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	<title>black-scholes &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/black-scholes/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "black-scholes"</description>
	<pubDate>Wed, 10 Feb 2010 12:52:50 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Analisa perbedaan return yang dihasilkan call option antara saham ranking teratas dan saham ranking terbawah selama periode September 2003-Agustus 2004 (metode black-scholes)]]></title>
<link>http://dvanhlast.wordpress.com/2009/12/14/analisa-perbedaan-return-yang-dihasilkan-call-option-antara-saham-ranking-teratas-dan-saham-ranking-terbawah-selama-periode-september-2003-agustus-2004-metode-black-scholes/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 14 Dec 2009 07:31:12 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>dvanhlast</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dvanhlast.wordpress.com/2009/12/14/analisa-perbedaan-return-yang-dihasilkan-call-option-antara-saham-ranking-teratas-dan-saham-ranking-terbawah-selama-periode-september-2003-agustus-2004-metode-black-scholes/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Author : KURNIAWAN;, HENDRA Dalam melakukan investasi, seorang investor selalu berusaha untuk memaks]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Author : KURNIAWAN;, HENDRA</p>
<p>Dalam melakukan investasi, seorang investor selalu berusaha untuk memaksimalkan return dan meminimalkan resiko yang dihadapi. Agar investor dapat menjaga nilai investasi tersebut maka dapat dilakukan hedging atau lindung nilai. Salah satu produk baru yang diluncurkan Bursa Efek Jakarta untuk menjaga nilai investasi tersebut adalah kontrak opsi saham (KOS) yang dapat menjadi alternatif investor dalam berinvestasi terutama pada saham. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi nilai call option guna mengetahui ada atau tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara return call option pada saham ranking teratas dan saham ranking terbawah dengan menggunakan metode Black-Scholes. Hal ini dapat dijadikan pertimbangan bagi para investor apabila akan melakukan transaksi kontrak opsi saham. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa antara return call option saham ranking teratas dan return call option saham ranking terbawah tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan.</p>
<p>Keyword : stock option contract, black-scholes, call option return</p>
<p>Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/1317/</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Moving Forward]]></title>
<link>http://jumpup.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/moving-forward/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 15 Nov 2009 15:21:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Soham Das</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jumpup.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/moving-forward/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Apologies to my readers for keeping them waiting like this. As of now, I am still out of station, wi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><em>Apologies to my readers for keeping them waiting like this. As of now, I am still out of station, with very limited connectivity and no books by my side to cross check whenever I am doubtful. But in that case, you and I will be betting, that my memory is better than what I think it is. </em></p>
<p>So moving forward, from the basic definition of a stochastic process, we try to garner some understanding of financial time series.</p>
<p>Now in its essence, if we go on the opposite side of the spectrum, and consider financial time series as a truly random signal, then in essence we have a stochastic process.</p>
<p>Now, let me consider <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X ' title='X ' class='latex' /> as the daily return series of a financial price asset. Once you have that, consider a <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=dX&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='dX' title='dX' class='latex' /> change in the return as being governed by this equation</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=dX+%3D+%5Cmu+dt+%2B+%5Csigma+dW+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='dX = \mu dt + \sigma dW ' title='dX = \mu dt + \sigma dW ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">The rationale of this equation, I intend to clear up soon. But let me add a few words about it, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=dt&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='dt' title='dt' class='latex' /> is the time factor into the equation. And here <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=dW&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='dW' title='dW' class='latex' /> is a standard stochastic process called Wiener Process.  This entire equation is called Brownian Motion(with a drift).</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Now let me explain what is the rationale of each term. The time dependent term, is what incorporates a trend. A trend is the tendency of a stochastic process to deviate away from the mean. The <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu ' title='\mu ' class='latex' /> factor is to account for the appreciation in value with time. The second fact <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sigma ' title='\sigma ' class='latex' /> is a scaler. A Scaler of the Wiener Process, or more precisely, a factor which determines the level to which the entire process will be random. So if you make <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%3D0+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sigma =0 ' title='\sigma =0 ' class='latex' />  you will get a purely deterministic process. You make <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu+%3D0+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu =0 ' title='\mu =0 ' class='latex' /> you will get a purely random process.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Now, if we slightly modify the above equation, to reflect the following view:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=dX%2FX+%3D+%5Cmu+dt+%2B+%5Csigma+dW+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='dX/X = \mu dt + \sigma dW ' title='dX/X = \mu dt + \sigma dW ' class='latex' />,</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">then what we have is a Geometrical Brownian Motion, i.e the next quantum of increment (or decrement) is going to depend on the current value of the random process.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">This is an interesting thing to move forward with, and we will see quite a few developments from here extending to option theory, modelling etc.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Till then,</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Soham</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Finance And Parsimony]]></title>
<link>http://noompa.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/finance-and-parsimony/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 21:44:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>noompa</dc:creator>
<guid>http://noompa.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/finance-and-parsimony/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Finance and parsimony&#8230;almost sounds like a bizarro Rufus Wainwright song-title. More seriously]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Finance and parsimony&#8230;almost sounds like a bizarro Rufus Wainwright song-title. More seriously though, I&#8217;ve been reading a variety of perspectives on social science methodology lately; the notion of parsimony, and the role that it plays in &#8220;proper&#8221; social science research, is often thrown about and debated. Consider the following from King, Keohane and Verba&#8217;s seminal <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Designing-Social-Inquiry-Gary-King/dp/0691034710" target="_blank"><em>Designing Social Inquiry</em></a>:</p>
<blockquote><p><em>Parsimony is therefore a judgment, or even assumption, about the nature of the world: it is assumed to be simple.</em> The principle of choosing theories that imply a simple world is a rule that clearly applies in situations where there is a high degree of certainty that the world is indeed simple. Scholars in physics seem to find parsimony appropriate, but those in biology often think of it as absurd. In the social sciences, some forcefully defend parsimony in their subfields, but we believe it is only occasionally appropriate. Given the precise definition of parsimony as an assumption about the world, we should never insist on parsimony as a general principle of designing theories, but it is useful in those situations where we have some knowledge of the simplicity of the world we are studying (KKV, p. 20, emphases are mine).</p></blockquote>
<p>KKV categorically deny that parsimony is a necessary feature of good social science, which most people agree with (while I don&#8217;t agree with a lot of <em>DSI</em>, this seems like a fairly uncontroversial point). I think the more interesting point in there, though, is that parsimony follows from a certain world-view&#8230;la vie en rose, if you will. Recognizing this illuminates much of the methodological debate over the role of parsimony- people holding KKV&#8217;s view that parsimony is not essential, seem to often think that proponents of parsimony are turning a desirable condition into a necessary one i.e. that parsimony arises out of a certain view on <em>methodology</em>. However, it would seem more accurate to say that those in favor of parsimony, see this necessity as arising out of a different world-view i.e. an object-related imperative. There is a subtle distinction between object-related and method-related imperatives underpinning the debate.</p>
<p>Now, put those thoughts away for a bit and make a jump over to this <a href="http://www.rethinkingmarkets.org/2008/10/03/is-there-an-underlying-sociology-to-current-financial-markets.html" target="_blank">post</a> (<a href="http://rortybomb.wordpress.com/2009/06/15/multiple-regulatory-agencies/" target="_blank">courtesy Mike Konczal</a>). I won&#8217;t bother reproducing the argument here- its a short post anyway- but the relevant take-away point is that revolutions in financial modeling and technology led to a certain standardization in financial markets. The author notes:</p>
<blockquote><p>It is not just that Black-Scholes-Merton formula allows us to price options. It allowed sophisticated analyses of returns, <em>captured by risk and volatility</em>. Risk is the magic commensuration mechanism. Commensuration here means a metric (often, but not necessarily quantitative) that allows us to compare two otherwise qualitatively distinct objects. Understanding returns as a function of risk and volatility (assumptions and measures about transaction costs, liquidity, and the like can be incorporated as well) means that real estate, bonds, stocks, derivatives, collateralized debt obligations, fine art, even your Uncle Earl’s gold coin collection can all be translated into a common metric: how much risk, how much volatility, equals how much return?</p></blockquote>
<p>And further on:</p>
<blockquote><p>As a result of this fact – this fact of the contemporary world of risk management and globalized finance – a number of assumptions that we had previously held to be true no longer are. For example, arguably commercial banks, insurance companies, and investment banks are indeed all doing the same thing: they are all trading in risk. The ways they do this continue to differ, but the underlying ways that they can calculate their worlds have moved closer.</p></blockquote>
<p>This move towards homogeneity has a number of regulatory and systemic implications (covered by the author and Konczal), but my concern here is with the sort of market-view that it engendered. As finance has evolved, it has become stickier in the sense that separation of its various components, in a relevant manner, has become harder. I use &#8220;relevant&#8221; in the sense that fund managers and investors are largely interested in the means by which ordinal rankings become easier to carry out. Diverse measures across the industry have come to be expressed in similar terms (Konczal refers to this reified entity known as &#8220;the underlying&#8221;). I keep pointing to Felix Salmon&#8217;s <a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/17-03/wp_quant?currentPage=all" target="_blank">great piece in <em>Wired</em></a>, where he notes <em>inter alia</em>, of David Li&#8217;s Gaussian copula:</p>
<blockquote><p>It was a brilliant simplification of an intractable problem. And Li didn&#8217;t just radically dumb down the difficulty of working out correlations; he decided not to even bother trying to map and calculate all the nearly infinite relationships between the various loans that made up a pool. What happens when the number of pool members increases or when you mix negative correlations with positive ones? Never mind all that, he said. The only thing that matters is the final correlation number—one clean, simple, all-sufficient figure that sums up everything.</p></blockquote>
<p>And talking about the boom in CDS and CDO markets:</p>
<blockquote><p>At the heart of it all was Li&#8217;s formula. When you talk to market participants, they use words like <em>beautiful</em>, <em>simple</em>, and, most commonly, <em>tractable</em>. It could be applied anywhere, for anything, and was quickly adopted not only by banks packaging new bonds but also by traders and hedge funds dreaming up complex trades between those bonds.</p></blockquote>
<p>Now, you could make the argument that the increasing homogeneity of market jargon and easy adoption of formulae like Li&#8217;s <em>result in </em>a parsimonious view of financial markets, and the world in general. I don&#8217;t want to put the cart before the horse here, but at some level, it seems that the continual move towards simplicity must foster a world-view of parsimony. CAPM, Black-Scholes, Li&#8217;s copula&#8230;.they all found remarkably simple ways of describing a wide range of things in the world and I find it hard to believe that expediency was the only reason that such formulae were so readily adopted. We all want to believe that the world can be simplified and are quick to jump onto a bandwagon that does so. Felix Salmon provides the details for why Li&#8217;s brand of parsimony failed so spectacularly, but I think the overall lesson is generalizable.</p>
<p>Indeed, I think the problem with such simplifying views of the world speaks to the key methodological issue with positive science- it assumes an underlying (pardon the pun) that is empirically verifiable. KKV themselves have come in for much criticism from interpretivists- amongst others- for providing a parochial view of the world and the manner in which we measure and interpret aspects of it (see this <a href="http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/nsfqual/Wedeen%20Paper.pdf" target="_blank">Lisa Wedeen paper</a> for a good example). Now, I don&#8217;t mean to carry over a debate in political science methodology over to finance and I&#8217;m certainly not advocating interpretivism as the new financial paradigm (would such a suggestion even make sense?) However, I think the broader methodological point viz. that we should be aware of the dangers inherent to fostering a parochial view on the way the world works, is one that has some relevance; I talked about this in the context of the <a href="http://noompa.wordpress.com/2009/07/21/a-shift-in-the-macroeconomic-paradigm/" target="_blank">broader macroeconomic debate</a> as well. While the erroneous adoption of a flawed formula is a large part of the problem, lets not forget the culture that engendered it.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Financial Derivative Pricing Tools. ]]></title>
<link>http://wiimodchips.com/2009/11/11/financial-derivative-pricing-tools/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 09:47:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>wii chip ♥</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wiimodchips.com/2009/11/11/financial-derivative-pricing-tools/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Financial Tools Free on-line financial &amp; derivative pricing tools. Equally impressive is that th]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong> </strong></p>
<div id="attachment_52" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 265px"><strong><strong><a href="http://www.derivapro.com/"><img class="size-medium wp-image-52" title="financial-tools" src="http://wiimods.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/financial-tools.jpg?w=255" alt="Financial Tools" width="255" height="300" /></a></strong></strong><p class="wp-caption-text">Financial Tools</p></div>
<p><strong>Free on-line financial &#38; derivative pricing tools.</strong></p>
<p>Equally impressive is that the engine is off, All support and users have said, easy to install their field, they are very pleased with The conclusion is very accurate and current. Vice-President, Information Services Associate Derivative Calculator with Black Scholes or Binomial model.<br />
all very professional and are sure that they were in about the federal regulations and financial calculations, which requires a lot of our employees) in the project (both technical and courteous, even If you can enjoy transportation and a great sense of humor, this area. Shohoney in Lending calculations is an important factor for our deliveries on you provide us the software that works like we only customers Mathematics Corp. if the solution of time to complete the business requirements and the system is minimized. VP, First Chicago NBD<br />
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Product has contributed to the work that we needed and the price was always available and all problems will be used with benefit plans, without doubt, presents the rather unique challenges, but the fact is a pleasure to tell us They are all our ongoing work in the level of customer service. VP, Crestar Bank task of developing a PC-based performance of the loan documents that can count on time, that we see that are recognized experts in their experience in the financial calculations and recommended federal legislation. I found that your staff for all efforts and their field and can be sure it will not fail to mathematics Corp.</p>
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<td width="10" align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
<td width="200" align="left" valign="middle"><a href="http://www.networldfinancial.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?/Business/Investing/Software/Calculators/" target="_blank">networldfinancial.com  index.cgi  Bus.</a></td>
<td width="12" align="center" valign="middle">69</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Tips for FRA Financial Tools</strong><br />
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I wanted to thank you and Your support is invaluable. Sometimes we got the day shift improvements and upgrades. VP, Cybertek Corporation<br />
Working with you to do not his own creation. I recommend Math Corporation to keep the fast deliver the greatest confidence in Illinois, and we are similar to ours. Knowledge, Michael loan, federal and programming and a down-to-land transportation to and a great sense of humor to enjoy this offer boring project, NationsBank<br />
Math Corporation selected the team of several very attentive to detail. Knowledge, Michael loan, federal and programming and a down-to-country can be solved quickly. Despite the excellent quality that it is a rarity. Project Manager, NationsBank.</p>
<p><strong>Finacial Intelligence on Derivatives </strong><br />
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<p><strong>Automated Derivative Master Template for Asset Valueation</strong><br />
It is fast and accurate. Your company in the future. Additionally, you my highest recommendation. VP, Wells Fargo Bank<br />
Math Society staff in all facets of the project with Michael mathematics Corp.<br />
And finally, we have no problem with us. The project achieved all our goals. &#8220;His industry experience is invaluable.&#8221; Manager, Andersen Consulting as the supplier of choice. We are very satisfied with our services. They were active members of the collection purposes has been strongly influenced by far the best vendor we had a hiccup or necessary improvements. They were easy to recommend your services to other areas of the system to replace the calculations, not consistent or have worked in the past 3 years in terms of these two people about a month and opinions almost instantly engine currently in production is its quality. We use to use and very good reasons, are satisfied with their performance. To speak with us one of your potential customers do well. We would be happy to give your business a recommendation. It fell below their creativity and hope that obviously puts a priority to work on customer service. . I have been met to our calculations for the conversion of loans in his ability to complex programs. We also boring. During the entire development cycle, and we felt like the first time. Thanks again and delivery. They are satisfied with their product, our expectations and has proven so far. Working with Michael mathematics Corp. Shohoney in this project, we received the first version of the engine were the priority of your company places on customer service impressed.</p>
<p>Refferance:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.bromonfinancial.com/">www.bromon financial.com</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.guildfinancial.com/">www.guild financial.com</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.sagebrushfinancial.com/">www.sagebrush financial.com</a></p>
<p>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Economics needs a scientific revolution]]></title>
<link>http://oakblue.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/economics-needs-a-scientific-revolution/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2009 04:39:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Arhopala Bazaloides</dc:creator>
<guid>http://oakblue.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/economics-needs-a-scientific-revolution/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[So says Jean-Philippe Bouchaut in a Nature (subscription) essay: Compared with physics, it seems fai]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>So says <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/pub/jean-philippe-bouchaud/5/8a1/bb0">Jean-Philippe Bouchaut</a> in a <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v455/n7217/full/4551181a.html">Nature (subscription)</a> essay:</p>
<blockquote><p>
Compared with physics, it seems fair to say that the quantitative success of the economic sciences has been disappointing&#8230;Of course, to paraphrase Isaac Newton, modelling the madness of people is more difficult than modelling the motion of planets. But statistical regularities should emerge in the behaviour of large populations, just as the law of ideal gases emerges from the chaotic motion of individual molecules. To me, the crucial difference between modelling in physics and in economics lies rather in how the fields treat the relative role of concepts, equations and empirical data.</p>
<p>Classical economics is built on very strong assumptions that quickly become axioms: the rationality of economic agents (the premise that every economic agent, be that a person or a company, acts to maximize his profits), the &#8216;invisible hand&#8217; (that agents, in the pursuit of their own profit, are led to do what is best for society as a whole) and market efficiency (that market prices faithfully reflect all known information about assets), for example.<br />
&#8230;<br />
Physicists, on the other hand, have learned to be suspicious of axioms. If empirical observation is incompatible with a model, the model must be trashed or amended, even if it is conceptually beautiful or mathematically convenient. So many accepted ideas have been proven wrong in the history of physics that physicists have grown to be critical and queasy about their own models.<br />
&#8230;<br />
The supposed omniscience and perfect efficacy of a free market stems from economic work done in the 1950s and 1960s, which with hindsight looks more like propaganda against communism than plausible science. In reality, markets are not efficient, humans tend to be over-focused in the short-term and blind in the long-term, and errors get amplified, ultimately leading to collective irrationality, panic and crashes. Free markets are wild markets.<br />
&#8230;<br />
Reliance on models based on incorrect axioms has clear and large effects. The Black–Scholes model, for example, which was invented in 1973 to price options, is still used extensively. But it assumes that the probability of extreme price changes is negligible, when in reality, stock prices are much jerkier than this. Twenty years ago, unwarranted use of the model spiralled into the worldwide October 1987 crash; the Dow Jones index dropped 23% in a single day, dwarfing recent market hiccups. Ironically, it was the very use of a crash-free model that helped to trigger a crash.<br />
&#8230;<br />
Surprisingly, classical economics has no framework through which to understand &#8216;wild&#8217; markets, even though their existence is so obvious to the layman. Physics, on the other hand, has developed several models that explain how small perturbations can lead to wild effects. The theory of complexity shows that although a system may have an optimum state, it is sometimes so hard to identify that the system never settles there. This optimum state is not only elusive, it is also hyper-fragile to small changes in the environment, and therefore often irrelevant to understanding what is going on.<br />
&#8230;<br />
The prerequisites for more stability in the long run are the development of a more pragmatic and realistic representation of what is going on in financial markets, and to focus on data, which should always supersede perfect equations and aesthetic axioms.
</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA["Finance is the creation of a World" - Holmes]]></title>
<link>http://thesimplearrow.wordpress.com/2009/07/21/finance-is-the-creation-of-a-world-holmes/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2009 04:38:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ntkacz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thesimplearrow.wordpress.com/2009/07/21/finance-is-the-creation-of-a-world-holmes/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[holmesblack-scholes formula I watched this lecture some time back, but upon recommending it to a col]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_14" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><a href="//www.ustream.tv/flash/video/1297108&#34; type=&#34;application/x-shockwave-flash&#34; &#62;&#60;/span&#62;&#60;/a&#62;">holmes</a><img class="size-full wp-image-14" title="black-scholes" src="http://thesimplearrow.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/black-scholes.gif" alt="black-scholes formula" width="400" height="400" /><p class="wp-caption-text">black-scholes formula</p></div>
<p>I watched<a href="http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/1297108"> this lecture</a> some time back, but upon recommending it to a colleague I decided that it needs a permanent place on my blog. If even one person stumbles upon this, it would have been a worthwhile post! Holmes&#8217; reading of the Black Scholes art piece is great, as is his casual reading of the cybernetic-inflected nature of global finance. Holmes spends time describing the Black and Scholes formula, which was designed to eliminate all risk in futures markets (options) through the mechanism of hedging. I very much look forward to reading later iterations of this research.</p>
<p>For those interested, Holmes&#8217; research blog is <a href="http://brianholmes.wordpress.com/">continental drift</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Quando reconhecer um Theta Alto ou Baixo?]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/04/29/quando-reconhecer-um-theta-alto-ou-baixo/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2009 16:31:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/04/29/quando-reconhecer-um-theta-alto-ou-baixo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Um Assinate da Calculadora Black &amp; Scholes fez a seguinte pergunta pra mim: &#8220;O que seria u]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Um Assinate da <a href="http://www.blackandscholes.com.br" target="_blank">Calculadora Black &#38; Scholes</a> fez a seguinte pergunta pra mim:</p>
<p><em>&#8220;<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;">O que seria um valor de <span class="il">theta</span> alto e <span class="il">theta</span> baixo?</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;">Não precisa (e nem é possível) acertar no  alvo&#8230;..tipo pegar pulga com pinça, mas a sua prática do dia a dia do mercado,  quais são valores adequados p/ definir baixo e alto no <span class="il">theta</span>?</span>&#8220;</em></p>
<p>Foi uma pergunta muito interessante. Resolvi compartilhar com vocês.</p>
<p>Na verdade a relação de alto <span class="il">theta</span> ou baixo <span class="il">theta</span> se dá pelo valor da opção. Por exemplo, imagine duas opções:</p>
<ul>
<li>a primeira opção é ITM e custa R$5,00 e tem um <span class="il">theta</span> de -0,05</li>
<li>a segunda opção é OTM e custa R$ 0,80 e tem um <span class="il">theta</span> de -0,05</li>
</ul>
<p>Observe que na opção ITM o <span class="il">theta</span> corresponde a 1% do valor da opção. Na segunda opção OTM o <span class="il">theta</span> corresponde a 6,25%.<br />
Neste caso o <span class="il">theta</span> é maior para opção OTM.</p>
<p>Outro exemplo&#8230;</p>
<p>Se você tem duas opções OTM:</p>
<ul>
<li>a primeira custa R$ 0,40 e <span class="il">theta</span> de -0,03</li>
<li>a segunda custa R$ 0,35 e <span class="il">theta</span> de -0,03</li>
</ul>
<p>Qual <span class="il">theta</span> é mais alto? Na segunda opção!</p>
<p>Abraços</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Curso de Opções Gratuito]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/04/08/curso-de-opcoes-gratuito/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Apr 2009 15:16:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/04/08/curso-de-opcoes-gratuito/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Caros leitores, No dia 25/04/2009 darei um curso de introdução à opções sem custo. A idéia é passar ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Caros leitores,</p>
<p>No dia 25/04/2009 darei um curso de introdução à opções sem custo. A idéia é passar conceitos, estratégias e ferramentas. O curso será realizado no sábado pela manhã e terá uma duração estimada de 4 horas. É necessário que você tenha 1 computador com internet banda larga, tenha domínio sobre o que é uma ação e conceitos de análise técnica.</p>
<p>Não irei emitir certificado ou coisa do tipo neste curso. Limitarei o número de pessoas, no total serão 20, 19 estudantes e 1 instrutor. Garanta logo a sua vaga.</p>
<p>Para se inscrever envie um email para <span style="color:#000080;"><strong></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>contato@blackandscholes.com.br </strong></span></p>
<p>com o assunto: <span style="color:#000080;"><strong>Curso de Opções SL</strong></span></p>
<p>Constando os seguintes dados:</p>
<ul>
<li>Nome completo</li>
<li>Data de Nascimento</li>
<li>Email</li>
<li>Estado</li>
<li>Escolaridade (Graduado, Pós-Graduado, Doutorado, Mestrado, Especialização)</li>
<li>Sabe o que é Análise Técnica? Responda sim ou não</li>
</ul>
<p>Atenção, só irei alocar você no curso se o assunto e os demais dados do email estiverem da forma como coloquei acima. A sua participação será confirmada através de um email enviado pela http://www.blackandscholes.com.br. Você também poderá ver se está inscrito observando se o seu nome consta na lista abaixo.</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:182pt;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="242">
<col style="width:48pt;" width="64"></col>
<col style="width:98pt;" width="130"></col>
<col style="width:36pt;" width="48"></col>
<tbody>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="height:12.75pt;width:48pt;" width="64" height="17"></td>
<td class="xl24" style="border-left:medium none;width:98pt;" width="130">Nome</td>
<td class="xl26" style="border-left:medium none;width:36pt;" width="48">Estado</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">1</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Sulivan Santiago</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">DF</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">2</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Luiz Fernando</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">DF</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">3</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Felipe Adorno</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">DF</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">4</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Robison Carlos Lima</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">DF</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">5</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Walber Guimarães</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">PR</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">6</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Felipe Senna</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">SP</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">7</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Sérgio Moraes</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">CE</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">8</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Daniel Ramos</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">RS</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">9</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Paulo Eduardo</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">DF</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">10</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Rodrigo Akio</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">SP</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.75pt;">
<td class="xl24" style="border-top:medium none;height:12.75pt;" height="17">11</td>
<td class="xl25" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">Daiana Alvino</td>
<td class="xl27" style="border-top:medium none;border-left:medium none;">SP</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Inscrições Encerradas</p>
<p>Obrigado, Grande Abraço</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Lançar Opções? Uma maneira fácil de ganhar dinheiro...]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/30/lancar-opcoes-uma-maneira-facil-de-ganhar-dinheiro/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2009 01:11:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/30/lancar-opcoes-uma-maneira-facil-de-ganhar-dinheiro/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Já pensou em ser remunerado pelo simples fato de ter suas ações? Não estou falando de dividendos, o ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Já pensou em ser remunerado pelo simples fato de ter suas ações? Não estou falando de dividendos, o nome disto se chama venda coberta de opções. A venda coberta  de opções  bem feita é uma ótima maneira de ganhar dinheiro com o risco travado. O que você precisa fazer é prever para onde o mercado NÃO irá atingir em determinado período.</p>
<p>Este tipo de operação requer ações que possuem opções de alta liquidez, isto só ocorre com a Petro e a Vale. A idéia do trade é:</p>
<p>Comprar ações para investir a longo prazo e lançar opções OTM. Por exemplo, veja o gráfico abaixo:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="size-full wp-image-287 aligncenter" title="vale5" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/vale5.png" alt="vale5" width="499" height="291" /></p>
<p>A vale testou a resistência perto de R$ 30,00 duas vezes. E hoje 30/03/09 está cotada à R$ 26,66. A idéia seria comprar a vale perto de um suporte, mas como neste exemplo não temos uma entrada bem justificada pela análise técnica, vamos supor que hoje vamos comprar a vale.</p>
<p>Certo&#8230; compramos 1000 ações da VALE5 à R$ 26,66.  Gastamos nesta compra o total de R$ 26.660</p>
<p>Agora lançamos a opção VALED30, lembra que vimos que ela testou a resistência duas vezes? Então vamos lançar a opção VALED30 porque entendemos que a VALE5 não chegará a 30 reais até 20/04/09 (data de vencimento)</p>
<p>Se estamos lançando uma opção nós estamos recebendo por isto, vamos supor que a VALED30 esteja R$ 0,80</p>
<p>Você recebeu então por esta venda 0,80 * 1000 = R$ 800 reais.</p>
<p>Agora vamos aos possíveis cenários:</p>
<ul>
<li>Se a VALE5 cair? Você ganhou 800 reais e pode lançar outras opções mais a frente.</li>
<li>Se a VALE5 permanecer aonde está? Ninguém vai querer te exercer para comprar a 30! Então você continua com os 800 reais no bolso.</li>
<li>Se a VALE5 subir? Você vai ser exercido, mas terá um lucro e tanto, veja&#8230; você terá 800 reais da venda, e vai receber 30.000 para entregar tuas ações.<br />
30.000 recebidos menos os 26,660 isto é igual a 3.340. Você lucrou com a alta da ação e com a venda da opção! Então neste caso você recebeu 3.340 + 800 = 4.140.</li>
</ul>
<p>O lançamento de opções coberto é uma das melhores estratégias com opções que conheço.</p>
<p>Grande Abraço</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Porque a Probabilidade é a Chave do Sucesso?]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/porque-a-probabilidade-e-a-chave-do-sucesso/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Mar 2009 00:37:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/porque-a-probabilidade-e-a-chave-do-sucesso/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Talvez é a primeira vez que você ouve sobre trades usando probabilidades. Vou deixar claro para você]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Talvez é a primeira vez que você ouve sobre trades usando probabilidades. Vou deixar claro para você que esta é uma ferramenta poderosa para operações com opções. Você deve estar pensando&#8230; e a análise técnica (AT) ? A AT nos ajuda a entender o comportamento do preço e fazer projeções baseadas nele, estas projeções não falam em quanto tempo o preço alvo será alcançado. Para sabermos se o nosso preço alvo será alcançado em determinado período de tempo usamos a probabilidade. E porque isto é importante? Simplesmente porque as opções tem vencimento!</p>
<p>Ok&#8230; vamos devagar&#8230; Que tal um exemplo para ficar mais claro?!</p>
<p>Quando você decide operar opções a primeira coisa que você deve estar atento é na direção do ativo subjacente. Porque? Porque o ativo subjacente faz parte do cálculo de precificação da opção, sendo assim, temos um impacto direto no seu preço. E onde nós podemos ver a direção do Ativo Subjacente? A resposta é óbvia, análise técnica.</p>
<p>Em nosso exemplo usaremos a petrobrás. Queremos comprar uma opção da PETRO e não sabemos ainda qual o tipo, ITM, ATM ou OTM. Vamos analisar o gráfico.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-150" title="GraficoPetrobras" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/captura_da_tela.png" alt="GraficoPetrobras" width="300" height="638" /></p>
<p>Analisando o gráfico da petro nós sabemos que ela poderá subir, os motivos são:</p>
<ul>
<li>Doji em cima de um suporte</li>
<li>Forte volume, acima da média</li>
<li>IFR em cima de um suporte</li>
<li>Divergência de alta no MACD</li>
<li>Entre outros&#8230;</li>
</ul>
<p>Agora sabemos que a petro irá subir&#8230; o que vamos fazer agora? Vamos calcular a probabilidade de termos lucro na operação. O mês em que estamos no nosso exemplo é Dezembro, as opções que temos são:</p>
<ul>
<li>PETRK16</li>
<li>PETRK18</li>
<li>PETRK20</li>
<li>PETRK22</li>
<li>PETRK24</li>
<li>PETRK26</li>
<li>Vamos para por aqui&#8230;já basta para o nosso exemplo.</li>
</ul>
<p>Então vamos fazer duas escolhas para o exemplo ficar melhor. Vamos escolher a PETRK16 (ITM) e PETRK26 (OTM). O vencimento para estas opções é no dia 16/12/2008. Em nosso exemplo hoje é dia 05/12/2008.</p>
<p>Resumindo&#8230;</p>
<p>Vimos que petrobrás tem grande chance de subir, por isto estamos apostando na alta. Vamos usar dois cenários, usando opções ITM e OTM.</p>
<p>Calculando a probabilidade com a opção ITM, veja o que a <a href="http://www.blackandscholes.com.br" target="_blank">calculadora online de opções</a> nos mostra:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-273" title="petrk16" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/petrk16.png" alt="petrk16" width="180" height="67" /> Observe que a probabilidade da PETRK16 ficar acima do spot, preço da ação igual à R$18,16 é de <span style="color:#000080;"><strong>86,69%.</strong></span></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-274" title="petrk26" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/petrk26.png" alt="petrk26" width="185" height="70" />Observe que a probabilidade da PETRK26 ficar acima do spot, preço da ação é de <span style="color:#000080;"><strong>0,06%.</strong></span></p>
<p>Dado estas probabilidades, em qual opção você queria entrar? Lembre que a opção OTM perde muito valor com o passar do tempo. O gráfico fala por si só, veja:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-276" title="petr4w" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/petr4w.png" alt="petr4w" width="327" height="636" /></p>
<p>A PETR4 no dia 16/12/08 fechou em R$ 23,80. A opção OTM PETRK26 virou pó, já a opção PETRK16 subiu no mínimo para R$ 7,80 devido ao valor intrínseco.</p>
<p>Viu como a probabilidade nos ajuda?! Se você opera opções deve estar atento a probabilidade, ela nos ajuda a prever se o trade vai ser vencedor ou não.</p>
<p>Abraços</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Volatilidade Implícita - Diferentes Abordagens]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/volatilidade-implicita-diferentes-abordagens/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2009 17:20:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/volatilidade-implicita-diferentes-abordagens/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Porque o Preço Teórico (PT) do modelo Black &amp; Scholes nem sempre é igual ao Preço cotado no merc]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Porque o Preço Teórico (PT) do modelo Black &#38; Scholes nem sempre é igual ao Preço cotado no mercado? Primeiro&#8230; quais as variáveis que são usadas no modelo B&#38;S?</p>
<ol>
<li>Valor do ativo subjacente (ação)</li>
<li>Preço de exercício da opção</li>
<li>Taxa de Juros (Taxa Selic)</li>
<li>Volatilidade (volatilidade anual do ativo subjacente)</li>
<li>Dias que restam para o vencimento da opção</li>
</ol>
<p>As variáveis 1,2,3 e 5 são exatas, logo se o PT diverge do Preço cotado no mercado a culpa é da Volatilidade. Quando a volatilidade histórica não serve como base para o cálculo, nós temos que procurar a Volatilidade Implícita.</p>
<p>A VI é formada pela expectativa do mercado sobre a opção.</p>
<p>A VI é um dos assuntos mais discutidos no que concerne a variações no preço teórico do modelo Black &#38; Scholes. Não é nada fácil descobrir a VI. Existem algumas abordagens para isso. Neste artigo vamos ver algumas.</p>
<p>A primeira abordagem é a tentativa e erro, sendo mais cansativa e chula. Para opções de compra (CALL), quanto maior a volatilidade, maior será o preço teórico.</p>
<p>A segunda abordagem é conhecida como Newton-Ralphson method, talvez a melhor abordagem para encontrar o VI. Para maiores informações acesse: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_method">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_method</a></p>
<p>A terceira abordagem é Bisection method.</p>
<p>A quarta e última abordagem tratada neste artigo é conhecida como Secant method.</p>
<p>Os métodos 2, 3 e 4 são abordagens matemáticas, o que vai diferenciar uma da outra são os parâmetros de entrada.</p>
<p>Abraço</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Calculadora Black &amp; Scholes Online]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/calculadora-black-scholes-online/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2009 13:39:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/calculadora-black-scholes-online/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[No esforço de fornecer a melhor calculadora de opções criei o site www.blackandscholes.com.br . A ca]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>No esforço de fornecer a melhor calculadora de opções criei o site <a href="http://www.blackandscholes.com.br">www.blackandscholes.com.br</a> . A calculadora foi criada de trader para trader, com uma facilidade incrível de operação.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.blackandscholes.com.br"><img class="alignnone" title="Calculadora Black &#38; Scholes Online" src="http://www.blackandscholes.com.br/images/stories/anuncio01.jpg" alt="" width="464" height="280" /></a></p>
<p>Por apenas<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"> R$ 2,00</span></strong> reais por mês, você pode ter acesso a esta calculadora de qualquer lugar do mundo e de qualquer computador!</p>
<p>São dois Planos disponíveis para você:</p>
<ol>
<li>Plano Delta &#8211; assinatura anual de R$ 24,00</li>
<li>Plano Vega &#8211; assinatura semestral de R$ 18,00</li>
</ol>
<p>Para maiores informações acesse o site <a href="http://www.blackandscholes.com.br">www.blackandscholes.com.br</a> ou nos mande um email: contato@blackandscholes.com.br</p>
<p>Abraço</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Deep Impact]]></title>
<link>http://zuzarte.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/deep-impact/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2009 14:55:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Paulo Ferreira</dc:creator>
<guid>http://zuzarte.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/deep-impact/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I said before that the original Obama saving package would not be enough and it isn&#8217;t. Every d]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[I said before that the original Obama saving package would not be enough and it isn&#8217;t. Every d]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Counterfeit]]></title>
<link>http://zuzarte.wordpress.com/2009/03/17/counterfeit/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2009 14:57:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Paulo Ferreira</dc:creator>
<guid>http://zuzarte.wordpress.com/2009/03/17/counterfeit/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[$1 From Dictionary.com: coun⋅ter⋅feit [koun-ter-fit] -adjective made in imitation so as to be passed]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[$1 From Dictionary.com: coun⋅ter⋅feit [koun-ter-fit] -adjective made in imitation so as to be passed]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[L'implied volatility en chiffre et graphique]]></title>
<link>http://optexp.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/limplied-volatility-en-chiffre-et-graphique/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 15 Mar 2009 12:53:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>procule</dc:creator>
<guid>http://optexp.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/limplied-volatility-en-chiffre-et-graphique/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[@ L&#8217;implied volatility en chiffres et graphique Je me suis encore une fois amusé avec MathCAD.]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div style="height:150px;">@</div>
<h1>L&#8217;implied volatility en chiffres et graphique</h1>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Je me suis encore une fois amusé avec MathCAD. <a href="http://optexp.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/fun-noir-avec-la-formule-black-scholes-et-lecart-type/">Ici</a>, j&#8217;explique vite fait ce qu&#8217;est la volatilité. En gros, plus la volatilité est grande, plus le titre bouge. L&#8217;historical volatility calcule la volatilité du passé. Habituellement les 30 derniers jours. L&#8217;implied volatility calcule la volatilité à un moment précis et nous donne une bonne approximation de la tendance du titre dans le future.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Exemple: si l&#8217;implied volatility est semblable à l&#8217;historical volatility, on peut s&#8217;attendre à ce que le titre bouge de la même manière que dans le dernier mois. Le contraire est aussi vrai.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">On calcule l&#8217;implied volatilité avec la même formule que pour calculer le prix théorique d&#8217;une option. C&#8217;est juste qu&#8217;à la place de cherche un prix correspondant à une tel volatilité (écart-type), on cherche la volatilité qui correspond à un tel prix. J&#8217;ai trouvé cette formule-ci dans la page Excel de <a href="http://www.optiontradingtips.com/options101/volatility.html">Option Trading Tips</a>. Elle cherche à &#8220;tâton&#8221; en fait. Tant que ça fonctionne&#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-87" title="impliedvol" src="http://optexp.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/impliedvol.jpg" alt="impliedvol" width="720" height="759" />Comme la matrice &#8220;Prix&#8221; l&#8217;indique, c&#8217;est une matrice des prix. Dans la colonne de gauche c&#8217;est le prix de l&#8217;option et la colonne de droite le prix de l&#8217;action. Dans la matrice &#8220;ImpData&#8221; on retrouve l&#8217;implied volatility et le graphique représente ces volatilités dans le temps. À première vu, l&#8217;IV est assez &#8220;stable&#8221; mais joue quand même entre 3-4 points. L&#8217;action réagit pas mal de la même manière. Donc, on s&#8217;attend que l&#8217;action continue à jouer dans ces eaux là (88-92). Les 2 jours suivants ces données, l&#8217;action a terminé à 90.80 et 90.30. Ca a de l&#8217;allure comme on dit.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Il parraît que c&#8217;est très important de bien comprendre l&#8217;IV. Surtout lorsqu&#8217;on veut établir une stratégie et qu&#8217;on veut déterminer ce que le titre va faire. L&#8217;IV sert puisqu&#8217;elle se base sur l&#8217;option qui est un produit dérivé de l&#8217;action et qui représente le futur. Plus l&#8217;IV est haute, plus on doit s&#8217;attendre à voir le titre bouger. Il faut se dire qu&#8217;il y a toujours des petits malins qui savent un peu d&#8217;avance des nouvelles et ça avait tendance à faire augmenter les options. Ainsi, grande IV = titre plus cher car plus on croit que le titre va monter, plus on va l&#8217;acheter.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Fun noir avec la Formule Black-Scholes et l'écart-type]]></title>
<link>http://optexp.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/fun-noir-avec-la-formule-black-scholes-et-lecart-type/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 15 Mar 2009 09:40:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>procule</dc:creator>
<guid>http://optexp.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/fun-noir-avec-la-formule-black-scholes-et-lecart-type/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[@ Fun noir avec la Formule Black-Scholes et l&#8217;écart-type Des petits bonjours des noms de Fisch]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div style="height:150px;">@</div>
<h1>Fun noir avec la Formule Black-Scholes et l&#8217;écart-type</h1>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Des petits bonjours des noms de Fischer Black et Myron Scholes ont inventé cette formule là en 1973 dans leur thèse &#8220;The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.&#8221; Ils voulaient prouver que le prix des options était lié implicitement au prix des actions correspondantes.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Bien, ils sembleraient qu&#8217;ils aillent trouvé quelque chose là car ils ont gagné un prix Nobel pour ça. Mais le problème, c&#8217;est que tout le monde (ou presque) utilise cette formule là maintenant. Alors, est-ce que c&#8217;est la formule qui fonctionne ou c&#8217;est parce que tout le monde l&#8217;utilise qu&#8217;elle fonctionne ? Bon, ca va faire la philosophie.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">J&#8217;avais bien de la misère à tout mettre ça ensemble cette formule là. Après avoir fouiller un peu partout, j&#8217;ai rassemblé le tout et j&#8217;ai tenté de la reproduire, ce qui a fonctionné. Alors voici:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-77" title="formule-black-scholes1" src="http://optexp.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/formule-black-scholes1.jpg" alt="formule-black-scholes1" width="585" height="1063" />Tout ces valeurs sont des valeurs théoriques. Ca donne par contre une bonne idée du prix des options basé sur plusieurs variables. Ce qui m&#8217;a le plus compliqué la vie, c&#8217;était comment exprimer l&#8217;écart-type. En fait, quel écart-type fallait-il prendre ? Alors, j&#8217;ai trouvé la réponse: c&#8217;est l&#8217;écart-type des mouvements en pourcentage annualisés. Quoicé ca mange en hiver ca ?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="size-full wp-image-79 aligncenter" title="stdev1" src="http://optexp.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/stdev1.jpg" alt="stdev1" width="496" height="561" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"><img class="alignright" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standard_deviation_diagram.svg/325px-Standard_deviation_diagram.svg.png" alt="" width="325" height="163" /></a>Pour bien cercer ce qu&#8217;est l&#8217;écart-type, voici un petit dessin. L&#8217;abcisse correspond à la valeur des éléments de l&#8217;échantillion et l&#8217;ordonnée est le nombre d&#8217;éléments pour chaque valeur. Le milieu du graphique représente la moyenne. Les valeurs sont normalement distribuées autour de la moyenne. Plus on s&#8217;en éloigne, moins il y a d&#8217;éléments. L&#8217;écart-type est une valeur ayant comme symbole &#8217;sigma&#8217;. C&#8217;est une distance de chaque côté de la moyenne. Ce qui est intéressant, c&#8217;est que les pourcentages sont toujours les mêmes. Ainsi, dans le rayon &#8217;sigma&#8217; autour de la moyenne, il y a 68% des valeurs incluses. À deux fois &#8217;sigma&#8217;, il y en a 95%. Et à 3 fois &#8217;sigma&#8217;, c&#8217;est presque la totalité: 99+%.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La plupart des programmes et des calculatrices scientifiques ont la fonction &#8220;stdev&#8221; qui correspond à l&#8217;écart-type. Ci-haut, je l&#8217;ai fait au complet sans passer par la fonction. Les prix ne sont pas là mais c&#8217;est une liste des 30 derniers prix quotidiens de GLD. Bien sûr, puisque ce sont des prix relatifs, ce sont tous des pourcentages. On voit alors que l&#8217;écart-type des 30 derniers jours est 28.092%. C&#8217;est ce qu&#8217;on appelle &#8220;<strong>historical volatility</strong>&#8220;. Fait à noter: l&#8217;écart-type est la racine carrée de la variance. Le temps est proportionnel à la variance donc l&#8217;écart-type est proportionnel à la racine carrée du temps. Puisque la formule Black-Scholes s&#8217;attend à un écart-type annualisé, je multiplie par la racine de 252 jours qui est environ le nombre de jour que la bourse est ouverte par année.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Entendendo as gregas e o seu comportamento - Parte 5/5]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/13/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-5/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2009 17:04:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/13/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-5/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Chegamos ao nosso último artigo onde veremos a grega Rho. GREGA RHO A grega RHO mede o comportamento]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Chegamos ao nosso último artigo onde veremos a grega Rho.</p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>GREGA RHO<br />
</strong></span></p>
<p>A grega RHO mede o comportamento do prêmio em relação à mudanças na taxa de juros. Na calculadora Value Greeks este resultado é mostrado em centavos. Vamos ver o exemplo. Para os resultados exibidos abaixo eu usei a cotação da VALE5 à 26,57 com vencimento em 20/04/2009. Veja o que o software <a href="../2009/02/17/software-de-opcoes-calculadora-black-scholes/">Value Greeks</a> nos mostra:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-235" title="rho" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/rho.jpg" alt="rho" width="500" height="290" /></p>
<p>Vamos utilizar o Strike 24, para começar a nossa análise vamos aos dados que precisamos:</p>
<ul>
<li>Strike = 24</li>
<li>Prêmio = 4,05</li>
<li>Rho = 0,0190</li>
</ul>
<p>Se a taxa de juros aumentasse em 1% qual seria o comportamento do prêmio do Strike 24? Como a taxa de juros <em>AUMENTOU </em>nós devemos somar o valor do Rho ao Prêmio para entender, no nosso caso o Prêmio passaria a valer 0,0190 + 4,05 =<strong> $4,0690</strong>.</p>
<p>E se a taxa de juros caísse 1%? Devemos diminuir do prêmio o valor do rho, simples… no nosso exemplo o novo prêmio seria 4,05 &#8211; 0,0190 =<strong> $4,0310</strong>.</p>
<p>Esta é a grega menos utilizada, não existem mudanças na taxa de juros do dia pra noite. Observe no gráfico abaixo como o Rho se comporta para diferentes strikes.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-237" title="rhoxstrike" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/rhoxstrike.jpg" alt="rhoxstrike" width="418" height="245" /></p>
<p>A medida em que a opção fica mais OTM menor será o Rho.</p>
<p>Encerramos por aqui a série de artigos sobre as Gregas. Um abraço</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Entendendo as gregas e o seu comportamento - Parte 4/5]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/12/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-4/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2009 11:03:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/12/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-4/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Estamos chegando quase ao fim, e a grega que vamos estudar agora é a VEGA. GREGA VEGA A grega VEGA m]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Estamos chegando quase ao fim, e a grega que vamos estudar agora é a VEGA.</p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>GREGA VEGA<br />
</strong></span></p>
<p>A grega VEGA mede o comportamento do prêmio em relação à mudanças na volatilidade. Na calculadora Value Greeks este resultado é mostrado em centavos. Vamos ver o exemplo. Para os resultados exibidos abaixo eu usei a cotação da VALE5 à 26,57 com vencimento em 20/04/2009. Veja o que o software <a href="../2009/02/17/software-de-opcoes-calculadora-black-scholes/">Value Greeks</a> nos mostra:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-228" title="vega" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/vega.jpg" alt="vega" width="460" height="299" /></p>
<p>Vamos utilizar o Strike 24, para começar a nossa análise vamos aos dados que precisamos:</p>
<ul>
<li>Strike = 24</li>
<li>Prêmio = 4,05</li>
<li>Vega= 0,0305</li>
</ul>
<p>Se a volatilidade aumentasse em 1% qual seria o comportamento do prêmio do Strike 24? Como a volatilidade <em>AUMENTOU </em>nós devemos somar o valor do Vega ao Prêmio para entender, no nosso caso o Prêmio passaria a valer 0,0305 + 4,05 =<strong> $4,0805</strong>.</p>
<p>E se a volatilidade caísse 1%? Devemos diminuir do prêmio o valor do vega, simples&#8230; no nosso exemplo o novo prêmio seria 4,05 &#8211;  0,0305 =<strong> $4,0195</strong>.</p>
<p>A grega vega costuma ser importante quando falamos de opções OTM, este tipo de opção tem o seu preço formado apenas pela expectativa, ou seja, volatilidade.</p>
<p>No próximo artigo vamos aprender finalmente sobre a Grega RHO.</p>
<p>Abraços</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Entendendo as gregas e o seu comportamento - Parte 3/5]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/11/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-3/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2009 12:27:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/11/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-3/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Na parte 3 do nosso artigo nós vamos estudar a Grega THETA. GREGA THETA As opções perdem valor com a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Na parte 3 do nosso artigo nós vamos estudar a Grega THETA.</p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>GREGA THETA<br />
</strong></span></p>
<p>As opções perdem valor com a passagem do tempo, isto é fato. Para quem opera opções é importante saber quanto a opção perde a cada dia que passa, para isto existe o THETA, ele é bastante simples de entender, ele mostra quanto a opção vai perder com o passar dos dias. Vamos ao exemplo&#8230;</p>
<p>Para os resultados exibidos abaixo eu usei a cotação da VALE5 à 26,57 com vencimento em 20/04/2009. Veja o que o software <a href="../2009/02/17/software-de-opcoes-calculadora-black-scholes/">Value Greeks</a> nos mostra:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-219" title="theta" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/theta.jpg" alt="theta" width="396" height="301" /></p>
<p>Vamos utilizar o Strike 24, para começar a nossa análise vamos aos dados que precisamos:</p>
<ul>
<li>Strike = 24</li>
<li>Prêmio = 4,05</li>
<li>Theta = -0,0276</li>
</ul>
<p>Quanto a opção com strike 24 perde a cada dia que passa? Para entendermos basta subtrair do prêmio o valor do theta, neste caso o prêmio cotado como $4,05 passaria a valer <strong>$4,03</strong> ($4,05 &#8211; 0,0276). O theta expresso na nossa calculadora Value Greeks é expresso em $/dia, ou seja, quanto ela perde por dia. Fique atento porque outros softwares podem mostrar de maneiras diferentes.</p>
<p>Observe no gráfico abaixo como o Theta se comporta para diferentes strikes.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-222" title="strikextheta" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/strikextheta.jpg" alt="strikextheta" width="473" height="255" /></p>
<p>A medida em que a opção fica mais ATM maior será o Theta. Para opções muito ITM e OTM o theta é relativamente baixo. É interessante observar que quando a estratégia for comprar OTM (embora seja loucura em alguns casos) deve-se escolher o strike em que o Theta seja o menor possível.</p>
<p>No próximo artigo vamos aprender sobre a Grega VEGA.</p>
<p>Abraços</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Entendendo as gregas e o seu comportamento - Parte 2/5]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-2/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2009 20:31:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-2/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Na parte 2 do nosso artigo vamos entender o funcionamento da grega GAMMA. Esta grega se relaciona co]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Na parte 2 do nosso artigo vamos entender o funcionamento da grega GAMMA. Esta grega se relaciona com a Grega Delta, portanto aconselho que ao ler este post você tenha os conceitos do Delta sólidos.</p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>GREGA GAMMA<br />
</strong></span></p>
<p>O GAMMA mede a variação do Delta em relação a mudança de $1 no ativo subjacente. Para entender de forma clara vamos usar um exemplo. Para os resultados exibidos abaixo eu usei a cotação da VALE5 à 26,57 com vencimento em 20/04/2009. Veja o que o software <a href="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/02/17/software-de-opcoes-calculadora-black-scholes/">Value Greeks</a> nos mostra:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-201" title="gamma" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/gamma.jpg" alt="gamma" width="330" height="301" /></p>
<p>Vamos utilizar o Strike 20, para começar a nossa análise vamos aos dados que precisamos:</p>
<ul>
<li>Strike = 20</li>
<li>Delta = 92,2</li>
<li>Gamma = 0,0237</li>
</ul>
<p>Se o ativo subjacente, cotado em nosso exemplo como $26,57, fosse alterado para $27,57 (variação de $1) o que aconteceria com o delta? Devemos somar o valor do Gamma ao Delta para entender, no nosso caso o Delta passaria a valer 0,0237 + 92,2 =<strong> 92,2237</strong>.</p>
<p>Outro exemplo, vamos utilizar o Strike 24, para começar a nossa análise vamos aos dados que precisamos:</p>
<ul>
<li>Strike = 24</li>
<li>Delta = 73,4</li>
<li>Gamma = 0,0538</li>
</ul>
<p>Se o ativo subjacente, cotado em nosso exemplo como $26,57, fosse alterado para $25,57 (variação de $1) o que aconteceria com o delta? Devemos diminuir o valor do Delta do Gamma para entender, no nosso caso o Delta passaria a valer 73,4 &#8211; 0,0538 =<strong> 73,3462</strong>.</p>
<p>A relação entre o Delta e o Gamma acontece da seguinte forma. Veja o gráfico abaixo.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-214" title="gammaxdelta" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/gammaxdelta.jpg" alt="gammaxdelta" width="500" height="290" /></p>
<p>Conforme o Gamma aumenta o Delta diminui, ou seja, quanto maior for o delta para aquela opção menor será a variação dele em relação à mudança no ativo subjacente, podemos observar também que quanto mais a opção fica OTM (veja a tabela acima) o Gamma tende a diminuir. Sentimos a maior variação no Delta quando a opção é ATM.</p>
<p>No próximo artigo vamos aprender sobre a Grega THETA.</p>
<p>Abraços</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Entendendo as gregas e o seu comportamento - Parte 1/5]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-1/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2009 21:43:33 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/entendendo-as-gregas-e-o-seu-comportamento-parte-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Gregas? O que é isso? Esta é a reação das pessoas quando pergunto se sabem o que são as Gregas. É im]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Gregas? O que é isso? Esta é a reação das pessoas quando pergunto se sabem o que são as Gregas. É impressionante o número de pessoas que dizem conhecer opções mais não sabem o que são gregas e para o que serve. Não consigo entender como as pessoas operam opções sem o uso deste instrumento. Se eu tivesse que definir o que é uma grega definiria como bússula, exatamente, Bússula! Quando entramos em alguma operação com opções as gregas vão nos fornecer o comportamento delas. Agora que você já sabe a importância das gregas vamos ao aprendizado.</p>
<p>As gregas são variáveis derivadas da fórmula Black &#38; Scholes que mostram a sensibilidade e o comportamento do preço da opção em relação a quatro fatores:</p>
<ol>
<li>Mudança no Preço do ativo subjacente</li>
<li>Mudança na Taxa de Juros</li>
<li>Mudança na Volatilidade do ativo subjacente</li>
<li>Mudança no Tempo</li>
</ol>
<p>Cada grega mede um aspecto diferente na formação do preço da opção.Existem vários tipos de gregas, neste artigo vamos aprender as 5 mais importantes.</p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>GREGA DELTA</strong></span></p>
<p>O Delta mede a variação do preço da opção em relação a mudança de $1 no ativo subjacente. Complicado? Um exemplo&#8230; Imagine que a opção esteja custando $17,00 e o Delta para esta opção é igual a 37% (ou 0,37 como é mostrado em outros sites ou softwares), isto quer dizer que para cada variação de $1 na ação a opção irá valer $17,37. Fácil não é? Agora como você usa o delta? Aqui está o segredo! As pessoas sempre compram opções OTM porque são baratas, elas custam baratas de verdade mas em compensação possuem um delta horrível. Isto quer dizer que se a ação subir $1 a sua opção OTM com delta de 10% vai ganhar somente 10 centavos e não $1 real como se espera. Ahhh&#8230; entendi, então o que eu faço para aproveitar o mesmo movimento da ação? Compre ITM! Porque os operadores inteligentes quando querem pegar um movimento de alta da ação compram opção ITM? Porque opções ITM possuem um valor de Delta muito alto, em alguns casos chega a ser 100%! Fique de olho no delta das suas opções. Vamos simular uma operação para entender melhor?</p>
<p>Vamos supor que pela nossa análise o ativo VALE5 vai subir, neste momento a VALE5 está cotada à $26,57 , nossa estratégia será compra à seco. Qual opção escolher? Vejamos o que o software <a href="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/02/17/software-de-opcoes-calculadora-black-scholes/">Value Greeks</a> nos oferece de opção:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-194" title="delta" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/03/delta.jpg" alt="delta" width="265" height="301" /></p>
<p>Note que as opções com strike 16, 18 e 20 são a melhor opção devido ao delta ser alto. Gosto dos deltas que estão acima de 90%. Conseguiu visualizar qual é a mais interessante? É óbvio que a opção com o melhor delta é a melhor escolha, mas lembre-se que quanto maior o delta maior será o preço pago pela opção, na verdade a escolha da opção deve levar em conta o delta e o preço que é acessível a cada operador.</p>
<p>No próximo artigo vamos aprender sobre a Grega GAMMA.</p>
<p>Abraços</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Money Is Not Enough]]></title>
<link>http://zuzarte.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/money-is-not-enough/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2009 11:45:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Paulo Ferreira</dc:creator>
<guid>http://zuzarte.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/money-is-not-enough/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Entangled To put it in simple words… there is not enough money in the world to cover the extent of l]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Entangled To put it in simple words… there is not enough money in the world to cover the extent of l]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Montando sua Calculadora Black &amp; Scholes]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/?p=138</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2009 14:04:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/?p=138</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Expliquei no post anterior o que é Black &amp; Scholes. Se você entendeu a fórmula e deseja montar s]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Expliquei no <a href="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/o-que-e-black-scholes/">post anterior</a> o que é Black &#38; Scholes. Se você entendeu a fórmula e deseja montar sua própria calculadora vou mostrar um rápido tutorial. Vamos fazer esta calculadora no excel.</p>
<p>Vamos supor que queremos calcular o preço teórico da opção VALEC22 com preço de exercício (strike) igual a 22.</p>
<p>Lembrando que para o cálculo nós devemos ter os seguintes dados:</p>
<ol>
<li>Valor do ativo subjacente (ação)</li>
<li>Preço de exercício da opção</li>
<li>Taxa de Juros (Taxa Selic)</li>
<li>Volatilidade (volatilidade anual do ativo subjacente)</li>
<li>Dias que restam para o vencimento da opção</li>
</ol>
<p>Vamos buscar cada um destes dados.</p>
<p>1. O valor da VALE5 etá sendo cotado à R$ 26,93 como pode ser visto abaixo:</p>
<p><img class="size-full wp-image-139 alignnone" title="telawinvale" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/02/captura_da_tela.png" alt="telawinvale" width="246" height="207" /></p>
<p>2 &#8211; O preço de exercício da opção VALEC22 é R$ 22,00.<br />
3 &#8211; A taxa de Juros está em 12,75% e pode ser encontrada no <a href="http://www.bcb.gov.br/">site do bacen</a>.<br />
4 &#8211; A Volatilidade do ativo subjacente pode ser encontrada na <a href="http://www.bovespa.com.br/Mercado/Volatilidade/FormConsultaPrincipal.asp">página da bovespa</a>, neste momento está em 64,18%.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-141" title="volatilidadevale" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/02/captura_da_tela-1.png" alt="volatilidadevale" width="500" height="72" /></p>
<p>5 &#8211; Os dias restantes são calculados da seguinte forma: Hoje é dia 28/02/09 (A). A opção vence no dia 16/03/09 (B). A diferença de (A &#8211; B)/365  nos dá o tempo restante em anos para opção expirar. No nosso caso (A-B)/365 = 0,0438.</p>
<p>Vamos ao resumo:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ativo subjacente = 26,93</li>
<li>Strike = 22</li>
<li>Taxa de Juros = 12,75%</li>
<li>Volatilidade anual = 64,18%</li>
<li>Tempo restante = 0,0438</li>
</ul>
<p>Agora vamos ao excel&#8230;</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-143" title="captura_da_tela-2" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/02/captura_da_tela-2.png" alt="captura_da_tela-2" width="285" height="210" /></p>
<p>Coloque os dados de entrada (Ativo subjacente, strike, tempo, volatilidade&#8230;) conforme está na figura. Lembrando que a taxa de juros e a volatilidade devem estar em porcentagem.</p>
<p>Vamos inserir as seguintes fórmulas nos campos:</p>
<ul>
<li>d1 coloque a fórmula na célula B7 desta forma <strong><span style="color:#000080;">=(LN(B1/B2)+(B4+B5^2/2)*B3)/(B5*SQRT(B3))</span></strong></li>
<li>d2 coloque a fórmula na célula B8 desta forma <strong><span style="color:#000080;">=B7-B5*SQRT(B3)</span></strong></li>
<li>Opção de compra coloque a fórmula na célula B10 desta forma <span style="color:#000080;"><strong>=B1*NORMSDIST(B7)-B2*EXP(-B4*B3)*NORMSDIST(B8)</strong></span></li>
<li>Opção de venda coloque a fórmula na célula B11 desta forma <span style="color:#000080;"><strong>=B2*EXP(-B4*B3)*NORMSDIST(-B8)-B1*NORMSDIST(-B7)</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p>Note que a nossa calculadora precificou a opção de compra como 5,1384. O mercado está cotado em:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-144" title="captura_da_tela-3" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/02/captura_da_tela-3.png" alt="captura_da_tela-3" width="244" height="204" /></p>
<p>O valor está bem próximo. Nem sempre os valores do mercado serão iguais aos da calculadora, como falei o modelo black &#38; scholes precifica de forma teórica.</p>
<p>Abraços</p>
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<title><![CDATA[O que é Black &amp; Scholes?]]></title>
<link>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/o-que-e-black-scholes/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2009 01:42:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sulivans</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sulivans.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/o-que-e-black-scholes/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Sendo bastante objetivo, Black &amp; Scholes é um modelo de precificação de Opções. É importante sab]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Sendo bastante objetivo, Black &#38; Scholes é um modelo de precificação de Opções. É importante saber que o preço de uma opção no mercado financeiro é absoluto e verdadeiro, o modelo serve apenas para precificar de forma <strong>teórica</strong> o valor da opção. Os prêmios (preços) das opções são formados por cinco variáveis, são elas:</p>
<ul>
<li>Valor do ativo subjacente (ação)</li>
<li>Preço de exercício da opção</li>
<li>Taxa de Juros (Taxa Selic)</li>
<li>Volatilidade (volatilidade anual do ativo subjacente)</li>
<li>Dias que restam para o vencimento da opção</li>
</ul>
<p>Segue a Fórmula:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-134" title="screenshot0462" src="http://sulivans.wordpress.com/files/2009/02/screenshot0462.jpg" alt="screenshot0462" width="500" height="503" /></p>
<p>Abraços.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[$518 trillion]]></title>
<link>http://zuzarte.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/518-trillion/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2009 10:55:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Paulo Ferreira</dc:creator>
<guid>http://zuzarte.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/518-trillion/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[BSOD $518 trillion&#8230; $518,000,000,000,000 is more or less (who cares when numbers get this big)]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[BSOD $518 trillion&#8230; $518,000,000,000,000 is more or less (who cares when numbers get this big)]]></content:encoded>
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