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<title><![CDATA[Will China go the Japan way ...]]></title>
<link>http://quicktake.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/will-china-go-the-japan-way/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 17:25:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Anuraag Sanghi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://quicktake.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/will-china-go-the-japan-way/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[During Obama&#8217;s visit, China secured everything it wanted &#8211; the political dividends of fu]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">During Obama&#8217;s visit, China secured everything it wanted &#8211; the political dividends of funding $800 billion debt to an ailing US economy. Having locked the US into economic inter-dependence, it also used American vulnerability to legitimise a much larger role for itself. Hitherto China was the greatest champion of &#8220;national sovereignty&#8221; which it deftly contrasted to the West&#38;apos;s intrusiveness.  The seemingly innocuous reference to India and Pakistan marks a new willingness to step into an emerging void. China is not going to flex its muscles in a hurry. It has set the markers for a new, global architecture of power that will follow its inevitable emergence as the world&#8217;s biggest economy. India has reason to worry. (via <a title="China has tamed India with help from Obama By Swapan Dasgupta  Sunday November 22, 2009" href="http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/right-and-wrong/entry/china-has-tamed-india-with" target="_blank">China has tamed India with help from Obama &#8211; The Times Of India</a>).</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>The US strategy</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Most &#8216;future-of-China&#8217; debates are incomplete as they miss a very important element -  the American template for co-opting client states. Let us call this as US-Client-Acquisition Programme (USCAP). The outcome and China&#8217;s economic future is tied to access to US markets, capital, technology, businesses &#8211; very closely.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 439px"><img title="Club de USA" src="http://blogs.indystar.com/varvelblog/10302008.jpg" alt="Club de USA" width="429" height="304" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Club de USA</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The US has successfully executed US-Client-Acquisition-Programme (USCAP) a most out-sized &#8216;conquest&#8217; in history. By using these economic levers, it has successfully created client states across Europe, SE Asia, Japan, etc. Some economies have taken the bait, used US incentives and become ‘successful&#8217; client states.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Some prospective  clients states have fallen by the wayside. South American failures, the Middle East, Pakistan, post-Gorbachev Russian reluctance have been signal failures of  American recruitment.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The strategy has 5 five corner-stones: -</p>
<ol>
<li>High dollar value &#8211; <em>vis-a-vis </em>the client state currency.</li>
<li>Export led growth</li>
<li>US multinational corporate investments</li>
<li>US soft-power is allowed unimpeded run (Hollywood, Rock &#38; Roll, Coca Cola, McDonalds, etc.)</li>
<li>US enemies are the enemies of the client states</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The most ambitious target and the biggest challenge in the execution of this strategy is China. But before we examine China, we need to see the US pattern of recruitment and involvement.</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>In the aftermath of the WW2</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">After nearly 6 years of WW2, Europe was prostate, more than <a title="Transforming the twentieth century: technical innovations and ..., Volume 2  By Vaclav Smil" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tl23A0mCPLUC&#38;pg=PT306&#38;dq=Total+casualties+WW2&#38;lr=&#38;as_brr=3&#38;ei=abEKS8bjH4XOlQTfpcDYCQ&#38;client=firefox-a#v=onepage&#38;q=&#38;f=false" target="_blank">25 million killed (including the Holocaust)</a>. European economies were shattered. 10 years after WW2, Europe lost most of its colonies. In the midst of this, the US stepped in with the Marshall Plan and IBRD. Most European currencies were set on at a low exchange rate, exports to the USA were boosted, and Europe made a comeback.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 390px"><img title="Money makes the world go round ..." src="http://media.economist.com/images/20090207/20090207WWKal.jpg" alt="Money makes the world go round ..." width="380" height="242" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Money makes the world go round ...</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In return for US aid, Europe agreed to be a junior partner in the NATO alliance. Unlike most overlords and masters of the past, under the USCAP allowed significant leeway to their European client states in matters of culture, language, political, economic and religious freedom. The US yoke around the European necks was never too heavy or irksome. Mostly.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Italy, Germany, France, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, The Netherlands made a brilliant recovery. The only laggard was Britain &#8211; living on past glory and trying to unwind the past, at the same time. As European economies stabilized, the US &#8216;allowed&#8217; European currencies to appreciate against the dollar, triggering 25 years of economic stagnation in Europe.</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>The end of the Japanese miracle</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">As European success stabilized, US turned its attention to Japan. The Japanese star started ascending in the 70s. From the 80s, right upto the 90&#8217;s, the business and economic world were agog with the coming of the Japanese. The <em>&#8216;Japan-MITI-keiretsu-Quality management system&#8217; </em>combination seemed unstoppable. The world waited with bated breath for the Japan to rail-road everyone else. Every businessman, first tried to learn Japanese <em>etiquette</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hollywood made films showcasing Japanese business and economic systems &#8211; like <em>Black Rain </em>(Michael Douglas teaches a few things to the Japanese Yakuza and the Tokyo Police); <em>Die Hard </em>(Bruce Willis fights terrorists in Nakatomi Plaza), <em>Rising Sun </em>(Sean Connery, Wesley Snipes investigate murder in an American subsidiary of a Japanese company).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">1973-1985. The Japanese were strutting on the world stage. In their hubris, one Japanese businessman declared that <a title="The myths of Japanese quality By Ray E. Eberts, Cindelyn G. Eberts, page 141" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=J4S3AAAAIAAJ&#38;q=maple+syrup+is+the+only+thing+worth+bringing+back+from+America&#38;dq=maple+syrup+is+the+only+thing+worth+bringing+back+from+America&#38;ei=LJoKS5XzA5WelQTUz4jQCQ&#38;client=firefox-a" target="_blank">the only world class product made in USA was maple syrup</a>.</p>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align:justify;">
<dl class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://quicktake.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/japanese-hubris.png"><img class="size-full wp-image-3621" title="Japanese hubris - The myths of Japanese quality; By Ray E. Eberts, Cindelyn G. Eberts, Page 141" src="http://quicktake.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/japanese-hubris.png" alt="" width="597" height="94" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">From &#8216;The myths of Japanese quality; By Ray E. Eberts, Cindelyn G. Eberts&#8217;, Page 141</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In business schools, Japanese management was the first lesson and the last word. Companies like Xerox, Fedex, Motorola adopted <a title="QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM from THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH, The University of California, San Francisco" href="http://www.research.ucsf.edu/QIP/QIP_intro.asp" target="_blank">various ‘QIP’ systems – quality improvement processes</a>. The miracle of European Reconstruction and EU was not even in the consideration set any more. The USSR was still a power to reckon with. Berlin Wall looked like a permanent fixture across the heart of the Western world. And the Japanese manufacturing juggernaut seemed unstoppable.</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Falling cherry blossoms</em></strong></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Finally, the Americans decided to bell the cat &#8211; and the yen-dollar exchange rate was rejigged. The American government put pressure on Japan’s politicians and central banking officials to raise the value of the yen against the dollar. Some U.S. industries, anxious about their eroding share of world markets, put political pressure on American politicians. With some support from academic economists, American producers argued that a higher-valued yen would help their products sell better in competition with Japanese products and therefore reduce the American trade deficit.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In 1985, the US worked out a deal, whereby the US dollar was devalued, without a formal devaluation. The dollar was allowed to sink against the Japanese Yen &#8211; only it was not called a devaluation, but was called <a title="American Economic Policy in the 1980s By Martin S. Feldstein" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=09o4lqrgXOYC&#38;pg=PA302&#38;lpg=PA302&#38;dq=date+of+Plaza+Accord&#38;source=web&#38;ots=uaAD7Cihd_&#38;sig=RGW_Xey-wAM7LKinuUk8m02hahQ&#38;hl=en&#38;sa=X&#38;oi=book_result&#38;resnum=8&#38;ct=result" target="_blank">the Plaza Accord</a>. Whereby the dollar would be allowed to depreciate against other currencies – especially the Japanese Yen. Intense negotiations spread over nearly a decade followed. During crucial and intense negotiation with Japan, <a title=" BUSH IN JAPAN; Bush Collapses at State Dinner With the Japanese By MICHAEL WINES" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&#38;res=9E0CE5D71230F93AA35752C0A964958260" target="_blank">in 1992, George Bush Sr., vomitted and fainted</a>.</p>
<h1>
<div><img class="alignleft" title="The Oil-Dollar Tango" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1V7wnZxPqok/RhHmOTlpwBI/AAAAAAAADgE/C9CR7xRmCaw/s400/petro+$+2.gif" alt="The Oil-Dollar Tango" width="217" height="273" /></div>
</h1>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>Endaka – and the end of the Japanese run</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">After the Plaza Accord, the Japanese team went back home and prepared their industry for <a title="Dollar/yen wars a lingering pox on both countries’ houses - BY KATHLEEN O'TOOLE" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1997/october15/yen.html" target="_blank"><em>endaka</em> – high yen prices</a>. From August 1971 through April 1995, the yen’s value ratcheted up from 360 to the dollar to 80 to the dollar. In 1993, for the first time, a non LDP Government was formed in Japan – The Shinseito (Japan Renewal Party) came to power.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">And the Japanese goose was truly cooked.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Net outcome, by the mid 1990s, the Japanese juggernaut was halted. Japan had to remain contented with being the world’s second largest economy. <a title="The Alchemy of Finance By George Soros" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=JS9HpSYncTMC&#38;pg=PA353&#38;lpg=PA353&#38;dq=the+prospect+of+Japan%27s+emerging+as+the+dominant+financial+power+in+the+world+is+very+disturbing,+not+only+from+the+point+of+view+of+the+United+States+but+also+from+that+of+the+entire+Western+civilization&#38;source=web&#38;ots=DQAce2TKDm&#38;sig=kKhb32-cvyxwUVIdiRwM5HXPHwM&#38;hl=en&#38;sa=X&#38;oi=book_result&#38;resnum=1&#38;ct=result" target="_blank">George Soros thought</a>,</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">the prospect of Japan’s emerging as the dominant financial power in the world is very disturbing, not only from the point of view of the United States but also from that of the entire Western civilization</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">For the next 10 years, the Japanese economy stagnated, investments stagnated. Their dream of supplanting the US as the world’s largest economy were over – for now at least.</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Stuffed Tigers</em></strong></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">After Japan, the 90s was decade of the Asian Tigers &#8211; Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore were all set to replace Japan as the &#8216;new axis&#8217; of world economy. India especially came out as a clumsy plodder against these countries. Lee Kuan Yew, held forth on <strong><a title="We Are Now More English Than Chinese Malay or Tamil By 2ndlook" href="http://quicktake.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/we-are-now-more-english-than-chinese-malay-or-tamil/" target="_blank">the Indian character as faulty</a></strong> – and could not compete with <strong><a title="Lee Kuan Yew On Chinese ‘Superiority’ By 2ndlook" href="http://quicktake.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/lee-kuan-yew-on-chinese-superiority/" target="_blank">the Chinese-Confucian value-set</a></strong>. Commentators tripped over themselves, <a title="An Asian century? By H. D. S. Greenway Published - Tuesday, January 29, 2008 from NYTimes.com" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/29/opinion/29iht-edgreenway.1.9574945.html" target="_blank">predicting an Asian century</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Then followed <a title="The Asian Crisis Reconsidered By Takashi Shiraishi from Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University" href="http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/05e014.pdf" target="_blank">the Asian Crisis</a>. Mahathir Mohammed claimed that the <a title="Politics and markets in the wake of the Asian crisis  By Richard Robison, Asia Research Centre, Yŏnse Taehakkyo" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lzkVCxBsfeYC&#38;pg=PA167&#38;lpg=PA167&#38;dq=Asian+Crisis+foreign+conspiracy&#38;source=bl&#38;ots=jtpNrIhSFN&#38;sig=cYhyrkek39gTZD8rG2aszucewy4&#38;hl=en&#38;ei=_VkOS-aWI4iWkAXNmsWiBw&#38;sa=X&#38;oi=book_result&#38;ct=result&#38;resnum=1&#38;ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&#38;q=Asian%20Crisis%20foreign%20conspiracy&#38;f=false" target="_blank">1997 Asian Crisis was a foreign conspiracy</a>. Specifically, he named George Soros as the master mind behind the Asian Crisis. 9 years later, <a title="Malaysia Mahathir says he now accepts Soros was not responsible for 97-98 crisis" href="http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2006/12/15/afx3257939.html" target="_blank">Mahathir made up with George Soros – and retracted his charge</a>.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 464px"><img title="Has It Come To This?" src="http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/dayart/20080520/cartoon20080519.jpg" alt="Has It Come To This?" width="454" height="345" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Has It Come To This?</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The ostensible reason for the Asian crisis was that investors in the Asian Tigers were funding long term investments from short term borrowings – a classic mismatch. The rapid withdrawal of foreign funds impacted development of these economies to the extent of a decade.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The real reason possibly was in the scheme of USCAP things, the US had turned its attention to the Chinese recruitment.</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>The 2 trillion trap</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Similar to the success of the Europeans, the Japanese, Koreans and the Asian Tigers, China too has embraced the US-client state model. Booming exports to the US, massive FDI by the US in the Chinese economy, has put China in the earlier position of Japan and Korea &#8211; prime sub-contractors to the US economy. Where the Chinese economy seems to &#8216;partially different&#8217; is the military side. On foreign policy and &#8216;American&#8217; culture, the Chinese have been &#8217;superficially&#8217; resistant and nominally &#8216;assertive&#8217;.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The Chinese miracle, much like the ASEAN, Japanese and European miracles before, is using exports to the USA as a stepping stone. Chinese <a title="Tequila trap beckons China By Henry C K Liu, " href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK06Ad01.html" target="_blank">growth and expansion depends on access</a> to the US markets and a devalued currency. For how long will the US allow the Chinese to do that? Another 5 years &#8211; or is it 10 years. Was <a title="First round of China-U.S. Strategic, Economic Dialogue ends with positive results 1631 hr, July 29, 2009 from the People's Daily Online" href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6713561.html" target="_blank">Obama&#8217;s China visit, the first round</a> &#8211; in a 50 round bout, spread over the next 7 years?</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 402px"><img title="What is China's future ..." src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_azimCSzqNnc/So6wBCYZF_I/AAAAAAAACkU/xM3Eeg110-U/s320/IndoChina.gif" alt="What is China's future ..." width="392" height="327" /><p class="wp-caption-text">What is China&#39;s future ...</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The <a title="The Almighty Renminbi? By NOURIEL ROUBINI Published - May 13, 2009" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/14/opinion/14Roubini.html?_r=2" target="_blank">US dollar-renminbi tango</a> will continue over the next 5-7 years. US pressures will be steadily increasing pressure on the Chinese. After the Asian crisis, China was in a much better position to resist American pressure for renminbi revaluation. That resistance to renminbi revaluation, in turn, caught China, in another trap. China has US$ 2 trillion worth of rapidly depreciating foreign reserves.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Which brings us to India!</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>What will it be</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">What are the threats to the Indian economy! Will it be a ‘sudden’ collapse in software and outsourcing? Or will it be a severe contraction in gems and jewellery exports? Can it be a a 3 year drought due to global warming? Many in India are panting for the day, when the US will deign to look India-wards and make India also into a client state.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Most recently, we had the privilege of <a title="Shashi Tharoor patterns Indian foreign policy on US-Israel template by 2ndlook" href="http://quicktake.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/shashi-tharoor-patterns-indian-foreign-policy-on-us-israel-template/" target="_blank"><strong>Shashi Tharoor, our Honourable Minister, who sees India replacing Israel</strong></a> in the US camp!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[A nova arquitetura financeira global]]></title>
<link>http://visoesdofuturo.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/a-nova-arquitetura-financeira-global/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 17:02:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Leonardo S.</dc:creator>
<guid>http://visoesdofuturo.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/a-nova-arquitetura-financeira-global/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ao final do período de significativa expansão da economia mundial, que se seguiu às crises da década]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img src="http://visoesdofuturo.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/eurodollaryenpound.jpg?w=300" alt="currency symbols" title="currency symbols" width="300" height="300" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-235" /> Ao final do período de significativa expansão da economia mundial, que se seguiu às crises da década de 1990 e do início da década de 2000, os países emergentes haviam conseguido aumentar consideravelmente sua importância na cena econômica internacional. Segundo a Cepal, no período que vai de 2003 a 2008, o PIB dos países do Terceiro Mundo cresceu cinco vezes mais que o dos países do Primeiro Mundo. Isso se deve, em grande medida, ao processo de globalização econômica. É graças a ela que muitas empresas, em busca de mão-de-obra barata, vêm, desde o fim da Guerra Fria, acelerando o deslocamento, dos países do Primeiro Mundo para os do Terceito Mundo, de grandes aparatos produtivos e prestadores de serviços. O afluxo de investimentos externos diretos beneficiou vários países emergentes, como China e Índia.  Além disso, o acentuado crescimento da economia mundial, no período em tela, elevou o preço das commodities, favorecendo o crescimento econômico de países exportadores desses bens, como Brasil e Rússia.<br />
<!--more--><br />
A vigorosa expansão econômica anterior à atual crise econômica foi, também, resultado da desregulamentação dos mercados financeiros nos Estados Unidos (EUA) e em outros países desenvolvidos. Nos EUA, a ampla disponibilidade de crédito fez crescer a demanda por imóveis, aumentando seu preço, em um processo que se realimentava. Os novos proprietários utilizavam seu patrimônio para conseguir novos empréstimos e aumentar seus gastos, estimulando a alta de preços em outros setores da economia. O aumento da demanda interna norte-americana fez crescer, por meio dos mecanismos característicos da atual globalização econômica e financeira, a demanda mundial. Assim, os efeitos da bolha imobiliária americana se espalharam pelo mundo, e foi o estouro dessa bolha de prosperidade a causa da atual crise financeira. </p>
<p>Pela primeira vez desde 1930, uma crise econômica de grandes proporções teve início nos países desenvolvidos, atingindo-os mais severamente que aos países em desenvolvimento.  Como a economia mundial é, hoje, mais fortemente interdependente que na década de 1990, o combate à atual crise demanda ação concertada dos governos das maiores economias mundiais. Em razão disso e do aumento da importância econômica dos países em desenvolvimento, o G-20 financeiro (G-20F) substituiu o G-8, como principal  fórum de coordenação econômica mundial.  O G-20F, grupo que reúne as 20 maiores economias do mundo, foi criado em 1999, por sugestão do G-7, em razão de sucessivas crises financeiras, como a do México, em 1994, da Ásia, em 1997, e da Rússia, em 1998. Como o combate à atual crise é baseado em medidas anticíclicas de inspiração Keynesiana, com os governos incorrendo em grandes déficits, a fim de sustentar a demanda agregada, os grandes países em desenvolvimento, que detêm parcela crescente da capacidade de consumo mundial, tornaram-se essenciais ao sucesso da empreitada.</p>
<p>Para coordenar as medidas de combate à atual crise, O G20-F reuniu-se, em setembro de 2009, em Pittsburg, EUA. Nessa reunião, a posição dos grandes países em desenvolvimento, em especial a dos Brics, foi fortalecida. Os países do Bric, grupo em processo de formalização, que reúne Brasil, Índia, Rússia e China, conseguiram aumentar significativamente sua participação nas instituições de Bretton Woods, como o FMI e o Banco Mundial. Além disso, a declaração final do encontro oficializou o posição do G-20F como principal fórum  econômico mundial, em substituição ao G-8. O grupo de países ricos, porém, continuará existindo.</p>
<p>A perda de importância do G-8 não se deve apenas ao crescimento econômico dos países emergentes. Temas como aquecimento global e combate à pobreza, claramente, não podem ser discutidos no âmbito restrito de um pequeno grupo de países industrializados. Assim, para que sua existência continue a ter sentido, o grupo das oito maiores economias do mundo mais a Rússia deverá encontrar novo papel. Uma alternativa é que siga como fórum de concertação política, em temas como segurança, embora seja difícil tratar das ameaças à paz atuais, como o terrorismo internacional, sem considerar os grandes países emergentes. A vantagem do G-8 pode ser, porém, seu baixo número. Em fóruns ampliados, como o G-20F, pode ser mais difícil chegar a consenso ou cobrar dos membros que cumpram promessas. Prova disso, é o fato de várias promessas feitas durante a reunião do G-20F em Londres, com o combate ao protecionismo, terem sido quebradas, por exemplo, pelos EUA. Outro fato a favor da continuidade da existência do G-8 é que os países que o compõem sempre enfatizaram a função do grupo como “defensores da democracia”, o que não pode ser feito no âmbito do G-20F, em razão do regime de partido único que há décadas domina a China.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[RBI to buy 200 tonnes of IMF gold]]></title>
<link>http://quicktake.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/rbi-to-buy-200-tonnes-of-imf-gold-home-livemint-com/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 10:54:31 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Anuraag Sanghi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://quicktake.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/rbi-to-buy-200-tonnes-of-imf-gold-home-livemint-com/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[RBI’s decision to shore up its gold reserves needs to be seen in the context of other central banks ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignleft" title="RBI to buy 200 tonnes of IMF gold" src="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/04/21/images/2008042150760801.jpg" alt="RBI to buy 200 tonnes of IMF gold" width="342" height="283" /></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">RBI’s decision to shore up its gold reserves needs to be seen in the context of other central banks across the globe increasing their gold reserves. Among them are the central banks of China, Russia and a few countries in the European Union.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In the last one year, China has increased its gold holdings, by weight, by 75.69%, Russia by 18.78%, the Philippines by 18.50% and Mexico by 108.91%.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Compared with this, India’s central bank did not add anything to its gold reserves in the last one year, according to Bloomberg data. (via <a title="RBI to buy 200 tonnes of IMF gold By Tamal Bandyopadhyay and Anup Roy; Posted - Mon, Nov 2 2009. 1115 PM IST (Decision to strengthen its gold reserves follows similar moves by central banks of some other countries)" href="http://www.livemint.com/2009/11/02231541/RBI-to-buy-200-tonnes-of-IMF-g.html" target="_blank">RBI to buy 200 tonnes of IMF gold &#8211; Home &#8211; livemint.com</a>).</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>Two years ago …</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><a title="Indian Gold Reserves. Forgotten History! New Opportunity? By 2ndlook" href="http://2ndlook.wordpress.com/2007/11/10/india-the-worlds-richest-economy/" target="_blank">2ndlook had estimated </a></strong>that the Chinese could possibly (and they have)  increase their <a title="China's gold reserves double in value By Peter Klinger, March 25, 2006, From The Times" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/china/article695733.ece" target="_blank">monetary gold reserves</a>. On April 24th, 2009, <a title="China Increases Gold Reserves 76% to Fifth-Largest (Update4) - By Eugene Tang and Bob Chen, Bloomberg (predicted by this post 18 months ago)." href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&#38;sid=azu2GgdtzJqQ&#38;refer=home" target="_blank">Bloomberg reported that China</a> had increased</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">its (gold) reserves by 454 tons to 1,054 tons through domestic purchases and refining scrap metal, <a href="http://search.bloomberg.com/search?q=Hu+Xiaolian&#38;site=wnews&#38;client=wnews&#38;proxystylesheet=wnews&#38;output=xml_no_dtd&#38;ie=UTF-8&#38;oe=UTF-8&#38;filter=p&#38;getfields=wnnis&#38;sort=date:D:S:d1">Hu Xiaolian</a>, head of <a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-04/24/content_11249210.htm" target="_blank">the State Administration of Foreign Exchange</a>, said in an interview with the Xinhua News Agency today. China, the world’s biggest gold producer, has increased its holdings before, Hu said in the interview carried on the administration Web Site. They rose from 394 tons to 500 tons in 2001 and to 600 tons in 2003. The U.S. has the world’s biggest gold holdings at 8,134 tons, followed by Germany with 3,413 tons, World Gold Council data show. France has 2,487 tons and Italy 2,452 tons, while the IMF has 3,217 tons, according to the council.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Another report, <a title="China's gold reserves jump, making nation No. 5 holder By Chris Oliver, MarketWatch" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/china-gold-reserves-surge-its/story.aspx?guid=%7B7EDBF160-456B-46AD-B68F-3541D15B611D%7D" target="_blank">from Market Watch, a WSJ web publication</a> added,</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The increase makes China the world’s fifth-largest holder of gold, just ahead of Switzerland, and among the six nations plus the International Monetary Fund that have reserves of more than 1,000 metric tons. Although Hu did not elaborate on where China had sourced the additional bullion, her comments were interpreted as meaning they came from domestic sources and may included refining of scrap metal.  Traders also say the gold was accumulated systematically over a number of years. Last year China ranked as the world’s largest gold producer with 12.2% of world output, equivalent to 288 metric tons. The U.S. ranked second with a 9.9% share, or 234 metric tons.<img class="alignright" title="2008 - Sensex VS Gold" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_4oBKlv5UVEA/SV9Am490ceI/AAAAAAAAD7k/GgTYC8JXWbY/s400/SensexGold.jpg" alt="2008 - Sensex VS Gold" width="309" height="349" /></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">What are the future plans of the Chinese? A <a title="China Faces Dilemma on Expanding Its Gold Reserve - Posted on - Tuesday, 27 December 2005, 0900 CST from http://www.redorbit.com" href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/340944/china_faces_dilemma_on_expanding_its_gold_reserve/" target="_blank">report quotes an analyst</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">China should increase its gold reserve from 600 tons to about 2,500 tons in a short term and to 3,000 tons in a long term to cope with the versatile exchange rate risks, said Teng Tai, an economist of China Galaxy Securities Company.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>Exactly &#8230; </strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">This really does not mean much – except that it may keep gold prices on boil. Whether a currency is backed by 5% or a 10% gold reserve makes no material difference, especially in <a title="Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke - Before the National Economists Club, Washington, D.C.  November 21, 2002" href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/boardDocs/speeches/2002/20021121/default.htm" target="_blank">this era of rampant use of (not just by the US <em>of </em>A)</a> <em>“a </em><em>technology</em>, called a <em>printing press”</em> as an economic tool. For long term economic stability, gold needs to be in the hands of individuals – and not Governments.</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>Why India </strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Since China is a significant gold producer by itself, it may not get a shot at buying IMF gold. India has negligible domestic gold production -and was possibly therefore given preference by the IMF. Of course, preference may have been given to RBI&#8217;s purchase, given its &#8216;responsible&#8217; and &#8216;mature&#8217; behaviour during the current Great Recession.</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>What does RBI&#8217;s gold purchase mean</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">RBI&#8217;s gold purchase means two things.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The Indian Government which has had a rather low percentage of gold holdings as their currency reserves will now bolster these reserves. Even after this purchase, Indian official reserves, will only be the ninth largest in the world in absolute terms.</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">On average, countries hold about 12.6% of their reserves in gold, up from 9.9% a year ago. Some of this represents an increase in gold holdings, but another driver of the increased proportion is the rise in the value of gold. (from <a title="India propels gold to new high  U.S. Dollar Hedge by Alia McMullen, from Financial Post, Published - Wednesday, November 04, 2009" href="http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id=2182787" target="_blank">India propels gold to new high</a>.)</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The overhanging threat of open market sales by the IMF, speculated by many and discounted by 2ndlook, now stands neutralized. This will be a kicker to gold prices in the short term.</p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong>The ideal thing &#8230;</strong></em></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sell gold to individuals. Governments should not have such large holdings of gold. Gold in the hands of Governments is the prime cause of war. Gold holding should be widely dispersed, as widely as possible, amongst individuals – like <strong><a title="Indian Gold Reserves - No Loot, Without Luck and No Slaves By 2ndlook" href="http://2ndlook.wordpress.com/2007/11/10/2008/10/04/2007/12/16/indian-gold-reserves-no-loot-no-luck/" target="_blank">the Indian gold possession model</a></strong>. No national government, in <strong><a title="The Third Currency Option - Junk the Dollar and the Euro by 2ndlook" href="http://2ndlook.wordpress.com/2007/11/10/2008/10/04/2008/11/08/the-third-currency-option-junk-the-dollar-and-the-euro/" target="_blank">the new financial architecture</a></strong> should be allowed to have more than 250 tons of gold – to progressively reduce to 50 tons.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The U.S. Dollar: 'Why the currency is falling'…]]></title>
<link>http://markdowe.wordpress.com/2009/10/26/the-u-s-dollar-why-the-currency-is-falling%e2%80%a6/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2009 19:40:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>markdowe</dc:creator>
<guid>http://markdowe.wordpress.com/2009/10/26/the-u-s-dollar-why-the-currency-is-falling%e2%80%a6/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[AMERICAN DOLLAR  From the desk of MD IN EARLY MARCH an index of the value of the U.S. dollar against]]></description>
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<title><![CDATA[Monetary Policy and Free Trade Part II]]></title>
<link>http://nalmeida75.wordpress.com/2009/10/26/monetary-policy-and-free-trade-part-ii/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2009 05:40:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nalmeida75</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nalmeida75.wordpress.com/2009/10/26/monetary-policy-and-free-trade-part-ii/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The 1973 Oil Crisis was a consequence of a series of events that illustrate the downfall of free tra]]></description>
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<title><![CDATA[Monetary Policy and Free Trade- Part I]]></title>
<link>http://nalmeida75.wordpress.com/2009/10/22/monetary-policy-and-free-trade-part-i/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2009 07:02:56 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nalmeida75</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nalmeida75.wordpress.com/2009/10/22/monetary-policy-and-free-trade-part-i/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[After the II World War, monetary policy was quickly addressed by the world leaders who proposed to r]]></description>
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<title><![CDATA[Superando a crise financeira atual? - Fernando Ferrari Filho e Luiz Fernando de Paula]]></title>
<link>http://associacaokeynesiana.wordpress.com/2009/10/17/superando-a-crise-financeira-atual-fernando-ferrari-filho/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 18 Oct 2009 02:21:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>associacaokb</dc:creator>
<guid>http://associacaokeynesiana.wordpress.com/2009/10/17/superando-a-crise-financeira-atual-fernando-ferrari-filho/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Introdução Este breve artigo avalia a presente crise financeira internacional e as suas interpretaçõ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h1>Introdução</h1>
<p>Este breve artigo avalia a presente crise financeira internacional e as suas interpretações, bem como sinaliza que a superação dela passa por um conjunto de medidas de natureza keynesiana. Para tanto, são apresentadas, inicialmente, as origens da crise atual, para em seguida mostrar-se a visão tanto convencional, quanto keynesiana da crise. Finalmente, a proposta de reestruturação do sistema monetário internacional (SMI), à luz da teoria keynesiana, é apresentada.</p>
<p><strong>A crise financeira atual</strong></p>
<p>A internacionalização do sistema financeiro alterou substancialmente a natureza e os determinantes da dinâmica econômica mundial: a conjugação da desregulamentação dos mercados financeiros e, por conseguinte, o surgimento de inovações financeiras – tais como securitizações e derivativos –, a livre mobilidade de capitais<em> </em>e as flexibilidades e volatilidades das taxas de câmbio e de juros têm, por um lado, limitado a ação das políticas macroeconômicas domésticas e, por outro, sido um dos responsáveis tanto pelas frequentes crises de balanço de pagamentos das economias emergentes, quanto pelas crises de liquidez e solvência, como a recente crise financeira internacional.</p>
<p>Este processo de globalização financeira, em que os mercados financeiros são integrados de tal forma a criar um “único” mercado mundial de dinheiro e crédito, acaba, por sua vez, diante de um quadro em que inexistem regras monetário-financeiras e cambiais estabilizantes e os instrumentos tradicionais de política macroeconômica tornam-se crescentemente insuficientes para conter os colapsos financeiros (e cambiais) em nível mundial, resultando em crises de demanda efetiva.</p>
<p>A crise financeira atual é, sobretudo, a crise da globalização financeira, entendida como uma certa tendência à criação de um mercado financeiro global e de intensificação no fluxo de capitais entre países. Esse processo remonta a crise do sistema de Bretton Woods e a formação do mercado de eurodólares, que, diga-se de passagem, acabou contribuindo para a desregulamentação doméstica dos sistemas financeiros – com o fim da segmentação entre mercados – e a liberalização dos fluxos de capitais.</p>
<p>Como resultado do processo de desregulamentação financeira, observou-se um acirramento na concorrência entre instituições bancárias e uma consequente queda nas margens de intermediação financeira, tendo como resposta uma tendência à conglomeração financeira e um aumento na escala de operação, via fusões e aquisições. Assim, instituições financeiras passaram a explorar diferentes mercados, inclusive de mais baixa renda. No mercado de títulos, desenvolveram-se mecanismos de securitização, estimulados pelo crescimento de investidores institucionais, em que firmas e bancos se financiam “empacotando” rendas a receber. Em suma, uma vez que a securitização permitia a diluição de riscos no mercado, as instituições financeiras passaram a aumentar sua alavancagem, supondo que os mecanismos de auto-regulação do mercado seriam capazes de continuar avaliando corretamente os riscos inerentes às atividades financeiras.</p>
<p>A crise do <em>subprime </em>– mercado de financiamento imobiliário de maior risco – acabou por expressar todas as contradições deste processo. A necessidade de ampliação de escala levou as instituições financeiras a incorporarem segmentos de baixa renda em condições de “exploração financeira” – no caso do <em>subprime</em>, com taxas de juros variáveis (baixas no início e se elevando ao longo do tempo) – que acabou resultando em um processo de estrangulamento financeiro do tomador de crédito. A securitização, que serviria para diluir riscos, na prática serviu para esconder riscos – títulos lastreados em hipotecas eram emitidos por instituições financeiras de grande porte, sendo tais ativos classificados como grau de investimento por uma agência de <em>rating</em>. Tais ativos, como resultado da globalização financeira, passaram, por sua vez, a ser comprado por investidores de diferentes nacionalidades. Criaram-se, assim, novos instrumentos financeiros que não foram devidamente regulamentados pelas autoridades. Mecanismos de auto-regulação mostraram-se falhos devido ao caráter pró-cíclico da tomada de risco: projetos que eram considerados ruins na desaceleração passaram a ser visto como bons no <em>boom </em>cíclico.</p>
<p><strong>A visão convencional da crise financeira</strong></p>
<p>Recentemente foi publicado um livro de autoria de John Taylor (2009), <em>Getting off Track</em>, que parece sintetizar a visão “conservadora” da crise. Para Taylor, a crise resultou da adoção de uma política monetária excessivamente relaxada no início da década, que teria contribuído para inflar o preço dos imóveis nos Estados Unidos (EUA), e das ações vacilantes do governo norte-americano ao enfrentar a crise, que, ao agir de modo confuso, ampliou a insegurança dos agentes.</p>
<p>Para o economista americano se o <em>Federal Reserve Bank</em> (Fed) tivesse mantido entre 2003 e 2005 as taxas de juros de curto prazo nos patamares sugeridos pela “Regra de Taylor”, ou seja, acima da efetivamente adotada pelo Fed, a expansão do mercado imobiliário americano teria sido bem mais moderada. Ademais, a crise se aprofundou em função do caráter hesitante do governo, que a teria diagnosticado como uma simples crise de liquidez, sem perceber a extensão dos problemas dos bancos. Nesse sentido, a quebra do Lehman Brothers seria apenas mais um passo desta estratégia confusa de lidar com a crise, em que a intervenção do governo acabou piorando a situação.</p>
<p>Alan Greenspan, ex-presidente do Fed, em artigo publicado no jornal Valor Econômico, 12/3/2009, desenvolveu uma interpretação distinta da crise: a crise do <em>subprime </em>não foi determinada pela redução, entre 2002 e 2005, da taxa de juros do Fed, visto que a correlação entre a taxa de financiamento imobiliário e a referida taxa era pouco significativa, mas, sim, pelos expressivos superávits em conta corrente de vários países emergentes, em especial da China (e o excesso de poupança dele decorrente), que acabaram pressionando as taxas de juros de longo prazo para níveis progressivamente baixos, contribuindo, assim, para uma bolha de preço habitacional global. Em outras palavras, a criação de uma espécie de moeda endógena, relacionada à liquidez internacional, teria sido determinante na queda sincronizada global das taxas de juros.</p>
<p>Greenspan, contudo, fiel (ou ofuscado pelo) aos seus princípios liberais, não enxergou na desregulamentação permissiva uma das causas principais da crise financeira. Assim, ele fornece uma interessante explicação para o estouro da bolha habitacional, mas não é capaz de ter uma visão mais abrangente da crise. Afinal, porque uma crise imobiliária, em um segmento secundário do sistema financeiro (<em>subprime</em>), acabaria por contagiar o sistema como um todo?</p>
<p>Um aspecto crítico da argumentação de Taylor, além das considerações feitas por Greenspan, é sugerir que, em suma, a propagação da crise foi decorrência de uma interferência excessiva e indevida do governo, sob o velho argumento liberal de que a ação do governo, ao fim e ao cabo, tende a ser ineficaz. Ora, esta não parece ser uma explicação convincente da crise, ao confundir relações de causa e efeito.</p>
<p>Taylor e Greenspan têm em comum a sua fé no livre funcionamento do mercado – mercados financeiros regulamentados tendem a ser pouco inovadores e ineficientes. Contudo, deve-se entender que sistemas financeiros, ao mesmo tempo em que podem ajudar a potencializar o crescimento, são inerentemente instáveis, devido a problemas de assimetria de informações e a instabilidade, que é intrínseca ao funcionamento deles.</p>
<p><strong>A perspectiva keynesiana da crise financeira</strong></p>
<p>John Maynard Keynes, em sua <em>Teoria Geral</em><em> do Emprego, do Juros e da Moeda </em>(TG) de 1936, já chamava a atenção para o fato de que, em economias monetárias da produção, a organização dos mercados financeiros enfrenta um <em>trade-off</em> entre liquidez e investimento: por um lado, eles estimulam o desenvolvimento da atividade produtiva ao tornar os ativos mais líquidos, liberando, portanto, o investidor da irreversibilidade do investimento; por outro, aumenta as possibilidades de ganhos especulativos. Assim, ao estabelecer uma conexão entre os mercados financeiro e real da economia, Keynes na TG escreve que “a posição é séria quando o empreendimento torna-se uma bolha sobre o redemoinho da especulação. Quando o desenvolvimento das atividades de um país torna-se o subproduto das atividades de um cassino, o trabalho provavelmente será mal-feito”.</p>
<p>Indo ao encontro de Keynes, nos dias de hoje, a ação dos <em>global players</em>, em um mercado mais liberalizado e integrado, faz com que os mercados financeiros convertam-se em uma espécie de grande cassino global.  Especulação, em uma economia global, tem caráter disruptivo não somente em mercados domésticos, mas sobre países como um todo, criando uma espécie de cassino financeiro ampliado.</p>
<p>Na perspectiva keynesiana, instabilidade financeira não é vista como “anomalia”, mas como resultante da própria forma de operação dos mercados financeiros em um sistema no qual não existe uma estrutura de salvaguarda que exerça o papel de um <em>market marker</em> global. Assim, o formato institucional específico dos mercados financeiros determina as possibilidades de se ter um ambiente em que a especulação possa florescer. Crises financeiras<em> </em>não são apenas resultados de comportamentos “irracionais” dos agentes, mas resultam da própria forma de operação dos mercados financeiros globais liberalizados sem um sistema de regulação adequado.</p>
<p>A atual crise financeira internacional, cuja origem está nas perdas causadas pelo crescente <em>default </em>dos empréstimos das hipotecas de alto risco do mercado <em>subprime</em> norte-americano e que, devido ao fato de que grande parte dessas hipotecas foram securitizadas e distribuídas a investidores do mercado global, acabou tornando-se global, nos induz a duas reflexões. Em primeiro lugar, ela põe em xeque os benefícios concretos da globalização financeira, com mercados financeiros desregulados, inclusive nos países desenvolvidos. Em segundo lugar, ela nos remete, a partir das medidas de natureza fiscal e monetária implementadas pelos EUA e países da Zona do Euro e do Japão – tais como injeção de liquidez e de capital nos sistemas financeiros por parte das autoridades econômicas destes países e redução sincronizada da taxa básica de juros dos principais bancos centrais mundiais – para se evitar uma recessão econômica aguda, tanto a repensar o próprio papel do Estado na economia, quanto à necessidade de re-regulamentar os sistemas financeiros domésticos e reestruturar o SMI.</p>
<p>Em relação à primeira reflexão, como os mercados financeiros desregulamentados não são eficientes, na ausência de regras que estabilizem os referidos mercados as atividades especulativas e a valorização financeira da riqueza afloram naturalmente. Isto porque a liberalização dos mercados financeiros e a existência de novos instrumentos financeiros (como derivativos) ampliaram a possibilidade de realização de atividades especulativas. Torna-se, assim, necessária a regulamentação de operações derivativas “exóticas” e outras práticas (alavancagem excessiva de instituições financeiras) que ocasionam a “festa” dos investidores e bancos.</p>
<p>Quanto à segunda, a lição da crise atual é que não somente a ação estatal é fundamental para prevenir ou remediar a crise, como é importante, sobretudo em momentos críticos, uma maior coordenação global entre as diferentes políticas nacionais, em particular dos grandes países desenvolvidos. No que diz respeito à necessidade de se reestruturar o SMI, pode-se dizer que há um certo consenso entre economistas e <em>policymarkers</em> de que medidas para restaurar a estabilidade do referido Sistema são fundamentais. Todavia, infelizmente, não há um consenso acerca de como o SMI deve ser reestruturado.</p>
<p>Para os economistas do <em>mainstream</em>, um SMI eficiente para países emergentes é aquele constituído por regimes cambiais flexíveis, maior mobilidade de capitais e maior liberalização financeira dos mercados, pois tais medidas equilibram, automaticamente, os balanços de pagamentos, alocam eficientemente as poupanças e melhoram a <em>performance </em>econômica. Por outro lado, a necessidade de se preservarem as autonomias das políticas fiscal e monetária dos países – essenciais para asseguraram trajetórias de crescimento econômico sustentável – tem reforçado o ponto de vista de economistas keynesianos de que é necessária a criação de uma espécie <em>International Market Maker</em> para garantir a liquidez internacional para expandir a demanda efetiva mundial.</p>
<p><strong>Uma proposta de superação da crise <em>à la Keynes </em></strong></p>
<p>A presente crise financeira internacional, que acabou afetando dramaticamente a atividade econômica tanto dos países desenvolvidos, em maior escala, quanto dos países emergentes, tem gerado um consenso acerca da necessidade de se reestruturar o SMI, condição imprescindível para que a economia mundial volte a experimentar períodos de estabilidade e de crescimento dos níveis de produto e emprego.</p>
<p>Indo nessa direção, recentemente o Presidente do Banco Popular da China e o G-20 apresentaram algumas propostas que visam reestruturar o SMI.  Por um lado, o Presidente do referido Banco sugeriu a substituição do dólar como moeda de conversibilidade internacional pela criação de uma moeda universal, soberana e independente das decisões dos bancos centrais nacionais. Por outro, o G-20 propôs marcos regulatórios para o sistema financeiro – principalmente dos <em>hedge funds </em>– e reforma das instituições financeiras, entre outras medidas.</p>
<p>As proposições acima nos remetem à proposta de Keynes (1980) apresentada na conferência de Bretton Woods, em 1944, qual seja: a criação de uma autoridade monetária internacional, <em>International Clearing Union </em>(ICU), emissora de uma moeda de reserva internacional (<em>bancor</em>), não passível de entesouramento e especulação por parte dos agentes econômicos, voltada basicamente para estimular as relações comerciais e financeiras do SMI. Para que essa moeda pudesse lastrear as operações econômicas entre os países, a estabilidade do SMI, segundo Keynes, deveria ser assegurada pela adoção de regras cambiais fixas, porém ajustáveis, e pela implementação de controle dos fluxos de capitais de curto prazo.</p>
<p>Ciente de que em economias monetárias da produção a organização dos mercados financeiros enfrenta um dilema entre liquidez e investimento – eles estimulam o desenvolvimento da atividade econômica, mas ao mesmo tempo aumentam as possibilidades dos ganhos especulativos –, a ideia central de Keynes com sua ICU era garantir a liquidez internacional necessária para expandir a demanda efetiva mundial. Para tanto, o <em>bancor</em>, em conjunto com a sistemática de taxas de câmbio administradas e de cerceamento da capacidade desestabilizadora dos fluxos de capitais, sinalizaria a convenção estabilizadora das expectativas dos agentes econômicos, fundamental para, ao reduzir o grau de incerteza acerca do comportamento futuro dos preços dos ativos e/ou contratos, dinamizar as suas tomadas de decisão de gastos, sejam de consumo, sejam de investimento, expandindo, por conseguinte, a atividade econômica e o nível de emprego.</p>
<p>Seis décadas após a proposta de Keynes e quase três décadas depois da rejeição, por parte dos <em>policymakers</em>, de políticas econômicas de natureza keynesianas para estimular a atividade econômica, a ironia do mundo globalizado é que a solução para a presente crise passa, em termos práticos, por políticas fiscais contra-cíclicas keynesianas e, em termos teóricos, por uma proposição de reestruturação do SMI de algum modo similar à apresentada por Keynes quando da conferência de Bretton Woods.</p>
<p>Em relação à praticidade da política keynesiana, as principais autoridades econômicas mundiais (AEM), cientes de que a crise atual está relacionada à ausência de atuação do Estado e não à sua suposta ação ativa, atuaram ativamente para atenuar o recrudescimento da crise financeira e sua propagação prolongada para o lado real. Nesse sentido, as políticas econômicas que implementadas nos últimos meses pelos Estados Unidos, nos países da zona do <em>euro</em> e no Japão mostraram que crises financeiras, no capitalismo globalizado, devem ser enfrentadas através da atuação de um banco central como prestador de última instância e da adoção de políticas fiscais contra-cíclicas.</p>
<p>Em termos teóricos, as proposições do banco central chinês e do G-20 reconhecem, por um lado, assim como Keynes reconhecia na TG, que a liberalização e desregulação dos mercados financeiros pode levar, como já assinalado, “as atividades econômicas de um país a tornarem-se um subproduto das atividades de um cassino”. Por outro, as proposições apresentadas convergem para a proposta de Keynes: reestruturação do SMI para que ele possa manter a estabilidade dos preços, assegurar a liquidez para a economia mundial e regular os ciclos econômicos.</p>
<p>Concluindo, no momento em que políticas macroeconômicas contra-cíclicas voltaram à cena e o G-20 e as instituições multilaterais, tais como FMI e BIS, sinalizam a possibilidade de se arquitetar um novo SMI, o resgate das ideias de Keynes acerca da operacionalização de políticas fiscal, monetária e cambial para estabilizar a demanda efetiva mundial e da ICU são essenciais para superar a crise financeira internacional e, principalmente, prevenir outras crises.</p>
<p>POSTADOR POR FERNANDO FERRARI FILHO.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Africa-EU Dialogue continues at the Meeting of Ministers]]></title>
<link>http://afwire.wordpress.com/2009/10/15/africa-eu-dialogue-continues-at-the-meeting-of-ministers/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2009 13:21:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>africasecuritywire</dc:creator>
<guid>http://afwire.wordpress.com/2009/10/15/africa-eu-dialogue-continues-at-the-meeting-of-ministers/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[WHO: Africa WHAT: The 13th Ministerial Meeting of the African and EU Troikas. Ministers reaffirmed t]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[WHO: Africa WHAT: The 13th Ministerial Meeting of the African and EU Troikas. Ministers reaffirmed t]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Den nyere historie minus usandhederne, 5. del  - lydoptagelse]]></title>
<link>http://danmark.wordpress.com/2009/10/11/den-nyere-historie-minus-usandhederne-6-del-lydoptagelse/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2009 07:36:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Sonia</dc:creator>
<guid>http://danmark.wordpress.com/2009/10/11/den-nyere-historie-minus-usandhederne-6-del-lydoptagelse/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Optagelsen er fra 1996, to år før Euroen erstattede de nationale valutaer i de første 12 EU-medlemsl]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Optagelsen er fra 1996, to år før Euroen erstattede de nationale valutaer i de første 12 EU-medlemslande. Vi gennemgår centrale dele af den europæiske finanshistorie op til Den Anden Verdenskrig  i et ganske andet lys end det sædvanlige og begynder tillige gennemgangen af det nye internationale kredit- og betalingssystems fremkomst, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" target="_blank">Bretton Woods systemet</a>, der skulle gælde for verden efter krigen, indtil det inflationsplagede USA opgav indløseligheden af dollaren i guld i august 1971, skulle det vise sig. Siden har der i princippet ikke eksisteret noget nyt aftalt internationalt betalingssystem. Tankerne bag netop dette udlevede system har dog dannet skole for den klart dominerende tænkemåde blandt de økonomisk uddannede, embedsmænd og politikere efter krigen indtil begyndelsen af 1980erne. Efternøler-tankegangen har været fastholdt længst i bl.a. Danmark, indtil den nye europæiske, obligatoriske enhedsmønt så dagens lys:</p>
<p><em>Og hovedprincippet har i den korte version været : </em><strong>Gældsætning for enhver pris, på langt sigt er vi alle døde. Fra 1968 var der en generation overalt i Vesteuropa, der forstod og hvis princip det var at leve efter en sådan opskrift . Alle generationens ideer skulle realiseres uanset gældsætningen, mente de. Nu går 68-generationen på pension, men det er et spørgsmål om denne generation ikke har nået at gøre sit regimente arveligt. Men givet er det alligevel, at 68-generationens hovedhjørnesten, det skattefinansierede velfærdssystem, sammen med den internationale konkurrence nok skal sende os på en sidste deroute, som allerede er <a href="http://danmark.wordpress.com/2008/09/18/finans-og-valuecrisis-lad-os-faa-det-hele-med-er-desvaerre-en-naturlig-ting/" target="_blank">godt i gang</a></strong><strong>, før et nyt opgør eller et nyt internationalt pengesystem. Dette hænger sammen med at visse universielle økonomiske love er lige så sikre som tyngdeloven.</strong></p>
<p><span style='text-align:left;display:block;'><p><object type='application/x-shockwave-flash' data='http://wordpress.com/wp-content/plugins/audio-player/player.swf' width='290' height='24' id='audioplayer1'><param name='movie' value='http://wordpress.com/wp-content/plugins/audio-player/player.swf' /><param name='FlashVars' value='&amp;bg=0xf8f8f8&amp;leftbg=0xeeeeee&amp;lefticon=0x666666&amp;rightbg=0xcccccc&amp;rightbghover=0x999999&amp;righticon=0x666666&amp;righticonhover=0xffffff&amp;text=0x666666&amp;slider=0x666666&amp;track=0xFFFFFF&amp;border=0x666666&amp;loader=0x9FFFB8&amp;soundFile=http%3A%2F%2Fadeleadelheit.podbean.com%2Fmf%2Fweb%2F3d62da%2Fsand2b.mp3' /><param name='quality' value='high' /><param name='menu' value='false' /><param name='bgcolor' value='#FFFFFF' /></object></p></span></p>
<p>Varighed: 25:20</p>
<p><a href="http://danmark.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/det-danske-velfærdssystems-dilemma/" target="_blank">Det danske velfærdssystems dilemma</a></p>
<p><a href="http://danmark.wordpress.com/2009/01/02/historien-om-den-gode-stat-og-det-nye-menneske-de-saakaldt-borgerlige-sprang-paa-velfaerdsideologien-fra-foerste-faerd/" target="_blank">Den gode stat og det nye menneske</a></p>
<p><a href="http://danmark.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/kommer-snart-kapitalisme-version-30/" target="_blank">Kollapset skyldes kun bedrag</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Mister Bernanke e la sua stampante a getto d'inchiostro]]></title>
<link>http://nafop.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/mister-bernanke-e-la-sua-stampante-a-getto-dinchiostro/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2009 10:40:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Cesare Nistri</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nafop.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/mister-bernanke-e-la-sua-stampante-a-getto-dinchiostro/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Gentile Presidente della Federal Reserve, voglia cortesemente prendere atto di questo mio intervento]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1408" title="stampante" src="http://nafop.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/stampante.gif" alt="stampante" width="342" height="299" />Gentile Presidente della Federal Reserve,</p>
<p>voglia cortesemente prendere atto di questo mio intervento come se fosse una lettera a Lei indirizzata (e sostanzialmente lo è).  Magari se la faccia tradurre in inglese. Spero mi perdonerà anche un certo tono confidenziale, ma sa, in certe circostanze mi sento di esserLe vicino e le formalità servono a poco. Mi sembra giusto scriverLe dopo le Sue ultime dichiarazioni che onestamente mi sono sembrate un tentativo di mettere le mani avanti.  A quanto pare è già pronto per stringere le maglie della liquidità, ma dal suo volto mi è sembrato di scorgere una certa malcelata insicurezza: per il ciclo &#8220;<em>io ci provo, ma non è che posso riprendermi in casa tutte in una volta, tutte quelle belle banconote che ho stampato e che vi ho regalato nell&#8217;ultimo anno per farvi restare in piedi&#8221;.</em> Spero mi perdonerà tutta questa presunzione. Non ho nemmeno mai lavorato in Goldman Sachs (ho giusto inviato il cv diversi anni fa), quindi forse non ho le competenze necessarie per parlare di certe cose. Ma forse anche Lei Mr. Bernanke e i suoi innumerevoli collaboratori &#8220;masterizzati&#8221; avete perso un pò la bussola: siete sicuri di sapere quanta moneta avete messo in circolazione direttamente o indirettamente da Lehman Brothers in poi?!?!? (e prima?!?!?).  Di certo Lei si è impegnato in prima persona in questa iniziativa: certe volte mi sembra di sporcarmi le mani con l&#8217;inchiostro delle banconote che mi passano tra le mani. Non poteva almeno usare una stampante laser?! Con quelle a getto d&#8217;inchiostro è veramente un disastro. Sa perchè glielo chiedo? Perchè, a quanto si dice in giro,  il Suo connazionale Arnold Schwarzenegger preferisce pagare i crediti fiscali deila California emettendo dei &#8220;pagherò&#8221; o qualcosa del genere, ma le banche della California si guardano bene da accreditarli o anticiparli sui conti correnti dei contribuenti californiani che si presentano allo sportello (spero di ricevere adeguata smentita). Mr Bernanke, sembra di essere tornati agli albori della moneta, come quando nel Medioevo c&#8217;erano monete di diversi metalli e di diversi valori (quelle di rame, quelle di argento, la moneta scura, quella meno scura  e via dicendo). A proposito, ma a Schwarzenegger la stampante gliel&#8217;avete regalata a Natale?! (Certo che Bretton Woods è proprio lontana&#8230; e il Gold Standard&#8230; beh lasciamo stare!)</p>
<p>Non me ne voglia Presidente, perchè in realtà capisco bene le Sue difficoltà e ciò che vuol dire essere eredi dell&#8217;era Greenspan (beh, ma forse lei c&#8217;era). Vede, probabilmente non era possibile evitare di stampare moneta in certe circostanze, però almeno lo si poteva fare con maggiore scaltrezza: dico questo anche ai Suoi colleghi in giro per il mondo. Sostenere le banche stampando moneta con le stampanti appena comprate da Mediaworld si poteva anche fare, ma forse era il caso di dare qualche raddrizzata in più alle stesse banche. Ecco invece che l&#8217;economia continua ad andar male (che bella la ripresa economica senza occupazione?!?) e le banche fanno profitto con il trading sui mercati finanziari. Guardi, non vedo l&#8217;ora di vedere le loro prossime trimestrali. Sa cosa Le dico!?!? Una legge sulle banche simile a quella degli Anni Trenta proprio non avrebbe fatto male: le banche sarebbero tornate al loro lavoro originario e avrebbero rimesso gli algoritmi nei cassetti (altro che fare speculazione tutto il giorno). Certo, sotto elezioni sarebbe stato un lusso&#8230;&#8230; e forse non era neanche questione di Sua competenza, ma sicuramente avrà avuto modo di parlare con chi di dovere (Bush, Paulson, Obama, Geithner e altra gente quotata).</p>
<p>Nel frattempo, se sono finite le cartucce, Le consiglierei almeno quelle &#8220;rigenerate&#8221;&#8230; so che il Presidente Obama ci tiene all&#8217;ecologia (così fa buona figura ai prossimi incontri alla Casa Bianca).</p>
<p>Tanti cari saluti!</p>
<p><strong>Cesare Nistri &#8211; Studio Politi Nistri &#8211; <a href="http://www.politinistri.it">www.politinistri.it</a> &#8211; Milano</strong></p>
<p><strong>c.nistri@politinistri.it</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Dove corre il Dollaro USA?]]></title>
<link>http://codenamejumper.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/dove-corre-il-dollaro-usa/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2009 07:14:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Code Name Jumper</dc:creator>
<guid>http://codenamejumper.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/dove-corre-il-dollaro-usa/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Il mio vicino americano, Mr.Jones, di solito è  ottimista. Sabato sera, Mr.Jones, mi ha avvertito ch]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#993300;">Il mio vicino americano, Mr.Jones, di solito è  ottimista. Sabato sera, Mr.Jones, mi ha avvertito  che, in base all&#8217;idea che si è fatto, nel giro di sei mesi il dollaro crollerà. Non so se Mr.Jones abbia ragione. Spero che la sua visione del futuro sia falsata da qualche notizia infondata come tante  che ogni giorno vengono divulgate. So però che non solo Mr.Jones parla del dollaro USA in maniera negativa. Gli articoli che seguono ne sono una testimonianza. Prima di chiedere a Mr.Jones il caffè che ci siamo giocati  devo attendere  fino al 3 aprile 2010. Per il momento me ne vado a bere uno a mie spese <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' /><br />
</span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#0000ff;">Barile: non più in dollari?</span><br />
<em>di Debora Billi</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La notizia è stata segnalata dai competentissimi lettori. Non ne avrei neppure scritto, prendendola come uno dei tanti &#8220;al lupo, al lupo!&#8221; complottisti che nel corso degli anni abbiamo visto minacciare mille volte e mai realizzarsi. Sì, perché proprio di complotto si tratta: ma stavolta a riferirne è l&#8217;Independent e il giornalista nientemeno che Robert Fisk, quindi bisogna prenderlo sul serio per forza.</p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dice Fisk: Gli Stati Arabi stanno inaugurando mosse segrete con Cina, Russia e Francia per smettere di usare il dollaro come moneta di riferimento per il petrolio.(&#8230;) Incontri segreti sono stati già tenuti con i ministri delle finanze e i governatori delle banche centrali di Russia, Cina, Giappone e Brasile per lavorare su uno schema secondo cui il petrolio non sarà più prezzato in dollari.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Le fonti sono quelle bancarie degli Stati coinvolti, dice Fisk. Niente a che vedere, a quanto sembra, con le solite voci delle Borse iraniane o i proclami di Chavez: stavolta si fa sul serio. E le ripetute insinuazioni da parte di Pietro Cambi su Crisis (ovvero che tutti scappino dal dollaro), che persino a me coblogger sembravano un tantino azzardate, cominciano a sapere proprio di verità. Cassandre.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sempre secondo l&#8217;articolo, ci si muoverà verso un paniere di valute che includerà anche l&#8217;oro. Questo forse spiega il vertiginoso aumento di prezzo degli ultimi mesi, e anche che probabilmente assisteremo ad una miracolosa conversione all&#8217;euro della Gran Bretagna. La transizione dal dollaro è pianificata in nove anni, entro il 2018, e fonti cinesi confidano nell&#8217;impegno dell&#8217;Amministrazione americana con la crisi economica per garantirsi la tranquillità dell&#8217;impresa.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Non è facile immaginare le conseguenze di tutto ciò, talmente appaiono enormi e di portata epocale. Ad esempio, è possibile che il prezzo del petrolio per gli USA aumenti in modo vertiginoso. E&#8217; probabile poi che gli stati produttori, non più inondati a forza di dollari, smettano (finalmente, dal loro punto di vista) di comprare asset finanziari americani e rivolgano altrove gli investimenti dei proventi petroliferi. La Cina probabilmente li aspetta a braccia aperte, e infatti si percepisce benissimo come la Repubblica Popolare sia in prima fila nell&#8217;operazione.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Non c&#8217;è da stupirsi che il Dalai Lama resti in anticamera.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><a href="http://petrolio.blogosfere.it/2009/10/barile-non-piu-in-dollari.html" target="_blank">LINK</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong>Sta per arrivare la morte del dollaro<br />
Martedì, 06 ottobre 2009</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong> <em>DI ROBERT FISK<br />
independent.co.uk</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Quasi a simboleggiare il nuovo ordine mondiale, gli Stati arabi hanno avviato trattative segrete con Cina, Russia e Francia per smettere di usare la valuta americana per le transazioni petrolifere.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Mettendo in atto la piu’ radicale trasformazione finanziaria della recente storia del Medio Oriente gli Stati arabi stanno pensando – insieme a Cina, Russia, Giappone e Francia – di abbandonare il dollaro come valuta per il pagamento del petrolio adottando al suo posto un paniere di valute tra cui lo yen giapponese, lo yuan cinese, l’euro, l’oro e una nuova moneta unica prevista per i Paesi aderenti al Consiglio per la cooperazione del Golfo, tra cui Arabia Saudita, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait e Qatar.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Incontri segreti hanno gia’ avuto luogo tra i ministri delle finanze e i governatori delle banche centrali della Russia, della Cina, del Giappone e del Brasile per mettere a punto il progetto che avra’ come conseguenza il fatto che il prezzo del greggio non sara’ piu’ espresso in dollari.<br />
Il progetto, confermato al nostro giornale da fonti bancarie arabe dei Paesi del Golfo Persico e cinesi di Hong Kong, potrebbe contribuire a spiegare l’improvviso rincaro del prezzo dell’oro, ma preannuncia anche nei prossimi nove anni un esodo senza precedenti dai mercati del dollaro.<br />
Gli americani, che sono al corrente degli incontri – pur non conoscendone i dettagli – sono certi di poter sventare questo intrigo internazionale di cui fanno parte leali alleati come il Giappone e i Paesi del Golfo. Sullo sfondo di questi incontri valutari, Sun Bigan, ex inviato speciale della Cina in Medio Oriente, ha sottolineato il rischio di approfondire le divisioni tra Cina e Stati Uniti in ordine alla loro influenza politica e petrolifera in Medio Oriente. “Le dispute e gli scontri bilaterali sono inevitabili”, ha detto all’Africa and Asia Review. “Non possiamo abbassare la guardia in merito all’ostilita’ che fronteggiamo in Medio Oriente sugli interessi energetici e la sicurezza”.<br />
Questa frase ha tutta l’aria di una previsione pericolosa su una futura guerra economica tra Stati Uniti e Cina per il petrolio mediorientale – con il pericolo di trasformare i conflitti della regione in una lotta di supremazia delle grandi potenze. L’incremento della domanda di petrolio e’ piu’ marcato in Cina che negli Stati Uniti in quanto la crescita cinese e’ meno efficiente sotto il profilo energetico. Abbandonando il dollaro i pagamenti, stando a fonti bancarie cinesi, potrebbero essere effettuati in via transitoria in oro. Una indicazione della gigantesca quantita’ di denaro di cui si parla puo’ essere desunta dalla ricchezza di Abu Dhabi, Arabia Saudita, Kuwait e Qatar che insieme hanno, stando alle stime, riserve in dollari per 2.100 miliardi.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Il declino della potenza economica americana strettamente connesso all’attuale recessione globale e’ stato riconosciuto dal presidente della Banca Mondiale Robert Zoellick. “Una delle conseguenze di questa crisi potrebbe essere l’accettazione del fatto che sono cambiati i rapporti di forza economici”, ha detto a Istanbul prima delle riunioni di questa settimana del Fondo Monetario Internazionale e della Banca Mondiale. Ma e’ stato il nuovo straordinario potere finanziario della Cina – non disgiunto dalla rabbia sia dei Paesi produttori che dei Paesi consumatori di petrolio nei confronti del potere di interferenza degli Stati Uniti nel sistema finanziario internazionale – a stimolare i recenti colloqui con i Paesi del Golfo.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Brasile e India si sono mostrati interessati a far parte di un sistema di pagamenti non piu’ basato sul dollaro. Allo stato la Cina appare la piu’ entusiasta tra le potenze finanziarie, non fosse altro che per il suo gigantesco interscambio commerciale con il Medio Oriente.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La Cina importa il 60% del petrolio che consuma, per lo piu’ dal Medio Oriente e dalla Russia. I cinesi hanno concessioni petrolifere in Iraq – bloccate fino a quest’anno dagli Stati Uniti – e dal 2008 hanno un accordo da 8 miliardi di dollari con l’Iran per lo sviluppo delle capacita’ di raffinazione e delle risorse di gas. La Cina ha contratti petroliferi in Sudan (dove ha sostituito gli Stati Uniti) e da tempo sta negoziando concessioni petrolifere in Libia dove tradizionalmente questo genere di accordi e’ del tipo joint venture.<br />
Inoltre le esportazioni cinesi verso la regione ammontano ora a non meno del 10% delle importazioni di tutti i Paesi del Medio Oriente e includono una vasta gamma di prodotti che vanno dalle automobili agli armamenti, ai generi alimentari, al vestiario e persino alle bambole. Riconoscendo esplicitamente il crescente peso finanziario della Cina, il presidente della Banca Centrale Europea, Jean-Claude Trichet, ha chiesto l’altro ieri a Pechino di consentire alla yuan di apprezzarsi sul dollaro e, di conseguenza, di diminuire la dipendenza della Cina dalla politica monetaria americana contribuendo cosi’ a riequilibrare l’economia mondiale e ad alleggerire la pressione al rialzo sull’euro.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dagli accordi di Bretton Woods – gli accordi conclusi dopo la seconda guerra mondiale che ci hanno tramandato l’architettura del moderno sistema finanziario internazionale – i partner commerciali degli Stati Uniti hanno dovuto affrontare le conseguenze della posizione di controllo di Washington e, negli anni piu’ recenti, dell’egemonia del dollaro in quanto principale valuta di riserva.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">I cinesi credono, ad esempio, che siano stati gli americani a convincere la Gran Bretagna a non entrare nell’euro per impedire una fuga dal dollaro. Ma secondo le fonti bancarie cinesi i colloqui sono andati troppo avanti per poter essere bloccati. “Non e’ da escludere che nel paniere delle monete entri anche il rublo”, ha detto un importante broker di Hong Kong all’Indipendent. “La Gran Bretagna e’ presa in mezzo e finira’ per entrare nell’euro. Non ha scelta in quanto non potra’ piu’ usare il dollaro americano”.<br />
Le fonti finanziarie cinesi sono convinte che il presidente Barack Obama sia troppo occupato a rimettere in piedi l’economia americana per concentrarsi sulle straordinarie implicazioni della transizione dal dollaro ad altre valute nel volgere di nove anni. Al momento la data fissata per l’abbandono del dollaro e’ il 2018.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Gli Stati Uniti hanno fatto appena cenno a questo problema in occasione del G20 di Pittsburgh. Il governatore della Banca centrale cinese e altri funzionari da anni sono preoccupati per la situazione del dollaro e non ne fanno mistero. Il loro problema e’ che gran parte della ricchezza nazionale e’ in dollari.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“Questi progetti cambieranno il volto delle transazioni finanziarie internazionali”, ha detto un banchiere cinese. “Stati Uniti e Gran Bretagna debbono essere molto preoccupati. Vi accorgerete di quanto sono preoccupati dalla pioggia di smentite che questa notizia scatenera’”.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alla fine del mese scorso l’Iran ha annunciato che le sue riserve in valuta estera saranno in futuro in euro e non in dollari. I banchieri ricordano, naturalmente, quanto e’ capitato all’ultimo Paese produttore di petrolio del Medio Oriente che ha tentato di vendere il petrolio in euro e non in dollari. Pochi mesi dopo che Saddam Hussein aveva comunicato la sua decisione ai quattro venti, gli americani e gli inglesi hanno invaso l’Iraq.</p>
<p><strong><em>Versione originale:<br />
Robert Fisk<br />
Fonte: www.independent.co.uk<br />
Link: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/the-demise-of-the-dollar-1798175.html<br />
6.10.2009</em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em>Versione italiana:<br />
Fonte: www.unita.it/<br />
Link: http://www.unita.it/news/il_documento/89415/sta_per_arrivare_la_morte&#8230;<br />
6.10.2009</em></strong></p>
<p>Traduzione a cura di Carlo Antonio Biscotto</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://www.comedonchisciotte.org/site/modules.php?name=News&#38;file=article&#38;sid=6343" target="_blank"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong>LINK</strong></span></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://wp.me/plKDA-kB"><span style="color:#808080;">http</span><span style="color:#808080;">://wp.me/plKDA-kB</span></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[more indictments against our smoke &amp; mirrors phony economy]]></title>
<link>http://culturalcapitalism.com/2009/10/08/more-indictments-against-our-smoke-mirrors-phony-economy/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 18:42:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>culturalcapitalism</dc:creator>
<guid>http://culturalcapitalism.com/2009/10/08/more-indictments-against-our-smoke-mirrors-phony-economy/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[i love that more and more MSM press outlets like WSJ are getting more aggresive with these editorial]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>i love that more and more MSM press outlets like WSJ are getting more aggresive with these editorials:</p>
<p>excerpts:</p>
<p>&#8220;On the surface, the weak dollar may not look so bad, especially for Wall Street. Gold, oil, the euro and equities are all rising as much as the dollar declines. They stay even in value terms and create lots of trading volume. And high unemployment keeps the Fed on hold, so anyone with extra dollars or the connections to borrow dollars wins by buying nondollar assets.</p>
<p><a name="U101886531858FI"></a>Investors have been playing this weak-dollar trade for years, diverting more and more dollars into commodities, foreign currencies and foreign stock markets. This is the Third-World way of asset allocation.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;If stocks double but the dollar loses half its value, who beyond Wall Street are the winners and losers? There&#8217;s been a clear demonstration this decade. The S&#38;P nearly doubled from 2003 through 2007. Those who borrowed to buy won big-time. Rich people got richer, seeing their equity bottom line double. At the same time, the dollar&#8217;s value was cut nearly in half versus the euro and other stable measures. Capital fled, undercutting job growth. Rent, gasoline and food prices rose more than wages.&#8221;</p>
<p><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB20001424052748703298004574458923186941870.html">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB20001424052748703298004574458923186941870.html</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Dollar Hits All-Time Low Facing Rational 'Demise']]></title>
<link>http://littlealexinwonderland.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/dollar-hits-all-time-low-facing-rational-demise/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2009 03:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Editors</dc:creator>
<guid>http://littlealexinwonderland.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/dollar-hits-all-time-low-facing-rational-demise/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Weeks after Iran officially announced it would replace the U.S. dollar&#8212;its value heavily depen]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Weeks after Iran officially announced it would replace the U.S. dollar&#8212;its value heavily dependent on Middle East oil trading&#8212;with euros in its foreign exchange holdings, <em><a title="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/the-demise-of-the-dollar-1798175.html" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/the-demise-of-the-dollar-1798175.html" target="_blank">The Independent</a></em> Middle East correspondent Robert Fisk&#8217;s article, &#8220;The Demise of the Dollar,&#8221; breaks the story that: &#8220;In a graphic illustration of the new world order, Arab states have launched secret moves with China, Russia and France to stop using the U.S. currency for oil trading&#8221; by 2018. I wrote of the alliance between Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) <a title="http://littlealexinwonderland.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/russian-president-calls-for-end-to-dollar-hegemony/" href="http://littlealexinwonderland.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/russian-president-calls-for-end-to-dollar-hegemony/" target="_blank">here</a> in June.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Russia Today (RT) reports on Mr. Fisk&#8217;s exclusive (3:25):</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/1JpGL0B8vTQ&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/1JpGL0B8vTQ&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><!--more-->Al Jazeera had an exclusive interview with Mr. Fisk and Steven King, chief economist from the HSBC Group <strong>(8:21)</strong>:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/CBDPGkW6SCU&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/CBDPGkW6SCU&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Mr. Fisk reports that Gulf oil powers planning &#8220;to end dollar dealings for oil, moving instead to a basket of currencies including the Japanese yen and Chinese yuan, the euro, gold and a new, unified currency planned for nations in the Gulf Cooperation Council (G.C.C.)&#8221; is the &#8220;most profound financial change in recent Middle East history&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Mr. Fisk reports the G.C.C.&#8212;which includes Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait and Qatar&#8212;is planning this monumental shift in the global economic system in &#8220;secret meetings&#8221; that &#8220;have already been held by finance ministers and central bank governors in Russia, China, Japan and Brazil&#8221; with France. &#8220;The plans, confirmed to <em>The Independent</em> by both Gulf Arab and Chinese banking sources in Hong Kong, may help to explain the sudden rise in gold prices, but it also augurs an extraordinary transition from dollar markets within nine years&#8221;&#8212;with gold as a &#8220;transitional currency&#8221;, according to the Chinese banking sources.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Today, <a title="http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idINIndia-42954220091006?sp=true" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idINIndia-42954220091006?sp=true" target="_blank">gold hit a record intraday high of $1,043.45 an ounce</a>&#8212;the best indicator that the purchasing power of every U.S. dollar in circulation is at an all-time low. Australia&#8217;s currency hit a 14-month high after raising the price to purchase it&#8212;the first major nation to raise interest rates since the global financial crisis was made public. &#8220;The U.S. dollar also dropped against most major currencies, weakened by further speculation that it could one day lose its status as the world’s reserve currency,&#8221; the <em><a title="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5f02e83e-b2a3-11de-b7d2-00144feab49a.html" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5f02e83e-b2a3-11de-b7d2-00144feab49a.html" target="_blank">Financial Times</a></em> reported at the end of the day. This is the most regressive compulsory tax&#8212;inflation&#8212;in action.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8220;In a clear sign of China&#8217;s growing financial muscle, the president of the European Central Bank, Jean-Claude Trichet, yesterday pleaded with Beijing to let the yuan appreciate against a sliding dollar and, by extension, loosen China&#8217;s reliance on U.S. monetary policy, to help rebalance the world economy and ease upward pressure on the euro,&#8221; Mr. Fisk adds. (<a title="http://littlealexinwonderland.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/global-finance-oligarchs-gather-in-turkey-police-gas-and-hose-protesters/" href="http://littlealexinwonderland.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/global-finance-oligarchs-gather-in-turkey-police-gas-and-hose-protesters/" target="_blank">More on this in today&#8217;s post on the World Bank-I.M.F. meeting with global finance oligarchs</a>.)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Mr. Fisk reports this could be the start of an &#8220;economic war between the U.S. and China over Middle East oil&#8221; with Brazil and India showing interest in &#8220;collaborating in non-dollar oil payments&#8221;, adding: &#8220;Ever since the Bretton Woods agreements&#8212;the accords after the Second World War which bequeathed the architecture for the modern international financial system&#8212;America&#8217;s trading partners have been left to cope with the impact of Washington&#8217;s control and, in more recent years, the hegemony of the dollar as the dominant global reserve currency.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8220;These plans will change the face of international financial transactions,&#8221; one Chinese banker said. &#8220;America and Britain must be very worried. You will know how worried by the thunder of denials this news will generate.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The denials did come fast from central bank governors and Western journalists searched far and wide to debunk this story quoting the people who&#8212;true or not&#8212;would deny the truth of this story 100% of the time anyway. Though, a very long time would be required for a significant amount of nations to significantly abandon the greenback in a coordinated effort, the manufactured demise of paper currency&#8211;or, at least, every step away from it&#8212;in the direction toward commodity-based currencies is rational.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Camilla Hall at <em><a title="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&#38;sid=apt5We30uqlA" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&#38;sid=apt5We30uqlA" target="_blank">Bloomberg</a></em> reports that Saudi central bank Governor Muhammad al-Jasser said in an interview Tuesday that Mr. Fisk called the report, &#8220;absolutely incorrect&#8221; and said,&#8221; the greenback &#8220;still serves our interests&#8221; because&#8212;unlike Iran&#8212;Saudi Arabia hasn&#8217;t unloaded its dollar holdings and in order to receive adequate value for those holdings, the perception needs to exist that faith in it is high. Were Mr. Jasser to not vehemently deny the G.C.C. plans, the dollar assets his bank currently holds would become worthless. Covertly coordinating a negotiation with the other Gulf oil powers, BRIC and the Eurasian Shanghai Cooperation Organization (S.C.O.) is a crucial step to avoid self-sabotage in implementing any plans to dump the dollar&#8212;not to mention the conventional and economic warfare waged by the U.S. on the global oil powers of Iraq, Venezuela and Iran after public abandoning the U.S. dollar.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">What shouldn&#8217;t be mistaken is that the existence of the G.C.C. and a portion of its purpose to become more independent of the greenback is absolutely uncontroversial. &#8220;Jasser indicated the Gulf Cooperation Council nations have yet to decide on an exchange-rate policy for a common currency, a goal the group agreed to in 2001,&#8221; Ms. Hall reports. &#8220;Saudi Arabia &#8216;hasn’t lost hope&#8217; that Oman and the United Arab Emirates would agree to re-join a planned Gulf monetary union, Jasser said Sept. 1. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain are still part of the project, which might allow Gulf states to pursue a monetary policy independent of the U.S. All of the group’s currencies are pegged to the dollar except for Kuwait’s.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Economics pundit Max Keiser confirms this story today on RT is consistent with his sources in Europe and the Middle East. Mr. Keiser cites emerging economic alliances excluding the U.S. and recent globalist summits to show that the illusion of greenback value is diminishing as the &#8220;war industry&#8221; runs the U.S economy<strong> (5:41)</strong>:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/D7dH4e8HYFA&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/D7dH4e8HYFA&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The greenback&#8217;s saving grace is that just about every country has to have them in their reserves to buy oil. This places a forced demand on it, propping up its value. Diminished confidence in subjectively valued fiat money is due to its oversupply, world-renowned Trends Research Institute Director Gerald Celente tells RT&#8212;also describing the catastrophic significance to everyday American people of a dollar collapse that will create a global domino effect if nations continued to buy U.S. debt <strong>(5:09)</strong>:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/JaZrW-aPyfc&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/JaZrW-aPyfc&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php"><img src="http://s7.addthis.com/static/btn/sm-share-en.gif" border="0" alt="" width="83" height="16" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Gerüchteküche: Sind die Tage des (Petro-)Dollars gezählt?]]></title>
<link>http://hw71.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/geruchtekuche-sind-die-tage-des-petro-dollars-gezahlt/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 19:21:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>hw71</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hw71.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/geruchtekuche-sind-die-tage-des-petro-dollars-gezahlt/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Laut einem Artikel im britischen Independent planen die arabischen Staaten zusammen mit China, Russl]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Laut einem Artikel im britischen Independent planen die arabischen Staaten zusammen mit China, Russland und Frankreich den Dollar als &#8220;Öl-Währung&#8221; abzulösen! Das würde zumindest erklären, warum Gold aktuell ein ATH nach dem anderen hinlegt&#8230;</p>
<p>Gefunden bei <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/the-demise-of-the-dollar-1798175.html" target="_blank">independent.co.uk</a>: (Hervorhebungen von mir hinzugefügt)</p>
<blockquote><p>Exclusive report</p>
<h3>The demise of the dollar</h3>
<p>In a graphic illustration of the new world order, Arab states have launched secret moves with China, Russia and France to stop using the US currency for oil trading</p>
<p><!--more-->By Robert Fisk</p>
<p>Tuesday, 6 October 2009</p>
<p>In the most profound financial change in recent Middle East history, Gulf Arabs are planning – along with China, Russia, Japan and France – to end dollar dealings for oil, moving instead to a basket of currencies including the Japanese yen and Chinese yuan, the euro, gold and a new, unified currency planned for nations in the Gulf Co-operation Council, including Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait and Qatar.</p>
<p>Secret meetings have already been held by finance ministers and central bank governors in Russia, China, Japan and Brazil to work on the scheme, which will mean that oil will no longer be priced in dollars.</p>
<p>The plans, confirmed to The Independent by both Gulf Arab and Chinese banking sources in Hong Kong, may help to explain the sudden rise in gold prices, but it also augurs an extraordinary transition from dollar markets within nine years.</p>
<p>The Americans, who are aware the meetings have taken place – although they have not discovered the details – are sure to fight this international cabal which will include hitherto loyal allies Japan and the Gulf Arabs. Against the background to these currency meetings, Sun Bigan, China&#8217;s former special envoy to the Middle East, has warned there is a risk of deepening divisions between China and the US over influence and oil in the Middle East. &#8220;Bilateral quarrels and clashes are unavoidable,&#8221; he told the Asia and Africa Review. &#8220;We cannot lower vigilance against hostility in the Middle East over energy interests and security.&#8221;</p>
<p>This sounds like a dangerous prediction of a future economic war between the US and China over Middle East oil – yet again turning the region&#8217;s conflicts into a battle for great power supremacy. China uses more oil incrementally than the US because its growth is less energy efficient. The transitional currency in the move away from dollars, according to Chinese banking sources, may well be gold. An indication of the huge amounts involved can be gained from the wealth of Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar who together hold an estimated $2.1 trillion in dollar reserves.</p>
<p>The decline of American economic power linked to the current global recession was implicitly acknowledged by the World Bank president Robert Zoellick. &#8220;One of the legacies of this crisis may be a recognition of changed economic power relations,&#8221; he said in Istanbul ahead of meetings this week of the IMF and World Bank. But it is China&#8217;s extraordinary new financial power – along with past anger among oil-producing and oil-consuming nations at America&#8217;s power to interfere in the international financial system – which has prompted the latest discussions involving the Gulf states.</p>
<p>Brazil has shown interest in collaborating in non-dollar oil payments, along with India. Indeed, China appears to be the most enthusiastic of all the financial powers involved, not least because of its enormous trade with the Middle East.</p>
<p>China imports 60 per cent of its oil, much of it from the Middle East and Russia. The Chinese have oil production concessions in Iraq – blocked by the US until this year – and since 2008 have held an $8bn agreement with Iran to develop refining capacity and gas resources. China has oil deals in Sudan (where it has substituted for US interests) and has been negotiating for oil concessions with Libya, where all such contracts are joint ventures.</p>
<p>Furthermore, Chinese exports to the region now account for no fewer than 10 per cent of the imports of every country in the Middle East, including a huge range of products from cars to weapon systems, food, clothes, even dolls. In a clear sign of China&#8217;s growing financial muscle, the president of the European Central Bank, Jean-Claude Trichet, yesterday pleaded with Beijing to let the yuan appreciate against a sliding dollar and, by extension, loosen China&#8217;s reliance on US monetary policy, to help rebalance the world economy and ease upward pressure on the euro.</p>
<p>Ever since the Bretton Woods agreements – the accords after the Second World War which bequeathed the architecture for the modern international financial system – America&#8217;s trading partners have been left to cope with the impact of Washington&#8217;s control and, in more recent years, the hegemony of the dollar as the dominant global reserve currency.</p>
<p>The Chinese believe, for example, that the Americans persuaded Britain to stay out of the euro in order to prevent an earlier move away from the dollar. But Chinese banking sources say their discussions have gone too far to be blocked now. &#8220;The Russians will eventually bring in the rouble to the basket of currencies,&#8221; a prominent Hong Kong broker told The Independent. &#8220;The Brits are stuck in the middle and will come into the euro. They have no choice because they won&#8217;t be able to use the US dollar.&#8221;</p>
<p>Chinese financial sources believe President Barack Obama is too busy fixing the US economy to concentrate on the extraordinary implications of the transition from the dollar in nine years&#8217; time. The current deadline for the currency transition is 2018.</p>
<p>The US discussed the trend briefly at the G20 summit in Pittsburgh; the Chinese Central Bank governor and other officials have been worrying aloud about the dollar for years. Their problem is that much of their national wealth is tied up in dollar assets.</p>
<p>&#8220;These plans will change the face of international financial transactions,&#8221; one Chinese banker said. &#8220;<strong>America and Britain must be very worried. You will know how worried by the thunder of denials this news will generate</strong>.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>Iran announced late last month that its foreign currency reserves would henceforth be held in euros rather than dollars. Bankers remember, of course, what happened to the last Middle East oil producer to sell its oil in euros rather than dollars. A few months after Saddam Hussein trumpeted his decision, the Americans and British invaded Iraq.</strong></p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Alliance for Neo-liberalism: The foundation global resistence is built upon]]></title>
<link>http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/2009/10/05/alliance-for-neo-liberalism-the-foundation-global-resistence-is-built-upon/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2009 16:16:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>globalisethis</dc:creator>
<guid>http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/2009/10/05/alliance-for-neo-liberalism-the-foundation-global-resistence-is-built-upon/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Officially established in 1995 and part of the United Nations Secretariet, the idea for the WTO (the]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/7581873.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-203" title="7581873" src="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/7581873.jpg?w=300" alt="7581873" width="300" height="233" /></a>Officially established in 1995 and part of the United Nations Secretariet, the idea for the WTO (then galled the GATT) originated in 1947 as part of the <a title="Bretton Woods System: Historical Perspective" href="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/singer-bretton-woods-system-historical-perspectives.pdf">Bretton Woods</a> Agreement that also established the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Like the IMF and World Bank, the WTO exerts influence beyond its mandate of international <a title="&#34;Several detailed studies have come to light showing that the kind of deal on the table will benefit a few rich countries; most, if not all, developing countries will lose out.&#34;" href="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/fair-trade-vs-liberalization.pdf">trade</a>, expanding into intellectual property rights, investment measures, services and domestic regualtions (Wall, 25).  The same criticisms characterize the WTO, IMF and World Bank:</p>
<ul>
<li> Their rules are written primarily for large corporations to benefit their business interests.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Advisory committees are made up of corporate interests, while groups representing environment, health, consumer and other social areas tend not to be represented.</li>
<li>Dispute panels and other meetings are held in secret and those overseeing them are not screened for conflicts of interest.</li>
<li>During secret meetings, a handful of rich countries make all the key decisions. Poor countries are often excluded from such decisions, and lack the resources to adequately analyze the decisions being made  (Wall 26).</li>
</ul>
<p>The United Kingdom and United States’ belief in the free-market &#8211; perceived by them as the only solution to <a href="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/adams-establishing-the-world-economic-order.pdf">global economic problems</a> &#8211; influenced the policies of the IMF, World Bank, and later, the WTO. This <a href="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/adams-decolonization.pdf">alliance amongst nations promoting a neo-liberal, free-market agenda</a>, the IMF, World Bank and WTO is commonly referred to as the<a title="Short history of Washington Consensus" href="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/williamson-short-history-of-the-washington-consensus.pdf"> “Washington Consensus.”</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<div id="attachment_208" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/picture-12.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-208" title="President Clinton, USA @ WTO, Seattle, 1999" src="http://globalisethis.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/picture-12.png?w=300" alt="http://www.seattlepi.com/wto/" width="300" height="184" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">http://www.seattlepi.com/wto/</p></div>
<p>Bibliography</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Annual meetings banca mondiale ]]></title>
<link>http://fidest.wordpress.com/2009/10/05/annual-meetings-banca-mondiale/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2009 10:22:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>fidest</dc:creator>
<guid>http://fidest.wordpress.com/2009/10/05/annual-meetings-banca-mondiale/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Istanbul 6,7 ottobre 2009. Il recentissimo summit dei G20 di Pittsburgh ha portato con sé un apparen]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;font-family:arial;font-size:15px;">Istanbul 6,7 ottobre 2009. Il recentissimo summit dei G20 di Pittsburgh ha portato con sé un apparente vento di cambiamento, regalando alle economie emergenti un 5 per cento in più di quote di potere nel Fondo monetario e un 3 per cento in ambito Banca mondiale. Sebbene da anni si parli di una nuova Bretton Woods per le istituzioni finanziarie internazionali che riveda gli equilibri di potere a livello internazionale e democratizzi maggiormente le istituzioni di Washington, per esempio tramite le proposte innovative della società civile globale per una doppia maggioranza, politica ed economica, in seno a FMI e World Bank – la montagna ha partorito un topolino. Era ormai scritto da tempo che le nuove super potenze del Sud del mondo come la Cina e l’India avrebbero acquisito maggior importanza e potere decisionale nel board delle due istituzioni. Ma una reale democrazia latita ancora. Non si raggiungerà alla fine una vera parità Nord-Sud e così come accade nei processi del G20, anche nel contesto delle istituzioni finanziarie internazionali i Paesi più poveri – e più impattati da una crisi che non hanno né voluto né causato – continueranno ad avere ben poca voce in capitolo. Il Fondo monetario internazionale ha promesso che destinerà ai Paesi più poveri circa quattro miliardi di dollari nel 2009, altrettanti nel 2010, fino ad arrivare a un totale complessivo di 17 miliardi entro il 2014. Purtroppo non si sa ancora come saranno racimolati 14 dei 17 miliardi previsti. Poco più di 780 milioni derivano dalla vendita di una parte delle riserve auree del Fondo. Fondi che, nonostante le pressioni dei Paesi meno sviluppati e delle reti della società civile globale, non saranno destinate alla cancellazione del debito. Qualora i fondi necessari siano garantiti da Paesi donatori, è alquanto probabile che tali erogazioni non andranno ad aumentare il monte degli aiuti allo sviluppo.  Anche il taglio dello 0,5 per cento degli interessi sui prestiti concessi dal Fondo alle realtà più povere del pianeta avrà degli impatti minimi sulle disponibilità finanziarie di questi ultimi – si calcola un risparmio di un solo milione all’anno in media per Paese.  Infine va sottolineato che gran parte delle nuove risorse che nel 2010 saranno allocate nelle banche multilaterali di sviluppo andranno a beneficiare principalmente i Paesi emergenti e a medio reddito e gli sportelli per il prestito al settore privato. Risulta inaccettabile la proposta del Presidente della Banca Robert Zoellick di creare una linea di prestiti per il salvataggio delle banche private nel Sud del mondo, quando la gran parte di questa è controllata da istituti di credito del ricco Nord che hanno già ampiamente tratto vantaggio dagli aiuti di Stato. I banchieri di Washington sostengono che ormai il 35 per cento del loro portfolio energetico è dedicato alle fonti rinnovavili. Peccato che in quel calcolo vengono considerati per il 60 per cento anche i grandi progetti idroelettrici, che la Banca è tornata a finanziare alla grande. Progetti che hanno impatti negative anche sul clima, oltre che costi socio-ambientali spesso non accettabili. Infatti come comprovato da numerosi studi internaziionali, nel caso delle regioni tropicali la sommersione di vegetazione su larga scala provoca l&#8217;emissione cospicua di metano, che è un gas serra. Di contro la Banca mondiale promuoverà a Istanbul una revisione del Debt Sustainability Framework che definisce quanto un Paese povero può indebitarsi. Un allentamento temporaneo delle prescrizioni della Banca a fronte della crisi in realtà non risolve il problema dell&#8217;emorragia di risorse che il pagamento del debito esistente continua a produrre, né previene la creazione di nuovo debito. (Luca Manes in sintesi)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[G20 &amp; the IMF: peddling cosmetic changes while hounded by illegitimacy ]]></title>
<link>http://aidemocracy.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/g20-the-imf-peddling-cosmetic-changes-while-hounded-by-illegitimacy/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 03 Oct 2009 12:00:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Sarah Frazer</dc:creator>
<guid>http://aidemocracy.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/g20-the-imf-peddling-cosmetic-changes-while-hounded-by-illegitimacy/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[If you are at all interested in finance for development, check this out. Post courtesy Choike.org St]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>If you are at all interested in finance for development, check this out.</p>
<p><em>Post courtesy Choike.org</em></p>
<p><strong>Statement of the WOMEN’S WORKING GROUP ON FINANCING FOR DEVELOPMENT * for the G20 Summit in Pittsburgh, September 2009</strong></p>
<p>The current G20 meeting in Pittsburgh takes place a year after the outbreak of the worst financial crisis in recent history. That moment left us astonished as we watched powerful governments and the International Financial Institutions scramble to plug a hemorrhaging financial bubble burst in the system of the global market but the crisis quickly spread as a global contagion and soon entire economies were placed at risk. Everywhere the crisis led to destabilizing impacts on the real economy threatening the livelihoods of men and women.</p>
<p><strong>WE believe that G20 leaders’ declarations have committed three essential mistakes: First, the declarations fail to diagnose the crisis as a symptom of something deeper: the unsustainability of an economic and financial system based on profit;</strong> the over concentration of capital, overproduction, rampant speculation; and the reckless consumerism that is guided by free market principles. The decoupling of the real economy and financial markets was accompanied by yet another fundamental artificial <strong>separation: the productive economy and the sphere of social reproduction.</strong></p>
<p><strong>From a gender perspective,</strong> it is also necessary to consider that the aggregate contribution of female labor in the productive economy is concentrated differently than that of male labor. This implies that the impacts of the crisis on women will vary according to sectors of the economy and work conditions. In general, female labor is more vulnerable than male labor with a highest concentration in the informal sector. Therefore, the trend is that women also suffer the most in the productive economy during a crisis. However, <strong>the G20 has not approached or attempted to provide answers to any of these elements and analysis of the gendered aspects of the crisis.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Second, the G20 statements presented some of the same elements that caused the crisis as a solution to it</strong>.</p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p>The emphasis on the conclusion of the WTO Doha Round is a fallacy that ignores the fact that precisely the deregulation of financial services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and trade liberalization of goods, services and investment were factors that led to financial speculation and made the South more vulnerable to competition and financial crashes in the North.</p>
<p><strong>Third, the G20 and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) statements come from an illegitimate and inappropriate space for a globally coordinated set of responses to the crisis.</strong> When the crisis erupted, the United Nations (UN) was in the midst of preparing for a Follow Up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus. The majority of the UN member states saw this as the appropriate global platform for addressing the financial, economic, monetary and trade issues, along with their global governance architecture. However, the big governments of the G8, unwilling to expose their grave errors, moved quickly to retain dominance by resurrecting the IMF. Their only concession has been to expand representation to a few emerging developing countries into their global financial governance institution and regulatory mechanisms, hence, the G20.</p>
<p>To date, the struggle over the location for coordinated responses to the crisis continues. The UN, with its Group of 192 countries (G192), had since convened the UN Conference on the World Economic and Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Development, which is now being followed up by an Ad Hoc Open Ended Working Group and has supported the work of the Commission of Experts of the President of the General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System (also known as the Stiglitz Commission). All these took place while the G8 maneuvered to weaken outcomes of the UN processes, including boycotting the Conference in June, an act that clearly signals a lack of openness to dialogue.</p>
<p><strong>We are also deeply concerned about how funds are actually being disbursed, which is linked to the issues of transparency and conditionalities.</strong></p>
<p>In April at the London Summit, the G20 directed their financial commitments through the IMF. It provided $500 billion in resources for the New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB) which is open to all countries. In addition, there was a general allocation for Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) amounting to $250 billion and another special allocation of SDRs of about $33 billion. The SDRs are allocated on the basis of equity shares which means that most of this money will go in turn to the G8. On the issue of social protection, a $50 billion commitment to social protection was made in April, however little is known about how these monies are being allocated and spent other than the written promise.</p>
<p>Another major question is about the content of the IMF’s newly “streamlined” conditionalities.</p>
<p>There is serious doubt that these will lead away from previous prescriptions of the Washington Consensus. Meanwhile, countries continue to face serious financial gaps and bear the harsh impacts of the financial and economic crisis.</p>
<p><strong>The Women’s Working Group believes that the current situation of severe economic crisis affecting the livelihoods of women and men in the whole world cannot be resolved with cosmetic changes designed from an informal group of powerful countries such as the G20. So we call governments’ leaders from the entire world to urgently make efforts to:</strong></p>
<p><strong>1. Integrate a gender perspective in a new financial and economic architecture, </strong>which means promoting structural changes to establish a balance between the production system and non-profit oriented activities, which cares for the environment and in which the financial market is subordinated to the productive economy, social reproduction and the reproduction of nature.</p>
<p><strong>2. Bring the G20 and the IMF under the mandate and authority of the United Nations. </strong>The existing relationship between the UN and the Bretton Woods Institutions will need to be reviewed and revised in support of a new deal for a sustainable future while the G20 must immediately take its rightful place among, not outside of, the G192.</p>
<p><strong>3. Stop WTO Doha Round negotiations. </strong>Trade negotiations must be done in transparent and democratic spaces and on the terms of Special and Differential Treatment, people&#8217;s livelihoods, gender equality and environmental sustainability.</p>
<p><strong>4. Remove conditionalities </strong>for traditional Official Development Assistance and new financing including on the basis of gender, environment and human rights and ensure transparency over money allocation and disbursement.</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</p>
<p>*The Women&#8217;s Working Group on Financing for Development (WWG on FfD) is an alliance of women&#8217;s organizations and networks that advocates for the advancement of gender equality, women&#8217;s empowerment and human rights in UN processes related to FfD and the global financial and economic crises. For more information, see <a href="http://www.ffdngo.org/gender-financing-development">http://www.ffdngo.org/gender-financing-development</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[China may use commodity pricing to upstage the dollar as a reserve currency]]></title>
<link>http://alphafound.wordpress.com/2009/09/29/china-may-use-commodity-pricing-to-upstage-the-dollar-as-a-reserve-currency/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2009 16:17:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Tim Wood</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alphafound.wordpress.com/2009/09/29/china-may-use-commodity-pricing-to-upstage-the-dollar-as-a-reserve-currency/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Alpha Found fully expects Robert B. Zoellick to be the last American president of the World Bank for]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Alpha Found fully expects Robert B. Zoellick to be the last American president of the World Bank for]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Die Tobinsteuer - Ein kleines Für und Wider]]></title>
<link>http://nilskueper.wordpress.com/2009/09/26/die-tobinsteuer-ein-kleines-fur-und-wider/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 23:04:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Nils</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nilskueper.wordpress.com/2009/09/26/die-tobinsteuer-ein-kleines-fur-und-wider/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In diesen Tagen treffen in Pittsburgh die Staatschefs der 20 größten Industrienationen zusammen, zum]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://nilskueper.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/borse2.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-449" title="Börse" src="http://nilskueper.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/borse2.jpg?w=300" alt="Börse" width="300" height="240" /></a>In diesen Tagen treffen in Pittsburgh die Staatschefs der 20 größten Industrienationen zusammen, zum sogenannten G20-Gipfel. Rund ein Jahr nach dem Zusammenbruch der US-Bank Lehman Brothers und dem sich anschließenden Kollaps des Finanzsystems steht die Frage nach Kontrollmöglichkeiten für die globalen Finanzmärkte im Zentrum des Gipfeltreffens. Im Prinzip sind (mindestens) zwei Wege denkbar, auf denen sich eine Regulierung der Finanzmärkte durchsetzen ließe: Zum Einen durch wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen, die indirekt die weltweiten Transaktionen beeinflussen, zum Anderen durch gezielte direkte Steuerung der Kapitalflüsse, etwa durch spezielle Steuern.</p>
<p>So entwickelte der US-amerikanische Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Nobelpreisträger James Tobin (1918-2002) bereits 1972 das Konzept einer Sondersteuer auf grenzüberschreitende Devisengeschäfte. Ein paar Worte zum historischen Kontext: Als sich zu Beginn der 1970er Jahre der Zusammenbruch des 1944 beschlossenen Bretton-Woods-Festkurssystems ankündigte, befürchtete Tobin, dass es durch spekulative Geschäfte an den Devisenmärkten zu extremen Wechselkursschwankungen kommen könne (zuvor waren derlei Schwankungen ausgeschlossen, da Wechselkurse an die Leitwährung US-Dollar gekoppelt und somit fix waren). Seinen Überlegungen folgend sollten daher alle Devisengeschäfte an den Börsen einheitlich und grenzüberschreitend mit einer Abgabe von einem Prozent belegt werden, um so Sand ins Getriebe der Finanzmärkte zu streuen.</p>
<p>Die Idee hinter der Tobinsteuer ist vergleichsweise simpel. Ein Großteil der spekulativen kurzfristigen Devisengeschäfte hat eine Gewinnspanne von weniger als einem Prozent. Eine Sondersteuer in Höhe von einem Prozent würde diese schlichtweg unrentabel machen. In der Folge würde das Transaktionsvolumen zurückgehen und der relative Einfluss von Fundamentaldaten auf den Wechselkurs wieder zunehmen.</p>
<p>Hinter diesem Ansatz steckt die grundsätzlich wünschenswerte Vorstellung, dass Wechselkurse generell von langfristigen realwirtschaftlichen Phänomenen und nicht von kurzfristigen spekulativen Erwartungen bestimmt werden sollten.</p>
<p>Für konventionelle Geschäfte, beispielsweise Direktinvestitionen oder im Warenhandel anfallende Transaktionen, wäre eine einprozentige Zusatzsteuer nahezu bedeutungslos, da sie im Verhältnis zu dem pro Transaktion anfallenden Gewinnen nicht relevant ist. Die Tobinsteuer wirkt also wie ein Filter: Spekulative Geschäfte werden verhindert, Transaktionen mit einem realen Gegenwert bleiben nahezu unbeeinflusst und passieren den Filter ungestört.</p>
<p>Wieso sollte man ein solches Instrument also nicht nutzen, um dem alltäglichen Wahnsinn an den weltweiten Knotenpunkten des Finanzsystems zumindest ein bisschen Einhalt zu gebieten? Heutzutage stehen lediglich lächerliche zehn Prozent aller Devisenmarkttransaktionen im Zusammenhang mit realwirtschaftlichen Vorgängen; die weltweit täglich gehandelten Devisenvolumina überschreiten den Wert der real gehandelten Güter um ein Vielfaches. Im Umkehrschluss deutet dieser Umstand darauf hin, dass rund 90% aller vorgenommenen Devisenmarkttransaktionen einen spekulativen Charakter haben. Das ein solches System früher oder später ins Wanken gerät kann man in Anbetracht dieser Umstände als gesicherte Erkenntnis annehmen.</p>
<p>Ende der 1990er Jahre galt die Tobinsteuer als utopisches Hirngespinst der Globalisierungkritiker (ein Artikel über die Sondersteuer in einer französischen Wirtschaftszeitung führte zur Gründung von „attac“). Erst als 2001 der damalige französische Regierungschef Lionel Jospin als erster Vertreter eines großen Industrielandes die Einführung einer Sondersteuer auf Transaktionen forderte wurden James Tobin und seine Idee salonfähig. Allerdings scheiterte Jospin mit seinem Versuch am Widerstand der EU-Finanzminister. Auch der damalige deutsche Minister Hans Eichel konnte dem Vorschlag des Franzosen wenig abgewinnen:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>„Die Tobinsteuer kann nur funktionieren, wenn sie in allen Ländern der Welt eingeführt wird. Und das ist illusorisch.“</em></p>
<p>Falsch! Eine weltweite Einführung ist wünschenswert und würde die Wirksamkeit des Instruments steigern, aber eine notwendige Bedingung ist sie nicht. Ein Blick auf die Zentren des internationalen Devisenhandels genügt, um diese Einschätzung zu untermauern: 80% des gesamten Devisenhandels werden in lediglich acht Ländern durchgeführt (USA, Großbritannien, Japan, Singapur, Deutschland, Frankreich, Schweiz und Hongkong), d.h. eine Einführung der Tobinsteuer in diesen Staaten wäre nahezu ausreichend. Allerdings muss eingeräumt werden, dass ein solches Projekt von den USA mit tödlicher Sicherheit torpediert werden würde. Und in der Tat ist es so, dass diese acht Länder sich gemeinsam einigen müssten -andernfalls würden Länder, die sich der Transaktionssteuer verweigern, dramatische Wettbewerbsvorteile bekommen und der gesamte Devisenhandel würde sich dorthin verlagern.</p>
<p>Diese Situation ist für wahlkämpfende Politiker äußerst luxuriös: Sie können lauthals nach der populären Börsenumsatzsteuer schreien und auf so auf Stimmenfang gehen &#8211; in der Gewissheit, dass ihre Umsetzung auf absehbare Zeit durch das Veto der USA nahezu ausgeschlossen ist. So einfach kann das sein. Bereits Gerhard Schröder nutzte 2005 diese Option, als er auf dem Weltwirtschaftsgipfel in Davos kurz vor den Bundestagswahlen seine Bereitschaft zur Besteuerung von Spekulationsgewinnen an den Börsen signalisierte. Und Frank-Walter Steinmeier und Peer Steinbrück wandeln auf ähnlichen Pfaden &#8211; sie fordern die Finanztransaktionssteuer und betonen zugleich, dass sie mindestens auf Ebene der G20-Staaten eingeführt werden müsse.</p>
<p>Während Tobin nur den Präventionseffekt seiner Steuer im Kopf hatte, scheint insbesondere für die Globalisierungskritiker und Politiker der Einnahmeeffekt entscheidend zu sein &#8211; ein Grund dafür, weshalb sich Tobin in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens von zahlreichen Befürwortern seines Konzeptes ausdrücklich distanzierte. Die Einnahmen bei einer europaweiten Einführung würden bei einem Steuersatz von 0,01 Prozent bei rund 38 Mrd. US-Dollar liegen, eine weltweite Einführung würde bei gleichem Steuersatz Erträge von etwa 125 Mrd. US-Dollar mit sich bringen. Kein Wunder also, dass die eigentliche Idee bei diesen Summen in den Hintergrund tritt &#8211; auch Peer Steinbrück befürwortet die Etablierung einer Transaktionssteuer, um so die dem Bund entstandenen Kosten bei der Bankenrettung zu decken. NGOs wie „attac“ wollen die Einnahmen insbesondere zur Entwicklungshilfe und für den Umweltschutz einsetzen.</p>
<p>Was spricht aber nun konkret gegen die Tobinsteuer? Einige Ökonomen geben zu bedenken, dass ein großer Teil der kurzfristigen Geschäfte mit kleinen Gewinnspannen nicht zur Bildung von Blasen führt, sondern vielmehr korrigierend wirkt und Ungleichgewichte an den Devisenmärkten behebt (so führt zum Beispiel der Arbitragehandel mit Währungen zu einer Wechselkursanpassung). In diesem Fall würde eine Tobinsteuer Wechselkursschwankungen möglicherweise sogar verstärken und damit ihren eigenen Zweck konterkarieren. Empirisch lässt sich diese These durchaus stützen, denn mehrfach wurde ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen den Transaktionskosten und der Volatilität der Wechselkurse beobachtet (je höher die Transaktionskosten &#8211; beispielsweise durch die Einführung der Tobinsteuer, desto größer sind die Wechselkursschwankungen).</p>
<p>Daneben gibt es Kritiker, die Währungskrisen ausschließlich als Symptom einer verfehlten Wirtschaftspolitik sehen. Aus diesem Grund treten sie ohnehin auf und sind daher auch mit einem Instrument wie der Tobinsteuer nicht zu verhindern. Diese Haltung hat auch der (amerikanisch) geprägte Internationale Währungsfonds (IWF) in den letzten Jahren vertreten.</p>
<p>Eine dritte und möglicherweise die größte Gruppe von Skeptikern führt an, dass die Steuer bei drastischen Kursabwertungen machtlos ist. Und das stimmt so auch, denn bei drastischen Kursunterschieden steigt die Gewinnspanne und eine Steuer von einem Prozent wird irrelevant. Hierzu seien jedoch zwei Dinge angemerkt: Erstens handelt es sich bei der Tobinsteuer um ein prohibitives Instrument, das spekulativ entstandenen Währungskrisen vorbeugen soll. Zweitens gibt es eine Erweiterung der Tobinsteuer, die das Problem löst. Der Wirtschaftswissenschaftler Bernd Spahn hat dazu eine „Zwei-Stufen-Steuer“ entwickelt: Solange sich der Wechselkurs innerhalb eines vordefinierten Korridors bewegt, wird nur die normale Tobinsteuer erhoben. Kommt es jedoch zu unerwarteten starken Schwankungen, die den Korridor überschreiten, fällt eine Zusatzsteuer an, die maximal 100 Prozent beträgt und Transaktionen in jedem Fall unrentabel macht. „attac“ sieht in der Zwei-Stufen-Steuer insbesondere einen wirksamen, da sich selbst aktivierenden, Schutzmechanismus für Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer.</p>
<p>Meiner Meinung nach bringt der deutsche Finanzminister die Diskussion um die Tobinsteuer ziemlich treffend auf den Punkt:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>„Es gibt einen guten Grund für eine globale Finanztransaktionssteuer: Sie wäre gerecht, unschädlich und würde viel Gutes bewirken. Falls es eine bessere Idee zur Lastenteilung gibt, her damit. Falls nicht, sofort her mit der Steuer.“ </em>(Peer Steinbrück in der britischen „Financial Times“)</p>
<p>In der Tat gibt es viele gute Gründe, die für eine solche Steuer sprechen und auch einige Kritikpunkte, die sich nicht ohne Weiteres totschweigen lassen. Das größte Problem scheint jedoch der nicht vorhandene politische Wille zur Veränderung zu sein, der maßgeblich durch verschiedene Interessengruppen innerhalb der Industrienationen beeinflusst und aufrechterhalten wird. Somit wird „attac“ sich wohl noch lange die Forderung nach der Tobinsteuer auf ihre Fahnen schreiben müssen.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Quellen:</span> <a href="http://www.handelsblatt.com/" target="_blank">Handelsblatt</a>, <a href="http://www.tagesschau.de/" target="_blank">Tagesschau</a>, <a href="http://www.spiegel.de/" target="_blank">SPIEGELonline</a>, <a href="http://www.attac.de/" target="_blank">attac</a>, <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="http://www.ftd.de/" target="_blank">Financial Times</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[G-20 Mulls Sustainable Recovery]]></title>
<link>http://sum2llc.wordpress.com/2009/09/24/g-20-mulls-sustainble-recovery/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2009 14:58:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>riskrapper</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sum2llc.wordpress.com/2009/09/24/g-20-mulls-sustainble-recovery/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Last year when the G-20 convened in November it was billed as the Bretton Woods II.  The global econ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-761" title="800px-G20_2008_summit_participants.svg" src="http://sum2llc.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/800px-g20_2008_summit_participants-svg.png?w=300" alt="800px-G20_2008_summit_participants.svg" width="300" height="152" />Last year when the G-20 convened in November it was billed as the Bretton Woods II.  The global economy was in the throes of a banking crisis that rivaled the Great Depression of the 1930&#8217;s.  Central bankers and political leaders were struggling to formulate the right mix of policies to strike the proper balance of interventionist programs needed to arrest the accelerating economic decline brought on by the frozen credit markets.  Most believe it worked.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Today in Pittsburgh, conferees  will begin to assess weather the accommodative monetary policies, massive capital infusion programs and historic low interest rates can continue to stabilize the global banking system and bear fruit of real economic growth.   Though economic growth appears to have emerged in the US and the EU, there is  a concern that recovery has become too dependent on the massive government stimulus programs.  The development of a stimulus exit strategy will certainly be on the G-20 agenda.  How to sustain economic recovery without the massive government spending programs is the primary challenge that G-20 leaders need to address.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Global trade agreements and a consistent tax policy across G-20 domiciles will also be areas of focus for conferees.  Regulatory tax arbitrage is an issue that G-20 countries are keen to address.  The days of utilizing domiciles with favorable tax laws to protect assets and revenue derived from a domicile with a less accommodating tax structure is an area that all tax hungry G-20 countries want resolved.  Recognizing taxable revenue streams and repatriating capital gains taxes are particularly pressing concerns considering the massive budget deficits many countries are confronted with.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Global trade issues and the East/West balance of trade continues as concern for conference participants.  The fall of the dollar and China&#8217;s growing reticence to continue their purchase of US government debt is an interesting backdrop to the brewing trade spat over US tariffs imposed on the importation of tires manufactured in China.  China has retaliated with an examination of US trade practices and American&#8217;s need to keep their fingers crossed that China continues to regularly appear at the government bond auctions with its sizable check book.</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/p4mdTgI02cg&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/p4mdTgI02cg&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">You tube Music Video: Edvard Grieg, Anitra&#8217;s Dance</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Risk: trade, recession, political, economic</p>
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<title><![CDATA["Banken müssen zerschlagen werden"]]></title>
<link>http://lowestfrequency.wordpress.com/2009/09/19/banken-mussen-zerschlagen-werden/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 19 Sep 2009 16:03:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lowestfrequency</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lowestfrequency.wordpress.com/2009/09/19/banken-mussen-zerschlagen-werden/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Dies ist der Titel eines kurzen Interviews mit dem Wirtschaftswissenschaftler Rainer Flassbeck, das ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Dies ist der Titel eines kurzen Interviews mit dem Wirtschaftswissenschaftler Rainer Flassbeck, das ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[La ONU propone una nueva moneda mundial para sustituir al dólar]]></title>
<link>http://papanatismoesferico.wordpress.com/2009/09/19/la-onu-propone-una-nueva-moneda-mundial-para-sustituir-al-dolar/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 19 Sep 2009 14:51:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>OBSERVADOR CONSISTENTE</dc:creator>
<guid>http://papanatismoesferico.wordpress.com/2009/09/19/la-onu-propone-una-nueva-moneda-mundial-para-sustituir-al-dolar/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[La ONU propone además que el FMI sea el Banco Central Global del nuevo Sistema Económico Llega la ho]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[La ONU propone además que el FMI sea el Banco Central Global del nuevo Sistema Económico Llega la ho]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Is gold expensive?]]></title>
<link>http://onehonestman.wordpress.com/2009/09/18/is-gold-expensive/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 18:42:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Rocky Humbert</dc:creator>
<guid>http://onehonestman.wordpress.com/2009/09/18/is-gold-expensive/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Over at Jeff Watson&#8217;s excellent blog, he&#8217;s been debating whether gold is going up or goi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Over at Jeff Watson&#8217;s excellent <a href="http://masteroftheuniverse.wordpress.com/">blog,</a> he&#8217;s been debating whether gold is going up or going down. Rocky asks a slightly different question, &#8220;At $1,000 per ounce,  is gold expensive?&#8221;</p>
<p>The following graph shows the behavior of gold and the behavior of the US Consumer Price Index going back to 1947. While examining this chart, it&#8217;s  important to remember that:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">1. It was illegal for US citizens (anywhere in the world) to own gold from 1933 until 1974. </p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">2. In 1944, the &#8220;Bretton Woods&#8221; agreement fixed the price of gold at $35 per ounce.</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">3. In 1971, President Nixon unilaterally took the USA off a gold standard, and from then to the present the value of gold (and the US Dollar) were allowed to float freely.</p>
<p>So, the question remains, is gold expensive at $1000 per ounce?  As those annoying math textbooks like to say, &#8220;the answer is left as an exercise for the reader.&#8221;</p>
<p>The black line is the CPI Index. The yellow line is the price of gold. Both values were normalized to make the visual relationship easier to see.</p>
<div id="attachment_1396" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 610px"><a href="http://onehonestman.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/gold-v-cpi.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-1396" title="Gold v CPI" src="http://onehonestman.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/gold-v-cpi.jpg" alt="Gold Price versus US CPI Index" width="600" height="429" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Gold Price versus US CPI Index</p></div>
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<title><![CDATA[G20: 'Financial reform and regulation'…]]></title>
<link>http://markdowe.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/g20-financial-reform-and-regulation%e2%80%a6/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2009 09:56:07 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>markdowe</dc:creator>
<guid>http://markdowe.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/g20-financial-reform-and-regulation%e2%80%a6/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[G20 FINANCE From the desk of MD THE LATEST ROUND of G20 talks, involving finance ministers and centr]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[G20 FINANCE From the desk of MD THE LATEST ROUND of G20 talks, involving finance ministers and centr]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[UNO fordert neue Weltwährung]]></title>
<link>http://kehraus.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/uno-fordert-neue-weltwahrung/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 06:29:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kehraus</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kehraus.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/uno-fordert-neue-weltwahrung/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Der Dollar soll durch eine neue Weltleitwährung ersetzt werden. So steht es im Jahresbericht 2009 de]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Dollar soll durch eine neue Weltleitwährung ersetzt werden. So steht es im Jahresbericht 2009 de]]></content:encoded>
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