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	<title>brereton &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/brereton/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "brereton"</description>
	<pubDate>Mon, 04 Jan 2010 23:56:08 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[365 Things I Love About Camp #312, 313, and 314]]></title>
<link>http://rrbcblog.wordpress.com/2010/01/02/365-things-i-love-about-camp-312-313-and-314/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 02 Jan 2010 05:01:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kendrad</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rrbcblog.wordpress.com/2010/01/02/365-things-i-love-about-camp-312-313-and-314/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[#312. I love New Years at camp. Notice I didn’t say New Years Eve – I went to bed before midnight, a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[#312. I love New Years at camp. Notice I didn’t say New Years Eve – I went to bed before midnight, a]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Salt Lake City PD wins top K9 honors in competition]]></title>
<link>http://positiveleo.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/salt-lake-city-pd-wins-top-k9-honors-in-competition/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 22:34:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>PositiveLeo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://positiveleo.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/salt-lake-city-pd-wins-top-k9-honors-in-competition/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The Salt Lake City Police Department&#8217;s K9 team has earned top honors at the 19th Annual Las Ve]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><span style="color:#000000;font-size:x-small;">The Salt Lake City Police Department&#8217;s K9 team has earned top honors at the 19th Annual Las Vegas Metro K-9 Trials.</p>
<p>Officers Cale Lennberg and K9 Troll and Tony Brereton and K9 Jinx competed against 40 other teams from five western states and an international team from Mexico.</p>
<p>The competition included building searches, open area searches, tactical obedience, obstacles, apprehension and narcotics searches.</p>
<p>Officer Lennberg and Troll won second place overall for Top Dog. Officer Brereton and Jinx won 2nd place in the building search event and 2nd place in tactical obedience. With a combined seven individual trophies and high scores in 5 of 9 events, the Salt Lake team took home the 1st place Top Agency trophy this year.</p>
<p></span></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.localnews8.com/Global/story.asp?S=11412916" target="_blank"><span style="color:#000000;font-size:x-small;">LINK</p>
<p></span></a></h3>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[365 Things I Love About Camp # 210]]></title>
<link>http://rrbcblog.wordpress.com/2009/09/21/365-things-i-love-about-camp-210/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 21 Sep 2009 13:49:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kendrad</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rrbcblog.wordpress.com/2009/09/21/365-things-i-love-about-camp-210/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[#210. I love Pat’s Pottery! Some of you may have noticed that when you’re passing through Brereton a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[#210. I love Pat’s Pottery! Some of you may have noticed that when you’re passing through Brereton a]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Rumus Volume Batang Pohon Terpakai]]></title>
<link>http://belajaranbelajar.wordpress.com/2009/02/22/rumus-volume-batang-pohon-terpakai/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2009 13:22:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>a2karim09</dc:creator>
<guid>http://belajaranbelajar.wordpress.com/2009/02/22/rumus-volume-batang-pohon-terpakai/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[(sebuah pemikiran kepraktisan perhitungan volume)* Artikel ini diangkat dari hasil temuan kami saat ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">(sebuah pemikiran kepraktisan perhitungan volume)*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:left;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Artikel ini diangkat dari hasil temuan kami saat sebagai wakil penguji </span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">yang mempertanyakaan tentang luas bidang dasar (Lbds) pada suatu ujian komprehensif. Berdasarkan temuan tsb, timbul pemikiran untuk lebih <!--more-->menyederhanakan dalam artian data yang di-input tetap sesuai dengan satuan ukurannya, tanpa ada konversi satuan ukuran.<br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:9pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sebagai seorang rimbawan tentunya kita akan dan sangat mengenal rumus perhitungan volume pohon berdiri yang notasinya :</span></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:85.05pt;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US">Vp = <span> </span><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <span> </span>. π . D<sup>2</sup> . T . f<sub>f</sub><span> </span>…… <span> </span>(R-1)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:85.05pt;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US">Vp = <span> </span><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4π</sub> . K<sup>2</sup> . T . f<sub>f</sub><span> </span><span> </span>…….. <span> </span>(R-2)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:85.05pt;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk<span> </span>D dan K dalam satuan cm ; T dalam satuan meter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--> <span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">atau juga rumus perhitungan volume kayu bulat. Sebagai contoh rumus Brereton (modifikasi rumus Hüber) yang digunakan di Indonesia :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:9pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>B</sub> =<span> </span>π<span> </span>. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> . [{<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub>) + <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (d<sub>1 </sub>+ d<sub>2</sub>)}/2]<sup>2</sup> . P<span> </span>..… (R-3)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>B</sub> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>64</sub> .<span> </span>π . (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> . P <span> </span>……&#8230;.……… (R-4)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk<span> </span>D dan d dalam satuan cm ; P dalam satuan meter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>B</sub> =<span> </span>0,7854 . D<sup>2</sup> . P<span> </span>…………………………….…… (R-5)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk<span> </span>D dan P dalam satuan meter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Pengalaman kami di akademis sering terjadi kesalahan hitung (praktek lapangan dan ujian komprehensif).<span> </span>Penyebab yang sering kami temukan adalah saat merubah atau menyamakan satuan cm untuk diameter atau keliling ke satuan meter.<span> </span>Disamping itu adanya rumusan volume terutama untuk kayu bulat yang sering berubah-ubah, namun ternyata hasil perhitungannya adalah sama (terutama rumusan kayu bulat Brereton), juga pendesimalan harga π.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan kenyataan yang kami hadapi, timbul pemikiran untuk lebih menyederhanakan rumusan perhitungan volume tsb dengan maksud mengatasi kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang telah dikemukakan (kesalahan merubah satuan, terlupakan) atau setidak-tidaknya meminimalkannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--> <strong><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;" lang="EN-US">1. Volume Pohon Berdiri</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>a.</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Bila diketahui Diameter Batang</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Untuk mudahnya kita tinjau lebih dulu rumusan luas bidang dasar (Lbds) pada rumusan volume R-1, karena penyederhanaan rumus yang mendasar pada rumusan Lbds adalah juga luas lingkaran. Sedangkan satuan ukuran tinggi (T) tetap sesuai dengan saat pengukuran (meter) dan nilai f<sub>f</sub> <span> </span>adalah nilai yang dinyatakan bersifat tetap (konstanta).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0 0 12pt 99.25pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Lbds <span> </span>= <span> </span>π . r<sup>2</sup><span> </span>=<span> </span><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <span> </span>. π . D<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sesuai dengan kaidah bentuk lingkaran, maka harga π tetap dipertahankan yaitu <sup>22</sup>/<sub>7</sub> dan harga <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> tetap dipertahankan karena berasal dari pengkuadratan nilai <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (r = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2 </sub>D). Untuk penyamaan dengan satuan ukuran tinggi, maka data hasil ukuran diameter terlebih dahulu di bagi 100; sehingga satuan ukuran diameter (cm) yang diperoleh dari hasil ukuran lapangan dapat tetap dipertahankan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Berarti luas bidang dasar ( Lbds ) :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:99.25pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Lbds = <span> </span><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <span> </span>. <sup>22</sup>/<sub>7</sub> . (<sup>D</sup>/<sub>100</sub>)<sup>2</sup> <span> </span>m<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Setelah melalui penyederhanaan tanpa pembulatan diperoleh :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:99.25pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Lbds<span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>140000</sub>) . D<sup>2</sup><span> </span>m</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Memperhatikan bentuk irisan batang tidak merupakan lingkaran penuh dan tumpukan irisannya tidak membentuk silinder sempurna, maka dikoreksi sebesar f<sub>f</sub> sehingga diperoleh rumusan volume pohon berdiri :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:red;" lang="EN-US">Vp<span> </span>= <span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>140000</sub>) . D<sup>2</sup> . T . f<sub>f</sub><span> </span>m<sup>3<span> </span></sup></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">…..<sup><span> </span></sup>(R-1a)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk satuan ukur diameter (D) tetap dalam cm;<span> </span>satuan ukur tinggi (T) tetap dalam meter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>b.</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Bila diketahui Keliling Batang</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sejalan dengan cara di atas, maka rumusan untuk perhitungan volume pohon berdasarkan Lbds dengan ukuran keliling batang diperoleh</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:red;" lang="EN-US">Vp<span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>7</sup>/<sub>880000</sub>) . K<sup>2</sup> . T . f<sub>f</sub><span> </span>m<sup>3 </sup></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"><span> </span>…..<sup><span> </span></sup>(R-2a)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk satuan ukur keliling (K) tetap dalam cm;<span> </span>satuan ukur tinggi (T) tetap dalam meter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;" lang="EN-US">2. Volume Kayu Bulat</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Pada dasarnya semua rumusan volume kayu bulat mengacu pada rumus volume silinder. Agar mudah memaham perubahan rumus, disajikan rumusan volume Brereton (R-3) karena jelas terlihat peubah yang diukur dan konstanta yang tertera.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sebelumnya ditinjau lebih dulu <em>luas penampang lintang</em> (L) di kedua bontos. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">L =<span> </span>π<span> </span>. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> . [{<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub>) + <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (d<sub>1 </sub>+ d<sub>2</sub>)}/2]<sup>2</sup><span> </span>m<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sesuai dengan kaidah bentuk lingkaran dan penyesuaian satuan ukuran diameter dalam cm ke meter, berarti <em>luas penampang lintang </em>(L) :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">L =<span> </span><sup>22</sup>/<sub>7</sub> . <sup>1</sup>/<sub>64</sub> . <span> </span>{(D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)/100}<sup>2</sup><span> </span>m<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Setelah penyederhanaan tanpa pembulatan diperoleh :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">L =<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>2240000</sub>) . (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup><span> </span>m<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Berarti pula rumusan perhitungan volume kayu bulat Brereton diperoleh :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:red;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>B</sub> =<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>2240000</sub>) . (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> . P<span> </span>m<sup>2</sup><span> </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">…..<sup><span> </span></sup>(R-3a)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk ukuran diameter (D &#38; d) tetap dalam satuan cm</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">ukuran panjang (P) tetap dalam satuan meter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Setelah memperhatikan dan diperiksa ulang, ternyata ketiga rumusan volume di atas (R-1a, R-2a dan R-3a) adalah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 .0001pt 14.2pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> merupakan <em>rumusan volume siap pakai</em> (Terapan)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-11.35pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 .0001pt 25.55pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Saat penggunaannya tanpa harus melakukan perubahan/penyamaan satuan ukuran (satuan ukuran cm ke dalam meter) untuk ukuran diameter ataupun keliling.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-11.35pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 .0001pt 25.55pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Kecil kemungkinan terjadi kesalahan hitung, akibat kekeliruan mengubah satuan ukuran atau terlupakan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-17pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 .0001pt 17pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> harga <em>phi</em> utuh sesuai kaidah keliling lingkaran (tanpa pembulatan), sehingga tingkat kecermatannya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pembulatan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 12pt 14.2pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Ketiga rumusan tersebut siap untuk diuji, <em>silahkan periksa</em> !</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;" lang="EN-US">3. Volume Kayu Bulat Lainnya</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Rumusan untuk perhitungan volume kayu bulat lainnya seperti Smalian, Newton, Preszler, Simony dan Hoppus dapat pula disederhanakan. Secara ringkas kelima rumusan kayu bulat dimaksud disajikan sebagai berikut .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Smalian</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>Sm</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>1120000</sub>) . {(D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Newton</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>N</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>3360000</sub>) . {(D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + 4.(D<sub>3</sub> + D<sub>4</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (D<sub>5</sub> + D<sub>6</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>N</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>7</sup>/<sub>5280000</sub>) . {(K<sub>1</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + 4.(K<sub>3</sub> + K<sub>4</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (K<sub>5</sub> + K<sub>6</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Preszler</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>P</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>7</sup>/<sub>1760000</sub>) . {(K<sub>-0,25P</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (K<sub>+0,25P</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Simony</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>Si</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>7</sup>/<sub>1760000</sub>) . {(K<sub>-0,30P</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (K<sub>+0,30P</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Hoppus</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>Hp</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>1</sup>/<sub>160000</sub>) . (K<sub>T</sub>)<sup>2</sup> . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Semoga pemikiran dan cacatan singkat ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para pengajar/instruktur (fakultas/jurusan/akademi/diploma/diklat/kursus), instansi-instansi yang terkait (Balai-balai Penelitian, Departemen) dalam lingkup bidang Kehutanan di Indonesia khususnya maupun pengguna lainnya, atau setidak-tidaknya sebagai bahan masukan pemikiran tanpa mengesampingkan tingkat kecermatannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:13pt;margin:0 0 .0001pt 14.2pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">*) </span></strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">a2karim;<strong> </strong></span><em><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">temuan &#38; pemikiran</span></em><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">20080606 </span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[PCA / FA Brereton Summary]]></title>
<link>http://rip94550.wordpress.com/2008/08/22/pca-fa-brereton-summary/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 22 Aug 2008 21:48:50 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>rip</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rip94550.wordpress.com/2008/08/22/pca-fa-brereton-summary/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[(No, you didn&#8217;t miss any previous posts about Brereton&#8217;s &#8220;Chemometrics&#8221;. Thi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>(No, you didn&#8217;t miss any previous posts about Brereton&#8217;s &#8220;Chemometrics&#8221;. This is it.)</p>
<p>Having made it through chapter 4 of Brereton, I will revise the bibliographic entry to echo the following sentiment: it might be fair to say that I view this as a workbook; figure the stuff out elsewhere, but play with it here. He has several examples in chapter 4: two case studies, a small worked-out example of cross-validation, and a small example illustrating various forms of preprocessing. He also provides data to illustrate &#8220;procrustes analysis&#8221;, but he does not show how to do it.</p>
<p>On my first pass thru here, all I tried was the two big case studies. I could match his first, but it was ugly getting there, and I could not match his second. On my second pass thru here, a week ago, having learned the SVD from Davis and the X = RC factoring from Malinowski, it was clear what Brereton was doing. I tore thru the chapter, and matched all of his results; more importantly, I got them easily and cleanly. (Mostly. His cross-validation example was more like tiptoeing than tearing thru, and there is one figure in the chapter that must come from some data not supplied.)</p>
<p>As I said in the bibliography, the data is available in electronic form once you purchase the book. Under the circumstances, I won&#8217;t publish any of his examples.</p>
<p>But let&#8217;s talk about them anyway.</p>
<p>First of all, what he&#8217;s doing is factoring the data matrix as Malinowski did, and I think this is best expressed using the SVD. Write</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X+%3D+u%5C+w%5C+v%5ET&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X = u\ w\ v^T' title='X = u\ w\ v^T' class='latex' /></p>
<p>and then set</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R+%3D+u%5C+w&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R = u\ w' title='R = u\ w' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=C+%3D+v%5ET&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='C = v^T' title='C = v^T' class='latex' /></p>
<p>so</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X+%3D+R%5C+C%5C+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X = R\ C\ ' title='X = R\ C\ ' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>He always calls the columns of R the scores, and the rows of C (the columns of v) the loadings. (I have used Malinowski&#8217;s notation rather than Brereton&#8217;s.)</p>
<p>I have the impression that this book was aimed at people who can ask a computer to compute a PCA, and need to know what to do with the output. I don&#8217;t have a problem with that, but for myself I require a wider  understanding. For example, he says &#8220;&#8230; a simple one [definition] defines the eigenvalue of a PC as the sum of squares of the scores&#8230;.&#8221;</p>
<p>Let’s see. The scores are </p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=R+%3D+u%5C+w%5C+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='R = u\ w\ ' title='R = u\ w\ ' class='latex' />, </p>
<p>the sum of squares of the scores is </p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=w%5ET%5C+u%5ET%5C+u%5C+w+%3D+w%5ET%5C+w%5C+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='w^T\ u^T\ u\ w = w^T\ w\ ' title='w^T\ u^T\ u\ w = w^T\ w\ ' class='latex' />. </p>
<p>Indeed, we recognize those as the eigenvalues of both <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X%5ET%5C+X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X^T\ X' title='X^T\ X' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=XX%5ET%5C+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='XX^T\ ' title='XX^T\ ' class='latex' />. That is, the sums of squares of the scores are equal to the eigenvalues, but I wouldn&#8217;t define them that way.</p>
<p>In the same vein, he says, &#8220;The first scores vector and the first loadings vector are often called the eigenvectors of the first principal component.&#8221; That&#8217;s as close as he gets to a definition of an eigenvector. I actually figured out what he was doing when he said that the loadings vectors were orthonormal: then they pretty much <span style="text-decoration:underline;">had</span> to be the columns of the v matrix.</p>
<p>His case study 1 is a 30&#215;28 matrix; it resembles Malinowski&#8217;s introductory example. That is, we have the responses of a mixture, we analyze the raw data, and we hope to identify the individual compounds in the mixture. He provides a plot of the &#8220;pure spectra&#8221; of the compounds which de decided were in the mixture, but he never named them or supplied that data. (That, of course, is that figure of his which I can&#8217;t reproduce.)</p>
<p>His case study 2 is an 8&#215;32 matrix, i.e. with 8 rows and 32 columns: he carefully provides a figure showing that it is short and wide instead of tall and thin.  He has taken 32 measurements using 8 similar but different devices, and he wants to assess the similarities and differences. He wants to know which devices are effectively duplicates, and which are not. (What combination of instruments will give him the most information?) For this, he standardizes the data.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Be very careful</span>. One, he uses the number of observations N (in this case, N = 8 ) rather than N-1. That is, he does not compute the sample variance. He is consistent and adamant about using N instead of N-1. Two, he presents the data matrix as a 32&#215;8, both in the book and electronically: it is imperative that we transpose the given matrix from 32&#215;8 to 8&#215;32. Once we do both of these, everything works out just fine.</p>
<p>(Oh, because his matrix is short and wide, its rank is equal to the number of rows, instead of the number of columns. This means that his standardizing the columns will reduce the rank of the matrix.)</p>
<p>His third example is an 8&#215;10 cross-validation. As with case study 2, having returned to it with Davis and Malinowski under my belt, it was easy to figure out what he had to be doing. The basic idea is to do 11 PCA&#8217;s: one with all 10 rows, and then the ten possible PCA&#8217;s on the ten 8&#215;9 matrices formed by omitting one row at a time. The objective is to figure out how many components (singular values) to retain, based on how well we predict the omitted rows.</p>
<p>Once I realized that his criterion for choosing the number of components was different from Malinowski&#8217;s, I moved cross-validation, as such, to the back burner. Hell, it&#8217;s probably going into the pantry. All I wanted to do was understand PCA / FA, with no idea of the can of worms I was opening. Cross-validation looks useful, but I’m not really interested in it.</p>
<p>Do note, however, that Brereton provides an example of cross-validation; Malinowski does not. It was satisfying to match Brereton&#8217;s output.</p>
<p>His fourth example is a different 8&#215;10 illustration of preprocessing. For one set of data, he illustrates PCA applied to the raw data, column-centered data, standardized data, and row-sum =1 data. For the constant row sum, we get a beautiful and informative plot of the scores. Here is my plot of the first two scores of his row-sum =1 data.</p>
<p><img src="http://rip94550.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/chemometrics-419.png" alt="" width="360" height="337" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-339" /></p>
<p>(Please note that the origin is a long way from the vertical axis. the y-intercept of that line is about +5, and any plot that shows it will compress those points to a very small blob.) I tried to construct an example, but I didn&#8217;t get such a magnificent picture from my data.</p>
<p>That picture is what hammered home the difference between a row-sum of zero and a row-sum of 1. That line says that the y components of our scores are affinely – not linearly – related to the x components. That is, the two columns are not linearly dependent, but they do (very nearly) satisfy an equation of the form</p>
<p>a x + b y = nonzero constant</p>
<p>Now you know why I started to write a post about the difference between row sums equal to zero and row sums equal to a nonzero constant. While I was looking at it, I was reminded of the tricky interaction between constant row sums and centered columns, and the post grew.</p>
<p>His final example or two revisits case study 2, but takes the same measurements with &#8220;acetonitrile as mobile phase&#8221; and &#8220;THF as mobile phase&#8221; instead of methanol (Nope, I have no idea what that means!). The point is to overlay the scores plots for methanol and acetonitrile, and then to overlay the scores plots for methanol and THF. </p>
<p>For methanol and acetonitrile, this appears to work just fine: pairs of points fall close to each other. For methanol and THF, we find that the scales are sufficiently different that the points do not fall close to each other.</p>
<p>That is, for methanol and acetonitrile, I get the following picture when I simply overlay the two sets of scores which I computed:</p>
<p><img src="http://rip94550.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/chemometrics-4-21.png" alt="" width="360" height="215" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-341" /></p>
<p>It appears to match his figure 4.21. We didn&#8217;t have to scale one set to get it to lie near the other set. (At least, I didn&#8217;t, and if he did, then he didn&#8217;t do much.)</p>
<p>For methanol and THF, on the other hand, it is crystal clear that one set of points needs to be transformed. Such a transformation (translation, scaling, and rotation) is called <b>procrustes analysis</b>. He doesn&#8217;t show what he did, and the wiki article</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrustes_analysis">here</a></p>
<p>is far more informative.</p>
<p>It looks interesting, and I may look for an excuse to play with procrustes analysis.</p>
<p>Oh, one last thing. Brereton actually has an example of a biplot: plot the first two scores and the first two loadings on the same graph. Well that sounds pretty simple.</p>
<p>It gave me a very good feeling to have made it thru Brereton on the second attempt. I’ve clearly learned something since I tried it the first time. As I said, this looks like a fine workbook for practicing computations; but I have not found it to be a useful <span style="text-decoration:underline;">textbook</span> for me.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Rumus Volume Batang Pohon Terpakai]]></title>
<link>http://belajar2an.wordpress.com/2009/02/22/rumus-volume-batang-pohon-terpakai/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2009 11:14:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>a2karim09</dc:creator>
<guid>http://belajar2an.wordpress.com/2009/02/22/rumus-volume-batang-pohon-terpakai/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[(sebuah pemikiran kepraktisan perhitungan volume)* Artikel ini diangkat dari hasil temuan kami saat ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">(sebuah pemikiran kepraktisan perhitungan volume)*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:left;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Artikel ini diangkat dari hasil temuan kami saat sebagai wakil penguji </span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">yang mempertanyakaan tentang luas bidang dasar (Lbds) pada suatu ujian komprehensif. Berdasarkan temuan tsb, timbul pemikiran untuk lebih <!--more-->menyederhanakan dalam artian data yang di-input tetap sesuai dengan satuan ukurannya, tanpa ada konversi satuan ukuran.<br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:9pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sebagai seorang rimbawan tentunya kita akan dan sangat mengenal rumus perhitungan volume pohon berdiri yang notasinya :</span></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:85.05pt;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US">Vp = <span> </span><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <span> </span>. π . D<sup>2</sup> . T . f<sub>f</sub><span> </span>…… <span> </span>(R-1)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:85.05pt;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US">Vp = <span> </span><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4π</sub> . K<sup>2</sup> . T . f<sub>f</sub><span> </span><span> </span>…….. <span> </span>(R-2)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:85.05pt;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk<span> </span>D dan K dalam satuan cm ; T dalam satuan meter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--> <span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">atau juga rumus perhitungan volume kayu bulat. Sebagai contoh rumus Brereton (modifikasi rumus Hüber) yang digunakan di Indonesia :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:9pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>B</sub> =<span> </span>π<span> </span>. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> . [{<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub>) + <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (d<sub>1 </sub>+ d<sub>2</sub>)}/2]<sup>2</sup> . P<span> </span>..… (R-3)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>B</sub> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>64</sub> .<span> </span>π . (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> . P <span> </span>……&#8230;.……… (R-4)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk<span> </span>D dan d dalam satuan cm ; P dalam satuan meter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>B</sub> =<span> </span>0,7854 . D<sup>2</sup> . P<span> </span>…………………………….…… (R-5)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk<span> </span>D dan P dalam satuan meter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Pengalaman kami di akademis sering terjadi kesalahan hitung (praktek lapangan dan ujian komprehensif).<span> </span>Penyebab yang sering kami temukan adalah saat merubah atau menyamakan satuan cm untuk diameter atau keliling ke satuan meter.<span> </span>Disamping itu adanya rumusan volume terutama untuk kayu bulat yang sering berubah-ubah, namun ternyata hasil perhitungannya adalah sama (terutama rumusan kayu bulat Brereton), juga pendesimalan harga π.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan kenyataan yang kami hadapi, timbul pemikiran untuk lebih menyederhanakan rumusan perhitungan volume tsb dengan maksud mengatasi kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang telah dikemukakan (kesalahan merubah satuan, terlupakan) atau setidak-tidaknya meminimalkannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--> <strong><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;" lang="EN-US">1. Volume Pohon Berdiri</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>a.</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Bila diketahui Diameter Batang</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Untuk mudahnya kita tinjau lebih dulu rumusan luas bidang dasar (Lbds) pada rumusan volume R-1, karena penyederhanaan rumus yang mendasar pada rumusan Lbds adalah juga luas lingkaran. Sedangkan satuan ukuran tinggi (T) tetap sesuai dengan saat pengukuran (meter) dan nilai f<sub>f</sub> <span> </span>adalah nilai yang dinyatakan bersifat tetap (konstanta).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0 0 12pt 99.25pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Lbds <span> </span>= <span> </span>π . r<sup>2</sup><span> </span>=<span> </span><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <span> </span>. π . D<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sesuai dengan kaidah bentuk lingkaran, maka harga π tetap dipertahankan yaitu <sup>22</sup>/<sub>7</sub> dan harga <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> tetap dipertahankan karena berasal dari pengkuadratan nilai <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (r = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2 </sub>D). Untuk penyamaan dengan satuan ukuran tinggi, maka data hasil ukuran diameter terlebih dahulu di bagi 100; sehingga satuan ukuran diameter (cm) yang diperoleh dari hasil ukuran lapangan dapat tetap dipertahankan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Berarti luas bidang dasar ( Lbds ) :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:99.25pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Lbds = <span> </span><sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <span> </span>. <sup>22</sup>/<sub>7</sub> . (<sup>D</sup>/<sub>100</sub>)<sup>2</sup> <span> </span>m<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Setelah melalui penyederhanaan tanpa pembulatan diperoleh :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:99.25pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Lbds<span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>140000</sub>) . D<sup>2</sup><span> </span>m</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Memperhatikan bentuk irisan batang tidak merupakan lingkaran penuh dan tumpukan irisannya tidak membentuk silinder sempurna, maka dikoreksi sebesar f<sub>f</sub> sehingga diperoleh rumusan volume pohon berdiri :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:red;" lang="EN-US">Vp<span> </span>= <span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>140000</sub>) . D<sup>2</sup> . T . f<sub>f</sub><span> </span>m<sup>3<span> </span></sup></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">…..<sup><span> </span></sup>(R-1a)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk satuan ukur diameter (D) tetap dalam cm;<span> </span>satuan ukur tinggi (T) tetap dalam meter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>b.</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Bila diketahui Keliling Batang</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sejalan dengan cara di atas, maka rumusan untuk perhitungan volume pohon berdasarkan Lbds dengan ukuran keliling batang diperoleh</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:red;" lang="EN-US">Vp<span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>7</sup>/<sub>880000</sub>) . K<sup>2</sup> . T . f<sub>f</sub><span> </span>m<sup>3 </sup></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"><span> </span>…..<sup><span> </span></sup>(R-2a)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk satuan ukur keliling (K) tetap dalam cm;<span> </span>satuan ukur tinggi (T) tetap dalam meter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;" lang="EN-US">2. Volume Kayu Bulat</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Pada dasarnya semua rumusan volume kayu bulat mengacu pada rumus volume silinder. Agar mudah memaham perubahan rumus, disajikan rumusan volume Brereton (R-3) karena jelas terlihat peubah yang diukur dan konstanta yang tertera.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sebelumnya ditinjau lebih dulu <em>luas penampang lintang</em> (L) di kedua bontos. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">L =<span> </span>π<span> </span>. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> . [{<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub>) + <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> (d<sub>1 </sub>+ d<sub>2</sub>)}/2]<sup>2</sup><span> </span>m<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Sesuai dengan kaidah bentuk lingkaran dan penyesuaian satuan ukuran diameter dalam cm ke meter, berarti <em>luas penampang lintang </em>(L) :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">L =<span> </span><sup>22</sup>/<sub>7</sub> . <sup>1</sup>/<sub>64</sub> . <span> </span>{(D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)/100}<sup>2</sup><span> </span>m<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Setelah penyederhanaan tanpa pembulatan diperoleh :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:56.7pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">L =<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>2240000</sub>) . (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup><span> </span>m<sup>2</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Berarti pula rumusan perhitungan volume kayu bulat Brereton diperoleh :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:red;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>B</sub> =<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>2240000</sub>) . (D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub> + d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> . P<span> </span>m<sup>2</sup><span> </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">…..<sup><span> </span></sup>(R-3a)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">untuk ukuran diameter (D &#38; d) tetap dalam satuan cm</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">ukuran panjang (P) tetap dalam satuan meter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt;line-height:normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;     &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0     false false false  IN X-NONE X-NONE                           &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Setelah memperhatikan dan diperiksa ulang, ternyata ketiga rumusan volume di atas (R-1a, R-2a dan R-3a) adalah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 .0001pt 14.2pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> merupakan <em>rumusan volume siap pakai</em> (Terapan)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-11.35pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 .0001pt 25.55pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Saat penggunaannya tanpa harus melakukan perubahan/penyamaan satuan ukuran (satuan ukuran cm ke dalam meter) untuk ukuran diameter ataupun keliling.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-11.35pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 .0001pt 25.55pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Kecil kemungkinan terjadi kesalahan hitung, akibat kekeliruan mengubah satuan ukuran atau terlupakan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-17pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 .0001pt 17pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> harga <em>phi</em> utuh sesuai kaidah keliling lingkaran (tanpa pembulatan), sehingga tingkat kecermatannya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pembulatan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 12pt 14.2pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Ketiga rumusan tersebut siap untuk diuji, <em>silahkan periksa</em> !</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;" lang="EN-US">3. Volume Kayu Bulat Lainnya</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Rumusan untuk perhitungan volume kayu bulat lainnya seperti Smalian, Newton, Preszler, Simony dan Hoppus dapat pula disederhanakan. Secara ringkas kelima rumusan kayu bulat dimaksud disajikan sebagai berikut .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Smalian</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>Sm</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>1120000</sub>) . {(D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (d<sub>1</sub> + d<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Newton</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>N</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>11</sup>/<sub>3360000</sub>) . {(D<sub>1</sub> + D<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + 4.(D<sub>3</sub> + D<sub>4</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (D<sub>5</sub> + D<sub>6</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>N</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>7</sup>/<sub>5280000</sub>) . {(K<sub>1</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + 4.(K<sub>3</sub> + K<sub>4</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (K<sub>5</sub> + K<sub>6</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Preszler</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>P</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>7</sup>/<sub>1760000</sub>) . {(K<sub>-0,25P</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (K<sub>+0,25P</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Simony</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>Si</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>7</sup>/<sub>1760000</sub>) . {(K<sub>-0,30P</sub>)<sup>2</sup> + (K<sub>+0,30P</sub>)<sup>2</sup>} . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span>Ø</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US"> Rumus Hoppus</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-indent:21.3pt;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US">V<sub>Hp</sub><span> </span>=<span> </span>(<sup>1</sup>/<sub>160000</sub>) . (K<sub>T</sub>)<sup>2</sup> . P<span> </span>m<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">Semoga pemikiran dan cacatan singkat ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para pengajar/instruktur (fakultas/jurusan/akademi/diploma/diklat/kursus), instansi-instansi yang terkait (Balai-balai Penelitian, Departemen) dalam lingkup bidang Kehutanan di Indonesia khususnya maupun pengguna lainnya, atau setidak-tidaknya sebagai bahan masukan pemikiran tanpa mengesampingkan tingkat kecermatannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:13pt;margin:0 0 .0001pt 14.2pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">*) </span></strong><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">a2karim;<strong> </strong></span><em><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">temuan &#38; pemikiran</span></em><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-US">20080606 </span></p>
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