Die American Dental Association (ADA) fragt die U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bleachingchemikalien zu klassizifieren. Als Beispiel wurde die Sicherheit von Bleachingprodukten zitiert, die oft ohne Konsultation oder Untersuchung eines Zahnarztes durchgeführt wird. Die Vereinigung sagt, dass die Applikation der Chemie von Bleachingmitteln Zähnen, Zahnfleisch und anderes Gewebe im Mund schaden kann. Die ADA weist daraufhin, die habe dazu geführt, dass einige Staaten die Applikation von Bleachingprodukten durch nicht zahnärztliche Personen verhindern. Die enorme Expansion von Produkten, die Konsumenten direkt zur Verfügung stehen und die Applikation von Produkten an Orten wie Einkaufszentren, Kreuzfahrtschiffen und Salons ist beunruhigend, da Konsumenten wenig oder keine Sicherheit bezüglich der Sicherheit der Produktbestandteile, Dosis oder professionelle Qualifikation der Personen, die in nicht zahnärztlichen Praxen arbeiten, haben, sagen ADA Präsident Dr. Ron Tankersley und Executive Director Dr. Kathleen O’Loughlin in einem Brief an die FDA. Die Applikation von Bleachingmaterial ist nicht risikofrei und kann nicht für alle dunklen und verfärbten Zähnen verwendet werden, schreiben sie. American Dental Association

By Gabriel C. Tyler

The before and after of Sammy Sosa. Photo courtesy of Yazmar.com

Out of nowhere, Sammy Sosa ─ legendary baseball player, hero and media-proclaimed poster child for the Dominican Republic ─ has found his new brighter, whiter face plastered across television screens across the world. Headlines that once praised the baseball player now taunt him and his seemingly new physical appearance: “Is Sammy Sosa the New Michael Jackson?” and “Sammy Sosa Bleached, Sammy Sosa White.” He claims that his lighter skin pigmentation is an accident. A result of a skin revitalization cream that he has been using to reverse the harmful effects that playing baseball in the blistering sun for so long has done to his skin. (To read more into the controversy click here.) Those who have viewed photos of the former baseball player claim that Sosa, like many other celebrities of color, has bleached his skin in an attempt to obtain whiter skin and higher social ranking. No conclusive answers exist yet, so all we can do now is speculate. However, whether Sammy’s new skin complexion is an accident or intentional, one thing stands true: among people of color all across the world, there still exist a great distinction and animosity between light-skinned and dark-skinned individuals.

The importance of skin color in the lives of people of color is one that begins early on in life. From preschool to kindergarten, children soon shift from learning to color in the lines to learning to distinguish between colors. This new awareness leads to children separating themselves into groups based upon their own colors, which then becomes the foundation for discrimination and hatred within people of color. With division comes the idea that one group is different from another and in those differences dwell the idea of inferiority and superiority among groups. It seems to be the proclivity of human beings to separate themselves into groups based upon similarities and differences. On a larger scale, these divisions are created between races and classes. However, this idea of division has deep roots in the African-American community ─ some individuals place great emphasis on skin pigmentation, so much so that it becomes a way to evaluate one’s worth.

Even I, as a child and still as a young adult have had to confront issues with my skin color. Everyday I strive to not be pigeonholed by my complexion. Being the youngest of two boys, it’s not unusual for me to be compared to my older brother. He was always referred to as “light,” “fine” and “a looker,” while I faked smiles at being called a “handsome brown boy.” I never fully understood why the words “brown boy” had to be attached to me like a nickname ─ it is apparent to me that my skin is brown but it is not my title. As a young child, I stared at my ceiling many nights, angry at a God who would make me this “brown boy.” I often asked God to make me lighter. Obviously, I never got my request. I just grew into a “brown young man.” The battle with being comfortable with skin complexion is nothing new, especially for those in the black community.

Social drugs pumped into the minds of people of color over time have intensified the division between those of different skin complexions. From the plantation to the Jim Crow era, blacks have fallen prey to the idea that the whiter the skin, the greater the opportunities. A culture raped by white blood lines birthed children of various skin tones. Those children, as a result of vicious cycle such as slavery, argued that the brightness of their skin entitled them to inherit the privileges of white men and women. Individuals began to marry into lighter-pigmented families to produce children with lighter skin, and just like that, “light, bright and damn near white” became the ideal for obtaining great social status.

Another large part of this skin whitening process is bleaching, or chemically removing the color from the skin using creams and even lemons turned into bleaching agents by the sunlight. It can be a harmful process for an individual’s skin ─ bleaching agents containing hydroquinone kills off the melanin-making cells, melanolyte, while bleaching agents containing mercury (ammoniated mercury or mercrous chloride) have been scientifically proven to cause mercury poisoning in excess. The bleaching process shows how deeply ingrained the quest for whiter skin is in people of color. People are willing to risk their health for an external appearance. It is as if white skin is so great to certain individuals that bleaching turns into an addiction.

The media perpetuates the ideal of having lighter skin among blacks. The Los Angeles Times did a piece, entitled “The Beyoncé ad and skin bleaching,” about the controversy with Beyoncé’s L’Oreal ads, which feature her with lighter skin than she actually has. For years, people pointed fingers at celebrities, such as Michael Jackson and Lil’ Kim who have apparently had unnatural skin transformations. Womeninquire.com offers women of color the “secret to lighter skin,” claiming that stars, such as Rihanna, Halle Berry, Beyoncé, Amerie and Thandie Newton get whiter skin from their products. An episode of the Tyra Banks show entitled, “Black Women & Their Children Bleaching Their Skin” showed how ingrained the idea of having a lighter complexion still is in the African-American community. Women were not only bleaching themselves, but their children, claiming that “their children would be better, if they were lighter.” It becomes evident that many have sacrificed their mental and emotional well-being for lighter skin ─ it seems the minds of many people of color have been poisoned.

An already fair-skinned Beyoncé next to the controversial lightened L'oreal Ad. Photo courtesy of ClevelandLeader.com

I do not know what the truth is behind the Sammy Sosa scandal. I do not know if there is a simple solution to the divisions among people of color based on skin complexion. However, I do know that black is beautiful (not that white is not), and there is no need to be anything but who you are, whether that be a “brown boy” or a light-skinned boy. When we stop looking at color or physical appearance as an aspect of an individual’s character and value in society, then progress will finally happen. Until then, we’ll keep on bleaching, literally and figuratively, until the scraps of identity that we do possess disappear. What happened to “Black Power” and “Black Pride” ─ are we running from our roots by trying to externally be something that we are not?

The other day at work I encountered a woman who clearly cared about her appearance – her hair looked as though it had just been done, her nails were neatly manicured, and her clothes were neat and stylish. Sadly, her whole look was marred by an obvious strip of  hair above her upper lip. With all of her careful grooming, how could she have forgotten her mustache?

Facial hair is, unfortunately, a fact of life for most women. We ladies are not supposed to have facial hair, and as a result it’s often left undiscussed and is frequently unaddressed. This means that, as was the case with my mustachioed client the other day, many women are letting a little bit of fuzz ruin an otherwise well-groomed face. Here, some common types of female facial hair and how to get rid of it.

Fly Hairs: Puzzling and embarrassing, these random hairs are usually dark and stiff, and are some how able to grow to abnormal lengths before you will notice one on your neck or chin. There it stands, all alone, a single long dark hair poking out like the beard of a pubescent boy. Your best bet with these babies is to leave them alone until you can tweeze them. Nothing is less attractive than catching someone twirling or pinching a random neck hair. To catch them early, grab a magnifying mirror once a week and take stock of the area. But if you do notice one while out in public, take heart; chances are nobody else will.

Upper Lip Fuzz: Probably the most prevalent and stress inducing form of facial hair, the female mustache can be as insignificant as a dusting of nearly invisible peach fuzz or as thick and dashing as Tom Selleck’s. The fact remains that, in either case, removing this particular patch of hair will do wonders for your overall look and polish. My recommendation in this case is waxing. At home wax strip kits are inexpensive, easy to use, and work well on this type of hair, as long as you follow the instructions on the package. Some people choose to tweeze errant upper lip hairs, and this is also an effective, although more time-consuming, option. I would urge readers to avoid bleaching their upper lips, as this often has the undesired effect of drawing attention to the problem: the hair often comes out too light, and if you have enough upper lip hair to bleach, you’ll just end up with a blonde mustache.

Eyebrows: I’ve touched upon them before, and for a crash course in grooming your brows you can reference my earlier post, “Taming the Beast.” There are many schools of thought regarding eyebrows, with some women essentially eliminating them while others prefer to keep them full and sometimes bushy. Regardless of your personal style, regular brow maintenance is one of the easiest ways to brighten up your face and keep yourself looking put together. If your brows are out of control, seek professional help and get them waxed. From there it’s easy to keep up the general shape with regular tweezing.

310341     เทคโนโลยีการผลิตและฟอกเยื่อ     Pulping and Bleaching Technology

การเตรียมวัตถุดิบสํ าหรับการผลิตและการฟอกเยื่อ ปฏิกิริยาเคมีและกลไกในการผลิตและการฟอกเยื่อ สมบัติและการใช้ประโยชน์ของเยื่อ ผลพลอยได้และการนํ าสารเคมีกลับมาใช้ซํ้ าในการผลิตและการฟอกเยื่อ มีการศึกษานอกสถานที่

(Preparation of raw materials for pulping and bleaching. Chemical and mechanism of reactions in pulping and bleaching. Pulp properties and their application. Byproducts and chemical recovery in pulping and bleaching. Field trips required)

(310341 มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์)

Thanks Agent M.   & BoomBash Pow.  Thanks a whole whole lot.

This textile bleaching factory was built in 1879. In 1978, the factory went bankrupt. Sobelta bought the factory grounds and sold them to Artifex in 1990, who used the sheds for storage. Unfortunately, at this time, some parts of the protected steam engine were stolen, surrendering the factory into a downward spiral. After Artifex abandoned the building, vandalism and theft increased, rendering the factory into a ruin. Today reconversion plan started; demolishing the most decayed parts of the buildings and redeveloping the best preserved ones into social housing.

A friend and fellow islandista brought our attention to this article from the Miami Herald from back in 2007.

And … wow!

It certainly gives a lot of perspective on Sammy Sosa’s little ’skin rejuvenation’ exercise.

We had heard that ’shadeism’ was bad in the DR but we did not know it was as bad as all this.

Some excerpts from the piece:

And to many in the Dominican Republic, to look pretty is to look less black.

Dominican hairdressers are internationally known for the best hair-straightening techniques. Store shelves are lined with rows of skin whiteners, hair relaxers and extensions.

Racial identification here is thorny and complex, defined not so much by skin color but by the texture of your hair, the width of your nose and even the depth of your pocket. The richer, the “whiter.” And, experts say, it is fueled by a rejection of anything black.

“I always associated black with ugly. I was too dark and didn’t have nice hair,” said Catherine de la Rosa, a dark-skinned Dominican-American college student spending a semester here. “With time passing, I see I’m not black. I’m Latina.

Apparently, part of this goes back to the period that the Dominican Republic was colonised by Haiti.

The only country in the Americas to be freed from black colonial rule — neighboring Haiti — the Dominican Republic still shows signs of racial wounds more than 200 years later. Presidents historically encouraged Dominicans to embrace Spanish Catholic roots rather than African ancestry.

Here, as in much of Latin America — the “one drop rule” works in reverse: One drop of white blood allows even very dark-skinned people to be considered white.

Because of that, few Dominicans actually identify as black, even though their blackness is plain to see.

A walk down city streets shows a country where blacks and dark-skinned people vastly outnumber whites, and most estimates say that 90 percent of Dominicans are black or of mixed race. Yet census figures say only 11 percent of the country’s nine million people are black.

To many Dominicans, to be black is to be Haitian. So dark-skinned Dominicans tend to describe themselves as any of the dozen or so racial categories that date back hundreds of years — Indian, burned Indian, dirty Indian, washed Indian, dark Indian, cinnamon, moreno or mulatto, but rarely negro.

The Dominican Republic is not the only nation with so many words to describe skin color. Asked in a 1976 census survey to describe their own complexions, Brazilians came up with 136 different terms, including café au lait, sunburned, morena, Malaysian woman, singed and “toasted.”

Several women said the cultural rejection of African looking hair is so strong that people often shout insults at women with natural curls.

“I cannot take the bus because people pull my hair and stick combs in it,” said wavy haired performance artist Xiomara Fortuna. “They ask me if I just got out of prison. People just don’t want that image to be seen.”

Wow, Sammy Sosa is sounding more and more confused by the day.

He has finally admitted to what we all knew – that he is bleaching his skin.

In an interview on Primer Impacto, a programme on the Spanish-language network Univision, Sammy said:

“It’s a bleaching cream that I apply before going to bed and whitens my skin some.

It’s a cream that I have, that I use to soften [my skin], but has bleached me some. I’m not a racist, I live my life happily.I want people to calm down and realize that I didn’t do any of this with mal intentions.”

Asked about the obvious Michael Jackson comparison, Sammy somehow doesn’t see the connection, saying:

“What happened was that I had been using the cream for a long time and that, combined with the bright TV lights, made my face look whiter than it really is. I don’t think I look like Michael Jackson.”

He says that his skin bleaching is a completely different kettle of fish.

“I respect him very much and may God keep him in his glory, but this is not the case with me.

I’m truly shocked that this has gotten so big. This has resonated more than the actual [Latin] Grammys.”

Oh, and if that was not enough for you, he has said that he plans to market the “miracle cream” which can only be bought in Europe.

“I’m going to market it, I’m a businessman.”

Lawd help us.

A teeth whitening is a cosmetic service done commonly by dentists. There are a number of teeth whitening products that are available over the counter to choose from. Not all the products and treatments are recommended to everyone. The procedure of teeth bleaching works very well for those having healthy teeth and gums. Also, teeth whitening procedures are not permanent. The people who drink beverages and eat foods, which stain the teeth easily, more often go for the whitening treatments than those who do not consume such things. Teeth bleaching effect varies from person to person depending on the nature of the stain, condition of the teeth and the type of bleaching treatment he has taken. The duration of the teeth bleaching effect is dependent on the whiteness of the teeth. Teeth bleaching or whitening procedures are both effective and safe and found that they do not cause any damage to the gums and enamel of the teeth.

Popular teeth bleaching methods:

Teeth bleaching toothpastes: This option is advised for people who have minimal amount of stains in their teeth caused by tea and coffee. They are found to be effective on people who have undergone professional teeth bleaching session and who are on the verge to keep their results. The toothpastes are a mixture of baking soda and diluted form of hydrogen peroxide.

Home bleaching kits for the teeth:

Home bleaching kits are available in almost all the drugstores. They contain a mouth tray and a gel solution. It requires soaking the teeth for a minimum of 10 minutes and should be used only when prescribed by the dentists. This type of teeth bleaching is considered to be far better than the over the counter products since the dentist can make a follow up to find out any problems of the teeth.

Widely used home bleaching tips:

A mixture of lemon juice and salt crystals is applied on the yellowish tinted teeth to remove the yellowish tint and make them brighter in color.

Inner parts of the orange peels are rubbed on the discolored teeth to get a white shine.

Bi-carbonate of soda with water when used regularly is said to remove stains on the surface of the teeth.

Bay leaves dried and powdered and mixed with dried orange peel are used as a natural whitener.

Power bleaching of the teeth:

This type of teeth bleaching is done with the help of hydrogen peroxide. It is the active ingredient leading to teeth whitening. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is more. It can be up to 35 percentages hence it has to be done in the dental clinic by the dentist. The results got out of this procedure are very impressive as high concentrated hydrogen peroxide and bright lights are used and may even last for a few years.

Veneers for the teeth:

Veneers are a popular option for permanent teeth whitening or bleaching. Veneers are made out of porcelain and are attached to the tooth. This is also an expensive process of teeth whitening.

   Did you know that giant paper companies are forcing the destruction of our continents most vibrant forests and destroying the habitat of countless species of wildlife.   500,000 acres of boreal forest in Ontario and Alberto are felled each year to provide pulp for disposable paper products.  Besides this destruction, the forests are storehouses of carbon dioxide that is critical to keep intact to slow down global warming.  There is one thing that you may not know about paper and that is it’s use of chorine for whitening.  Chlorine is used in many of the bleaching processes and this contributes to the formation of dioxins and furans, chemicals that can end up in our air and water and can cause cancer.   There are many companies that process chlorine-free.  Read the labels on the products.  Don’t be misled by the word eco-friendly or green.  

Disposable diapers are also a concern.  The convenience factor is high and most people use them over cloth diapers.  According to The Green Guide, 95% of U.S. families use disposable diapers, as many as 8,000 per child.  The bleaching process for disposable diapers to make them as white as possible leads to the generation of the chemical dioxin.  This chemical is harmful to the factory worker and the environment surrounding the manufacturing factories.   It also can show up in trace amounts in the diapers themselves, potentially exposing babies skin to a dangerous carcinogen.  Try to reduce your use of these products or find alternatives.  There are chlorine free diapers by Seventh Generation and Tender Care.  Also check out reusable gDiapers.   There are still diaper laudering services available if you prefer. When you go shopping for paper products, try to think of what you can use instead.  You will be doing your part to help the planet and keep yourself and your family healthy.

It seems like we can’t walk through the toothpaste aisle at the local grocery store these days without seeing this toothpaste or that overnight treatment for tooth whitening. There are toothpastes, brush-on overnight paints and even those little dams. So, there we stand agonizing over which product to try this time as a means to reduce the effects of age, coffee, tea and smoking.

Which one is the best one on the market? Why didn’t I think to ask my dentist the last time I was in that chair? What are the risks? Hum, I wonder if my dentist would mind if I called him now? How many of you have looked at a few of those and walked away in frustration resolving to ask your dentist at your next visit? Well, here is the latest information regarding tooth whitening products from the American Dental Association.

In-Office Bleaching:

Providing your gums and teeth are healthy enough, a dentist can use a tooth whitening agent right in his chair. This procedure consists of covering or protecting your gums with a gel-like substance, then using a product that will bleach your teeth free of stains. This is, obviously, more expensive than one of the do-it-yourself varieties, but is more effective in the long run. It is important to note, however, that an in-office tooth whitening procedure may take more than one visit for optimal results.

At-Home Bleaching:

The products that may be used at home for tooth whitening include bleaching agents and toothpastes. A bleaching agent, usually a gel containing a mixture of peroxide and other chemicals, is placed in a “guard” or “dam” and worn for a period time, usually overnight for about a week to ten days. By contrast, a whitening toothpaste may be used every time you brush your teeth and will have some effect, but not as much as either the home bleaching products or those used by your dentist.

Whatever tooth whitening product you choose, make sure that it has been accepted by the American Dental Association. This way you are assured of the quality and safety of the product you will be placing in you mouth and near your fragile teeth and gums. The American Dental Association is the leading authority when it comes to dental procedures and products, so if it the one you are looking at does not bear their seal of acceptance, then the safety and quality of the product may be questionable.

Ok, let’s talk about skin care and what not to do .

Sammy Sosa’s new look is definitely not a good look, no pun intended…lol. Supposedly, he is going through some sort of skin rejuvenation process. Now, you know I am all for rejuvenating one’s skin, but the “cleansing process” he is going through went a little too far, in my opinion.

Ladies and gents, pls beware of skin rejuvenation processes that makes you look like a totally different person!

Sammy Sosa's New Look

Image from: HERE

Can someone please help me here? What is going on with Sammy Sosa? 

What are your thoughts on Sammy Sosa’s new look?

Well a whaddis fadda?!

Just yesterday we blasted the eediat gal Lisa Hype over her song Proud a mi Bleaching.

At least she owned up to it openly.

Photo credit: Exposay.com/PRN photos

However, Major League batter Sammy Sosa wants us to believe that he is undergoing a “rejuvenation process for his skin” and that is why he was photographed at two different events last week looking like a duppy.

After the pictures came out of Dominican Republic-born Sammy last week and people (naturally) asked what in the Little Kim, bleach face, Nadinola-rubbing hell is going on, a former Cubs employee, Rebecca Polihronis, the former Cubs Care/Community relations manager, jumped to his defence… and of course, promptly made the whole situation more absurd.

From the Chicago Tribune:

He is going through a rejuvenation process for his skin (read: bleaching),” Polihronis said. “Women have it all of the time. He was surprised he came out looking so white. I thought it was a body double. Part of (the photo appearance) is just the lighting.

“He is in the middle of doing a cleansing process to his skin (as in cleansing it of melanin?). The picture is deceiving. He said, ‘If you saw me in person, you would be surprised. When you see me in person, it is not going to seem like the picture.’

“People who saw him in person did not react the same way. He can’t believe it is such a big deal.”

Polihronis, the former Cubs Care/Community Relations manager for the team, said Sosa told her he has used moisturizing treatment (like Ambi or Fair & White?) at night on his face.

“He has always been concerned with the way he looks (you mean black?),” she said. “Probably just bad timing going to an awards show.”

“He was doing a dermatological skin process after years and years (of playing baseball) in the sun,” Polihronis said. “It did come out looking weird (in the picture).”

You know what we at islandista have to say to this – EH! Especially when you take a look at the photo below of how he looked back in 2005.

Photo credit: Luke Frazza/AFP/Getty Images

Not that we need to point out the flipping obvious but – if he is just undergoing something as innocuous sounding (to white people like Polihronis who ent know nuh better or pretending she don’t) as skin rejuvenation, how does that explain the obviously straightened, slicked back hair and the creepy green contacts? Creepy contacts, which by the way, he started with several months ago, as seen in the pic below of him from May.

Photo credit: AFP/Getty Images

And if it was just a ‘lighting’ problem at the event, why was he pictured at two events on two subsequent nights – November 4th and 5th – looking like Casper the Dominican ghost?

I mean, come onnnn Sammy. If you’re bleaching, just do like Lisa Hype and be “proud a yu bleaching cos yu cream dear”. These flimsy arguments just insulting, man and we will not play along and pretend your self hatred is other than what it is.

Can I volunteer if I’m an asylum seeker or refugee?
Does volunteering affect my benefits?
I’m on a student visa – can I volunteer?
Can I do my college / university work placement at Come:Unity Arts?
Do I need to be a qualified therapist to take part?
Do I need to speak English to participate?
How long do I have to wait if I’m placed on the waiting list?

Will I be able to volunteer if I’m an asylum seeker or refugee?
Yes. Since 2000, asylum seekers and refugees can do voluntary work even though your visa may prohibit you from doing unpaid work.

I’m on jobseekers allowance – does volunteering affect my benefits?
You can volunteer if you are in receipt of jobseekers allowance as long as you inform the benefits office of your voluntary work, and you can still have your travel expenses reimbursed. The office may ask us for confirmation of this, which we will be pleased to help you with.

I’m a Student – can I still volunteer?
Students can undertake voluntary work as long as it is within your permitted working hours and fits in with the timetable required at Come:Unity Arts.

If I need to fulfil a work placement for my college or university, can I do this through C:UA’ programme?
Yes, we have taken on various work placements in the past, although you will need to firstly check that we have vacancies, and then discuss this with your university. All work placements still have to follow the same application process as any other applicant.

Do I need to be a fully qualified therapist to take part in the programme?
The counselling service takes on a maximum of 2 counselling /therapy students on work placement through their institution at any one time. All others must be fully qualified.

Do I need to speak English to take part?
Not necessarily – your level of English depends on the role you apply for. For instance to interpret or translate, you will need an advanced level of English. If you don’t speak much English, we would encourage you to practice and to participate in our language exchange.

How long do I have to wait if I’m placed on the waiting list?
It could be as little as 4 weeks – when a volunteer finds a job, their role will become available immediately. Our waiting list is ordered by type of role you tell us you are interested in, so as soon as your interests become available we will contact you for an interview. You shouldn’t be waiting any longer than 6 months.

Have you noticed friends or co-workers with bright smiles and thought, “They sure are lucky to have such beautiful teeth”? Actually, luck may or may not have played a part. Chances are their dentist played a more important role. Long-term studies of the safety and the effectiveness of teeth whitening are encouraging to dentists who want to provide their patients a simple and economical way to improve their smiles.
Several methods are available to whiten teeth with minimal effort and with usually no discomfort. After a dental check-up, your dentist can advise you on how best to brighten your smile. Methods range from strips applied to the teeth at home over a 2 or 3-week period, to light-activated processes done in the dentist’s chair in about an hour. The active ingredient, either hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide, is safe when used according to instructions and works to lighten the enamel. In most cases, this change in color is dramatic! Volumes have been written about the importance of a smile, and its relationship to one’s psychological outlook. Now it’s easier than ever to improve your smile and change your life!

Dr. Jason Leroux, Palm Dental Care

1. How to improve the tear and tensile strength of the fabric?
   1. i.    There are many reasons for the loss of tensile and tear strength. Right from singeing, if the intensity and height of the flame is higher than the required; the fabric is likely to be scorched. To avert this, various speeds ranging from 70, 80, 90 meter/minute are to be tried in singeing and the efficiency can be ascertained by pilling test over specified measurements (10 x 10 sq.in).
   2. ii.    Excessive emerizing may lead to strength loss.
   3. iii.      Resin finishing (for DP value) : A loss of 20 per cent fabric strength is unavoidable if the chemicals after application and curing are not properly washed by suitable alkali treatment (2 gpl soda ash in cold water and then washing etc.). We also suggested a suitable recipe for obtaining a better DP value onn their fabric.
      1. DMDHEU Resin    = 60 gpl
      2. Magnesium Chloride = 15 gpl
      3. Poly-ethylene emulsion = 24 gpl
      4. Silicone emulsion = 15 to 20 gpl
      5. Acetic Acid = 2 gpl
      6. 100% Non-ionic wetting agent = 2 to 3 gpl
         1. PAD – DRY @ 120 to 130°C – CURE @ 140 to 150 °C for 4 to 5 minutes –
         2. Fabric is washed in an open soaper with 2 gpl soda ash at cold in the 1^st compartment and then cold wash in all other compartments.

TEETH WHITENING

        First of all, when I refer to teeth whitening, for the purpose of clarity, I am referring to chemical whitening or “bleaching”.  Most whitening products out there use a form of peroxide to whiten the teeth.  The  form of peroxide used in most of the products available contains Carbamide Peroxide.  You will also find kits that contain Hydrogen Peroxide.  Carbamide Peroxide is also known as Urea Hydrogen Peroxide and when it breaks down, it becomes Hydrogen Peroxide and Urea.  Carbamide Peroxide 10% will break down into Hydrogen Peroxide 3%.   This is important to know when you are choosing a whitening product because a bleach that contains 22% Carbamide Peroxide will have roughly the same effect as a bleach containing about 8% Hydrogen Peroxide.  The bleaching of the teeth takes place as the active ingredient in the bleach breaks down and allows oxygen to enter the enamel and  dentin, resulting in the lightening of the teeth.  So now you know about the chemistry that happens when you whiten your teeth in this manner. 

         Now, how do you decide which product to use since the active ingredient is essentially the same?   The products with Carbamide Peroxide can range from a 35% concentration down to kits with 20%, 15% or 10%.   How do we decide which strength is best ?  It turns out the the highest concentration is not always the best for everyone.  Typically, the products with 35% concentration of active ingredient will work faster ( you may only need to keep the trays in for 20-40 minutes a day) and the results will appear over a shorter duration of time.  However, the possibility of temporary “burns” on the gums (white spots that do burn a bit as a result of the peroxide leaching onto the gums) and tooth sensitivity are increased with the higher concentration bleach products.  The lower concentration products (10% 15%) are quite effective but you typically need to leave the tray in for a number of hours (often it is recommended to leave the trays in overnight) and it may take up to two weeks to obtain the whiteness you were looking for.  The upside is that you rarely experience those pesky temporary burns on the gums and the occurrence of sensitivity to the teeth is dramatically reduced.  Some products have incorporated fluoride and potassium nitrate into their products to decrease sensitivity and to increase the microhardness of the enamel and they do both quite effectively.   Often, if you are prone to sensitive teeth, using a desensitizing toothpaste for two weeks prior to bleaching may significantly reduce any sensitivity while bleaching.   Taking a day or two off if you experience sensitivity is an option as well. 

        It goes without saying that following your dentist’s instructions or the instructions on the kit (if you purchased on OTC product) is extremely important in the success of the whitening and the safety to your oral health.  These products are very safe overall but it is important to use them for  the recommended amount of  time to allow the enamel to “rest” a bit.  Another thing to keep in mind is that the whitening products available only whiten natural teeth – they do not lighten any fillings or crowns so, if you know that you are going to have crowns or white fillings placed, you may want to get your teeth to the whiteness level you desire with your bleaching product of choice and then have the restorations done.  But always allow at least 2 weeks of NOT bleaching before you have a resin (tooth colored) filling placed.  Bleaching does affect the bonding strength of  resins.   

         So, to recap, most whitening products available are safe and effective but it is always a good idea to be a good consumer.  Read the label.  Know the concentrations of active ingredient you are getting.  Use the product according to direction.  If you experience sensitivity, consider a weaker concentration.  If you experience gum burns, take a few days off to allow the gums to heal and then make sure you are using a lesser amount of product so that it won’t leach out over your tray. Remember to stop using bleaching products at least two weeks before you are scheduled to have a resin filling placed.  Call your dentist if you still have questions.  A  whiter smile often increases our confidence and often gives us a boost.  Used correctly, whitening your teeth is easy, safe and effective. 

In the appearance conscious society in which we live there is a myth for women of colour, that lighter paler complexions portray beauty, riches and success. This misguided belief has resulted in a huge market for skin lightening pills; creams; soaps and bleaching products. Some people use them secretly knowing what the side effects are, others use poorly labelled under the counter products not knowing the danger. In India, women strive to achieve the “wheat” colour much-requested on Asian dating websites. In the Caribbean, light skin is also highly desired while in African countries even seemingly minor variations in skin tone can contribute to ethnic conflict.

The subject is a controversial one. Skin Deep will engage young women, to produce a visual art exhibition whilst gaining skills in photography, visual art and learning aspects of film-making and interview techniques. The aim of the project is to create more awareness about the long term effects of using skin bleaching products on skin but also to highlight the effect on the person within. Exhibition Launch: Tuesday 10th November

Exhibition November 2009 until January 2010 Monday – Friday 10am – 4pm

Venue: BVSC, 138 Digbeth, Birmingham, B5 6DR

Since teeth whitening has now become the number one aesthetic concern of many patients, there are many products and methods available to achieve a brighter smile.

Professional teeth whitening (or bleaching) is a simple, non-invasive dental treatment used to change the color of natural tooth enamel, and is an ideal way to enhance the beauty of your smile. Over-the-counter products are also available, but they are much less effective than professional treatments and may not be approved by the American Dental Association (ADA).

As we age, the outer layer of tooth enamel wears away, eventually revealing a darker or yellow shade. The color of our teeth also comes from the inside of the tooth, which may become darker over time. Smoking, drinking coffee, tea, and wine may also contribute to tooth discoloration, making our teeth yellow and dull. Sometimes, teeth can become discolored from taking certain medications as a child, such as tetracycline. Excessive fluoridation (fluorosis) during tooth development can also cause teeth to become discolored.

It’s important to have your teeth evaluated by your dentist to determine if you’re a good candidate for bleaching. Occasionally, tetracycline and fluorosis stains are difficult to bleach and your dentist may offer other options, such as veneers or crowns to cover up such stains. Since teeth whitening only works on natural tooth enamel, it is also important to evaluate replacement of any old fillings, crowns, etc. before bleaching begins. Once the bleaching is done, your dentist can match the new restorations to the shade of the newly whitened teeth.

Since teeth whitening is not permanent, a touch-up may be needed every several years to keep your smile looking bright.

The most widely used professional teeth whitening systems:

Home teeth whitening systems: At-home products usually come in a gel form that is placed in a custom-fitted mouthguard (tray), created from a mold of your teeth. The trays are worn either twice a day for approximately 30 minutes, or overnight while you sleep. It usually takes several weeks to achieve the desired results depending on the degree of staining and the desired level of whitening.

In office teeth whitening: This treatment is done in the dental office and you will see results immediately. It may require more than one visit, with each visit lasting 30 to 60 minutes. While your gums are protected, a bleaching solution is applied to the teeth. A special light may be used to enhance the action of the agent while the teeth are whitened.

Some patients may experience tooth sensitivity after having their teeth whitened. This sensation is temporary and subsides shortly after you complete the bleaching process, usually within a few days to one weak.
Teeth whitening can be very effective and can give you a brighter, whiter, more confident smile!

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west covina dentist