concealing a host of inner ills.

However, that is only a negative aspect, i.e. the purification of the heart of the ills that are clearly destructive in this world and the next world, proof of whose importance is clear to everyone in the Book and the Sunnah.

The other thing is the tremendous potential of the purified heart in terms of direct knowledge of Allah, which is called in Arabic ma’rifah, which is considered by the scholars of ‘aqidah to be of fundamental importance before every other obligation of the deen and which, by purification of the heart, can be deepened to become something truly vast, as is befitting of the Lord of the Universe, so that the people of knowledge of the salaf, as of the later generations, will refer respectfully to someone as being “one of the ‘arifun” i.e. one of the people with a direct knowledge of Allah not dependent on intellectual proof or texts. And how can we question such a concept when Allah declares His granting of direct knowledge to His slave Khadir in Surat al-Kahf?

“They found a slave of Ours whom We had granted mercy from Us

and whom We had also given knowledge direct from Us.”

MO: Some critics say that Sufism is a quietist, apolitical form of Islam. Would you agree?

Only people who know nothing about history can say that. There isn’t a single jihad in the 18th and 19th centuries, genuine jihads against the colonialists and defending the Muslims, that was not led by Sufis. Even Indian movements such as the Deobandi school are steeped in Sufism along with a very rigorous adherence to the shariah. On the other hand, the movement that originated in the Najd only fought and killed other Muslims in its rebellion against the legitimate Ottoman caliphate, breaking the unity of Islam in the process.

But, the problem here is that,  in the first place, Sufism is not a form of Islam. Sufism, as a name for the science of Ihsan, is one of the three dimensions of the deen along with Islam and Iman without which someone’s deen is not complete. Many scholars hold that it is a fard ‘ayn, i.e. an individual obligation on every single man and woman. Therefore one cannot be a ‘Sufi’ as such, or even a ‘Sufi Muslim’.

The great scholar ash-Shahrastani in his work al-Milal wa’n-nihal, in which he devoted himself to detailing who the 73 sects mentioned in the prophetic hadith are and what they believe, did not mention Sufis as one of these sects and indeed did not mention the madhhabs, the legal schools. That was because they were an unquestioned part of the fabric of the deen both for him and for the age for which he was writing. They would have regarded it as idiotic to consider the legal schools or the Sufi tariqahs as sects.

MO: You have expressed the view that paper money should be abolished and replaced with gold and silver coins. Why is that?

Perhaps abolition is not the correct way to look at it. As with the British pound note, paper money is a ‘promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of so-many pounds’. Therefore paper money is not itself money. It is an IOU. The IOU is not allowable for use in many transactions, most importantly zakat. An IOU cannot be used in transactions between people except under very strict conditions that are governed by the fiqh of the legal schools.

However, the situation is much worse than that. The human race has handed the right to a group of quite shady people to simply write numbers on bits of paper and then lend them to us at interest. The scale of it is so immense that, if we take strange financial deceptions such as derivatives into account, the amounts that are written on bits of paper hugely outweigh the actual wealth of the entire planet. That is clearly such a monstrous situation that it cannot last. But the people who understand this the best are those who invented and who use the system, because, while it lasts, they are buying up anything of any real value that they can lay their hands on. We experience that as the steep rise in the prices of the basic commodities that we need to live: food, petrol, land, etc.

On the other hand, we know from the famous hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari about the man who was asked to buy a sheep for the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, for one dinar, which was their ordinary price, but was able to buy two then sell one for a dinar and return with a sheep and the original dinar intact, that this same selfsame dinar today would still buy a sheep almost anywhere on the earth, and sometimes two. There is similar evidence of the purchasing power of an ordinary Roman gold coin. Thus gold and silver have not suffered any inflation at all in two thousand years.

Paper money and electronic credit have an insane potential for astonishing and rapid expansion and enrichment, and people are loathe to give that up, even if the downside is famine, depression and intolerable enslaving lifestyles for billions of people.

But we do not suggest that anyone has to abolish paper money or legislate the use of gold and silver; we say that people have to be allowed freedom to use whatever they want, except for usurious instruments. When people are free to choose they have always chosen gold and silver.

The argument is even more compelling for us because of the fact of zakat being an act of worship and not social welfare, even if it has genuine social repercussions. As an act of worship it has to be done the way the first communities and all the generations of Islam have done it, and it was always paid with gold and silver when paid on savings and on goods held for trade. The same thing that has Muslims all over the earth, in the revitalised Islam we see everywhere, taking such care over the performance of their wudu’ and the exact performance of their prayers will, when applied to zakat, mean that the Muslims will put real money back into circulation and that is the thing that will drive the criminal banking system to destruction and that will benefit non-Muslims as much as Muslims.

MO: Do you consider Western civilization to be in a state of crisis?

Yes, but since we are now living in the era of the world state, the global culture of finance and industry that originated in Europe, that crisis is global. The Chinese character for crisis is made of two characters: one for danger and the other for opportunity. In many ways, the crisis in Europe and in America has much potential in it. There are many new green shoots of growth. One reading of our history, and one has to remember that history is many different strands all intertwined, would show the striving of Western people to come out from under the dead hand of the tyranny of the Church and the forms of autocratic and arbitrary governance that it endorsed. Here we must make a clear distinction between Christianity as the beliefs and practices of ordinary people and the political organisation that is the Church. Religiously, philosophically and politically European and Western man has been striving for freedom and justice and for the truth. The last shackle that holds him today is that of the financial system and that is the worst shackle of all.

MO: Do you think Islam should change with the times?

Islam and its parameters are defined by the Book and by the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. There is a genuine way in which some of the ulama try to not make things too difficult for the Muslims and to adapt to the circumstances of the age. But many of these adaptations are from the principle of darurah, pressing necessity, whose prime example is the man in the desert who is starving to death and can only find food that is not lawful to eat. In that case, not only is what is ordinarily not lawful permissible for him to eat, but it is obligatory for him to eat. But this license depends on our understanding that it is only when he is striving with all his might to get out of the desert and return to where he can eat the halal. If he decides to set up house in the desert and go into business selling unlawful food, he is clearly making a joke of Islam.

There is a dynamic in some of the legal schools that allows them to really get to terms with new ages in history and different cultures in which the deen takes root without compromising in any way. That is inbuilt in Islam, this ability to confront the new without reaction and to absorb what is healthy and wholesome and reject what is unwholesome. Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi summed it up by saying that Islam is not a culture but a filter for culture.

MO: Do you think there is a European Islamic culture emerging?

We know from history that wherever Islam has taken root it takes on the colour of the culture that is there. Thus the Chinese Muslim is Chinese and Muslim in the same way that the African Muslim is African and Muslim. We know for sure that if Islam does not find its European-ness it will not take root and will not survive here. But this is not in our hands; these are forces that only Allah has power over. Our role in it is to be authentic and honest and true to ourselves. It is impossible for us to be Moroccans or Arabs or Pakistanis. Even now the young people who are second and third generation descendants of immigrants are amazingly European and yet huge numbers of them have a very coherent Islam too. The worst thing that can happen is this dialectic that gets set up about “Islam and the West” – they are not two terms in opposition – even if for no other reason than that strategically going head to head with an enemy doesn’t even make sense, and in my view the West is not an enemy to Islam. We have a situation in which there is far more good will from ordinary people towards Islam and Muslims than we realise, but most of us live – far too much for our own good – in a mental space that is created by the media, and the media is part of the triumvirate of power that Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi has defined: finance, the political class and media. The media are a part of an occupying force that is trying to prevent life and freedom. If you talk to people, you get a very different story. It is in those meetings between Muslims and ordinary people here in these lands that a new European Islamic culture is emerging as we speak.

MO: Which composer do you prefer – Beethoven or Wagner?

Your question assumes much: first, that we have already decided that music is lawful for us to listen to, which huge numbers of Muslims, with some right, don’t believe. My perspective on this is that because of the political, intellectual and spiritual tyranny of the church and the autocracies it endorsed, European man was not allowed to say the truth, particularly the truth of tawhid. But the truth must be said. It is intolerable to man that it not be said, and so in these lands it was the musicians and the poets who found ways  and who found a language in which the truth could speak, because music is a language, but it is a language that takes into account feelings and the states of the human heart. Human language as sets of statements and propositions devoid of feeling is a relatively trivial matter. You can name Bach as one of the discoverers of this language, and Beethoven was one of the people who was most articulate in this abstract language of instrumental music and who used it to express the longing of the human heart for freedom and for the Divine. Beethoven was a deeply spiritual man. Wagner took that amazing gift and combined it with another entire strand of culture: drama and the use of the spoken word to produce something else. But in that their gaze was on the Divine and on the potential of free human beings and of a future free society.

As to my favourite, I think that is almost impossible to answer.

MO: Why should somebody convert to Islam? Give us some reasons.

People find the traces of the Divine in many different ways. For some people it is in intellectual terms. They find the argument compelling. For some it is aesthetic. Some fall in love with a Muslim and the eye of love shows them the truth of Islam. Some recognise something in the social setting and a society they can enter. This last is the most compelling argument because societal structures are breaking down and being replaced by the most appalling culture of surveillance and tyrannical control. A demonstrable human society embodying the highest human qualities and courtesy and humour is the strongest invitation to Islam. When we understand that, it becomes incumbent on us as Muslims to forget missionary types of activity and to embark on creating something real. In that sense we have the saying of Imam Malik that: the Sunnah is the ship of Noah; whoever embarks on it is saved. This is a very tangible and physical image and obviously refers to something more than the relatively trivial things that we sometimes reduce the Sunnah to. Again in a phrase from Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi, we need an ‘emergency-kit Islam’, something that will not get washed away in the tremendous floods that are ahead of us. And we have to have the generosity to help as many people on board as we can, for the tremendous nature of the Islam of Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, is this character of rescuing everyone except for a small group of the most intransigent. It is that generosity and largeness of heart that is needed.

Last question: Can you describe the concept of community in the murabitun perspective?

Perhaps it is easier to describe the reality of community with us. Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi has been almost alone in his da‘wah on insisting on his people staying together, establishing the deen together, working together – both in the way of Allah and in businesses and professions – and living together. That has reached the point that our second generation is established and among them are young people with professions and trades, imams and hafidhs of Qur’an and scholars, teachers of the next generation, and they have their families and our third generation is already growing up. So this is the first time this has happened in European history, and of course it is happening with other communities elsewhere in huge numbers too.

Throughout history, people have been accepting Islam in Europe, but it has never lasted, sometimes for quite sinister reasons such as the Inquisition’s torturing people to leave the deen and often killing them. But sometimes the deen just did not ‘take’, because there is a difference between being a Muslim and establishing the deen, just as there is a difference between praying and establishing the prayer. So now there are growing numbers of communities of Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi both in Europe and the West and in Muslim lands and places like South Africa. They are not established on a concept so much as they have grown organically out of the needs of the people to retain their Islam and to establish it, and out of their mutual affection for each other and pleasure in each other’s company. But of course they are underpinned by the necessary knowledge of the Book and the Sunnah and the fiqh.

Davor Zovko was born 1965 in Mostar (by the river Neretva), where he also finished elementary school in 1980. Twelve years later Zovko moved to Sweden. The early Mostar years had, naturally, a great impact on his life; he took steps towards a singing carrier when he in 1985 began singing in the Mostar City Choir and began his educational studies at the Mostar University. During the university years Zovko developed his solo singing (barytone) taking private lessons that eventually, in 1989, led him to the cathedral choir in Mostar. The same year he took a degree in teaching. Two years later, in 1991 his singing carrier developed further as he began giving concerts as a soloist.

The move to Sweden in 1992 brought with it several new possibilities. Zovko’s humanitarian concerts began the same year, which resulted in monetary gifts sent to people affected by the war, with assistance from Swedish Caritas and the Swedish church’s Luther Aid.

Not only Zovko was glad in 1995, when he beside the marriage also developed a rapidly growing interest in heraldry. His early heraldic renderings received very positive comments which, off course, stirred Zovko’s interest in the subject even more.
1996 Zovko was back into school when studies began in the fields of psychology and pedagogics at the Mälardalen University in Eskilstuna and Västerås. In 1997 Zovko ended a relief work project for a music school in Cerin (Herzegovina) with a concert and dinner visited by the ambassador of Croatia in Eskilstuna.

A recording of soloist art songs written by the Croatian romantic Ivan plemeniti Zajc was arranged in cooperation with the Croatian Catholic Mission in Stockholm during 1998. The project was aimed at introducing Croatian art-music in Sweden and to support the Mission’s humanitarian aid. The year ended with the prestigious assignment of creating the arms for bishop Anders Arborelius and a membership of the council of the heraldic board of the Roll of Arms of Scandinavia.

The first years of the second century quickly developed for Zovko. In 2000 he won a competition designing arms for the Swedish Heraldry Society (Svenska Heraldiska Föreningen) and was made fellow of the Swedish Heraldic Society (Heraldiska Samfundet). 2001 saw additional memberships; fellow of the pastoral council of the Diocese of Stockholm and fellow of the pastoral council of the Deanery of Stockholm. In 2002 Zovko received a Bachelor and a year later the Master of Arts at Mälardalen University. In 2003 Zovko also won a competition designing an ex libris for H.R.H. prince Carl Philip of Sweden.

In 2004 Zovko was dubbed by the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem as Knight of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem in the Cathedral of Stockholm, he was also made the order’s Ceremoniere (Master of Ceremonies) the same year.

The work as Research Assistent began in 2005 at the Mälardalen University, and a written report was published by the Welfare Research Centre (CVF) the same year. 2006 also saw a commission as Research Assistent when Zovko was to evaluate implementations of the Case Manager-method in regard to treating patients with a psychological dual diagnosis.

Over the past year Zovko was elevated within the Equestrian Order to the rank of Commander.

Zovko’s rapid development as an heraldic artist has given me much joy – I anticipate his coming works, of which I must mention Obitelskij Grb (Coat of arms of families), a book in Croatian recently published by Laurana Zagreb where the author writes about rights in heraldry.

Photo: Lisbeth Theutenberg

I encourage also a visit to Zovko’s personal homepage at Zovko.se

January 31, 1797 – November 19, 1828

Vienna

was an Austrian composer. He wrote some 600 Lieder, nine symphonies (including the famous “Unfinished Symphony”), liturgical music, operas, some incidental music, and a large body of chamber and solo piano music.

Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande

July 11, 1732

Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande was born in the French town of Bourg-en-Bresse While his parents sent him to Paris to study law. When your friend Lemonnier got permission to make lunar observations, I invite both and Lalande joined the expedition led by Lacaille at the Cape of Good Hope.
Lalande study law, and their stay at Hotel Cluny coincided Delisle And soon I was learning astronomy and notable for being a model student with students Delise favorite Pierre Lemonnier. Full Lalande, however, studied law in Paris and practiced in his hometown as a lawyer.
Gradually it became a popular astronomer and his home became a makeshift workshop in his students was Delambre, Giuseppe Piazzi, Pierre Méchain, and his own grandson Michel Lalande. DUE to the publications issued in connection with the transit of Venus in 1769 received a good deal of fame, his grief was terrible personality relaxes some of its popularity

René Descartes

René Descartes was born March 31, 1596

He lived in La Haye en Touraine, near Poitiers.
He was a philosopher, French mathematician and scientist. It is considered the pioneer of modern philosophy and the creator of the notion of subject. In 1641 he wrote “The Meditations, trying to build his Metaphysics of Understanding with the method. Was based on the critical issue and believes that only had a sure thing, certainty of Existence by thought (cogito, ergo sum: I think, therefore I am ). I am, said Descartes, as I think. I’m thinking a reality and, indeed, only one thing can not be false: his existence. In the same study design declare that if the definition of a perfect being, its a Existence The conclusion is clear. His book The Principles was written in 1644. In 1649, his Traité des passions de l’âme, and in 1701, the announcement Directionem Regulae ingenii. He wrote in Latin, like most thinkers of his > Que es Dios, Las Dos Sustancias” style=”BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ebeff9″ onmouseout=”this.style.backgroundColor=’#fff’”><res time but also in French, one of the first French prose and philosophy Growers in the vernacular. The physical world is determined by the extent of Descartes. Along with <infinita>> What is God, the two substances Finite son, man and the world. How is the reality you have no contacts or similar, there is a problem of communication, concluding it must be that God has made possible the communication of substances. Moreover, for Descartes , The animals are pure automatons, machines. Cameras, of course, more perfect, as made by God, but not spiritual substance seems to think and is the man. Descartes based his speculation on the criterion of evidence, the evidence of reason. His method is, therefore, rationalism. Man is a thinking substance.

Sigmund Freud

 Freud was born on 6 May 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia.

When I was still a child, his family moved to Vienna a cause of anti-Semitic riots. In 1938, after the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, Freud escaped with his family to the United Nations with England Financial Help your patient and family, Marie Bonaparte.
Freud Innovo into two camps. Simultaneously developed a theory of mind and human behavior, and a therapeutic technique for people with mental health aid. Some of his followers claim to be influenced by one, but not by another field.
In his most famous work, The Interpretation of Dreams Freud explains the argument to promote the new model of the unconscious and develops a method to get access to it, Based on previous experience. As part of his theory, Freud also postulated the existence of a preconscious, which describes how the layer between the conscious and the unconscious. Repression, in turn, is of great importance in understanding the unconscious. According to Freud, people often experience thoughts and feelings that are so painful that can not stand it. These thoughts and feelings (like the memories associated with them) can not, according to him, be driven from the mind, but can be removed from the conscious to the unconscious part.

Alfred Adler

Alfred Adler was born in Vienna on February 7, 1870
He lived much of his life in Vienna, but died in 1937 in Aberdeen, Scotland, of a heart attack.
Austrian doctor and psychologist, a disciple of Sigmund Freud. Founder of the so-called individual psychology and forerunner of modern psychotherapy. Assigned first to the group of Freud, he left in 1911 to diverge at various points of psychoanalytic theory. Their basic concepts are those of nature, inferiority complex and conflict between the actual situation of the person and their aspirations.

Eduard von Hartmann

Born on 23 February 1843 was a German philosopher.
Born in Berlin, and educated, with Miras military career, went into the Artillery Corps as an officer in 1860, but had to quit with a knee problem. After some hesitation between music or engage in philosophy is decided by the latter, and in 1887 earned a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Rostock. After that, back in Berlin and died in Grosslichterfelde.
He earned a reputation as a philosopher After his first book, The Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869). The success was mainly due to the originality of its title, The diversity of its contents by the methods of inductive science, the elegance of his pessimism and vigor and lucidity of his style. The concept of the unconscious, which von Hartmann describes as the ultimate metaphysical principle is not as paradoxical as it sounds, since it was a mysterious simplemtente name that was used by all German metaphysicians.
Von Hartmann was a pessimist. In his writings, individual happiness is unattainable either here and now or in the future, but not lost hope of liberating the unconscious of their suffering. It differs from Schopenhauer in making salvation, denying the will to live according to the United Nations and collective social effort No individual asceticism. The conception of a redemption of the unconscious also constitutes the foundation of ethics von Hartmann. We must provisionally affirm life, and dedicate ourselves to social evolution rather than pursue happiness impossible. Thus we find that morality comes to life less unhappy than I could have been otherwise. Suicide and other forms of selfishness, are reprehensible. Epistemologically von Hartmann is a transcendental realist defends his views and criticisms of their opponents with wit. His realism enables him to maintain the reality of time, and therefore the process of redemption of the world.

Athanasius Kircher

Geisa Athanasius Kircher was born in Germany May 2, 1602
Tour of Europe to settle in Rome, which does not move until his death, with the exception of an important trip to Naples, Sicily and Malta for the study of volcanism.
Athanasius Kircher, a German Jesuit thinker Versatile and striking. His fundamental work, Mundus subterraneus, is a development of theology permeated thinking, philosophy and science from a speculative and experimental imprint. This work exerted a considerable influence on European intellectual milieu of the late seventeenth century and first half of the eighteenth century. In Mundus subterraneus, Kircher tried to find “inside” the land surface, a possible answer to questions that beat in the surface thereof. In developing this intellectual attitude, Kircher developed Geocosmos category. To enter the fascinating world of speculation Kircheriano, here is an excellent article, great rigor, robustness and reliability, Leandro Sequeiros, PhD in Geology, (1974 University of Granada). Since 1996, Professor of Philosophy of Nature and Philosophy of Science at the Faculty of Theology of Granada.
In Athanasius Kircher, science, theology and philosophy, however, rendered within a nerve intellectual adventure alone.

Marie Curie, Marja Sklodowska

Born in Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, where he lived until age 24. In 1891 he moved to Paris to continue his studies. He founded the Institut Curie in Paris and Warsaw.
chemistry and physics was a Pole, subsequently, French citizenship. A pioneer in the field of radioactivity, was the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes and the first woman professor at the University of Paris.

The chemistry and physics was a Pole, subsequently, French citizenship. It pioneered the field of radioactivity, was the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes and the first woman professor at the University of Paris.

Thomas Alva Edison

Born February 11, 1847
Thomas Alva Edison was born in Milan (Ohio), his family emigrated from Amsterdam in the 1830s and settled in the Passaic River in New Jersey. After a while, moved to Canada to reside in Bangham, in the area of Lake Erie.
Important was a businessman and a prolific inventor who patented more than a thousand inventions (in adulthood invention each fortnight) and I help both in Europe and America, the technology profiles of the contemporary world: the electrical industry, a telephone system viable, the phonograph, cinema, etc. Edison devised a very simple mechanical counting of votes in 1868. You could put on the table for each representative, had two buttons, one for the UN vote in favor and one vote. Process patent for the Edison contract attorney Carroll D. Wright. The instrument is brought before a congressional committee in Washington. There, the verdict was blunt but honest, “Young man, if there is any invention on earth that we want here is not exactly yours. One of our main concerns is to prevent voting fraud, and its apparatus would simply not help us. “

 Platón

In 396 B.C. He made a ten-year journey to Egypt and various parts of Africa and Italy.

EN 388 B.C. traveled to Sicily and Syracuse, where he wanted to influence the políticade Dinis and learned a lot of forms of government that is formed later in The Republic, its political manifestations, which in some cases were Irreverentes with the ruling class, which led to jail.

In 361 BC, After regaining his freedom, Plato bought a farm on the outskirts of Athens where fdeshacer a center specializing in the philosophical and cultural activity, that the call of the Academy. Plato died in 347 BC C., devoted his last years of life to give educators in the academy of Natal.

Aristóteles

He is one of the greatest philosophers of antiquity Humanity, History of Western philosophy and the most prodigious of encyclopedic author has frieze.
He was the inventor of formal logic, economics, astronomy, the precursor of the anatomy and biology of the UN and creator of taxonomy (is considered the father of botany and zoology). Aristotle is considered (along with Plato) as the determining factor in much of the corpus of Western thought, belief, common man
Death Chalkis Evia, Greece, 322 BC C.

Alain Badiou

Born in Rabat, Morocco, 1937

He is a philosopher, French dramatist and novelist.

He studied philosophy at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris between 1956 and 1961.

His major work Being and Event, which maintains that mathematics is the real ontology, or “science of being as an entity. In 2006 published the second part, Logique des mondes. L’être et l’événement.

Still living

Richard Rorty

It was an American philosopher. Rorty attended the University of Chicago and the University of Yale University. He spent the beginning of his career trying to reconcile their beliefs and personal interests with the Platonic search for truth.

His most notable ideas were ironically Postfilosofía epistemological behaviorism

Adolf Hitler

It was a German soldier and politician Austrian-born leader, ideologue and founder of the German National Socialist Party of Workers

He came to power during a period of serious economic, political and social, accentuated by the effects of the Great Depression of 1929 and the popular discontent and frustration in Germany after the defeat in the First World War. Throughout his political mandate of the State uses propaganda and charismatic oratory to convince the masses, emphasizing his opposition to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Jews, pacifism and the international community, particularly the Soviet Union, Bolshevik and militarism while highlighting the German nationalism, racism, the preservation of so-called Aryan race, the Pan-Germanism and Annexation or recovery of the European territories lost after the First World War by the German Empire.

He died on April 30, 1945

Guitar Hero

Guitar Hero is a music game made by Harmonix Music Systems and published by RedOctane for PlayStation 2. The game includes a controller shaped like a Gibson SG electric guitar used in place of a conventional control, which has buttons that simulate the frets, a driver that simulates a vibrato lever and the sensor of the United Nations for special activities. The DualShock 2 can be used to replace the frets on the button R1, R2, L1, L2, and X. The game was released in November 2005 and has enjoyed great success with audiences and critics.
It was published in 2006 a sequel (Guitar Hero II) for PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360.

Halo

Halo: Combat Evolved (commonly known as Halo or Halo 1) is a console first-person shooter developed by Bungie Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios for Xbox, Windows computers and Mac OS X. Notably, the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences in 2002 in its fifth edition of his award as the best game of the year. [5] It is also considered one of the best games of the year for PC in 2003 [6] so far sold over 10 million copies in the market remains one of the most prolific selling games in history. A list of prizes.

 Mario Bros

This is an arcade game developed by Nintendo in 1983 for the arcades and later ported to several platforms, such as the NES or Atari 2600.

It was the second appearance of Mario, and the first to appear with the name that has since appeared in Donkey Kong to name Jumpman (Springer). Equally important is the first appearance of his brother Luigi.

Rock Band

Rock Band is a video of Harmonix Music Systems, published by MTV Games and distributed by Electronic Arts. It is available for the Xbox 360, PS3, Wii and PS2. Rock Band offers players an opportunity to be part of a gang of up to four players / players, using three instruments at once (a guitar-shaped peripheral for guitar strings, one for bass / rhythm guitar, and drums) while another player can take a microphone and sing.

Soul Calibur

Soul Calibur is a fighting game series and the name of his second game company Namco (also creator of the Tekken series), based on fighting with weapons. It has four games to date, starting in 1995 with Soul Edge. In 1999 he released the game Soul Calibur for Dreamcast, a game that always, as the title of the series.

The new name of the series is taken from the sword Soul Calibur included in the story, the exact opposite of Soul Edge that is always ahead.

Ajedrez (inventores o inventor)

Despite its uncertain origins, are known to have been brought to Spain by Arabs. The first reference in the West is the Book of the Olympics, had in the s. XIII by Alfonso X the Wise, who perfected the chess almost as it is today. The first modern chess book can be a letter of Francesch Vicent, printed and published in Valencia in the fifteenth century under the title Free partits jochs dels dels schacs on behalf of 100, and compost, sorted by nat in my e Francesch Vincent de Segorbe criat la ciutat vehicles and distinguished and courageous ciutat de Valencia. [5] shows the first games with a lady with similar movements to which this piece has today. The lady who was replaced in this new game to a much weaker piece called alferza, which until then was standing beside the king. This substitution, which gives much more power on each side had won at chess alferza spectacular new and each time is eliminated. So in fact it is considered that the introduction of modern women’s movement is leading chess as we understand it today. In Spain, modern chess, with Donna, was taken to Italy, France and other countries.

Before Alfonso X the Wise, there is no written record of the testament of Armengol Count I (1010) in which he says he bequeathed his chess board and pieces for the convent of Sant ‘Egidio.

John Logie Baird

The sensitivity reluctantly all their lives and isolation at the Royal Academy, was one of the pioneers of television, creating the electromechanical system scan of the image (or electromechanical television) based on the Nipkow disk.

In 1922 he investigated the possibility of transmitting images remotely, in 1924 managed to convey the flickering image of a Maltese cross and in 1926, 26 January, a public demonstration held in London, the first of your system before a group of scientists: puppet doll Old Bill, was the first to be shown on a television screen. The image had a resolution of only 25 lines and was tiny, but the face was perfectly recognizable.

In 1927 he obtained through a telephone wire to transmit a television signal between Glasgow and London and founded the same year, the Baird Television Development Company Ltd, with the idea of commercializing the invention. That same year, in April, USA Bell Lab shows a TV screen (or receiver) 2,500 giant picture elements: a framework consisting of 50 columns of 50 neon lamps each, can display moving images on large format. Although the bulbs have melted and had to be replaced, was able to demonstrate the feasibility of the invention in a great format.

In 1928 he managed to convey images of London to New York via radio signals and also the Atlantic, aboard an ocean liner: it was created by a small television station on board.

In 1929 its mechanical scanning system of 240 lines was adopted experimentally by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). In 1930 he was traded to the spectacular development of the invention, the television model Plessey to British viewers (estimated at around 3,000) can still experimental broadcasts of the time, the more adventurous could mount its own receptor, the purchase of a spare parts kit. 

Futbol

Football as we know it today, originated in the United Kingdom. England is the birthplace of modern football, but since time immemorial exist in almost all cultural and people everywhere are very similar to football games.

Arthur Wynne

Was a British editor and puzzle constructor in England and America. He invented the crossword puzzle in 1913.

While working at the New York World was asked to develop a new game for the newspaper. Wynne recalled a childhood game called magic squares. The first crossword puzzle was published on 21 December 1913.

At first it was called word-cross, with its diamond-shaped structure and without the characteristic black boxes. Modified Shortly after becoming the crossword com we know it today with black squares.

In 1924 he published his first book of crosswords

Monopoly

 The game has its origins in a game created by Maggie Elizabeth in 1903 and patented in 1904, called The Landlord’s Game. The game became popular in cities across the United States in the following years, being published in various forms and versions without control of their original author.

In 1935, Charles Darrow, an unemployed salesman domestic heaters southeastern Pennsylvania during the Great Depression of the thirties patented the Atlantic City version of the game under the name Monopoly. After a first attempt to sell the toy company Parker Brothers, started a small-scale production of the game that proved successful. Parker then called back to his door to take the game.

The company Parker Brothers, now Hasbro within the multinational, has maintained that the author of the game is only Charles Darrow (in 1935) for marketing reasons. But the original authorship Maggie Elizabeth (in 1903) and the origin and evolution of Monopoly previous games (all derived from The Landlord’s Game), has even been recognized by U.S. courts in the case of Parker v.. Ralph Anspach, during the long judicial process occurred between 1975 and 1986 following the publication of a board game called Anti-Monopoly.

Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal was born June 19, 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France,
Blaise Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand, June 19, 1623, in the French region of Auvergne. In 1631, shortly after the death of his wife, Étienne Pascal Blaise Pope came to Paris along with her three children.
 Blaise was a mathematician, physicist, French philosopher and theologian, considered the father of computers along with Charles Babbage. He was a child prodigy, educated by his father, a local judge.
His early works include the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the invention and construction of mechanical calculators, studies the mathematical theory of probability, research on fluids and clarification of concepts such as pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. He also wrote in defense of the scientific method.
Pascal was a mathematician of the highest order. He helped create two major areas of research, wrote important treatises on projective geometry at sixteen, and later crossed correspondence with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social sciences. Continuing the work of Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 refuted the Aristotelian theories insisting that nature abhors a vacuum, and their results caused much discussion before being generally accepted.

Gerda Taro  

Gerda Taro or Pohorylle Gerta was born in Stuttgart, Germany on August 1, 1910
Gerda Taro was actually named Gerta Pohorylle, the daughter of Polish Jews. With the advent of the Nazis to power, after having suffered an arrest with a friend decided to flee to Paris.
In Paris he met by chance at Andre Friedman, a Hungarian Jew who tried to make a living as a photographer.
It was a pioneering photojournalist war, companion of Robert Capa, who died in a crash during the Spanish Civil War. 

Alexander Fleming

Alexander Fleming was born on August 6, 1881
Fleming was born in Ayrshire, Scotland and died in London, England, at age 74.
It was a Scottish scientist famous for discovering antimicrobial protein called lysozyme and antibiotic penicillin obtained from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum.
He worked as a medical microbiologist at St. Mary Hospital in London until the beginning of the First World War. During the war was a military doctor in the fronts in France and was impressed by the high mortality caused by shrapnel wounds infected in hospitals. After the war he returned to St. Mary’s Hospital where he sought a new antiseptic strongly avoided the harsh agony caused by infected wounds.
Fleming was initiated in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite in 1909 at the Lodge No. 2682 St. Mary of London, and was inducted to the degree of master in the lodge Mercy, also from London, No. 3286.

El rey león

The Lion King is the thirty-second animated film produced by Disney Studios. It premiered on 24 June 1994.king. The Lion King is a musical whose songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice. The soundtrack and one of his songs won the Oscar from the Academy of American cinema Simba is a lion cub successor to the throne. His uncle Scar, the royal family tries to trick you in order to hold onto power. With the help of the hyenas, Scar devises a wicked plan to kill Mufasa and Simba to believe he has. With the mentality of a child, scared and with a sense of guilt, Simba is banished from the kingdom thinking he killed his father. Chased by three hyenas, they intended to kill him in order of Scar, Simba flees into the jungle where he meets a meerkat (Timon) and a warthog (Pumba) that they rescue and adopt and those who quickly established friendship. They teach the philosophy of “Hakuna Matata” (live without worries). Meanwhile, everyone thinks that Simba is dead, and is therefore Scar who takes the throne.
Years later, Simba as an adult, Pumba rescues from being eaten by a lioness who happens to be Nala, his childhood friend who, surprised to see Simba alive, begs him to return to save the new king, Scar, which exercises power after his escape. The kingdom has become a real blunder, badly governed and no sustainability. At first, Simba is reluctant to help, afraid of the past and prefer to stay with their current lifestyle. But then, Simba meets Rafiki, a baboon, he speaks about his father. This is the moment when the soul of his father appears in the sky, telling him to remember who he is and where it comes. After the soul disappears Mufasa, Simba, along with Rafiki, reflects on what he should do so and immediately notify your home to claim the throne. Simba (who at first all confused with his father) is witnessing the decline of his kingdom and decides to act angry. It is at this point that Scar forces Simba to reveal the secret he kept all those years being responsible for the death of Mufasa. It submits that even if it was an accident, Scar takes, and with his hyenas, take you to the edge of a precipice, at the time a thunder falls on dry grassland and starts a fire. Simba slips and tries to stand with his front legs over the edge. Scar then takes him by his legs and then confesses that he was the real murderer of his father.
Enraged Simba jumps on Scar and forces him to confess publicly. After a final battle, the “life cycle” ends with the ascent to the throne (Pride Rock) from Simba, with the final shot in an epilogue that presents the new successor Rafiki knows what’s a girl, Kiara.

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Supposed that was born on September 29, 1547, in Alcala de Henares and died on April 22, 1616 in Madrid, but was buried on 23 April and is popularly known as the date of his death.
By 1551, Pope Rodrigo de Cervantes by Miguel de Cervantes and his family moved to Valladolid. On debts, was imprisoned for several months and their property was seized. In 1556 he went to Cordoba to collect the legacy of Juan de Cervantes, the writer’s grandfather, to flee from creditors. It seems to have studied at Valladolid, Cordoba and Seville. It is also possible to study the Society of Jesus, as in the novel The Dialogue of the dogs developed a description of a Jesuit college seems an allusion to his student life.
Established in 1566 in Madrid. Assists the Study of the Villa, managed by the professor of grammar Juan Lopez de Hoyos, who in 1569 published a book on the illness and death of Queen Isabel de Valois, third wife of Philip II.

He was a soldier, novelist, poet and playwright Spanish. It is considered the greatest figure in Spanish literature. It is universally known, especially because he wrote The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha, which many critics have described as the first modern novel and one of the best works of world literature. It was given the nickname “Prince of Wits.

Charles John Huffam Dickens

Born in Portsmouth, England on February 7, 1812
He was a famous English novelist, one of the best known of the literature, and principal of the Victorian era. He knew masterfully handle writing fiction, humor and irony, and a climactic acute social criticism. In his work are the descriptions of people and places, both real and imagined. Sometimes used the pseudonym Boz. Most of Dickens’ masterpieces were written in monthly or weekly newspapers, such as Master Humphrey’s Clock and Household Words, later reprinted in books.

R2-D2

It is a fictional universe of Star Wars Astromech droid to be a counterpart and friend of C3PO.
R2-D2 belonged to the defense forces on Naboo Veruna served King during his term. This droid has always been housed in the Naboo Royal Starship, like other congeners with simple function to repair any part of the ship and assist as mariners. R2-D2 belonged to a class of robots called drones astromech (Astro droids) that were well known and appreciated throughout the galaxy.
R2-D2 he saved the life of Queen Padmé Amidala while escaping a blockade of the Trade Federation, and accompanied her for the rest of his trip to Tatooine and Coruscant. When resumed Naboo, R2-D2 was lodged in the small space fighter space navigator who used Anakin Skywalker to venture into the depths of the main body of the Federation of Commerce and destroy it into pieces.

Homero

Greek poet. In the words of Hegel, Homer is “the element in which the Greek world lived as man lives in the air.” Admired, imitated and quoted by all the poets, philosophers and Greek artists who followed, is the quintessential poet of classical literature. The older news about his birth place Homer in Chios, although since antiquity, seven cities competed to be his homeland: Masthead, Cumae, Ithaca Pylos, Argos, Athens, Izmir and the aforementioned Chios. For Simonides of Amorgos and Pindar, only the last two could claim the honor of being his birthplace.

Pitagoras

Greek philosopher and mathematician. There is little news of the biography of Pythagoras that can be considered reliable, since their status as founder of a religious sect led the early emergence of a legendary tradition about him.
Pythagoras was the son of Mnesarchos and the first part of his life he lived at Samos, the island that left a few years before the implementation of the tyrant Polycrates, in 522 BC You may then traveled to Miletus, to visit later Phoenician and Egypt in the latter country, the birthplace of esoteric knowledge, is reputed to have studied the mysteries, as well as geometry and astronomy.
Pythagoras went to Babylon with after Cambyses there to learn arithmetic and musical knowledge of the priests. Pythagoreanism was a lifestyle inspired by the ascetic ideal and based on community property, whose main objective was the purification ritual of its members through the cultivation of knowledge in which music and mathematics played an important role . The path of this knowledge was philosophy, a term that, according to tradition, Pythagoras was first used in its literal sense of “love of wisdom.”
Pythagoras is also credited with having transformed the mathematics in a liberal education through the abstract formulation of their results, regardless of background material that were already known some of them, this is especially the case of the famous theorem that bears his name and establishes the relationship between the sides of a triangle, a list of practical use of which there is evidence from other pre-Greek civilizations.

Epicteto

Stoic philosopher. Rome was a slave of Epaphroditus, Nero’s freedman, and followed the lessons of the Stoic Musonius Rufus, once emancipated, he devoted himself to philosophy, especially ethics. With other philosophers had to leave Rome by decree of Diocletian. From his oral teaching, his disciple Arrian Enquiridión elaborated (or Manual) and Symposia, bold statement of the requirement to accept the need

13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951

Vienna

was an Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School.

July 9, 1879 – April 18, 1936

Rome

was an Italian composer, musicologist and conductor. He is best known for his orchestral Roman trilogy: Fontane di Roma – “Fountains of Rome”; Pini di Roma – “Pines of Rome”; and Feste Romane – “Roman Festivals”.

27 April [ 15 April] 1891 – 5 March 1953

Saint Petersburg

was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century.

June 15, 1843 – September 4, 1907

Karlshamn, Sweden

was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the Romantic period.

2 July 1714 – 15 November 1787

Vienna

was an opera composer of the early classical period.

August 22, 1862 – March 25, 1918

Paris, France

His music virtually defines the transition from late-Romantic music to twentieth century modernist music.

19 August 1881, Liveni – 4 May 1955, Paris

Paris

was a Romanian composer, violinist, pianist, conductor and teacher.

May 13, 1950

Detroit, Michigan,United States

He has recorded more than thirty U.S. top ten hits and won twenty-two Grammy Awards, the most ever won by a male solo artist.

21 October 1921 – 23 September 2006

Bournemouth

was an English composer and symphonist.

1 April 1873 [20 March] – 28 March 1943

New York

was a Russian-American composer, pianist, and conductor. He was one of the finest pianists of his day and, as a composer, the last great representative of Russian late Romanticism in classical music.

1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849

Paris

was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist. He was one of the great masters of Romantic music.

7 May 1840 [ 25 April] – 6 November 1893

Vyatka.

was a Russian composer of the Romantic era. He wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the current classical repertoire, including the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, the 1812 Overture, his First Piano Concerto, seven symphonies, and the opera Eugene Onegin.

27 October 1782 – 27 May 1840

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

was an Italian violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer. He was one of the most celebrated violin virtuosi of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. His caprice in A minor, Op. 1 No. 24 is among his best known of compositions, and serves as inspiration for many prominent artists.

January 1756 – 5 December 1791

Vienna and Prague

was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. He composed over 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers.

German ; baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827

Vienna

was a German composer and pianist. He was a crucial figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music, and remains one of the most acclaimed and influential composers of all time.

October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886

Bayreuth, Baviera

was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher.

31 March 1685  – 28 July 1750

Eisenach, Turingia

was a German composer and an organist, whose ecclesiastical and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity.

May 29, 1860 – May 18, 1909

Camprodón, España

was a Spanish Catalan pianist and composer best known for his piano works based on folk music.

September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937

Beverly Hills, California

was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin’s compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are universally familiar.