Climate change is an issue of literal and figurative polar extremes. 

Not only geographically but also emotionally. 

People deny it’s happening. 

All over the world. We even have a name for them: Climate deniers. 

Then they get upset, angry, agitated and polarized. 

They turn against each other. Sad and daft people really. 

They become threatened and therefore threatening… 

Did you know they go through the five stages of death and departure? 

A bit premature if you ask me…. but then again denial is the first sign of alcoholism and addiction. 

People get really excited about climate change.  Having sensed the imminent change are fearful. Fearful to let go of their addiction to the fossil fuels fumes lifestyle. Breathing in the terribly unhealthy emissions from coal plants all over the developing world has become the addiction. 

It’s not psychological only – its real. Indians and Chinese have the worst cases of it. They had opted to build the coal energy generating plants inside the cities – like Victorian England – and they never bothered to remove them to the countryside.  Now they not only breath the toxic smog but they expose themselves to the ambient radiation from the coal chimneys. 

A coal factory for electricity generation produces and dissipates in the surroundings, nuclear radiation that is more than 150 times greater than that produced by any nuclear plant. 

The  radiation emitting from the cooling tower stack of a nuclear energy plant is also much further away from habitation than where all the coal electricity plants are… 

I bet they didn’t tell you that at the Institute for clean Coal. Nor is it something that can be captured and sequestered underground.  IT  MAKES THE CASE FOR CLEAN COAL, RIDICULOUS – BUT THAT’S BESIDES THE POINT. People get sickened. But in an addictive way they don’t go after the problem – Instead they get to suffer mental breakdowns and social breakdowns. Hopelessness ensues. 

Getting off heroin could be easier… than getting off fluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, CO2, carbon and fossil fuels and their assorted emissions. Even the glue sniffing gamins in the streets of Delhi and Bombay are better off… than using the dynosaur juice. 

 The Indian countryside is healthy. The heart of the people is huge. Poor people in India are really happy and healthy.  The salt of the earth families and their clans and tribes are some of the coolest people of this earth.  Walk around India and You’ll see this writ large.  A great happy country. 

But you visit the cities and its the absolute reverse.  Misery and sadness overtakes. It it is the big cities where the fossil fuel addiction looms large. That is where You get the crazy Indians who don’t give a damn about the world around them – with the nationalist bristles raising up in their back hides – and they threaten the messenger… ie Ramesh. It’s the coal fumes talking. 

But they don’t even bother to tackle the personal, the social or the climate economic and political issues they are faced with.  They are hopeless. 

But is in the country side where the heart of India beats happy and is here where all the peasants – no matter their condition – are wonderful human beings unpolluted by the addiction.  They share everything and are hospitable without the funk and depression of the modern Indian reaching for more and more and trying to be the equivalent of the chai wallahs to the west and increasingly to the Chinese masters of their continent. 

Yet the people who deny Climate Change often do so in a state of  impotence. They feel emasculated and impotent in front of the biggest problem the world has ever faced and therefore they go-toxic and go-stupid. The so called go-to people in India today are the Geeks. Self labeled IT men. The Geek squad claims to fix everything for a few rupiah. These IT guys have infiltrated government and civil service to such a degree – they now dominate the landscape. The IT guys and the call centre personnel along with the Indian corporate men are of course all stereotypes but like the Polish plumber in London – they are also – very real. 

But the Indian IT guys are lazy to the core. Far too lazy to care for anything, foul mouthed and desperately short of manners and money they will do  anything to imitate the west and fuel their addiction. After all thats why they live in the big polluted nasty cities. Because they enjoy the nasty short and brutish lives these monstrous metropolises can only offer. 

Can’t blame them. It’s the addiction talking – its not themselves-  for otherwise, they are really lovely human beings. 

They started out as the salt of the earth types and students  from the provinces and the country side and have now came to the city looking for fortune and riches.  Albeit there are too many of them and the competition is stiff.  So they cut corners wholesale. Corruption in the IT sector in India is higher than the immense corruption of the Government – as if that’s possible. Yet it’s the corrupt practices that offer the only real competitor for corpse-like laziness, bribes and graft of the IT crowd and the Indo-corpo-man. For women are the only counter balance here and perhaps the only reason India is still held together besides the remaining inertia from the English Raj administration.  After the thousandth time the IT  boys had to compromise their principles – now have adjusted… permanently in this new corpo monster role.  Be as corrupt  as you can – No law that can’t be bent – with a bit of ‘baksheesh’ 

How to destroy friends and be an enemy of the people – seems to be – the only business book they ever read. Value offering to anyone is beyond their norm. Self serving, loathsome and low leaning – still believing Friedman’s foolish ideas the Earth is Flat – they are terrorizing people’s data and corporations they had the misfortune to trust them. For years the low value data support has been streaming to low cost India but with an eye towards risk this trend is dead. After Satyams extreme billion dollar frauds and Ramu’s admission that the corrupt practices are endemic in India everyone is pulling for the lifeboats. Seems the stupid foreigners woke up to the Indian IT gang reality. No wonder all foreign banks and health care as well as financial and energy organizations that outsourced their data support and call centres, have been relocalizing their data…. in a state of panic. All other multi national follow suit and that sector is just the tip of the iceberg of the FDI flowing away from the stench.

But the IT guys persist as the modern scourge of their society. For is they can’t get the foreigners – they will make suffer their countrymen. It is the old feudal system all over again. Occasionally they even go back to their roots and participate in the hurried prayer ceremonies of the local temple.  But you can spot them from a thousand miles.  You first see them as devout as oxes; agitating their feet and surrounding people during the meditation, or you see them eating prassad and seeds, while the monks and the priest do the puja ceremony and are chanting while bathing the primordial river round stone in milk and almond paste… all the while the corpo-monster IT men smoking and talking on their mobile phones inside the temples.  Strange and offensive behaviour – but as addicts – they are short in politeness and out of control. Having failed in civility they offend none other than themselves. 

Therefore its natural that when scientific news about Climate Change and out of control runaway warming hits – their nasty behaviours creep up the scale. And yet, since they  don’t like the truth, it makes them vociferous mad – crazy stupid toxic mad  - and out of control.  Totally useless in short order. 

Chinese on the other hand are cool and collected in a calculating way.  They think long and hard before acting out. They think long with their pencils sharpened and their ears pricked. Nobody ever deigns to eat in a party meeting. Their ‘religion’ forbids that sort of impoliteness. Their long empire stretches far longer than most western ancient cultures and longer than India can even remember it’s past. They have a modern control master the CCP that sets the agenda and the mood better than any Emperor could ever do. 

Their addiction – like the opium war – is an economic one first and foremost.  Only distant second is the emitting toxic smoke breathing and smog addiction for the people. But now they are taking measures to reduce that one too. They are practicing serious carbon replacement now. 

Even the Environment Parliament is involved in reshaping the national Energy Coal Replacement policy with the Chinese Directorate for Energy – now. Clearly Carbon Replacement as practiced by Green Capital in China’s East is the prefered method for now. Now that – what  was the fuel of choice, King Coal – is being replaced by renewable resources for energy production. 

It is no accident that as of last month China is the number one country in the world in production of WInd turbines and in installations and in generation of Energy having left the USA a distant second.  

And in Solar they have left everyone else behind having the biggest production of organic and inorganic and silica PV cells as well as installations world wide. Is there any wonder which way they are headed?  

Up, up and away. 

By contrast when you point out this development discrepancy to the Indian Ministers they get mad. Especially if you remind them that Gandhi started the renewable energy revolution world wide more than sixty years ago. Red hot Indian civil servants get so pissed  and volcanic angry and they go so far as to destroy their own future – just to make a point. 

Perhaps they should go back and listen to Gandhi’s message all over again. There is still time to catch up with the world… 

But denial is common in all stages of loss and suffering for us humans and especially when we are confronted with catastrophic loss and terminal degradation leading to death or an incurable illness or even an addiction… 

Apparently on a gutteral level we all know. We do know what we qare doing. We truly understand it. We feel it at the molecular level and at the centre of the species’ intelligence. We are killing our planet, we are changing our Climate and we are throwing our environment in a disequilibrium. 

We even know thwe results mfrom this. We know it.  Yet this causes the  fall from virtue and in turn the resulting imbalance that will assassinate us all. Remember we are pulling the triger. Fair enough? 

We know that. Yet all people love the ones who tell them what they already know – but hate those that tell them something new.  Human nature. They get mad and go to kill the messenger… 

Same as they often kill their leaders who tell them the truth. Case in point again – India. Highest rate of national leaders exterminated than any other country. Wonder why?  Maybe they should cut down on the peppers and the hot masala. Sacrificing the messengers and your good leaders is but the first step before you have to sacrifice your first born… 

They kill all their good leaders and they end up with the real losers. Nobody sane of mind will want to be a premier again to do the hard stuff. The unpopular things Change requires. Tell the people the truth. Why? To lose their life? Fuck that nonsense. So they end up with some horror stories of a leader after another. They love their corrupt and criminal ministers – they can’t stand the good ones. Human nature is such. Love the imperfect people and elevate the bad ones because they mirror your own, only human shortcomings.  

Occasionally they get so confused and worked up in an uncontrolled killing rage – they even kill sainted leaders like Gandhi. 

But does that make them bad people?    No  -  Just human. 

But they killed Gandhi and all the other ones who carried that honest name… and aspired to high office of service and leadership. A truthful sustainable kind of leadership. Mahatma Gandhi, Indira Nehru Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi  and so many more… all died from the hands of their compatriots. 

Still – just human. 

Krishna and Arjuna fought that battle too.  

Ask the Baghavad Gita. 

Blame it on the hot curry…  

But it was these very same leaders, the same people who started the Indian Green Revolution that fed the people and made India independent. It was really the green revolution started by Gandhi in his humble commune and then followed and enhanced by his message of self sufficiency and sustainability. 

But where is his message now? 

Indira Gandhi, daughter of the first Indian Prime Minister Nehru built upon it and officially called it the Green Agricultural Revolution. It became a national policy when she became Prime Minister in the 1960′s and most importantly – it worked. 

It fed the people and contributed to growth of population, wealth and development. It helped India to be proud again. No starvation and famines. At least not due to food and staple shortages.  

Today is the time for another Indian Green Revolution… to deal with another set of challenges, and to mitigate and adjust some of the impacts of the westernization and the aping of the errant ways of the Hollywood culture. 

Imitating the faults and the development mistakes of the West is what Indians and the Chinese just want to do now and somehow feel entitled to doing it. 

But who wants to father that Green Revolution for these days, when the people are so toxic mad against taking any action to mitigate climate change? 

Mitigate climate change means vision. Who has that in India now? 

All the MDGs have been failing due to Indian corruption. All the foreign Aid billions go to the black holes – lining the pockets of the rich gangster politicians and businessmen momentarily – and then make a quick retour back to the originating bankign institutions in London, Zyrich and  New York.  So much so that the aid agencies now have taken to the habit of not using money but instituting a barter system of sorts in India. Of course the bankers they simply do not bother to validate the transfers anymore but they ask the national government for a return remittance in advance to expedite the return journey and not lose any of the compound interest for the calculating pollutocrats and Indoligarchs – or the people’s scourge.

Naturally the poor people for whom the aid was intended originally from the stupid foreigners, are still left with nothing but the rage against their misfortune, fate, wife, children, animals, environment and the merciless killing gods with the evil faces…. populating their temples. No wonder they erupt in wanton violence every fortnight sacrificing many of their first born to the wrathful deities… [See Kashmir, Orissa and Mumbai ad infinitum]

So for the Indian people to accept the disaster of their lives is inevitable – as the only choice – to maintain a semblance of what’s left of their sanity in an insane environment.

Thus, we move to the stage of Acceptance. 

The acceptance stage is not the last one. Far from it.

And some of the people and nations get there at different times. Indians are notoriously late – so what. 

Not everyone is as synchronized like Switzerland and it’s cuckoo clocks and dreadfully boring banker people. 

Indians like to be late because they don’t see what this means to anyone. Maybe lack of vision or lack of smarts. Who cares…

On the other hand, is the ones who have vision like Englishmen and they get through the stages really fast and thoughtfully deal with it… but they are weak of sharing. 

At least some others and even Climate deniers are getting there faster, like China which is preparing through the vision of their own impacts and future to survive the inevitable catastrophe. They are preparing for the management of the incoming climate forcing hazards…  They’ve got way more renewable energy per capita than the UK. But they also produce more emissions than anyone else. Yet the Chinese change in earnest and admit the errors of their ways too. They love progress towards the Green Economy. 

On the other hand – Australians, Canadians, Indians, Jim Inhofe and some others around – just get mad and vote to do nothing.  They get really excited and demand –  Not to change. They turn red and ask to be allowed to continue as they have before: Go on with slash and burn agriculture. 

THEY WANT TO BE ALLOWED TO GO ON EMITTING TOXINS. 

Bhopal anyone? 

Contradictory behaviour but they don’t have any psychiatric support apparently. And  they dig up coal and burn the earth and breath the fumes. BREATH DEEP now says the good doctor… 

Is bound to cause some high… And then they hope that the economy is as damn as they are and it will keep on rewarding them for being stupid and wasteful. And they want to keep on the right to emit – forever. Till the bitter end. 

I think it’s the shaken baby syndrome manifestation…. on a national level. 

Want a shag with that milkshake and  some fries too? 

Denial at stratospheric levels. 

Mitigate the climate? 

Bollocks… They don’t believe in it. 

They don’t care. 

They’ll deal with it… after it hits. 

Plenty Gods to deal with that too. 

Pass me the prassad… 

Share the papadam… 

Be depressed and fall asleep. 

But still do nothing… and accept that is your fate. 

Once fatalism sets in – its curtains. All over. The End. Credits roll on the screen…. 

Go home the movie is finished – Bollywood  ends one day too. 

If you do nothing – Fate will overwhelm anybody. Think Orissa and the riots. If you do nothing You shall pay the price. 

Ah forgot – they are doing one thing… 

They built a fucking huge fence to keep out the Bangladeshi people – lest they want a share of the dream called survival. Survival – when the floods come knocking the Bay of Benghal - has to be denied to their neighbour. 

You see  - they pray a different God, the Fools – they don’t see the way of the Brahmin. 

I think, I’ve got a bunch of red thread to give to Dhaka. A few million meters. Maybe that will do… 

In sharp contrast – the Chinese are building a super highway to Bangladesh’s capital Dhaka. And they also built high transmission lines to provide them with energy… and help them survive. They offer them sea defenses technology and desalination plants…  

The Chinese offer advanced agricultural techniques and useful products to the Bangladeshi people every moment of their lives. 

Guess who will win the Bangladeshi people’s hearts and minds? 

Maybe that is why the Chinese are not bothered by the Taliban and they don’t have an Islamic terrorism and war threat problem. They make themselves useful – Not mad. 

Or maybe just that they have a different vision of tomorrow. Maybe more hopeful with their strong utilitarianism and dialectic humanism.  

Indian fatalism has got no logic behind it. Fate, faith, religion, the opium of the masses. Whatever… floats your boat, and a different temple in every corner. Fakirs, fuckers, holy men, prophets, Sri this and Sri that, and the Ganges chock-a-block full with the corpses. On a good day that is. 

Kashmir conflict has been going on for fifty years. Fifty years of  trying to smite their neighbour in the most obstinate practise – of cut off your nose to spite your face, – the world has ever seen.  

Who is the smart one here?   

Ah yes and the Chinese built thousands of lakes and aquifers to harvest the Himalay glacier melt water for the long term and maintain their ecosystems in fluid form and well irrigated. 

But the Indians on the other hand they say offcialy: The glacier has no problem. The Environment Minister goes on: ”Warmer temperatures will not affect the Himalay glacier.” He admonishes the IPCC:  ”Don’t scare the people” out of their addiction. It is far too profitable to deny.  And while they deny the glacier is melting and woe to anyone like the IPCC that might say otherwise – they line their pockets at the expense of the people they are supposed to be serving. For Ramesh and the oil industry are all powerful here – and all blind. Exxon-Mobile can and does buy everyone here. Corruption along with addiction rule supreme. Lest we forget they also allow the existing lakes in Uttar Pradesh and all around the highlands to go dry. And the groundwater in Punjab is drying up from overuse of their aquifer. The agricultural revolution there without increasing amounts of water and chemical fertilizers (fossil fuels) is a just bubble that is gonna blow up very soon. Who is gonna feed their addiction then? 

I wonder if the Bangladeshi people might consider helping out… Charity is really big in their religion – if I remember correctly. 

All while the subcontinentals are aping each others worse behaviour, the industrious Chinese work like ants to build even the tiniest of tiny water barriers and  save a few cubic tonnes of water – but also they work the hardest to prevent the glacial melt water runoff from leveling and carrying the precious soil away. The learned the lessons from the LOESS plateau and will not allow this to happen again. Precious water from the Himalay and from the mountains and the high plateaus is saved drop by drop. 

It’s a huge effort and gues what. It works wonders. It creates jobs and  prosperity. It allows for agriculture where nothing survived before…And guess what. It works on the society’s many levels and culturally makes people happiest. You see they don’t have the IT guys culture there. They are all doing what needs to be happening. Working earnestly – like a well organized ant colony. 

The Chinese now have enough water and growing their reservoirs every day. This not only allows them to maintain both water and soil along with profitable agriculture in terraced slopes all over – but it gives them a new opportunity to produce renewable energy from the Hydro power dams they are building all over. Zero emissions and low cost clean unlimited energy as long as they keep the water flowing… They stock up on lakes, preserve their topsoil and support their rivers all the while creating the cleanest and most effficient hydro energy ever. Do you really think they’ll ever give up Tibet. Dalai Lama my friend Sorry – but they are doing a better job for the glacier than anyone else could ever do. So maybe in a Geopolitical and glacial interest way you can extend your compassion to them by a few hundred years… 

The Yellow river now is being repaired all over and it runs into the sea again for most of the year and the sedimentation carried to the sea from the Loess plateau has been reduced dramatically. 

Same goes for the Yangtzee and all the other tributaries… 

Things are getting better… 

The modern miracle that China exhibits, having moved rapidly through the five stages of loss – is the Chinese Loess plateau. It isn’t advertised nor well known inside or outside the PRC.   

Yet the loss of the Loess plateau was a shame. This was the mother place of the Han Chinese people. It was always the dominant food bowl and it’s fate was always linked with that of the empire. It was watered by the mother river and it was so overexploited that even by the time of the second kingdom it was an ecological catastrophe. 

The loss of the Loess plateau was the greatest single disaster of China. An EPA disaster of superfund proportions, the size of Texas – by American standards. And a disaster the size of France – by European standards. 

Yet this area in Northwest China, the Loess Plateau, occupies an ecological recovery experiment of an area roughly the size of France and is the birthplace of Chinese civilization. Yet, with agriculture and grazing practices over thousands of years, exploitation, mining and  industrial agricultural practices have transformed the once lush forests into a dry and degraded ecosystem. As the yellow ”loess” soil eroded, the silt raised the riverbed, causing seasonal flooding by the Yellow River. This, in turn, is bringing drought and famine. The Yellow River, also known as “China’s Sorrow” has flooded more than 1,500 times in recent history. Having considered the area abandoned the PRC decided on a gamble. In 1995, The World Bank and the Chinese government began the “Loess Plateau Watershed Rehabilitation Project” – its largest development project to date. It ambitiously set out to restore what was destroyed over 10,000 years of human habitation and illogical unsustainable ecosystem exploitation. Because there have been people living there for ten thousand years before it’s collapse. Working with Chinese planners from the Ministry of Water Resources, international planners from the World Bank and development and green credits finance, they managed, over a span of 10 years, to reshape the hydrology, soil dynamics, forestry, agriculture practices, and economic viability of the land. Radically restructuring local land use practices and engaging villagers to participate, the Project resulted in vast ecological improvements and new economic opportunities for the local populations. “The Lessons of the Loess Plateau” is a hopeful representation of how to protect our natural systems, even those previously thought impossible to save. 

Now things are looking even better. The Chinese government had made a 25 year plan to reforest and recultivate and repopulate the Loess plateau completely. Already 15 years in the project, the plateau area, greater than the whole of France that was a death trap for all ecosystem inhabitants – has been saved. The rivers had dried up and the earth was spongy like a nuclear testing ground. But now it is lush once again. In another decade we’ll have full grown forests and it will be the lesson for LONG TERM ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.  

 Because now this same Loess plateau is full of managed new forests and ridge plateau agriculture and the whole Loess plateau has been transformed in an ongoing giant effort from a wasteland  - worse than Uttar Pradesh’s southern arid and dessertous area called Vindhya Hills, -  to the promised land of tomorrow after more than a dozen years of intense labour. Young people want to move there now… for a better future in the country. People as far away as Shanghai and even from the metropolis Beijing. And we are only fifteen years into the 25 year plan for it’s recovery still. With another decade of focused work the miracle will be completed.  And this is the heartland of China. The birthplace of the Han culture and the formation of Chinese state and empire. Not a bad place to start from in recovering the balance for China’s ecosystem.  

Nature has incredible recuperative powers…  Given the chance, it will be redeemed and saved. We just need to get out of the way and reduce our impacts. 

In the coming years the Loess plateau will come to be recognized as the greatest ecological recovery and success story of the world in the size of Texas  - saved. With an area bigger than the size of the state Texas (730,000 km2 ) or France in the middle of China – SAVED – this is a momentous CHANGE. 

Back to India and it’s model state of development the venerable Uttar Pradesh. 

UP for the locals.  

But more and more it seems that UP is DOWN and here is why: 

With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2 ) or one third of the Loess Plateau area, Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. Two rivers irrigate and provide with numerous lakes the needed agriculture. Uttar Pradesh capital Lucknow  and the state itself have an important place in the culture of India. UP is considered to be the birthplace of Hinduism but is also important to Buddhism. The spot where Buddha met his first disciples and where Buddha’s first sermon took place and even where Gautama Buddha died – are all in UP. 

But now with the periodic rainfall completely reliant on an unreliable and climate changing monsoon season and weather patterns, there have been severe droughts and catastrophic crop failures… causing a lot of the plateau and especially in the Southern part to become a wasteland. The wildlife is disappearing as do the forests and the agriculture. Acidification of the topsoil as also an issue as it is the salinity of the water table.  Never mind that now you have to go down a few kilometers to drill not for oil – but for the far more precious water. The situation is desperate. But the Indians – too proud – will never admit to it. 

Connecting the dots in an intelligent manner  is not yet possible. The IT guys haven’t got a neck top computer big enough to handle the Physics. But get the picture for a moment. If you connect the effects from using coal fired plants for energy generation and the resultant emissions are coming full circle causing greenhouse gases and warming the earth’s  atmosphere and the resultant climate is causing the dry seasons lasting the whole year and causing the destruction of the UP plateau  agriculture and ecosystem….  You get the idea? 

Let’s see how India used the last fifteen years in attempts for environmental reclamation supported by the World Bank in the South of UP as well as for the five major infrastructure projects in Uttar Pradesh. This frame of time is the same China used to completely reverse the milenial degradation of the Loess plateau and save it conclusively.

Yet if one wants to see the levels of Indian underdevelopment and paper thin greenwash in India – go take a hard look in the state of Uttar Pradesh and especially in the southern arid plateau.  Nothing ever happened. Things go from bad to worse. Large reclamation projects aren’t even understood here. Watershed management is not even practiced. Not a single aquifer or runoff water capture scheme has been raised. And at last; even the five most important [in recent memory], major infrastructure projects in the Uttar Pradesh [bastion of Gandhi], tell a sad tale of inertia and indifference.  Still all of these decades long projects have behind it the support of Congress and/or a local cadre of politicians, and the support of chief minister Mayawati and even that of Sonya Gandhi. Of course this support is only on paper… but this be as it may. Fifteen years in the making and not one of them is up and running…

Still maybe corrupt politics is behind this. Chief Minister Mayawati is the best friend of Ramesh the Environment evil minister and climate bogey man of India. Together they see any non coal and non dirty energy related project in UP as a challenge to their dominance. They fear any threat to their eminent domain powers. They love the coal of UP and they mine it successfully in open coal pits – thus both fouling the earth and the land – and then burn it locally to run all the dirty coal power plants. No scrubbers on these plants, No emission controls, No environmental services of any kind, just small chimneys that radiate around radioactivity and spew thick smog and carbon in the lungs of the people. You know these all powerful demigods of Indian culture will not allow anything else but coal to flourish there. Fat chance for a change of practises.

But let’s look how they use the industrial might of UP in project management of even small scale infrastructure projects. 

The Lalganj coach factory and Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology have been in the world news recently after state minister for railways KH Muniappa and Rahul Gandhi visited the work site and announced the projects as failed. The international investors and donors were exasperated with the Swedes pulling out all together and the World bank doing the same soon after. That is after they lost all their original investments and capital. 

The coach factory which had been relaunched after a pitched battle between the two mightiest women Sonia and Mayawati last year tells a sorry tale of neglect. Though Congress leaders claim that the work has been expedited on the site, officials in the know confess that at the present rate, it may take at least three years for the first coach to roll out of Lalganj. 
Selection of the parties after international tenders are floated and then placing orders itself will take at least a year, a senior railway officer said under condition of anonymity. The rest of the foundation and building process, the import of machineries and final manufacturing will also take nearly the same time, so while the concerned minister may make several trips and makes encouraging statements now and then, we all know it is just a ruse to keep the VVIP happy, he said. International investors were not impressed. Local Politics is so destructive and toxic in India that when it rears it’s head on the international stage smells so bad… 

The fate of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology is much the same. The Rs 450 crore project, as Rahul Gandhi noted during a surprise visit, is nothing but a dug out desolate patch of land with an isolated foundation stone stuck in the middle, more than a year after its inauguration. While a lot of back biting and angry bickering ensues the denial of responsibility, the confusion, the anger, the diffusion and finally the acceptance of failure is complete. Whether the state Congress leaders blame the BSP regime for not sanctioning 70 acres of promised land, or the BNP locals blame the 40 acres already acquired by the Centre as unsuitable – the reality is they all have yet to show any activity for the money spent. Instead of waiting in vain why couldn’t they show any results but allowed the money to evaporate inside deep corrupt pockets? Even after Sonia Gandhi wrote twice to the petroleum minister to expedite the Rajiv project, she questioned the sincerity of those involved but no action was taken against anyone corrupt. But maybe this is a blessing in  disguise, because as far as the environment and climate are concerned – it’s best the Petroleum project never gets realized… 

And then there are other development projects that are stalled for years because of lack of interest shown by the developers, the governors, the state and the national government. For instance, Sonia Gandhi had publicly charged the Maya regime for not allotting land for setting up one of the four institutes under the national automotive testing and R&D infrastructure project and also dragging its feet on the institute of pharmaceuticals education and research. The Rs 600 crore projects had been cleared by the Centre in 2005 but have hit a dead end at least for the moment.  

The Hindustan Paper Mill also awaits for an allotment of land. Rahul Gandhi had during the parliament elections, made it an issue by holding it up “as a deliberate design by the government to put the brakes on Rae Bareli’s progress and deprive its residents of job opportunities. That is contrasted by the growth of the Chinese projects that absorb all the FDI that has been sorely disappointed by India. 

So does anyone expect a reforestation project in the South of the UP plateau or a watershed management project or even a reclamation of the environmental balance in the sorry state? 

It’s all a matter of perspective: 

But if you want to look at some bright and positive stars – You can look there too. 

Start by looking at the beginning of the Green Revolution. You can find the roots in the little village where Gandhi first created his utopia. The village still goes on and is self sufficient and in a green sustainable agriculture of abundance and measured success. Based on the same principles of Gandhian philosophy and Green Revolution they present their results to others in a scientific fashion. 

They go around India’s poor villages preaching the prophesy of Permaculture. Well Said and well done. They are the face of tomorrows change. They talk about pesticide free and low water consumption agriculture. They teach how to get away from fast growth to sustainability. They are keen to be heard – but they are even keener for their practises to be shared. 

Yet Uttar Pradesh the province of Gandhi’s ancestral home is in ruins and any project of improvement is held up in bureaucracy and corruption. The Gandhi Asram people even have given up on the local state and concentrate their activities of teaching Permaculture elsewhere. 

Why? 

Yet this is how and why India suffers already the greatest consequences of Climate change. And those are the sins of denial.   

Denying the present will deny the future of the young Indians of today, those most vulnerable from the actions of their elders. 

As the planet inexorably warms, deniers mix in assertions of global cooling with their usual Al Gore insults and political assaults like the recent so-called Climategate snafu. 

So far this year, icy temperatures have frozen parts of England, the eastern United States, and even Florida, where iguanas have fallen out of the trees, lured into hibernation by low temperatures. 

Meanwhile, untoward heat has gripped the West Coast of the US, broken up only by a recent Pacific storm event that has summarily soaked its fire-ravaged mountains. In the course of one week this January, America learned that December 2009 was wetter and colder than average, while its first decade of the new millennium was the hottest on record. Confusing?

Denial is followed by Confusion. 

No wonder, then, that people around the globe are dizzy with confusion. Careening between these extremes, they are easily manipulated by seeming opposites, environmental, political and otherwise. All of this, in the end, is complicated by the lack of consensus from gun-shy scientists, who are lately more busy fending off (or feeding off of, depending on the scientist) ludicrous sideshows like the Heartland Institute paid science, The Cato jokers, or the GOP circus or the Climate email exchange hack by the Chinese and really that’s where the blame rests squarely.

And lastly the Himalay glacier due date to expire - coming out against the IPCC - as if the glacier survives another ten or twenty years will make a significant difference on the thirsty people’s lives. With the great Ganges gone – India is finished. But when the Climate Deniers are confident enough to turn the public debate away from the issues is only by soothing the fears and destabilizing scenarios for the people. Giving people a reason to think that not changing is all right and nothing bad will come out of it.  So you can still sit on your couch and drink beer and munch potato chips while you burning the coal to keep the lights on and that’s all right. It’s major vindication… of your regressive action while in reality You are gassing your self and your family just as surely as Hitler did the Jews. Only on a far bigger scale. That’s Greenhouse effect for You…

The Climate Deniers play at people’s lower IQ and lower animal instincts. Their propaganda acts like religion. Balm for the soul. Don’t worry. Everything is OK. Maybe it is a seasonal variation of the sun spots. And don’t worry since whatever happens in this Life – You’ll always have Paradise to go have some fun. So do nothing and keep on doing nothing. Any ways what’s the worse that can happen?  by doing nothing. What consuming your fossil heroin can do to you?  Well for one: The junk will kill you – but You’ll end up in a better place anyways.

And the numbers and the arithmetic shows we had the hottest decade in history…To come clean now, is a move that might give all their number-crunching some real-world meaning if you care to listen. 

So, You can blame the simple Indians for not getting it – or the Chinese, or the Greeks, or the Americans, or the English or the Russians and the Eskimos, [You take your pick and put your nation here] –  or you can actually try to understand and deal with the issues. 

For reality is much like the benefits of the Green Revolution, those who understand it and deal with it – they also experience the windfall of growth and profits in jobs and people’s equity. 

But we need to concentrate on the Green Revolution.  For it is a matter of survival because the negatives might be too overwhelming to concentrate on them. 

Like, for example, the possibility of a shutdown in the thermohaline circulation – the oceanic conveyor belt that circulates warm weather and water towards the pole – which could plunge some landmasses of the North Atlantic into a scenario reminiscent of the Little Ice Age. That’s a period of cooling that, you guessed it, occurred after extensive warming called the Medieval Warm Period. 

Things are changing… After the floods You get a freaking ice age.

English people get really worked up mad about this. They’ve got wellies for the floods and sea level rises but the ice age bit they can’t handle without ice skates. And You know the ice skating bit  is a little scary after a few pints at the local. On the other hand – they can warm up real fast and go out in the cold. Serves a purpose really…  Wait till you se the figure eights they can do when coming out the pub…

Even your average bloke in the pub – and all your Lords and Princes and such – get worked up mad too. From many different walks of life and differing views about the issue of global warming and it’s relationship to personal responsibility and entitlement – grew the English sense of having to do something about it.  Taking responsibility and leadership is the proper thing to do.

”It’s a shame and I would have nothing to do with a world like this” is what the Prince exclaimed.

You all know the Prince is Green but talk about it with Prince Charles and he goes beet red. 

Red hot mad and bothered and ready to have an aneurism burst any moment now. 

He gets so red You would think he is an American Indian… 

So you stop the serious stuff – and talk about organic farming and the Duchess originals – and maybe if he feels charitable and wants to list his Green achievements, He might talk about his fleet of  17 (seventeen) exotic cars in his eco-stables, now powered by biofuels. Yet if you still can’t pinpoint the contradiction towards sustainability – with Prince Charles – you need serious help. Accept his Greenness and agree with him – or he will attack you with an avalanche of information. His self important doings to save the world are the present religion du jour, for the prince. And all his horses and all his men are all green but they can put together Humpty Dumpy again. Not even all of his Greenness entitlements thereof. Ecological palaces in three continents, private planes, jets, horses, helicopters, Camels – You name it – He’s got it. And he uses it and must go on using it and have it, so he can go ahead and save the world from ecological and climate catastrophe. After five minutes of this a sudden vertigo of information ensues and you start questioning the Monarchy’s Raison D’Etre… 

And Prince Charles is seriously the Good Guy for the Climate and the Environment. He just doesn’t see how it is about himself. And that is the problem. 

Same as the poor Indians who feel entitled to the same slash and burn Hollywood development culture and faulty western unsustainable model they’ve been sold by their corrupt ministers and the oil and energy princes and profiteers. People like Ramesh and  Mayawati talk about that dream masking it in the veneer of development. And they are right as they have more wealth and influence than even the Prince and they want to keep increasing this. Lest they go away from the Fossil fuels and lose a few rupiah in bribes. But for the average Indian to expect that somehow even in their dreams, they will get the Prince’s lifestyle – is not just ludicrous – is plain stupid.

When Ramesh speaks of the right of India to pollute, he says it is their right to emit to grow. The right is an entitlement to emit toxic poison like the Bhopal incident. So for those poor in memory  Indians is easy to give them the false sense of security and the wish to grow by polluting, having forgotten the lessons of the Bhopal disaster. What You put out in the atmospher – You’ll have to breath it soon. 

The Environment minister Ramesh and first minister Mayawati say that India has not got an environmental problem and all is hanky dory – so why worry?  Keep polluting – it will never come back to bite you in the ass… Trust the minister. And the glacier in the Himalay will go on for ever. Ask the Chinese – I say. Better yet – see what they are doing and you’ll understand.

Staying on course and keeping your existing MO is a sign of stability just as much as driving your boat straight to an iceberg. Yes – it is an oxymoron.  A giant contradiction. Maybe that is the old Indian MO. But look at the old World bank’s MO and see how even them – have changed. Look at the Loess plateau project and their support for Renewable baseload energy in China and all over. 

Yet the Indians and others like them  - Good Lord – like ‘Lord’ Monckton, reveal the ignorance of global warming and the science and education gap. Now these are proper Climate Deniers. The serious stuff…  England’s answer to Stalin and Hitler. Without the smarts… and the looks. 

But the ‘Lord’ Monckton apes all the denialists and is a runaway success in India’s Delhi government circles. By doing this act publicly – he earns his dinner and drinks…But the Indians doing this they are further diminishing the climate and thus causing the world and in return themselves and their brothers and co-patriots to perish surely.  Again – see Bangladesh… 

Better yet read ”Collapse” by Jared Diamond and focus on the Easter Island society’s disappearance.

How it is different from what the Prince does… Not really. Just coming at the well of misinformation from different points of the compass.

They don’t see how it can ever be about them – it’s always about the others.  

Denial and Confusion… Get angry and attack the truth seekers and truth tellers. 

As the Prince sees it – it’s about the billions of  underdeveloped  peoples following the example of the fossil fuel companies. And not using condoms when they get their little bit of fun…

As the ‘Lord’ sees it – well he is blind…. never mind.

“One of the things is that there are gaps in what we scientists understand, because of gaps in technology,” Sharon LeDuc, chief of staff at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climatic Data Center, explained. “A lot of looking forward depends on the modeling and simulations we do, and they don’t always agree. 

“What they do agree upon is, predictably enough, extremes. Extremes that are further empowered by what little consensus their modeling can cobble together. There are certain things they agree on, such as the hydrological cycle,” LeDuc added. “There will be drying in the subtropical regions but precipitation in higher latitudes. The smaller scales are where the uncertainty lies. The resolution of these models is very coarse.” 

Unfortunately for the rest of us, we live, work and die in those smaller scales LeDuc spoke of. And we need to be able to connect dots from the macro-environmental changes taking place to the micro-environmental situation in our own plateaus, in our own river valleys and our towns and cities. 

Sure, the planet was the hottest it’s ever been on record in the ’00s, but what does that have to do with frozen iguanas falling into Floridian truck beds? So far, it’s getting mostly noise from scientists, some of whom explain that the dots can’t be connected. 

Now the precious ‘Lord’ Monckton is supporting the Indians in their denial. As a matter of fact the nutty bug eyed product of incestuous Aristo breeding Victorian practices and with analogous muttered grey matter; travels the world alerting anyone who will listen to the scare of the hoax about Global warming. He speaks of a secret plan for a United Nations world government, referring to it as the “New World Order”, the term of choice of American wing nuts and televangelists like Pat Robertson, – whose 1991 book of that name – uncovered a conspiracy by Wall St, the Federal Reserve and various other governments to create a world government serving the Antichrist. 

The Viscount (Not even a real Lord) can see the extreme left lurking everywhere; not only at the heart of the environment movement, but in the corridors of EU head-quarters (“a tyranny ruled by the unelected Kommissars”) and the scientific establishment itself, characterising the venerable Royal Society as “a mere Left-leaning political pressure-group”. 

It was perhaps at the Copenhagen conference last month that ‘Lord’ Monckton’s eccentricity reached its zenith. He described the entire conference as “a sort of Nuremberg rally”, including “the Hitler Youth marching in and breaking up meetings”. 

If you’re wondering how the Copenhagen conference could be a conspiracy to impose communist world government and at the same time be populated by Hitler Youth, Monckton reminds us that “of course the Hitler Youth was also left-wing and green” according to the good and slightly insane ‘Lord’.  He is a good friend of Ramesh too…

To our Indian friends: Show me your friends and I’ll show You…..who You are. 

A question to You: The overall warming of the globe and the volatile temperature fluctuations you’re experiencing? 

No comment. 

Then because like all humans  -  we live a little and die a whole lot – we start bargaining. 

The Bargaining stage is very much like the  COP negotiations only without any real targets. Something like the fight going on in the US senate now about whether to pass or not the Climate Bill and the Health Care legislation. 

Bargaining is steeped in confusion like the Copenhagen Accord and it’s misguided Indian and Chinese sworn enemies. 

“Be very careful here,” Gavin Schmidt, climate modeler at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies said. “There is some evidence for more intense precipitation occurring with climate change, but claiming that volatile temperature fluctuations are related is not supported at all. There is no evidence whatsoever that the cold temperatures at the beginning of the year were related to climate change.” 

That’s probably news to China’s Beijing Meteorological Bureau, whose Guo Hu explicitly linked the two in a statement to Beijing News. “In the context of global warming,” Guo said, “extreme atmospheric flows are causing extreme climate incidents to appear more frequently, such as the summer’s rainstorms and last year’s ice storm disaster in southern China.” 

Even the U.N. Environmental Program’s Jan Liu agreed to such a possibility on intensifying weather events and thermohaline shutdown. “While the general average trend is one of a warming climate,” he said, “this does not mean that extreme cold events or snowstorms will not take place. In fact, as you rightly point out, climate change may even contribute to an increasing intensity of snowstorms, as moisture levels in the atmosphere rise.” 

Those extreme atmospheric flows and moisture levels may problematize America’s consensual culprit behind our current cold snap in the north Atlantic, known as Arctic Oscillation. That’s an atmospheric pressure pattern that governs the bitterly cold winds and even sea-ice movement in the Arctic. And right now, it’s nearly off the charts, as New York Times reporter Andrew Revkin [of Dot Earth] explained, with weakening wind currents that are unleashing freezing Arctic storms on the northern hemisphere. 

Hence, our butt-cold winters on the US East Coast, the snow and frost and wildlife crises in the UK, and, yes, iguanas dropping out of Florida trees and Miami’s empty sunbathing beds covered in them… 

But somehow, the idea that global warming, which is admittedly monkeying with global atmospheric pressures and flows, has nothing to do with either a weakening Arctic Oscillation, currently as negative as it’s been since the ’50s, or weakening Gulf Stream, that could possibly lead to a decrease in thermohaline circulation capable of plunging Europe into another ice age, is a non-starter among not just deniers but also climate-change true believers. 

Which is ridiculous, if you think about it. The damn leopards that can’t change their spots and see the light are as much evident in the Indian subcontinent’s fiery pepper curry eating and poisonous gas farting vegetarian Hindus of uncontrollable raging anger, as they are in cold snappish English Constipated Conservative bug eyed Lords of London fed on mash and gravy forever. So the pub pundits and cafeteria jokers can hold back their tongue and instead use it to advertise the need to act on climate change now. 

Or else just use it to lick their balls – if they can reach them.  Why you might ask? 

 Never mind. It’s a particular art reserved for those limber enough to master the very advanced Yogic arts… Takes many years of practice. Apparently only dogs and ultra yogis can do it… But it is also a self  sustaining action. 

Helps when angry males of the species need to simmer down. Apparently that is the effect when Monkeys and some other primates like macaques do it too… 

All about sustainability and self efficiency is the Green Revolution too – just as it hinges on both the  helpful weather and appropriate climate. 

Both are always needed to be in synch. 

Now we live a life out of balance  or  ”Koyaanisqatsi” from a Hopi [American Indian] word translated as “life of moral corruption and turmoil” or “life out of balance.” 

And we have to be very careful and always remind the would-be dot-connectors that all of us are confusing weather with climate constantly. 

Even though we have little scientific clue as to where one begins and the other ends. We should let them be separate. Don’t allow the fake long term weather forecasters hijack the debate. Or not allow the climate deniers to see the weather as proof of their agenda. 

They are linked and maybe equal but separate entities. The tethers are strong but also can be cut off easily. Logic dictates you can’t have weather without a climate, and right now, ours is off its moorings. 

Anthropogenic warming has thrown what was once a stable climate into disarray, and may be leading as much to ruinous droughts as to record-breaking freezes. 

And surprise – surprise it will lead to both. Strange as that might seem…. 

Both nasty extremes at the same time. Interchangeably. In different places and some times in the same place too. Enough to drive you crazy and  angry and confused and hungry and poor and truth denying and depressed and dead. All of that even before you decide whether it’s worth it to accept those stages or not. 

Sounds like Fun. 

Arbitrarily separating them into linear camps utterly misses the point of global warming’s greatest lesson: Volatility is the new normal, in weather, in the economy, in politics, in whatever. And woe to those who aren’t ready to adapt to the new normal. If the New Equilibrium cannot be achieved and we are thrown in a permanent state of Imbalance…. it’s curtains again. Collapse. Permanent and irrevocable. 

Clear as Day.
“This is perhaps the most difficult issue, the greatest challenge, that humanity has ever faced,” warned Michael Schlesinger, of Urbana University of Illinois respected climatologist, who has been openly concerned about the catastrophic effects of a THC shutdown. 

“We are not going to be given a second chance to get this right. The world’s coupled atmosphere/ocean general circulation models (A/O GCM’s), including mine, simulate a slowdown of the THC this century due to global warming. It is difficult to verify this now with observations because it is early in the 21st century and any slowdown would be small now, and the THC intensity is very noisy. It has large year-to-year natural variability, so it will take a few decades of observations to detect the slowdown of the THC by averaging out the noise over time.” 

We don’t have the time right either. You don’t know this thing is happening tomorrow or the next decade. Will the next generation feel it or this one? Even this timing is uncertain. 

Sacrifice your children… Isn’t this what a vengeful God asked of his people?  Seem to remember Abraham ready to sacrifice his first born. He chickened out… But we don’t seem to have any remorse over our decision to sacrifice our kids. 

LeDuc agreed. “Scientists don’t understand the models themselves, so it’s going to be controversial until we learn more about it,” she said. “We don’t have nearly as many observations in our oceans as we need. But if it shuts down, it’s a different climate in a number of different places.” 

Unfortunately, we don’t have the kind of time Schlesinger, LeDuc and other experts in this field say we need to put strong policies into place mitigating the aftermath of their probable occurrence. By the time we get the consensus we need, it will probably be way too late to do anything substantial about it. 

The “uncertainty of our future climate is whether or not there are tipping points, such as a shutdown of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation and the loss of the Greenland ice sheet, and, if they exist, how close we are to them,” Schlesinger wrote in the aptly titled 2008 policy brief “Some Hard Truths You Should Know About Global Warming.” 

“The only way to know for certain is after the fact of crossing one.” In other words, consensual certainty, whether it’s of the possible variety respected by scientists or the impossible kind favored by global warming skeptics with undisclosed political and economic agendas, is not the champion but the enemy of change when it comes to this ultimate life-or-death issue. 

Waiting around for scientists to agree that human-induced climate change’s anomalous warming and manipulation of traditionally stable atmospheric pressures and oceanic flows could in fact be dangerously altering the Arctic Oscillation, thermohaline circulation or more is a comparative waste of our time and money. Especially since, as current events have painfully confirmed, we are running out of both. Fast. It doesn’t take a rocket scientist — or is that climate scientist? — to figure out that an exponentially warming planet can spawn both droughts and freezes in as tender an ecological balance as ours. 

Nor is it difficult to imagine the ramifications of such ramping, whether in alarmist stupid spiff smoking oregano cinema flick like Age of Stupids or even in the most serious and sober presentations in our colleges and universities. 

Even Al Gore in An Inconvenient Truth fails to give the scale and intensity of what is at hand from the disengagement of the two most mixed up elements i the climate debate. 

Everything is connected, the cliche goes, and that includes our climate and weather. 

Screw with one piece of the puzzle, especially one as important as global temperature, and the whole picture blurs into something else entirely. And something else is exactly what we’re currently experiencing, no matter what the believers or deniers say. 

We are far from climatological business as usual. So while entities like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are busy offering conservative projections that repeatedly miss reality’s mark, those of us with an ability to connect dots without the benefit of intricate modeling will be busy working the outer reaches of those projections. Which is to say, closer to reality, and all of its environmental discontents. 

You can thank us later, or if you are Indian or Chinese or Eskimo or English or just plain stupid – get mad and – go drink till you become an alcoholic and lose your liver. 

Don’t worry there are always transplants. 

This is a sound advise and a good plan. Same as your attitude about the planet. 

Only we will need to be transplanted from this planet into another one. Have you got a spare one? 

And if we haven’t yet offended your nationality or haven’t refreshed our offence – just wait, stay with us, keep on reading – soon we’ll get around to it. 

Yours, 

Pano 

PS: 

If we are smart, we can handle this problem. 

If not, nurse Chastity Blaize might give a hand. 

Mother Nature most certainly will. 

Don’t be afraid – after all -  we only die once. 

PS2: 

Stages of Environmental Terminal Illness 

1. Denial — “I feel fine.”; “This can’t be happening, not to me.” Denial is usually only a temporary defense for the individual or nation or community. This feeling is generally replaced with heightened awareness of situations and individuals that will be left behind after death and disappearance.
2. Anger — “Why me? It’s not fair!”; “How can this happen to me?”; “Who is to blame?”  Once in the second stage, the individual recognizes that denial cannot continue. Because of anger, the person, nation, societies, attack the prophet, scientist,  doctor or care giver and in an angry state that is very difficult to care for. Total inability to handle reality due to misplaced feelings of rage and envy. Any individual that symbolizes life or energy is subject to projected resentment and jealousy. Depression starts here and a passive fatalism develops. Society starts failing.
3. Bargaining — “Just let me live to see my children graduate.”; “I’ll do anything for a few more years.”; “I will give my life savings if…” The third stage involves the hope that the individual can somehow postpone or delay death. Usually, the negotiation for an extended life is made with a higher power in exchange for a reformed lifestyle. Psychologically, the individual is saying, “I understand I will die, but if I could just have more time…”
4. Depression — “I’m so sad, why bother with anything?”; “I’m going to die . . . What’s the point?”; “I miss my loved one, why go on?” During the fourth stage, the dying person begins to understand the certainty of death. Because of this, the individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time crying and grieving. This process allows the dying person to disconnect oneself from things of love and affection. It is not recommended to attempt to cheer up an individual who is in this stage. It is an important time for grieving that must be processed.
5. Acceptance — “It’s going to be okay.”; “I can’t fight it, I may as well prepare for it.” This final stage comes with peace and understanding of the death that is approaching. Generally, the person in the fifth stage will want to be left alone. Additionally, feelings and physical pain may be non-existent. This stage has also been described as the end of the dying struggle.

PS3: 

Countries and people are faced with unique challenges and in different timescales of their development and accomplishment curves. There is no equity and No fairness in Life. Suck it up.  Live with it. 

Nobody has the right to emit. Learn that too. It’s a God given Command. The sooner you get off your illusions and give up what doesn’t serve you anymore – the better off You’ll be. 

Now that’s Yoga. 

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