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	<title>brian-richmond &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/brian-richmond/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "brian-richmond"</description>
	<pubDate>Sun, 03 Jan 2010 17:03:05 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[IDA, POTONGAN JEJAK EVOLUSI PRIMATA]]></title>
<link>http://hagemman.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/ida-potongan-jejak-evolusi-primata/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2009 06:28:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>hagemman</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hagemman.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/ida-potongan-jejak-evolusi-primata/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Dalam bukunya, On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin tidak menyebutkan secara terang-terangan evo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-1391" title="fosil ida" src="http://hagemman.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/fosil-ida.jpg?w=100" alt="fosil ida" width="100" height="150" />Dalam bukunya, On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin tidak menyebutkan secara terang-terangan evolusi manusia. Namun toh teori evolusinya mengejutkan dan sangat berpengaruh. Tahun 1890, penemuan Manusia Jawa atau Java Man yang dianggap sebagai missing link yang orisinal, membuat pohon keluarga manusia terus berkembang besar dengan penemuan bukti-bukti fosil yang mengitkan manusia dengan kera purba.</p>
<p>Dunia kini kembali dibuat gempar dengan penemuan fosil yang dinamakan Ida atau Darwinius masillae (untuk memperingati tempat ditemukannya yaitu Messel Pit, Jerman, dan 200 tahun kelahiran Bapak Evolusi, Charles Darwin) yang telah berusia 47 juta tahun. Soalnya Ida dianggap sebagai salah satu fosil penting yang ikut mengisi cerita panjang evolusi primata, yang kemudian bermuara pada asal-usul manusia.</p>
<p>Si Ida ditayangkan di A&#38;E Televisi pada tanggal 19.05.2009, juga sebelumnya diuraikan dalam PloSONE, sebuah jurnal ilmiah bergengsi dan dipamerkan di New York’s Natural History Museum lebih dari sebulan lalu. Pendeknya Ida amat disorot dan masih menimbulkan kontroversi diantara para peneliti. Sebagian peneliti meyakini Ida adalah salah satu rantai atau fosil transisi yang menentukan. Jadi Ida penemuan yang amat berharga. Sementara kelompok lain tidak sependapat.</p>
<p><!--more--><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-1392" title="jorn husum" src="http://hagemman.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/jorn-husum.jpg?w=118" alt="jorn husum" width="118" height="150" />Di luar pertentangan yang masih bergulir, hal terpenting yang perlu kita ketahui bahwa penelitian Profesor Jorn Hurum, pakar fosil Norwegia dan dari Natural History Museum di Oslo, Norwegia, yang memperlajari Ida selama dua tahun untuk mengode asal-usul manusia purba, menunjukan bahwa Ida yang berukuran sebesar kucing dan berjenis kelamin betina ; memperlihatkan karakter dari evolusi nonmanusia yang amat primitif (promisian, seperti lemur), tetapi sekaligus berkaitan dengan garis evolusi manusia (anthropoids, seperti monyet, kera, dan manusia). Ida memiliki ibu jari besar dan kuku yang memungkinkan mahkluk itu menggenggam sebagai ciri primata. Lantas keberadaan tulang talus pada kaki mengaitkan Ida dengan evolusi manusia. Kendati, hasil Sinar-X memperlihatkan adanya gigi susu dan dewasa akan tetapi tidak terdapat tooth comb, bentuk gigi khas pada lemur. Penemuan-penemuan inilah yang menempatkan Ida sebagai akar evolusi anthropoids, ketika masa awal primata yang kemudian berkembang menjadi manusia sekarang. Untuk hal ini Brian Richmond, akhli Anthropologi Biologis di George Washingtton University berpendapat : “ Fosil itu titik penting dalam pohon evolusi karena termasuk dalam kebarat tertua garis primata.”</p>
<p>Primata termasuk makhluk baru. Bumi diperkirakan berusia 4,55 milliar tahun dan kehidupan pertama diduga muncul 3,5 milliar tahun lalu. Primata pertama tidak muncul setidaknya sampai sekitar 60 juta tahun lalu atau setelah Dinosaurus punah. Makhluk mamalia yang menyerupai primata (proto-primates) diperkirakan mirip dengan tupai, baik ukuran maupun penampilannya. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan aneka fosil yang sangat terbatas, dan kebanyakan dari Afrika Utara, makhluk purba ini beradaptasi hidup di tempat hangat dan lembab.</p>
<p>Primata awal berkembang selama masa akhir Paleocene. Mereka termasuk dalam genus Altiatlasius. Sisa tulang mereka ditemukan dalam deposit geologi berusia 60 juta tahun di Maroko. Pada awal masa Eocene, bertepatan dengan kemunculan bentuk awal dari mamalia berplasenta. Di antara mereka ialah spesies primata yang entah bagaimana menyerupai kelompok prosimians modern, seperti lemur.</p>
<p>Era waktu Ida hidup sangat penting dalam sejarah Bumi, yakni masa ketika cetak biru mamalia modern mulai terbentuk. Khususnya setelah Dinosaurus yang nyeremin dan primata awal punah. Ada kalangan yang berpendapat, khusus bagi primata saat itulah primata terpecah menjadi dua cabang dalam pohon evolusinya, yakni Anthropoids (leluhur monyet, kera, dan manusia) serta promisians (lemur). Nah berdasarkan pengamatan para pakar si Ida memiliki karakter keduanya. Itulah yang membikin heboh para pakar.</p>
<p>Sesungguhnya Ida bukan satu-satunya fosil yang kemudian menambah gambaran yang telah ada mengenai evolusi. Sekitar 35 tahun lalu ditemukan fosil Lucy di hadar, Etiopia. Lucy yang berusia 3,2 juta tahun ini ditemukan oleh Don Johanson, profesor Paleoanthropologi dari Arizona State University, School of Human Evolution and Social Change.</p>
<p>Hal lain yang membuat Ida begitu istimewa karena fosil dari era Eocene, ketika primata awal melalui suatu periode evolusi yang sangat cepat ; hanya ditemukan sangat sedikit fosil dan biasanya hanya berupa pecahan gigi dan tulang ejor. Tapi fosil Ida, amatlah lengkap, para peneliti bahkan dapat memerika bukti-bukti rambut, jaringan otot halus, dan menentukan makanan terakhir yang disantapnya. Yang ternyata Ida adalah pemakan buah-buahan, biji-bijian dan daun. Kemunculan Ida setidaknya menambah data baru mengenai evolusi tersebut sampai kelak dunia akan kembali dihebohkan dengan temuan dan penelitian baru.</p>
<p>Sumber : Ida, Potongan Jejak Evolusi Primata – Indira Permanasari &#124; Kompas, 13.07.2009</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Oldest Bipedal Fossil Discovered!]]></title>
<link>http://europadanica.wordpress.com/2008/03/21/oldest-bipedal-fossil-discovered/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2008 00:36:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>europadanica</dc:creator>
<guid>http://europadanica.wordpress.com/2008/03/21/oldest-bipedal-fossil-discovered/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Just came across this amazing LiveScience.com article on the discovery of a 6-million-year-old fossi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Just came across this amazing <a target="_blank" href="http://www.livescience.com/"><strong><font color="#800000">LiveScience.com </font></strong></a>article on the discovery of a 6-million-year-old fossil believed to be the earliest <a target="_blank" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/bipedalism-4"><strong><font color="#003300">bipedal</font></strong></a> fossil <a target="_blank" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/hominin"><strong><font color="#993300">hominin</font></strong></a> ever discovered!</p>
<p>Here&#8217;s more on this thought-provoking story:</p>
<p align="center"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.livescience.com/history/080320-bipedal-orrorin.html"><strong><em><font color="#003366">New Fossil Is Oldest Upright Walker</font></em></strong></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[A Multivariate Analysis of Orrorin tugenensis and the Ancestry of Bipedalism]]></title>
<link>http://anthropology.net/2008/03/20/a-multivariate-analysis-of-orrorin-tugenensis-and-the-ancestry-of-bipedalism/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 2008 20:48:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Kambiz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://anthropology.net/2008/03/20/a-multivariate-analysis-of-orrorin-tugenensis-and-the-ancestry-of-bipedalism/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Tomorrow&#8217;s issue of the Science will host a reinvestigation of the famous (or infamous?) Orror]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Tomorrow&#8217;s issue of the <i>Science</i> will host a reinvestigation of the famous (or infamous?) <i>Orrorin tugenensis</i>. The study, &#8220;<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5870/1662">Orrorin tugenensis Femoral Morphology and the Evolution of Hominin Bipedalism</a>,&#8221; comes from <a href="http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/anatomy/wjungers.html">William Jungers</a> and <a href="http://home.gwu.edu/~brich/">Brian Richmond</a>. Their <i>shtick</i> is that their results indicate Orrorin&#8217;s bipedality was like that of early <i>Australopithecus</i>.</p>
<p>This conclusion, albeit not too novel, directly challenges Brigitte Senut <i>et al</i>., who published the anouncement of <i>Orrorin tugenensis </i>in 2001. In that paper, &#8220;<a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/12518050/2001/00000332/00000002/art01529">First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya)</a>,&#8221; Senut and crew lay the foundation that <i>Orrorin</i> is an ancestor of modern humans because proximal femur is really different from Lucy&#8217;s, and the overall proportions of the head of the femur to the shaft resemble that of humans and not other early human ancestors. <i>Orrorin</i> is really old, like 6 million years old.</p>
<p>Of course, that was an outrageous claim. No one really doubted the bipedality&#8230; <a href="http://anthropology.net/2008/03/20/a-multivariate-analysis-of-orrorin-tugenensis-and-the-ancestry-of-bipedalism/femora-of-early-hominids-orrorin-and-humans/" rel="attachment wp-att-754" title="Femora of early hominids, Orrorin, and humans"><img src="http://anthropologynet.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/orrorin-homo-australopithecine-femora.jpg" alt="Femora of early hominids, Orrorin, and humans" align="right" width="300" /></a>But looking at the bone, it really looked like <i>Australopithecus</i>. It was the same size as a chimpanzees too. Femora of <i>Homo</i> are longer. Furthermore, the other associated <i>Orrorin</i> fossils, like the canines, were like chimpanzees. So it is no surprise she got a lot of flak from people. It reeked of bias, as if Senut had this idea that there&#8217;s no way <i>Australopithecus</i> coulda been ancestral to humans and the first fossil she found that showed otherwise would be her cash cow. She even named it after the Tugen word for &#8220;original man.&#8221;</p>
<p>Criticism flocked, and Senut dug herself in a deeper hole when she was a part of the team that analyzed the internal morphology of one of the <i>Orrorin</i> femora with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography">computed tomography</a> (CT). I remember reading the 2004 paper, &#8220;<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5689/1450">External and Internal Morphology of the BAR 1002&#8242;00 Orrorin tugenensis Femur</a>.&#8221; According to this paper, the CT scans of BAR 1002&#8242;00 revealed that the top of neck of the femur was thinner than the bottom of the neck of the femur. This indicates more structural integrity on the bottom, where gravity would most affect a bipedal organism. This trait, &#8220;approached the condition in later hominids.&#8221;</p>
<p>This fancy CT study didn&#8217;t do much convincing. The most prominent critique <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;307/5711/845b">came from Ohman<i> et al</i>.</a>, who slammed Senut for originally gluing the fractured fossil right at the very position where one coulda made an accurate analysis of the cortical thickness without having to do crazy high tech obfuscation. Ohman and crew also argued that the fossilization process thickened the cortices, and that a simple X-ray woulda been more informative than very pixelated CT images. The response to Ohman <i>et al</i>. was pitifully, resorting whining. Everything remained quiet for about three years. Sunet and Pickford as well as some Japanese colleagues <a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/10329/2007/00000048/00000003/00000040">published a paper investigating body mass, and stature estimates</a> of <i>Orrorin</i> last year. But it didn&#8217;t make that much of a buzz.</p>
<p>So in summary, it is agreed by many that <i>Orrorin</i> was bipedal, but just the degree it diverged in relation to other early hominids hasn&#8217;t widely accepted. Unfortunate for Senut, that was just one lemon she couldn&#8217;t hustle.</p>
<p>Fast forward to today, where Jungers and Richmond say their findings indicate that the <i>Orrorin</i> belongs to very early human ancestors, and that upright walking is one of the first human characteristics to appear in our lineage, right after the split between human and chimpanzee lineages.</p>
<p>How they went about doing it was by a multivariate analysis of measurement from the <b>outside</b> of the femur. The outside folks. Where would there be the most restructuring of femur for bipedalism? On the outside of the femur or on the inside? Think about it for a second&#8230; If you&#8217;re still confused a bit, just ask a structural engineer, the thickness of a hallow structure would need to increase as it bears more weight. As early humans became more bipedal, more weight was distributed on the femora compared to quadrupedal locomotion, where weight is distributed between four limbs.</p>
<p>That being said, I&#8217;m really curious to read just what they found about the measurements of the outside of the <i>Orrorin</i> femur. Why didn&#8217;t they just do an X-ray? A simple 2 view X-ray costs $250 or so.</p>
<p>One last thing, this <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080320-biped-ancestor.html">National Geographic News</a> article quotes <a href="http://www.amnh.org/science/divisions/anthro/bio.php?scientist=tattersall">Ian Tattersall</a>, curator of the division of anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History, saying,</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;If you were going to predict what an early hominid would look like six million years ago, you&#8217;d say [it looks] much more like the <i>Australopithicines</i> than like <i>Homo</i>&#8230; &#8220;</p></blockquote>
<p>Seems like Tattersall is flipping the stance he took on <i>Orrorin</i>&#8217;s place in the ancestry of humans. In 2oo2, he&#8217;s quoted in an Ann Gibbon&#8217;s piece, &#8220;<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5558/1214">In Search of the First Hominids</a>,&#8221;</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;As a working hypothesis, I think [Senut et al.] are correct, although they don’t have the  most diagnostic set of fragments.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<ul><span class="Z3988" title="DOI/10.1126%2Fscience.1098807"></span>Galik, K. (2004). External and Internal Morphology of the BAR 1002&#8242;00 Orrorin tugenensis Femur. <span style="font-style:italic;">Science, 305</span>(5689), 1450-1453. DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1098807" rev="review">10.1126/science.1098807</a></ul>
<ul><span class="Z3988" title="DOI/10.1126%2Fscience.295.5558.1214"></span>Gibbons, A. (2002). BECOMING HUMAN: In Search of the First Hominids. <span style="font-style:italic;">Science, 295</span>(5558), 1214-1219. DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.295.5558.1214" rev="review">10.1126/science.295.5558.1214</a></ul>
<ul><span class="Z3988" title="DOI/10.1007%2Fs10329-007-0040-7"></span>Nakatsukasa, M., Pickford, M., Egi, N., Senut, B. (2007). Femur length, body mass, and stature estimates of Orrorin tugenensis, a 6-Ma hominid from Kenya. <span style="font-style:italic;">Primates, 48</span>(3), 171-178. DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-007-0040-7" rev="review">10.1007/s10329-007-0040-7</a></ul>
<ul><span class="Z3988" title="DOI/10.1126%2Fscience.307.5711.845b"></span>Ohman, J.C. (2005). Questions About Orrorin Femur. <span style="font-style:italic;">Science, 307</span>(5711), 845b-845b. DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.307.5711.845b" rev="review">10.1126/science.307.5711.845b</a></ul>
<ul><span class="Z3988" title="DOI/10.1016%2FS1251-8050%2801%2901529-4"></span>Senut, B. (2001). First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya)Premier hominidÃ© du MiocÃ¨ne (formation de Lukeino, Kenya).. <span style="font-style:italic;">Comptes Rendus de l&#8217;AcadÃ©mie des Sciences &#8211; Series IIA &#8211; Earth and Planetary Science, 332</span>(2), 137-144. DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(01)01529-4" rev="review">10.1016/S1251-8050(01)01529-4</a></ul>
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