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	<title>culture-of-the-united-states &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/culture-of-the-united-states/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "culture-of-the-united-states"</description>
	<pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 21:21:51 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Are We What We Watch? TV content as a Reflection of American Culture]]></title>
<link>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/02/06/are-we-what-we-watch-tv-content-as-a-reflection-of-american-culture/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2013 18:22:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thenarcissisticanthropologist</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/02/06/are-we-what-we-watch-tv-content-as-a-reflection-of-american-culture/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As per usual I was being kept company by CNN at the start of my workday this morning and there was a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/here-comes-honey-boo-boo-episode-1-full-video.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1622" alt="Here-Comes-Honey-Boo-Boo-Episode-1-Full-Video" src="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/here-comes-honey-boo-boo-episode-1-full-video.jpg?w=571&#038;h=423" width="571" height="423" /></a></p>
<p>As per usual I was being kept company by CNN at the start of my workday this morning and there was an interesting &#8220;filler&#8221; story about how the content of TV programming has changed over the years since, well, TV was invented and  the role it plays as a reflection of our culture.  The question posed was the degree to which exporting content like Honey Boo Boo to foreign markets reflects badly on our culture or otherwise inaccurately portrays who we are and what we value as a society.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s an age-old question about art imitating life or life imitating art. Further, I suppose that there is a lot of content, like the aforementioned exploited six-year old or The Real Housewives of (pick your boughie social city) that isn&#8217;t really art at all but rather produced documentation of various cultural train wrecks.  I would argue, from an objective sociocultural perspective that what we put out there on TV, even if it is representative of certain outliers of our culture in some cases, absolutely does reflect our cultural values, for better or worse.  But, is that such a bad thing?</p>
<p>Back when TV was in its infancy, there was not an abundance of space or choice.  Some of what was put on television  reflected ideal images of American life that the corporate sponsors of those programs wanted us to aspire to &#8211; and ultimately purchase their products to help us get there. Think shows like Leave it to Beaver or Donna Reed.  Others lovingly depicted lifestyles of the working class, affirming our daily grind, like The Honeymooners.  Then there were the uplifting variety shows like Lawrence Welk that entertained us with non-boundry pushing music and otherwise served to placate our sensibilities and keep us calm.</p>
<p>But, as media evolved and cable gave us more and more bandwidth, there became room to strategically target audiences who fit different niches and tailor programming to capture there eyeballs and ultimately more advertising dollars.  So we reached out with programming that began tackling social issues (through commentary and comedy and everything in between), capturing more of the realities of modern life and ultimately teaching us a lot about what we can do, how we can live and how we really do live.  We fed our celebrity fetishes, peeked into the lives of subcultures and demographics that were outside of our own familiar circles and created content designed to provoke thought.</p>
<p>Shows like the Simpsons and Family guy and South Park put provocative content into the characteristically unthreatening medium of cartoons:  lest seeing live people acting out atrocities of social conscience hit too close to home.  We watch documentation of different types of families, from celebrities, to &#8220;little people&#8221; to families with octuplets and both marvel at and relate to their day-to-day challenges and triumphs.  We dig deep into subcultures like the &#8220;Amish Mafia&#8221; or fictional Mormon societies and laugh at other fictional and non-fiction depictions of those who trespass against social norms like the show Shameless on Showtime or Toddlers in Tiaras.  We even call into question or glamorize government conspiracy, organized crime and serial murder on shows like Homeland, Boardwalk Empire or Dexter.  I could go on and on with how different niche programming reflects our context, but I think the point has been made.</p>
<p>So I say we are what we watch: an American culture defined by a proud commitment to diversity, exploration, curiosity, following our passions and making ourselves think harder about our place in the world and role in human society.  Sometimes we need to react to the worst of it in order to think about how we make ourselves better. The fact is there are some heinous parts of our culture that, if gone unchecked, will simply continue to grow.  So don&#8217;t ignore it&#8230;watch the stuff and talk about it and let a counter-culture of progress prevail.  If  you ignore the atrocities of frivolity that we all pretend not to pay attention to but secretly watch in the privacy of our dimly lit living rooms then we are doomed to see it become mainstream.</p>
<p>I also say the reality TV set is a hero in that regard &#8211; a rogue movement of anthropological documentarians putting it all in our faces and letting us decide how we feel about it and what we are going to do about it.   We are a wacky culture.  You can&#8217;t make this sh&#38;t up.  But by allowing ourselves to actively the direction of culture we can have a hand in changing the path.  And there is great value in showing the world that it&#8217;s okay to take a hard look at yourself.  There&#8217;s a lot to be said for this freedom of speech thing.  So go forth and turn on Bravo (etc.)  with no shame.  Take a hard look and decide if what you see is who you want to be and proudly decide how you will have a part in changing the channel&#8230;</p>
<h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size:1em;">Related articles</h6>
<ul class="zemanta-article-ul">
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://r.zemanta.com/?u=http%3A//entertainment.time.com/2012/12/20/what-we-should-be-thinking-about-violence-in-pop-culture-and-what-we-will-probably-do-instead/&#38;a=133386772&#38;rid=0000022d-1a5e-000F-0000-000000000625&#38;e=a0d18cda49a14e46fd1ef3a1834c7a07" target="_blank">What We Should Be Thinking About Pop-Culture Violence, and What We Will Probably Do Instead</a> (entertainment.time.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://johnwegnerblog.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/just-because-we-dont-like-it-doesnt-mean-we-wont-remember-it/" target="_blank">Just Because We Don&#8217;t Like It Doesn&#8217;t Mean We Won&#8217;t Remember It</a> (johnwegnerblog.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/finnikat/the-fifties-15841222" target="_blank">The fifties</a> (slideshare.net)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2013/02/06/how-women-are-changing-tv/" target="_blank">How Women Are Changing TV</a> (dish.andrewsullivan.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/01/18/despite-cable-companies-best-efforts-tv-everywhere-is-nowhere/" target="_blank">Despite Media Companies&#8217; Best Efforts, &#8216;TV Everywhere&#8217; Is Nowhere</a> (blogs.wsj.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://richamohan.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/the-culture-of-reading/" target="_blank">The &#8220;Culture of Reading&#8221;</a> (richamohan.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://wtkr.com/2013/02/05/too-much-tv-could-damage-sperm-production/" target="_blank">Too much TV could damage sperm production</a> (wtkr.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://rillarants.wordpress.com/2012/12/09/boycott-honey-booboo/" target="_blank">Boycott Honey BooBoo!</a> (rillarants.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://r.zemanta.com/?u=http%3A//www.cnn.com/2013/02/06/opinion/riccio-binge-tv-watching/index.html&#38;a=143440063&#38;rid=0000022d-1a5e-000F-0000-000000000625&#38;e=97614f2fad40a683ca8120d004c8d31d" target="_blank">Binge-watching makes TV better</a> (cnn.com)</li>
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<title><![CDATA[The Target Is Your Brain]]></title>
<link>http://cayobuay.wordpress.com/2013/02/05/the-target-is-your-brain/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 05 Feb 2013 16:49:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>CayoBuay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cayobuay.wordpress.com/2013/02/05/the-target-is-your-brain/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Directors: Felix Sobolev, Victor Olender Year: 1984 This film is about methods of ideological warfar]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Directors: Felix Sobolev, Victor Olender Year: 1984 This film is about methods of ideological warfar]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[in memory of hoops gone by]]></title>
<link>http://alicekeysmd.wordpress.com/2013/02/04/in-memory-of-hoops-gone-by/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2013 17:04:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Alice Keys</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alicekeysmd.wordpress.com/2013/02/04/in-memory-of-hoops-gone-by/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[* * * * * * * * * * * * * “Education is what&#8217;s left over when you forget all the facts that yo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[* * * * * * * * * * * * * “Education is what&#8217;s left over when you forget all the facts that yo]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Struggle For Smarts? How Eastern And Western Cultures Tackle Learning : NPR]]></title>
<link>http://keithwaynebrown.com/2013/01/30/struggle-for-smarts-how-eastern-and-western-cultures-tackle-learning-npr/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2013 01:52:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Keith Wayne Brown</dc:creator>
<guid>http://keithwaynebrown.com/2013/01/30/struggle-for-smarts-how-eastern-and-western-cultures-tackle-learning-npr/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[See on Scoop.it &#8211; Pahndeepah Perceptions For the most part in American culture, intellectual s]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>See on <a style="font-weight:bold;font-size:18px;" href="http://www.scoop.it/t/pahndeepah-perceptions/p/3995736650/struggle-for-smarts-how-eastern-and-western-cultures-tackle-learning-npr">Scoop.it</a> &#8211; <a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/pahndeepah-perceptions">Pahndeepah Perceptions</a><br />
<a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/pahndeepah-perceptions/p/3995736650/struggle-for-smarts-how-eastern-and-western-cultures-tackle-learning-npr"><img alt="" src="http://img.scoop.it/gq4EBMdGiQzhBRfn-VKy1jl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBXEejxNn4ZJNZ2ss5Ku7Cxt" /></a></p>
<blockquote><p>For the most part in American culture, intellectual struggle in school children is seen as an indicator of weakness, while in Eastern cultures it is not only tolerated, it is often used to measure emotional strength.</p></blockquote>
<p>See on <a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/11/12/164793058/struggle-for-smarts-how-eastern-and-western-cultures-tackle-learning?ft=1&#38;f=1001">www.npr.org</a></p>
<h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size:1em;">Related articles</h6>
<ul class="zemanta-article-ul">
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<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://digitalcollaboration.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/finding-learning-tools-in-digital-footprints-npr/" target="_blank">Finding Learning Tools In Digital Footprints &#8211; NPR</a> (digitalcollaboration.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://sparkyourinterest.wordpress.com/2013/01/22/struggle-means-learning-implications-for-organizations/" target="_blank">Struggle Means Learning: Implications for Organizations</a> (sparkyourinterest.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://minerva5.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-political-right-encouraging-a-culture-of-fear/" target="_blank">The Political Right: Encouraging a culture of fear</a> (minerva5.wordpress.com)</li>
</ul>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[More or Less?: Navigating the Confusion of Sex and Culture. ]]></title>
<link>http://modtheology.wordpress.com/2013/01/29/more-or-less-navigating-the-confusion-of-sex-and-culture/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2013 20:04:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>naglee</dc:creator>
<guid>http://modtheology.wordpress.com/2013/01/29/more-or-less-navigating-the-confusion-of-sex-and-culture/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Lately I&#8217;ve been coming across a lot of interesting articles on how we view sex in culture.  ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Lately I&#8217;ve been coming across a lot of interesting articles on how we view sex in culture.  </strong></p>
<p>As a women (girl?, gal?) who reads Cosmo and Glamour, I read a lot of articles about how to improve upon our sexually liberated selves. Yet there is still and underlying image in society that a &#8216;good&#8217; girl or women is one who is pure,  modest, and delicate. I think of this every time a mechanic talks to me like a ten-year old (is there a way to modestly punch someone in the face?).</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/doublefacepalm.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-363" alt="DoubleFacepalm" src="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/doublefacepalm.jpg?w=300&#038;h=240" width="300" height="240" /></a></p>
<p>Betty Friedan refers to this as infantalizing women (I may have made that word up). Society doesn&#8217;t let girls grow up into women. Instead there are people who expect them to remain delicate and innocent little girls.</p>
<p>Before you start to think, &#8216;gosh, this person is just a man-hating fem-Nazi&#8217;&#8211;Men and women are both guilty of it. We all know how critical women can be of each other. I&#8217;d say a good half of the issue is women on women (not that kind, don&#8217;t get too excited fellas). If you&#8217;re a woman, tell another woman (or group depending on how many jaws you want to drop) that you don&#8217;t want to get married and have kids. Seriously, the reactions are pretty funny. It&#8217;s as if you&#8217;ve offended every vagina within a 20 mile radius. Because as women, that is what we do, we have children. Forget about saving the world, or being president&#8211;you have to get to soccer practice. As far as we think we&#8217;ve come on this, we still identify as wives and mothers. And suggesting otherwise is well, unwise. I&#8217;ve even come across articles recently stating that only <a href="http://thestir.cafemom.com/big_kid/149621/parents_with_only_one_kid" target="_blank">having one child is selfish</a>. So&#8230;keep pumping them out ladies!</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/purity-ring.jpg"><img class="aligncenter  wp-image-361" alt="purity-ring" src="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/purity-ring.jpg?w=120&#038;h=120" width="120" height="120" /></a></p>
<p>The diametric ways we view women has began to confuse me.  Otherwise we couldn&#8217;t have our mother/wife mentality and also have articles like  &#8217;20 New Ways to Give a Blowjob&#8217; that are so damn popular (popular? or are they just unavoidable, thus making us feel like we should be giving better blowjobs&#8211;or giving blowjobs at all).  Women are supposed to be soft-spoken and delicate in public, yet body confident tigers in the bedroom&#8211;yeah, don&#8217;t worry I&#8217;ll have the perfect roast cooked as well. But as soon as we bring any of that body confidence into our wardrobe or attitude we become sluts that are OK to use and abuse. But that&#8217;s why we dress like that right? Because we want to be ogled, harassed, and/or talked to like we&#8217;re not a real person.</p>
<p>I&#8217;m all for liberated women who have sex whenever they want. But it&#8217;s not that easy. There is a whole lot of pressure to have sex from one side, and pressure to not have sex from the other side. At the end of a day full of subliminal messaging it&#8217;s hard to tell my right from my left!</p>
<p>Here are two great articles that cover this topic beautifully:</p>
<h1><a href="http://rachelheldevans.com/blog/christians-idolize-virginity" target="_blank">Do Christians idolize virginity?</a></h1>
<h1><a href="http://www.wbez.org/blogs/nico-lang/2013-01/winter-hollywood-tis-season-slut-shaming-105098" target="_blank">Winter in Hollywood: Tis the season for slut-shaming</a></h1>
<p><strong>Gosh, am I really no more than my reproductive unit? </strong></p>
<p>I remember getting the sex talk from my mother who said something around the lines of, &#8216;I know this might seem surprising, but men prefer women who wait.&#8217; Then why are they putting on the pressure to &#8216;take the relationship to the next level&#8217;? All of a sudden it becomes the girls job to regulate, because guys are just wild animals who can&#8217;t control themselves. The only hormones women are allowed to have are premenstrual or menopausal. Yeah sure, unload the burden of repressing sexual hormones to the ladies&#8230;did you get the hint of sarcasm&#8230;cause it should be the responsibility of both. And then at the end of the day, we shouldn&#8217;t go around shaming women who choose to say yes or no.</p>
<p>Want to make this even more confusing? Link all that with advice articles with tips on how to use sex and sexuality to get what you want. Seriously WTF!</p>
<p>Now, have I ever used my gender to get things I want? Hell yes! If I find a man stupid enough to fall for it, then I say he probably deserves watching me walk away laughing with a free drink. (Before you think, &#8220;I&#8217;m never buying a drink for Emily, anymore&#8221; know that I do try to limit it to those real jackasses I meet. You know who I&#8217;m talking about, that dude at the bar who keeps pestering you while you&#8217;re hanging out with your friends. If you seem like a nice dude, I&#8217;ll politely turn you down if I&#8217;m not interested). Does it make it right to use my feminine wiles to get what I want? To be honest, I&#8217;m not sure. I&#8217;m on the fence about this one. It feels like one of the perks that come with the equipment, but it also feels like I&#8217;m adding to the problem.</p>
<p><a href="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/wonderwoman.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-362" alt="wonderwoman" src="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/wonderwoman.jpg?w=117&#038;h=150" width="117" height="150" /></a></p>
<p>It&#8217;s hard for women to navigate sexuality these days. Well, who knows maybe I&#8217;m the only one who feels this way. But there is a lot of unnecessary guilt built up around sex whether you&#8217;re having it or not.</p>
<p>A friend of mine and I were joking around about the guilt women feel when your long-term love wants to have sex, but you don&#8217;t&#8211; you all of a sudden start counting back to the last time you did it. Has it been a week already? Gosh I kind of owe it to them&#8230; OWE IT TO THEM?! What is that about? Is that healthy? Of course relationships require compromise and everyone should be sexually satisfied. But feeling obligated? I don&#8217;t know about that one.</p>
<p><strong>Let&#8217;s conclude this before I spiral further into snarky nonsense</strong></p>
<p>I&#8217;ve probably alienated or offended half the people who started reading this, so kudos to you for making this far. And let&#8217;s see if I can&#8217;t succeed in pushing you off the edge&#8230;<br />
I&#8217;m on the fence of whether sex is really as important to our identity as we&#8217;ve made it out to be, or if we are have just convinced ourselves it is because it&#8217;s easier to chase skirts or shirt-tails than it is to try to cure cancer or read a book. I mean we all know sex is great, but at what point is it just a distraction from reaching our full potential? And I wonder that in regards to all topics touched upon above.</p>
<p>Sex does play a big role in our psyche but on some level I think there are social issues and mental hindrances that we aren&#8217;t addressing because we&#8217;re so wrapped up the nonsense that we have created as being &#8216;important&#8217;.</p>
<p>I personally look forward to the day that people will not treat me like a women, but will instead treat me like a human being. Maybe I&#8217;ll start dressing more androgynously to throw people off the scent. If only those damn pheromones didn&#8217;t give it away.</p>
<h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size:1em;">Related articles</h6>
<ul class="zemanta-article-ul">
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://hernamewascassandra.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/femininity-as-performance-or-why-women-have-it-so-hard/" target="_blank">Femininity as performance, or, why women have it so hard.</a> (hernamewascassandra.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://jezebel.com/5978766/slut+shaming-fatigue-because-this-nonsense-has-got-to-stop" target="_blank">&#8216;Slut-Shaming Fatigue&#8217;: Because This Crap Has Got to Stop</a> (jezebel.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://r.zemanta.com/?u=http%3A//www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/24/children-enemy-sexism-not-sexualisation&#38;a=140321633&#38;rid=0000021b-c754-000F-0000-000000000168&#38;e=b90ad30e35988d67d086f951cfa32ea8" target="_blank">Our children&#8217;s enemy is sexism, not sexualisation &#124; Zoe Williams</a> (guardian.co.uk)</li>
</ul>
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<title><![CDATA[The IM Txt Msging Instnt Gr8tifiKshun Culture]]></title>
<link>http://dissertationgal.com/2013/01/26/the-im-text-msging-instnt-gr8tifikshun-culture/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 27 Jan 2013 01:28:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>elizjamison</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dissertationgal.com/2013/01/26/the-im-text-msging-instnt-gr8tifikshun-culture/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The year is 2013 and our culture has undergone a shift in literacy that has yet to be defined. Young]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The year is 2013 and our culture has undergone a shift in literacy that has yet to be defined. Younger generations who have grown up with the Internet, iPhone, iPad, Apps, and social media process information differently than those who are only a decade older. These contemporary information consumers read in spurts, write texts, emails, and blogs, communicate via the web, and have never used a dictionary or a card catalogue. They expect information to appear instantaneously, and they cannot fathom a time when one had to wait for anything.</p>
<p>Many people claim that the &#8220;kids are different today&#8221; or that &#8220;the <a class="zem_slink" title="Internet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Internet</a> is ruining our kids&#8221; or that &#8220;kids don&#8217;t know the meaning of hard work today&#8221;. But what is true and what is merely the venting of an older generation about the up-and-coming one?</p>
<p>While I don&#8217;t presume to have all the answers, I&#8217;d like to delve into a few aspects of this conversation (conversation being the operative word here: I would love your thoughts).</p>
<p>Before I talk about today&#8217;s kids, let&#8217;s look back at the kids from the 50&#8242;s to the present.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_Magazine-Moulin_Rouge.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignleft" title="Cover of Life magazine, June 20, 1955" alt="Cover of Life magazine, June 20, 1955" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Life_Magazine-Moulin_Rouge.jpg/300px-Life_Magazine-Moulin_Rouge.jpg" width="240" height="320" /></a></p>
<p><strong>1950&#8242;s</strong>: Gifted kids were being recognized in education, and as a result, the <a class="zem_slink" title="Advanced Placement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Placement" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Advanced Placement program</a> came into being. The average yearly salary was approx. $2992, and the cost of a loaf of bread was 0.14 cents. Bomb shelters were all the rage, Eisenhower was president, and the <a class="zem_slink" title="Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Federal Highway Act</a> was signed, which changed the way we travel. <a class="zem_slink" title="Rosa Parks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Rosa Parks</a> refused to sit in the back, and racial segregation was declared unconstitutional.</p>
<p><strong>1960&#8242;s</strong>: The national debt was approx. $286 Billion, the average salary was around $5000, and minimum wage was $1. (Really? Wow). The Advanced Placement program was growing in popularity, and parents wanted a way to measure their children against everyone else. Thus&#8230;Standarized testing. War, the Moon, MLK. What more can you say about the 60&#8242;s? It was a time of terrific change and turmoil. There was a &#8220;concerted drive&#8230;to arrive at an integrated, sequential, articulated, and purposeful curriculum in English&#8221; (Albright 16).</p>
<p>Times haven&#8217;t changed, have they? At least not in the teaching of English and Composition.</p>
<p><img class="alignleft" title="Youth Culture - Mods &#38; Rockers 1960s - 1970s" alt="Youth Culture - Mods &#38; Rockers 1960s - 1970s" src="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4125/5130733677_086ebba86a_m.jpg" width="240" height="183" /></p>
<p><strong>1970&#8242;s</strong>: This was perhaps the most important decade for me, because I was born in 1971! Science fiction writers have something to say about education, and everyone was calling for a change. Many studies showed the effectiveness of process writing, and yet we continued to become an even more standardized nation.</p>
<p><strong>1980&#8242;s</strong>: Rubrics, measurement, Culture, Gender Bias, Space and Place, and the beginning of <a class="zem_slink" title="Computers and writing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers_and_writing" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Computers and Writing</a>. the average salary was $15,000 or so &#8211; and I remember that in the 80&#8242;s, my dad considered himself successful because he&#8217;d reached the $20k ceiling.</p>
<p>Neon, Madonna, U2, and Reagan.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 250px"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/25053835@N03/3198957823" target="_blank"><img class="zemanta-img-inserted" title="1985 Inaugural Ball: President and Mrs. Reagan..." alt="1985 Inaugural Ball: President and Mrs. Reagan..." src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3264/3198957823_7bb784d174_m.jpg" width="240" height="157" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">1985 Inaugural Ball: President and Mrs. Reagan in National Air and Space Museum (Photo credit: Smithsonian Institution)</p></div>
<p>Before this time, teachers of composition didn&#8217;t have to consider something like the computer. After word processing and the Internet, everything changed. In the 80&#8242;s, voice and authentic writing and portfolios start to show up in scholarly discourse.</p>
<p><strong>1990&#8242;s: </strong>&#8220;The 1990s was truly the electronic age. The <a class="zem_slink" title="Web security" href="http://www.symantec.com/web-security-software" target="_blank" rel="symantec">World Wide Web</a> was born in 1992, changing the way we communicate (email), spend our money (online gambling, stores), and do business (e-commerce). In 1989, 15% of American households <a href="http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p23-207.pdf">had a computer</a>. And by 2000, this figure increased to 51%, with 41.5% online. Internet lingo like plug-ins, BTW (by the way), GOK (God only knows), IMHO (in my humble opinion), FAQS, <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&#38;spn=10.0,10.0&#38;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667 (United%20States)&#38;t=h" target="_blank" rel="geolocation">SPAM</a>, FTP, ISP, and phrases like &#8220;See you online&#8221; or &#8220;The server&#8217;s down&#8221; or &#8220;Bill Gates&#8221; became part of our everyday vocabulary.&#8221; (<a href="http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade90.html">http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade90.html</a>)</p>
<p><strong>2000&#8242;s: </strong>I would assert that the 2000&#8242;s gave birth to the greatest technological lifestyle changes since the telephone. I mean, we&#8217;ve got the <a class="zem_slink" title="IPod" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">iPod</a>, <a class="zem_slink" title="iPhone 4" href="http://www.sprint.com/iphone" target="_blank" rel="sprint">iPhone</a>, <a class="zem_slink" title="iPad" href="http://www.apple.com/ipad/" target="_blank" rel="homepage">iPad</a>, text messaging, Internet, and <a class="zem_slink" title="Social media" href="http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/Social_media" target="_blank" rel="wikinvest">Social Media</a>. Our kids are <em>different, </em>and there&#8217;s nothing we can do about it. We have to embrace it and adapt with it.</p>
<p>Our students today do not want to give up their smart phones. Do you know how hard that is for them? They do not want to be separated from their source of information! I can relate though. I love having connectivity 100% of the time.</p>
<p>So my question to you is this: <strong>How does the &#8220;old world&#8221; traditional academic community adapt to this new culture of Internet instant info, instant gratification?</strong> I would claim that academia is running behind culture and is not in a hurry to catch up. I&#8217;d also say that we had better catch up because &#8220;times, they are a-changing.&#8221;</p>
<div id="___plusone_0"> </div>
<div>
<h2>Bob Dylan <a class="zem_slink" title="The Times" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="homepage">The Times</a> They Are A-Changin&#8217; Lyrics</h2>
</div>
<p>Come gather &#8217;round people<br />
Wherever you roam<br />
And admit that the waters<br />
Around you have grown<br />
And accept it that soon<br />
You&#8217;ll be drenched to the bone<br />
If your time to you<br />
Is worth savin&#8217;<br />
Then you better start swimmin&#8217;<br />
Or you&#8217;ll sink like a stone<br />
For the times they are a-changin&#8217;.</p>
<p>Come writers and critics<br />
Who prophesize with your pen<br />
And keep your eyes wide<br />
The chance won&#8217;t come again<br />
And don&#8217;t speak too soon<br />
For the wheel&#8217;s still in spin<br />
And there&#8217;s no tellin&#8217; who<br />
That it&#8217;s namin&#8217;<br />
For the loser now<br />
Will be later to win<br />
For the times they are a-changin&#8217;.</p>
<p>Come senators, congressmen<br />
Please heed the call<br />
Don&#8217;t stand in the doorway<br />
Don&#8217;t block up the hall<br />
For he that gets hurt<br />
Will be he who has stalled<br />
There&#8217;s a battle outside<br />
And it is ragin&#8217;<br />
It&#8217;ll soon shake your windows<br />
And rattle your walls<br />
For the times they are a-changin&#8217;.</p>
<p>Come mothers and fathers<br />
Throughout the land<br />
And don&#8217;t criticize<br />
What you can&#8217;t understand<br />
Your sons and your daughters<br />
Are beyond your command<br />
Your old road is<br />
Rapidly agin&#8217;<br />
Please get out of the new one<br />
If you can&#8217;t lend your hand<br />
For the times they are a-changin&#8217;.</p>
<p>The line it is drawn<br />
The curse it is cast<br />
The slow one now<br />
Will later be fast<br />
As the present now<br />
Will later be past<br />
The order is<br />
Rapidly fadin&#8217;<br />
And the first one now<br />
Will later be last<br />
For the times they are a-changin&#8217;.</p>
<h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size:1em;">Related articles</h6>
<ul class="zemanta-article-ul">
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://metronews.ca/voices/footnotes/523960/footnotes-how-texting-helps-us-learn-to-read-and-write/" target="_blank">Footnotes: How texting helps us learn to read and write</a> (metronews.ca)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://terrywhalin.blogspot.com/2013/01/why-keep-up-with-technology.html" target="_blank">Why Keep Up with the Technology</a> (terrywhalin.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://urbantimes.co/2012/12/the-books-they-are-a-changin/" target="_blank">The Books They Are a-Changin&#8217;</a> (urbantimes.co)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://daniwade.wordpress.com/2012/11/26/times-they-r-a-changin/" target="_blank">Times, They R A Changin&#8217;</a> (daniwade.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.xconomy.com/national/2013/01/25/introverts-and-the-internet/" target="_blank">Introverts and the Internet</a> (xconomy.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gautiertalksliving.wordpress.com/2013/01/02/internet-culture-and-intelligence/" target="_blank">Internet Culture and Intelligence</a> (gautiertalksliving.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2012/12/21/how-to-write-letters-1876/" target="_blank">How To Write Letters: A Vintage Guide to the Lost Art of Epistolary Etiquette, 1876</a> (brainpickings.org)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.salon.com/2013/01/26/mommy_can_you_put_down_your_iphone/" target="_blank">Mommy, can you put down your iPhone?</a> (salon.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://earthseaconsulting.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/social-media-overkill/" target="_blank">Social media overkill?</a> (earthseaconsulting.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://bizgovsoc6.wordpress.com/2013/01/22/do-i-control-electronics-or-do-they-control-me/" target="_blank">Do I Control Electronics or Do They Control Me?</a> (bizgovsoc6.wordpress.com)</li>
</ul>
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<title><![CDATA[]]></title>
<link>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/26/1551/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 26 Jan 2013 14:08:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thenarcissisticanthropologist</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/26/1551/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Reblogged from White Mom Blog: The other day, I came across a tweet about a Wisconsin school being i]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="reblog-post"><p class="reblog-from"><img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0615f35247d9d2c8e20f47c395db67a8?s=25&amp;d=identicon&amp;r=G' class='avatar avatar-25' height='25' width='25' /> <a href="http://whitemomblog.com/2013/01/23/teaching-white-privilege-in-education-is-it-important/">Reblogged from White Mom Blog:</a></p><div class="wpcom-enhanced-excerpt"><div class="wpcom-enhanced-excerpt-content"><a href="http://whitemomblog.com/2013/01/23/teaching-white-privilege-in-education-is-it-important/" target="_self"><img src="http://whitemomblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/freeimage-8577967.jpg?w=600&h=200" alt="Click to visit the original post" class="size-full" /></a>

<p>The other day, I came across a tweet about a Wisconsin school being investigated for teaching white privilege. Apparently, a parent at this particular school became very upset after reading the content of a course her son was taking titled "American Diversity." The mother felt the curriculum was being used to teach white students that they are racist and oppressive. She also felt the lesson on white privilege made her son feel unearned guilt for being white.</p>
</div> <p class="read-more"><a href="http://whitemomblog.com/2013/01/23/teaching-white-privilege-in-education-is-it-important/" target="_self"><span>Read more&hellip;</span> 406 more words</a></p></div></div><div class="reblogger-note"><div class='reblogger-note-content'>
A really interesting introspective perspective from a "White" mom on teaching about White privilege in schools....
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<title><![CDATA[The Communist Takeover Of America – 45 Declared Goals]]></title>
<link>http://libertyendanger.com/2013/01/25/the-communist-takeover-of-america-45-declared-goals/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2013 03:08:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>CDP</dc:creator>
<guid>http://libertyendanger.com/2013/01/25/the-communist-takeover-of-america-45-declared-goals/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[via Gulag Bound - The Communist Takeover Of America – 45 Declared Goals. Below is a list of 45 goals]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://libertyendanger.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/inauguration2013.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2414" alt="inauguration2013" src="http://libertyendanger.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/inauguration2013.png?w=549&#038;h=398" width="549" height="398" /></a></p>
<p>via Gulag Bound - <a href="http://gulagbound.com/37055/the-communist-takeover-of-america-45-declared-goals/">The Communist Takeover Of America – 45 Declared Goals</a>.</p>
<blockquote><p>Below is a list of 45 goals that found their way down the halls of our great Capitol back in 1963. As you read this, 50 years later, you should be shocked by the events that have played themselves out. I first ran across this list 3 years ago, but was unable to attain a copy and it has bothered me ever since. Recently, Jeff Rense posted it on his site and I would like to thank him for doing so.</p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:center;">Communist Goals</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">[From "The Naked Communist," by Cleon Skousen]</p>
<p>1. U.S. acceptance of coexistence as the only alternative to atomic war.</p>
<p>2. U.S. willingness to capitulate in preference to engaging in atomic war.</p>
<p>3. Develop the illusion that total disarmament [by] the United States would be a demonstration of moral strength.</p>
<p>4. <strong>Permit free trade between all nations regardless of Communist affiliation and regardless of whether or not items could be used for war.</strong></p>
<p>5. Extension of long-term loans to Russia and Soviet satellites.</p>
<p>6. <strong>Provide American aid to all nations regardless of Communist domination</strong>.</p>
<p>7. <strong>Grant recognition of Red China. Admission of Red China to the U.N.</strong></p>
<p>8. Set up East and West Germany as separate states in spite of Khrushchev’s promise in 1955 to settle the German question by free elections under supervision of the U.N.</p>
<p>9. Prolong the conferences to ban atomic tests because the United States has agreed to suspend tests as long as negotiations are in progress.</p>
<p>10. Allow all Soviet satellites individual representation in the U.N.</p>
<p>11. <strong>Promote the U.N. as the only hope for mankind. If its charter is rewritten, demand that it be set up as a one-world government with its own independent armed forces. (Some Communist leaders believe the world can be taken over as easily by the U.N. as by Moscow. Sometimes these two centers compete with each other as they are now doing in the Congo.)</strong></p>
<p>12. Resist any attempt to outlaw the Communist Party.</p>
<p>13. <span style="text-decoration:underline;">Do away with all loyalty oaths</span>.</p>
<p>14. Continue giving Russia access to the U.S. Patent Office.</p>
<p>15. <span style="text-decoration:underline;">Capture one or both of the political parties in the United States. </span> [Democrat Party done, Republican Party coming soon]</p>
<p>16. <span style="text-decoration:underline;">Use technical decisions of the courts to weaken basic American institutions by claiming their activities violate civil rights.</span></p>
<p>17. <strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Get control of the schools. Use them as transmission belts for socialism and current Communist propaganda. Soften the curriculum. Get control of teachers’ associations. Put the party line in textbooks.</span></strong></p>
<p>18. Gain control of all student newspapers.</p>
<p>19. Use student riots to foment public protests against programs or organizations which are under Communist attack.</p>
<p>20. <strong>Infiltrate the press. Get control of book-review assignments, editorial writing, policy-making positions.</strong></p>
<p>21. <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong>Gain control of key positions in radio, TV, and motion pictures.</strong></span></p>
<p>22. <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong>Continue discrediting American culture by degrading all forms of artistic expression. An American Communist cell was told to “eliminate all good sculpture from parks and buildings, substitute shapeless, awkward and meaningless forms.”</strong></span></p>
<p>23. <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong>Control art critics and directors of art museums. “Our plan is to promote ugliness, repulsive, meaningless art.”</strong></span></p>
<p>24. Eliminate all laws governing obscenity by calling them “censorship” and a violation of free speech and free press.</p>
<p>25. Break down cultural standards of morality by promoting pornography and obscenity in books, magazines, motion pictures, radio, and TV.</p>
<p>26. Present homosexuality, degeneracy and promiscuity as “normal, natural, healthy.”</p>
<p>27. Infiltrate the churches and replace revealed religion with “social” religion. Discredit the Bible and emphasize the need for intellectual maturity, which does not need a “religious crutch.”</p>
<p>28. Eliminate prayer or any phase of religious expression in the schools on the ground that it violates the principle of “separation of church and state.”</p>
<p>29. Discredit the American Constitution by calling it inadequate, old-fashioned, out of step with modern needs, a hindrance to cooperation between nations on a worldwide basis.</p>
<p>30. Discredit the American Founding Fathers. Present them as selfish aristocrats who had no concern for the “common man.”</p>
<p>31. Belittle all forms of American culture and discourage the teaching of American history on the ground that it was only a minor part of the “big picture.” Give more emphasis to Russian history since the Communists took over.</p>
<p>32. Support any socialist movement to give centralized control over any part of the culture–education, social agencies, welfare programs, mental health clinics, etc.</p>
<p>33. Eliminate all laws or procedures which interfere with the operation of the Communist apparatus.</p>
<p>34. Eliminate the House Committee on Un-American Activities.</p>
<p>35. Discredit and eventually dismantle the FBI.</p>
<p>36. Infiltrate and gain control of more unions.</p>
<p>37. Infiltrate and gain control of big business.</p>
<p>38. Transfer some of the powers of arrest from the police to social agencies. Treat all behavioral problems as psychiatric disorders which no one but psychiatrists can understand [or treat].</p>
<p>39. Dominate the psychiatric profession and use mental health laws as a means of gaining coercive control over those who oppose Communist goals.</p>
<p>40. Discredit the family as an institution. Encourage promiscuity and easy divorce.</p>
<p>41. Emphasize the need to raise children away from the negative influence of parents. Attribute prejudices, mental blocks and retarding of children to suppressive influence of parents.</p>
<p>42. Create the impression that violence and insurrection are legitimate aspects of the American tradition; that students and special-interest groups should rise up and use ["]united force["] to solve economic, political or social problems.</p>
<p>43. Overthrow all colonial governments before native populations are ready for self-government.</p>
<p>44. Internationalize the Panama Canal.</p>
<p>45. Repeal the Connally reservation so the United States cannot prevent the World Court from seizing jurisdiction [over domestic problems. Give the World Court jurisdiction] over nations and individuals alike.</p>
<p>Most of these have been achieved.</p>
<p>Train, prepare, the fight is coming.</p>
<p>Resist.</p>
<p>CDP</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Our Shared Culture of Stress]]></title>
<link>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/23/our-shared-culture-of-stress/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2013 20:14:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thenarcissisticanthropologist</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/23/our-shared-culture-of-stress/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m having a particularly stressful day today.  One of the first of the new year.  Not necessa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/stress-ball-crush.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1538" alt="stress-ball-crush" src="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/stress-ball-crush.jpg?w=640&#038;h=360" width="640" height="360" /></a></p>
<p>I&#8217;m having a particularly stressful day today.  One of the first of the new year.  Not necessarily an entirely woeful situation but I am definitely feeling it and actively figuring out ways to alleviate the situation.  Interestingly enough (and also something most of you will empathize with), in dealing with that stress I am not considering how I can reduce the stress level but merely finding ways to cope.  Instead of smoking a cigarette I thought, in true Narcissistic form, I would philosophize in a public forum for others to ponder my profoundly relevant scenario and how it relates to our culture at large.</p>
<p>In thinking about &#8220;stress&#8221; as a concept it seems like something that has some pretty distinct context in western  / North American culture.  I believe that &#8220;stress&#8221; &#8211; a term I am using to define the looser space of feeling strained, a bit out of control and otherwise taxed by circumstance, is actually one of our core values as a consumer / corporate culture. As a matter of fact, I think we eat it for breakfast &#8211; that it&#8217;s something that nourishes us.</p>
<p>There are many cultures and subcultures where the life priority of harmony and centeredness and balance prevails as a norm.  In the U.S. and other developed countries like us, however, we value the opposite.  We constantly create more and more tools to enable us to handle more tasks and obligations at once.  When we greet one another and ask &#8220;how are you&#8221;, the accepted response these days is not &#8220;well, thank you&#8221; or &#8220;happy&#8221; or &#8220;loving life&#8221;, but rather some semblance of &#8220;really good.  keeping busy&#8221;.</p>
<p>To that end, in the culture that surrounds dealing with stress is not one of re-examining priorities or eliminating tasks / obligations but rather treating symptoms.  We have a robust industry that peddles all kinds of remedies from homeopathic to prescription. We also talk about physical exercises as a way to exert ourselves to stave off the physical effects of stress.  We buy stress balls and desktop boxes that have sand and tiny rakes (for a moment of &#8220;zen&#8221;). We drink, smoke, take layabout vacations and otherwise have all kinds of other industry revolving around outlets and vices to help us cope.  Cope being the key word</p>
<p>So I pose the question:  why do we value stress so much in our culture?  Is it because it is a measure of how necessary we are to others, which we feel directly correlates to our value?  Do we not value our obligations to ourselves?  Do we feel that taking on stress consequently allows us to empathize and ultimately relate to the other stressed-out members of our social circle?  Perhaps we use stress like a drug &#8211; taking it on to avoid looking inward or broadening our perspective to deeper, headier, broader issues that we face as humans? Does having stress give us an excuse to have vices &#8211; which we are loath to get rid of?</p>
<p>Perhaps someday we will evolve our culture a bit to value a bit more balance and take the shiny glow off of stress as priority value and it will make us healthier and happier.  I would love for the day when the most popular answer  the &#8220;how are you&#8221; question is &#8220;I&#8217;m stress free and being me&#8221; or something of equal narcissistic bliss.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Surrounding Ourselves With Sound and Other Modern Household Survival Requirements]]></title>
<link>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/20/surrounding-ourselves-with-sound-and-other-modern-household-survival-requirements/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 20 Jan 2013 17:39:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thenarcissisticanthropologist</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/20/surrounding-ourselves-with-sound-and-other-modern-household-survival-requirements/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Flash back to before we established a &#8220;civilized&#8221; industrial-to-knowledge-to-conceptual]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/6a00d8341c630a53ef0168e8d8e04c970c-600wi.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1528" alt="6a00d8341c630a53ef0168e8d8e04c970c-600wi" src="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/6a00d8341c630a53ef0168e8d8e04c970c-600wi.jpg?w=300&#038;h=201" width="300" height="201" /></a>Flash back to before we established a &#8220;civilized&#8221; industrial-to-knowledge-to-conceptual economy such as we have been used to in modern times.  Survival was a matter of basics and most humans resided firmly in the very bottom layers of Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of needs pyramid:</p>
<p><a href="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/maslows-hierarchy1.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1524" alt="maslows-hierarchy1" src="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/maslows-hierarchy1.jpg?w=300&#038;h=262" width="300" height="262" /></a></p>
<p>In absence of safeguards, systems and conveniences like government-supervised municipal programs, a regulated economy and electricity, humans basically focused on, well, the basics.  Survival of the fittest and the potential of not arriving too early at death&#8217;s door.</p>
<p>As society evolved, we became more &#8220;civilized&#8221; and began prioritizing things like fitting into society and finding love.  Once our class systems and social order were well established, self esteem became a priority:  assuring ourselves that each one of us is valuable and leads a meaningful , worthwhile life.</p>
<p>All the tick-boxes been ticked, the penultimate spot on the pyramid has us jamming our flags into the not-so-solid ground of self actualization.  From an anthropological perspective, I believe a good amount of that  is signified in the construction of our modern homes and the requirements we have for our twenty first century nests.</p>
<p>If we are to truly live life as our self-actualized selves:  awash in creativity and authentic experience and meaning and playfulness and all those things that make us feel like well-rounded humans, we absolutely need a number of things that no solid middle-class home can do without:</p>
<p>1. Centralized temperature control:  at no point should we allow our bodies to feel too cold or too warm, lest we be uncomfortable in our space and unable to enjoy all of the other creature comforts that fuel our affirmation of self</p>
<p>2.  A flat screen TV with as much cable as we can afford: multimedia exposure that takes the place of art: usually in a space of honor centrally located in our primary living area.  Likely above the fireplace but always located up on the wall or encased / atop a surface in front of a wall directly across from a comfy seating area.  Our window to the world allows us to choose the programming that represents our interests from a seemingly infinite set of niche-oriented choices, affirming our membership in the tribes we lay claim to peripherally assume membership of</p>
<p>3.  Surround sound / a curated sound system: whether it be through an ability to create immersive experiences with our multimedia entertainment or to optimize our experience with music.  Music, in particular, tends to cover a lot of self actualization bases so optimizing the way we experience it is a top priority for many modern humans in their households and in general.  It&#8217;s why we also tend to prioritize taking musical experiences with us:  in our cars or on the go with portable devices</p>
<p>4.  A desktop / laptop computer or tablet with Internet access:  see item 2 &#8211; a lot of similar reasons for this need overlap.  In addition, it allows us to perform functions such as interpersonal communication, paying bills and creating things with speed and agility, which makes us feel important, productive and ultimately gives us a sense of personal freedom.</p>
<p>5.  Refrigeration:  so we can keep an abundance of food options available and preserved and enjoy the tastes we crave at whim. Food has &#8220;evolved&#8221; beyond a fueling-up function to a substance that contributes to identity formation, nostalgic comfort and creative exploration.  What seems like something so rudimentary to us (like having a refrigerator) is actually a product of a very modern high-maintenance lifestyle rooted in this self-actualization portion of our needs.</p>
<p>There are many others to add to this list, but my presence is currently required to help prepare for the installation of our new sound system(by a third party who will not break all the expensive equipment we just purchased or drill a hole in the wall that&#8217;s too big).  Feel free to add your comments and educate me on what I missed.</p>
<p>I suppose, however, that there is one more modern self actualization requirement I can add to this list (albeit outside the &#8220;household&#8221; niche) -</p>
<p>A blog.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size:1em;">Related articles</h6>
<ul class="zemanta-article-ul">
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://growrag.wordpress.com/2012/11/26/self-actualization-the-christianized-acceptance-and-renaming-of-sin-calling-the-crooked-straight/" target="_blank">Self-actualization, The Christianized Acceptance and Renaming of Sin: Calling the Crooked Straight</a> (growrag.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://humancurriculum.wordpress.com/2013/01/07/12/" target="_blank">Impetus</a> (humancurriculum.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://batribune.wordpress.com/2012/12/28/moderntimes13/" target="_blank">America, 2013: Life in Modern Times</a> (batribune.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://technocraticoath.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/the-art-of-loneliness/" target="_blank">The Art Of Loneliness</a> (technocraticoath.wordpress.com)</li>
</ul>
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<title><![CDATA[Cross-Cultural Dating - The Distant American]]></title>
<link>http://adventuresinyonderland.wordpress.com/2013/01/19/cross-cultural-dating-the-distant-american/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 19 Jan 2013 14:20:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nuinithil</dc:creator>
<guid>http://adventuresinyonderland.wordpress.com/2013/01/19/cross-cultural-dating-the-distant-american/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This past Tuesday I went to &#8220;La Cave&#8221; (a foreign dinner exchange thing) and got into a c]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This past Tuesday I went to &#8220;La Cave&#8221; (a foreign dinner exchange thing) and got into a conversation with a French friend about his shambled love life. He, a Frenchman, had been dating an American girl, but they ran into a major problem: distance.</p>
<p>Now, I mean distance in multiple senses, even if he didn&#8217;t. I&#8217;m going to touch on a few differences.</p>
<p>1) To say &#8220;I love you&#8221; in French you say, &#8220;Je t&#8217;aime.&#8221; To say that you like someone would be &#8220;Je t&#8217;aime.*&#8221; Now, you don&#8217;t have to speak French to see the interesting similarity here. In fact, the French, famed as the people of romance. Don&#8217;t have a different word for &#8220;like&#8221; and &#8220;love.&#8221;</p>
<p>2) Americans come from two traditions that combine to make Americans generally more physically distant than the French.</p>
<p>A) The first culturally American people (basically the people who were not Natives) were Puritans. This has instilled several basic aspects of American culture still in place today: temperance (aka not drinking alcohol), abstinence (leave room for the Holy Spirit please), individualism and a hard work ethic. For the moment, the most important of these for me is the &#8220;abstinence&#8221; bit. Because (at least on some cultural level. Argue about the &#8217;60&#8242;s sexual freedom thing all you want, America is still pretty &#8220;abstinent&#8221;). this means that Americans are much more tentative to interact intimately with other people**.</p>
<p>B) America is freaking huge. In fact, America is about 14.5 <em></em>times the size of France. Look at the difference in space between Aix and Indianapolis, Indiana.</p>
<p>Aix:</p>
<p><a href="http://adventuresinyonderland.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/img_5079.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1021" alt="IMG_5079" src="http://adventuresinyonderland.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/img_5079.jpg?w=237&#038;h=176" width="237" height="176" /></a></p>
<p>Indy:</p>
<p><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiana_State_Capitol_Police.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured " title="Indiana State Capitol Police criuser in Indian..." alt="Indiana State Capitol Police criuser in Indian..." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Indiana_State_Capitol_Police.jpg/300px-Indiana_State_Capitol_Police.jpg" width="300" height="200" /></a></p>
<p>All this combines into an interesting dilemma for my French friend: his girlfriend is distant in a very physical and American kind of way. She feels close to him mentally, so she is fine. But he, being French, feels that physical proximity is necessary. That&#8217;s how you show affection and you learn that from being in close contact with your family.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s an interesting dilemma to hear, although unfortunate for my poor friend.</p>
<p>*So really you would say &#8220;Je t&#8217;aime bien&#8221; which means &#8220;I like you well&#8221; and gives the French some means of differentiating, but the central point is still accurate. To make their meaning clear the French have to use the modifier &#8220;bien&#8221; to make the difference clear.</p>
<p>**Obviously I just way overgeneralized, but I think you could still say the culture in America is very abstinence-oriented, even if sex has become a lot more accepted. This part of our culture is developing and changing, but it&#8217;s not nearly on the French level and I don&#8217;t think they&#8217;ll be comparable for a while yet.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Religion, Music, and Cocktails, #2: Anthony Ruptak]]></title>
<link>http://modtheology.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/religion-music-and-cocktails-2-anthony-ruptak/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2013 03:52:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>naglee</dc:creator>
<guid>http://modtheology.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/religion-music-and-cocktails-2-anthony-ruptak/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Anthony Ruptak @ Meadowlark If you’re looking for a charming and funny man to drink a bottle of wine]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="attachment_341" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/anthony-ruptak.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-341 " alt="Anthony Ruptak @ Meadowlark " src="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/anthony-ruptak.jpg?w=300&#038;h=199" width="300" height="199" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Anthony Ruptak @ Meadowlark</p></div>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">If you’re looking for a charming and funny man to drink a bottle of wine with and talk about religion, music, and milking goats, then <a title="Facebook Fan Page" href="http://www.facebook.com/anthonyruptak" target="_blank">Anthony Ruptak</a> is the man you want to see. He is as intelligent and entertaining of a conversationalist as he is handsome. I had the pleasure of sitting down with him last week to pick his brain about his album </span></span><a title="Listen to his music here" href="http://anthonyruptak.bandcamp.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><i>C&#8217;est La Vie</i></span></span></a><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Within his simile-riddled lyrics, an authenticity emerges that becomes more noticeable when you meet him. Listening to Anthony&#8217;s album, I noticed a sense of sarcasm about the mendacity of people develop, intermixing copacetically with his genuine empathy for the difficulty of the human condition. His sarcasm in both his music and in life doesn’t translate as despondency but rather as a prophetic hope.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><b> A.R.: </b></span></span><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">“I think life needs to be suffered through, and you need to be able to find that hope.”</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><b> E.N.:</b></span></span><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"> “What do you mean suffered through? I mean, what is so difficult about it?”</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><b> A.R.: </b></span></span><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">“About life? Being around people and seeing the inane stupidity and mindless love of things that mean nothing, like television and football. I mean, I&#8217;m sorry if you like football and television, I really am. But yeah, people are so disgusting and the monotony and routine of the American lifestyle is so backwards and feeds gold into the mouths of so many corpses and doesn&#8217;t give anything to the people who are actually working for what they have&#8230;”</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">The idea of hard work and respect for the working class is apparent as a reoccurring theme. Songs like Red Mark emanates the struggles of life and how we have to give everything we have in order to transcend it.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#595959;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">And I am paddling a crooked river spine<br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">and I am grasping for a single branch<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">beneath the shoreline<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">And I was growing tired before I ever cut my hands<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">and learned to sing</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#595959;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">And should the cold air blow the smoke back to my eyes<br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">I will not weep now for the sake<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">of anything.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">So what does a guy like Anthony work towards?<br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">           “I want so badly to give something to the world and for it to be accepted&#8230; Ever since I was a kid, I&#8217;ve wanted to be able        to make a difference somehow. I&#8217;m not super hopeful that [it’s] going to happen the way the music scene is right now, but I’m going to give it my damnedest&#8230; I&#8217;ve seen people killed emotionally and a lot of people who have no fire for life because of their vocations&#8230; It just eats people and that’s why people cling onto things that are entertaining. I&#8217;ve met people who never question stuff. They accept the world for what it is and it&#8217;s so strange. That&#8217;s what I disrespect about humanity. . . They give up so fast.”</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">His drive and authenticity is demonstrated beautifully in these lyrics from C’est La Vie:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#595959;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">And I do not feel ashamed<br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">That I am sick of saying c&#8217;est la vie<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">I do not feel that I am any wiser<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">For the things I&#8217;ve seen<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">But maybe wisdom comes with age<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">And maybe those with fortunes fade<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">While we who live to die<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Are in possession of some kinder fate</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">From his frequent illustration of transcending brokenness, I get the feeling that he is an ardently self-fulfilled person who understands his own need to continue striving towards something, anything. His stick-to-it-iveness may explain his acceptance of his disconnectedness with society.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><b>Heaven, Hell, and World in between</b></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Anthony&#8217;s poetic use of language is lavished with nature-based imagery. I get the feeling he is not piously-humble as much as he is in awe in the miraculous everyday things, regardless of whether they are &#8216;good&#8217; or &#8216;bad&#8217;. There is no delusion of the beastly beauty of nature as he often makes references to its harsh, violent streaks paralleled by warm, inviting melodies. His acceptance of the world as cold and evil lead to an interesting view on Heaven and Hell:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">           “I think people downplay the intensity and importance of death. You can&#8217;t wrap your mind around the mammoth size of the concept of heaven. It&#8217;s just like that people can&#8217;t wrap their mind around the universe. We know that it exists but it&#8217;s just too big to comprehend. So that&#8217;s why heaven doesn’t make any sense. And hell does make sense&#8230; It seems acceptable that living a bad life would get you hell, because you accepted everything around you and you were a part of it. And so hell would just be a continuation of life. But heaven is like… who deserves to be in heaven? Who deserves that.”</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Somehow, this fairly pessimistic view leads to optimistic action in his life; this dichotomy gives a whole new depth to his lyrical narratives. His frequent references to society often seem a bit of a mixed message. There is a sense of sympathy for and striving with society, while in other songs he creates a distance. This isn&#8217;t too unexpected from an introvert like Anthony with his deep desire to make an impact on the world despite his natural contingency for solitude.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">It also doesn&#8217;t come a surprise that his family history with the Christian Church has left a bad taste in his mouth in regards to organized religion, but not so far as to dismiss the Bible as his method of salvation. For him, Church is too inactive, and people use it as a scapegoat rather than to try and find hope in the world.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#595959;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">For now, I&#8217;ll ante up, empty my cup<br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Quit looking up to anyone<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Or any stuck and tired phantom<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">That&#8217;s enough, oh that&#8217;s enough</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Anthony is not one for scapegoats or taking the easy road. Underneath his brooding nature is a message of hope and a great understanding of how the tragedies and sadness in the world aren&#8217;t excuses to lead an apathetic life. Doesn&#8217;t matter what your vocation is, live genuinely and seek your purpose.</span></span><span style="color:#1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">&#8220;Grandfather&#8217;s Eyes&#8221; was written after the Newtown elementary school shooting. This song is a great example of his empathy and hope for humanity.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#595959;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">For a heart isn&#8217;t much without hurting sometimes<br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">and a soul can&#8217;t implode if you fix it just right<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">and I&#8217;ll be dead just as long as the pulpiteer lies<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">and I&#8217;ll be buried alone with my grandfather&#8217;s eyes.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#595959;"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">So we&#8217;ve great fires and great floods<br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">Take communion in the trench<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">and well build damns with lakes of blood<br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#595959;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">in which our world leaders can swim</span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#1a1a1a;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">         With that, I leave you until next time. Make sure you check out Anthony&#8217;s music and his fan page, links are below. I have a few more artists that are getting involved with this project so keep checking back. If you are a musician who would like to be featured, or know someone who would, contact me via the comment section. Thanks for reading!</span></p>
<p><a href="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/anthony-ruptak-cest-la-vie.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-347" alt="Anthony Ruptak, c'est la vie" src="http://modtheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/anthony-ruptak-cest-la-vie.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300" width="300" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>Links to his fan page and to listen to his music, respectively.</p>
<p align="LEFT"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/anthonyruptak">http://www.facebook.com/anthonyruptak</a></p>
<p align="LEFT"><a href="http://anthonyruptak.bandcamp.com/">http://anthonyruptak.bandcamp.com/</a></p>
<p align="LEFT">Written by Emily Nagle<br />
Edited by Alex Hazelmyer</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Why Can't We Stay Out Of Jodie Foster's "Closet"?  A Perspective On Celebrity As A Fetish]]></title>
<link>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/15/why-cant-we-stay-out-of-jodie-fosters-closet-a-perspective-on-celebrity-as-a-fetish/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2013 22:53:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thenarcissisticanthropologist</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/15/why-cant-we-stay-out-of-jodie-fosters-closet-a-perspective-on-celebrity-as-a-fetish/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Let&#8217;s start by defining the word fetish, lest everyone think we are discussing a different kin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/paparazzi.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1495" alt="paparazzi" src="http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/paparazzi.jpg?w=690&#038;h=517" width="690" height="517" /></a></p>
<p>Let&#8217;s start by defining the word fetish, lest everyone think we are discussing a different kind of topic.</p>
<p>According to the Merriam Webster online dictionary, fetish is defined as:</p>
<p><em>a</em> <strong>:</strong> an object (as a small stone carving of an animal) believed to have magical power to protect or aid its owner; <em>broadly</em> <strong>:</strong> a material object regarded with superstitious or extravagant trust or reverence</p>
<p><em>b</em> <strong>:</strong> an object of irrational reverence or obsessive devotion</p>
<p>In the United States and most developed countries, celebrities tend to become the fetish object:  idolized,  revered as almost supernatural superheroes and held to extraordinarily high standards by right of their profession in the public eye and the often super-human paycheck that comes with it.  Celebrities have always been a central focus in consumer culture:  used as marketing tools to convince people that some of their magic-dust will rub off on them if they purchase a product they use publicly or speak for in an ad.</p>
<p>As a public we mostly presume the right to know anything and everything we want about celebrities as we feel it is their obligation to disclose their private lives because they &#8220;put themselves out there&#8221;.</p>
<p>The truth of it is, celebrities are working stiffs like the rest of us.  They do a job, whether it be acting, modeling clothes or playing a sport (let&#8217;s stick with the entertainment-oriented celebrities for the sake of this argument).  They are selling a product: their labor or looks or skill.  They are doing it for love and / or profit.  At the end of the day, the deal they are signing on for, in theory, is to co-opt their image or their skills.</p>
<p>However, in what may be an unpopular argument, I need to point out the fact that celebrities do not sign on to co-opt their personal lives any more than someone who works at a bank or a shipyard.  In most workplaces, we have an unspoken (and sometimes bespoke) rule that our personal lives stay at home when we are at work.  We do our jobs, we choose if we want to put pictures of our families on our desks or share stories about the weekend, but are not expected to make our personal lives part of our work lives.  It&#8217;s why there are designated work hours.</p>
<p>So why do we feel that celebrities owe us something more than what they get paid for?  Why do we feel that they have an obligation to let us in to their private lives?  And in the case of Jodie Foster and other celebrities who happen to be gay or lesbian, why do we feel like they ought to publicly pronounce their sexual orientation to the American public or be ridiculed as a fraud?  Speaking as flag-flying member of the GLBT community who has put in the time as an educator and activist and continues to donate time and money to related causes that promote equality and tolerance, I wholeheartedly say:  leave the celebrities alone!</p>
<p>Jodie Foster makes a few great points in her now all a-Twittered Golden Globe Speech:</p>
<span class='embed-youtube' style='text-align:center; display: block;'><iframe class='youtube-player' type='text/html' width='640' height='390' src='http://www.youtube.com/embed/efYg0vQyPGA?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;wmode=transparent' frameborder='0'></iframe></span>
<p>I think it&#8217;s about time that we stopped trying to consume celebrities&#8217; personal lives and just allowed ourselves to be customers of the work they produce &#8211; enjoying it in perspective.  If a celebrity&#8217;s sexual orientation is something they want to share because doing so helps them point to their true north, then so be it.  However, everyone should be able to reserve the right to control the labels they want associated with their metaphorical price tag.  Let&#8217;s allow a celebrity&#8217;s value to be defined by their work and the points of view they choose to put out there for public consumption, just as we allow the value of our brands to be defined by their set of distinct benefits: from what they do to what they publicly stand for.</p>
<p>We should be wary of the concept of privacy being for sale, lest we lose ourselves to a voracious culture of consumption rather than  finding ourselves in a culture of appreciation for the beauty and potential of our human existence.</p>
<p>And let&#8217;s let the famous people keep their personal lives private.</p>
<h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size:1em;">Related articles</h6>
<ul class="zemanta-article-ul">
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://news.yahoo.com/jodie-foster-comes-gay-golden-globes-084628565.html" target="_blank">Jodie Foster comes out as gay at Golden Globes</a> (news.yahoo.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deb-baer/why-im-so-angry-about-jodi-foster-coming-out_b_2471770.html" target="_blank">Deb Baer: Why I&#8217;m So Angry About Jodie Foster&#8217;s Coming-Out Speech</a> (huffingtonpost.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://r.zemanta.com/?u=http%3A//www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/15/jodie-foster-coming-out-speech&#38;a=138232780&#38;rid=0000022d-1a5e-000F-0000-0000000005d0&#38;e=209a692cb7323cd03ba4a424284eec8c" target="_blank">Jodie Foster&#8217;s &#8216;coming out&#8217; speech was glorious &#8211; but something bothered me &#124; Patrick Strudwick</a> (guardian.co.uk)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.bilerico.com/2013/01/why_jodie_fosters_golden_globes_speech_was_so_infu.php" target="_blank">Why Jodie Foster&#8217;s Golden Globes Speech Was So Infuriating</a> (bilerico.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2013/01/14/editors-letter-why-jodie-foster-left-us-deeply-conflicted" target="_blank">Editor&#8217;s Letter: Why Jodie Foster Left Us Deeply Conflicted</a> (advocate.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://impmag.org/2013/01/14/celebrities-privacy-and-fans-a-tangle/" target="_blank">Celebrities, Privacy and Fans: A Tangle</a> (impmag.org)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gawker.com/5975748/the-sheer-gall-of-celebrities-demanding-privacy" target="_blank">The Sheer Gall of Celebrities Demanding Privacy</a> (gawker.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/roeper/17577388-452/jodie-fosters-speech-was-dramatic-but-inspirational.html" target="_blank">Jodie Foster&#8217;s speech was dramatic, but inspirational &#8211; Chicago Sun-Times</a> (suntimes.com)</li>
</ul>
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<title><![CDATA[Francis Schaeffer: How Should We Then Live (Episode 10)]]></title>
<link>http://treeofmamre.wordpress.com/2013/01/15/francis-schaeffer-how-should-we-then-live-episode-10/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2013 02:28:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>John Scotus</dc:creator>
<guid>http://treeofmamre.wordpress.com/2013/01/15/francis-schaeffer-how-should-we-then-live-episode-10/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This is the final episode in the series. Here, Francis Schaeffer predicts that without a Christian c]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[This is the final episode in the series. Here, Francis Schaeffer predicts that without a Christian c]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[How Millennials' American Dream Has Become An American Reality and What It Means For Brands]]></title>
<link>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/10/how-millennials-american-dream-has-become-an-american-reality-and-what-it-means-for-brands/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2013 23:00:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thenarcissisticanthropologist</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thenarcissisticanthropologist.com/2013/01/10/how-millennials-american-dream-has-become-an-american-reality-and-what-it-means-for-brands/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[American Dream (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Here&#8217;s a sneak peak of some content I have created fo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 267px"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericanDreamTitleScreen.PNG" target="_blank"><img class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" title="American Dream" alt="American Dream" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/AmericanDreamTitleScreen.PNG" width="257" height="223" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">American Dream (Photo credit: Wikipedia)</p></div>
<p>Here&#8217;s a sneak peak of some content I have created for my  company to share on our website / blog,  but I know my readers will find insightful&#8230;or irritating.  Either way, I hope you enjoy the perspective on today&#8217;s generation of &#8220;youth&#8221;.</p>
<p><a href="http://thebrandsherpa.wordpress.com/2013/01/10/how-millennials-american-dream-has-become-an-american-reality-and-what-it-means-for-brands/">How Millennials&#8217; American Dream Has Become An American Reality and What It Means For Brands</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[DANCE LESSONS: WHITE DAUGHTER TEACHES MOM TO TWERK]]></title>
<link>http://hiphopflu.com/2013/01/07/dance-lessons-white-daughter-teaches-daughter-to-twerk/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 07 Jan 2013 23:48:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>hiphopflu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hiphopflu.com/2013/01/07/dance-lessons-white-daughter-teaches-daughter-to-twerk/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[By IveGotaTheory]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[By IveGotaTheory]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Day 1]]></title>
<link>http://andrewjware.com/2013/01/06/day-1/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 07 Jan 2013 02:27:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Andrew Ware</dc:creator>
<guid>http://andrewjware.com/2013/01/06/day-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Today we left Wesley Seminary at 9:30 and attended service at the Rising Hope Mission Church. This i]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Today we left Wesley Seminary at 9:30 and attended service at the Rising Hope Mission Church. This i]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Why You Should Stay Away From Poets]]></title>
<link>http://alicekeysmd.wordpress.com/2013/01/06/why-you-should-stay-away-from-poets/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 06 Jan 2013 17:11:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Alice Keys</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alicekeysmd.wordpress.com/2013/01/06/why-you-should-stay-away-from-poets/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[You should stay away from poets. Far away. Poetry is a contagious, untreatable virus which is transm]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[You should stay away from poets. Far away. Poetry is a contagious, untreatable virus which is transm]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Francis Schaeffer: How Should We Then Live (Episode 9)]]></title>
<link>http://treeofmamre.wordpress.com/2012/12/29/francis-schaeffer-how-should-we-then-live-episode-9/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 29 Dec 2012 06:14:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>John Scotus</dc:creator>
<guid>http://treeofmamre.wordpress.com/2012/12/29/francis-schaeffer-how-should-we-then-live-episode-9/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In this episode, Francis Schaeffer comes to the crux of the series: That since we have entered into]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[In this episode, Francis Schaeffer comes to the crux of the series: That since we have entered into]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[A Cultural Analysis of the United States]]></title>
<link>http://mayrsom.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 24 Dec 2012 09:22:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mayrbear's Lair</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mayrsom.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The United States of America is characterized as the land of the free and the home of the brave.  He]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://mayrsom.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/star-and-stripes_1556527c/#main" rel="attachment wp-att-256"><img class=" wp-image-256 aligncenter" alt="star-and-stripes_1556527c" src="http://mayrsom.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/star-and-stripes_1556527c.jpg?w=276&#038;h=173" width="276" height="173" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The <a class="zem_slink" title="United States" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&#38;spn=10.0,10.0&#38;q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667 (United%20States)&#38;t=h" target="_blank" rel="geolocation">United States of America</a> is characterized as <a class="zem_slink" title="The Star-Spangled Banner" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">the land of the free and the home of the brave</a>.  Her immense landscape is opulent and often described as bejeweled with purple mountain majesties.  These are a few of the celebrated images commonly associated with United States (US) culture.  A country’s culture is transmitted in a variety of ways beginning with recruitment and migration.  American culture evolved from a group of disparate people comprised of various religious, ethnic, and political influences.  It is traditionally considered a <a class="zem_slink" title="Western culture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Western culture</a> that consists of an Anglo majority which prevails politically and economically.  It is largely based on <a class="zem_slink" title="Culture of the United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">British culture</a> with influences from Europe, the indigenous peoples, <a class="zem_slink" title="Famous Black Activists" href="http://www.biography.com/people/groups/activists/african-american/" target="_blank" rel="biographycom">African Americans</a> and to a smaller extent <a class="zem_slink" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Asian</a> Americans.  Due to the magnitude of the <a class="zem_slink" title="Culture of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">US culture</a> there are numerous integrated but exclusive subcultures that exist within America (Frost, n.d.).  This analysis concentrates on three levels of American culture: (a) the observable artifacts, (b) the espoused values, and (c) the enacted values that helped it evolve and progress from an abounding multiplicity of origins and influences.  We begin by examining each level and how it delineates US culture.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://mayrsom.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/american-symbols-screensaver/#main" rel="attachment wp-att-257"><img class=" wp-image-257 aligncenter" alt="american-symbols-screensaver" src="http://mayrsom.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/american-symbols-screensaver.jpg?w=230&#038;h=173" width="230" height="173" /></a></p>
<p><b>Observable Artifacts</b></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In general terms, the observable artifacts of a culture are the visual structures associated with it.  It is comprised of (a) symbols, (b) ceremonies, (c) linguistics, and (d) social spectacles that feature a kind of life that includes legends, tales, and lingo.  Stories are one way of transmitting <a class="zem_slink" title="Cultural artifact" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_artifact" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">cultural artifacts</a> by explaining dualities, equalities, inequalities and past events.  They create identity, build strong social systems, and give a sense of belonging (Baack, 2012).  Two prominent examples of observable artifacts that dominant American culture are the symbols of the <a class="zem_slink" title="Bald Eagle" href="http://seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/aves/falconiformes/bald-eagle.htm" target="_blank" rel="seaworld">Bald Eagle</a> and the distinguished red, white and blue of the country’s national flag.  These recognized emblems are typically displayed at conventional ports of entry like airports and harbors.  Many US citizens that spend considerable time outside their cultural arena may experience a warm hospitable reception with sensations of comfort and security when greeted by an exhibition of these cherished national artifacts.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://mayrsom.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/flat550x550075f/#main" rel="attachment wp-att-258"><img class=" wp-image-258 aligncenter" alt="flat,550x550,075,f" src="http://mayrsom.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/flat550x550075f.jpg?w=330&#038;h=206" width="330" height="206" /></a></p>
<p><b>Espoused <a class="zem_slink" title="Value (personal and cultural)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_%28personal_and_cultural%29" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Values</a></b></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The next level associated with American culture is the diversity of the people that share explicitly stated espoused values which include strategies, goals and philosophies.  They are expressed by the conducts and principles distinctive of their particular type of social, ethnic or age group.  America is famously known as the land of opportunity and attracts individuals with similar ambitions.  Many immigrants arrive in this country motivated to create a better quality of life.  Their customs and espoused values are contributing factors to the wide variety of subcultural influences in the United States.  Initially individuals remain loyal to the cultural influences of their heritage.  Eventually however, they assimilate into, and help influence the American culture.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">For instance, early generations of Americans with ethnocentric ideals established communities throughout America.  Newcomers migrated and settled in regions of similar language and ethnicity establishing smaller subcultural communities.  It was not unusual for example, to find neighborhoods segregated into African American, Greek, Italian, and Jewish, populations.  Individuals from these communities eventually dispersed for various reasons which include career opportunities and matrimonial influences outside their <i>ancestral</i> <i>tribes</i>.  Each developing generation now equipped with a variety of cultural influences helped stimulate the natural process of amalgamation that continues to expand American culture.  Additionally, settlers of a particular patois embraced the local vernacular and by the second and third generation, shaped by regional and educational systems, ultimately assimilated into the <i>hodge podge </i>of American culture.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://mayrsom.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/slavery-of-africans-in-the-united-states/#main" rel="attachment wp-att-260"><img class=" wp-image-260 aligncenter" alt="slavery-of-africans-in-the-united-states" src="http://mayrsom.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/slavery-of-africans-in-the-united-states.jpg?w=240&#038;h=180" width="240" height="180" /></a></p>
<p><b>Enacted Values</b></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The last level of ostensible influence on US culture is depicted through the dominant enacted values that helped construct it.  For example, one early defining characteristic of the country as a nation was its legacy and the enacted values of slavery.  The persistence of economic and social inequalities was based on race influencing a faction of US culture with significant regional inflections.  Despite their differences, these sectors continue to experience economic transformations because Americans are a nomadic people frequently relocating from their regions of origin (United States of America, 2012).  Most Americans are aware of the many inequalities that exist in the nation.  Their divided principles were evident in the recent United States presidential election.  “The coexistence of multiple American spatialities, temporalities and their contradictions as well as the objectives of stabilization … are strategies Americans seek to naturalize social life with more stable and reassuring meanings” (Brown, 2005, p. 173).</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://mayrsom.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/sealobverse/#main" rel="attachment wp-att-261"><img class=" wp-image-261 aligncenter" alt="SealObverse" src="http://mayrsom.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/sealobverse.jpg?w=238&#038;h=238" width="238" height="238" /></a></p>
<p><b>Conclusion</b></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The combination of observable artifacts, espoused values and enacted values create role clarity that help shape American culture and establishes a clear sense of purpose and understanding of her residents and their place in the global network.  When people from a particular country feel valued and achieve a sense of accomplishment it affirms a clear understanding of their function in society and in the global arena (Baack, 2012).  In conclusion, while diversity can create separation and distrust, American culture continues to evolve from a prolific history with an abundant variety of origins and influences shaped by the espoused and enacted values of her people.</p>
<p align="center"><b>References</b></p>
<p><i>United States of America</i>. (2012). Retrieved November 7, 2012, from everyculture.com: <a href="http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html#b" rel="nofollow">http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html#b</a></p>
<p>Baack, D. (2012). <i>Organizational Behavior.</i> San Diego: <a class="zem_slink" title="Bridgepoint Education" href="http://www.bridgepointeducation.com" target="_blank" rel="homepage">Bridgepoint Education, Inc.</a></p>
<p>Brown, R. H. (2005). <i><a class="zem_slink" title="Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America" href="http://www.amazon.com/Culture-Capitalism-Democracy-New-America/dp/0300100256%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0300100256" target="_blank" rel="amazon">Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America</a>.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press.</p>
<p>Frost, M. (n.d.). <i><a class="zem_slink" title="Culture of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Culture of the United States</a></i>. Retrieved November 8, 2012, from <a class="zem_slink" title="Martin Frost" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frost" target="_blank" rel="wikipedia">Martin Frost</a>: <a href="http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/american_culture.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/american_culture.html</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Languages of the United States]]></title>
<link>http://sbilingual.wordpress.com/2012/12/23/languages-of-the-united-states/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 23 Dec 2012 15:53:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sbilingual</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sbilingual.wordpress.com/2012/12/23/languages-of-the-united-states/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Languages of the United States Languages of the United States Official language(s) None at federal l]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 id="firstHeading">Languages of the United States</h1>
<div id="bodyContent">
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<th colspan="2">Languages of the United States</th>
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<tr>
<th scope="row"><a title="Official language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language">Official language</a>(s)</th>
<td>None at federal level</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a title="Main language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_language">Main language</a>(s)</th>
<td><a title="American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English">English</a> 82.1%, <a title="Spanish in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_in_the_United_States">Spanish</a> 10.7%,other <a title="Indo-European languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages">Indo-European</a> 3.8%,<a title="Languages of Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Asia">Asian</a> and <a title="Indo-Pacific languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages">Pacific island</a> languages 2.7%,other languages 0.7% (2000 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a title="Indigenous language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_language">Indigenous language</a>(s)</th>
<td><a title="Navajo language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_language">Navajo</a>, <a title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language">Central Alaskan Yup&#8217;ik</a>, <a title="Dakota language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_language">Dakota</a>,<a title="Western Apache language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Apache_language">Western Apache</a>, <a title="Keres language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keres_language">Keres</a>, <a title="Cherokee language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_language">Cherokee</a>, <a title="Zuni language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_language">Zuni</a>,<a title="Ojibwe language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language">Ojibwe</a>, <a title="O'odham language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27odham_language">O&#8217;odham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
<div id="NavFrame1">
<div>Other <a id="NavToggle1"></a>[show]</div>
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</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Main<a title="Immigrant language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_language">immigrant language</a>(s)</th>
<td><a title="Spanish in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_in_the_United_States">Spanish</a>, <a title="Chinese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a>, <a title="French language in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States">French</a>, <a title="German in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_in_the_United_States">German</a>,<a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a>, <a title="Vietnamese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language">Vietnamese</a>, <a title="Italian language in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States">Italian</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Main<a title="Foreign language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language">foreign language</a>(s)</th>
<td><a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a>, <a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a>, <a title="German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">German</a>, <a title="Italian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language">Italian</a>,<a title="Japanese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language">Japanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a title="Sign language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language">Sign language</a>(s)</th>
<td><a title="American Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language">American Sign Language</a>,<br />
<a title="Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Pidgin_Sign_Language">Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language</a>,<br />
<a title="Plains Indian Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Common<a title="Keyboard layout" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout">keyboard layout</a>(s)</th>
<td><a title="QWERTY" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY">QWERTY</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="KB United States-NoAltGr.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg/200px-KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg.png" width="200" height="67" /></a></td>
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<td>Part of <a title="Category:United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States">a series on</a> the</td>
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<th><a title="Culture of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States">Culture of the United States</a></th>
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<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="150" height="79" /></a></td>
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<th><a title="History of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States">History</a></th>
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<th><a title="Ethnic groups in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_States">People</a></th>
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<th><strong>Languages</strong></th>
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<th><a title="Traditions of the United States (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditions_of_the_United_States&#38;action=edit&#38;redlink=1">Traditions</a></th>
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<th><a title="Mythology of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_of_the_United_States">Mythology</a> and <a title="Folklore of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States">folklore</a></th>
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<th><a title="Cuisine of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States">Cuisine</a></th>
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<th><a title="Festivals of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals_of_the_United_States">Festivals</a></th>
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<th><a title="Religion in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States">Religion</a></th>
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<div id="NavFrame2">
<div><a title="Art of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_United_States">Art</a><a id="NavToggle2"></a>[show]</div>
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<div><a title="Literature of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_the_United_States">Literature</a><a id="NavToggle3"></a>[show]</div>
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<div><a title="Music of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States">Music</a> and <a title="Performing arts of the United States (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts_of_the_United_States&#38;action=edit&#38;redlink=1">performing arts</a><a id="NavToggle4"></a>[show]</div>
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<div><a title="Media in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_the_United_States">Media</a><a id="NavToggle5"></a>[show]</div>
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<th><a title="Sports in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States">Sport</a></th>
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<div id="NavFrame6">
<div><a title="Monuments of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_the_United_States">Monuments</a><a id="NavToggle6"></a>[show]</div>
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<div id="NavFrame7">
<div><a title="National symbols of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States">Symbols</a><a id="NavToggle7"></a>[show]</div>
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<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_culture.svg"><img class="alignleft" alt="Portal icon" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/31px-P_culture.svg.png" width="31" height="28" /></a> <a title="Portal:Culture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Culture">Culture portal</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="Portal icon" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="32" height="17" /></a> <a title="Portal:United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States">United States portal</a></td>
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<ul>
<li><a title="Template:Culture of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_United_States">v</a></li>
<li><a title="Template talk:Culture of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_United_States">t</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_the_United_States&#38;action=edit">e</a></li>
</ul>
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<p><a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a> is the <i><a title="De facto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto">de facto</a></i> <a title="National language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language">national language</a> of the <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a>, with 82% of the population claiming it as a mother tongue, and some 96% claiming to speak it &#8220;well&#8221; or &#8220;very well&#8221;.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusLanguageStats_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-CensusLanguageStats-5">[5]</a></sup> However, no <i><a title="Official language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language">official language</a></i> exists at the federal level. There have been several proposals to make English the national language in amendments to immigration reform bills,<sup id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> but none of these bills has become law with the amendment intact. The situation is quite varied at the state and territorial levels, with some states mirroring the federal policy of adopting no official language in a <i><a title="De jure" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure">de jure</a></i> capacity, others adopting English alone, others officially adopting English as well as local languages, and still others adopting a policy of <i>de facto</i> bilingualism.</p>
<p>The variety of English spoken in the United States is known as <a title="American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English">American English</a>; together with <a title="Canadian English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English">Canadian English</a> it makes up the group of dialects known as <a title="North American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English">North American English</a>.</p>
<p><a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a> is the second most common language in the country, and is spoken by over 12% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-2007_survey_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-2007_survey-8">[8]</a></sup> The United States holds the world&#8217;s fifth largest Spanish-speaking population, outnumbered only by <a title="Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a title="Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</a>,<a title="Colombia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a title="Argentina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina">Argentina</a>. Throughout the <a title="Southwestern United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States">Southwestern United States</a>, long-established Spanish-speaking communities coexist with large numbers of more recent <a title="Hispanophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanophone">Hispanophone</a> immigrants. Although many new Latin American immigrants are less than fluent in English, nearly all second-generation<a title="Hispanics in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States">Hispanic Americans</a> speak English fluently, while only about half still speak Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to the 2000 US census, people of <a title="German American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American">German ancestry</a> make up the largest single ethnic group in the United States, and the <a title="German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">German language</a>ranks fifth.<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-ancestry2000-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-language2000_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-language2000-11">[11]</a></sup> <a title="Italian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language">Italian</a>, <a title="Polish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language">Polish</a>, and <a title="Greek language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language">Greek</a> are still widely spoken among populations descending from immigrants from those countries in the early 20th century, but the use of these languages is dwindling as the older generations die. <a title="Russian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian</a> is also spoken by immigrant populations.</p>
<p><a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a> and <a title="Vietnamese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language">Vietnamese</a> have over one million speakers each in the United States, almost entirely within recent immigrant populations. Both languages, along with the varieties of the <a title="Chinese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese language</a>, <a title="Japanese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language">Japanese</a>, and <a title="Korean language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language">Korean</a>, are now used in elections in <a title="Alaska" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>, <a title="Hawaii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a title="Illinois" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a>,<a title="New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a>, <a title="Texas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a>, and <a title="Washington (U.S. state)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)">Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AsianLang_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-AsianLang-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
<p><a title="Native American languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_languages">Native American languages</a> are spoken in smaller pockets of the country, but these populations are decreasing, and the languages are almost never widely used outside of reservations. <a title="Hawaiian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language">Hawaiian</a>, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English at the state level in<a title="Hawaii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. The state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French, as does New Mexico in Spanish. Besides English, Spanish, French, German, <a title="Navajo language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_language">Navajo</a> and other Native American languages, all other languages are usually learned from immigrant ancestors that came after the time of independence or learned through some form of <a title="Education" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education">education</a>.</p>
<p>Approximately 337 languages are spoken or signed by the population, of which 176 are indigenous to the area. 52 languages formerly spoken in the country&#8217;s territory are now extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
<table id="toc">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
<p>[<a id="togglelink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#">hide</a>]</p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Census_statistics">1 Census statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Official_language_status">2 Official language status</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#States_that_are_de_facto_bilingual">2.1 States that are <i>de facto</i> bilingual</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Status_of_other_languages">2.2 Status of other languages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Indigenous_languages">3 Indigenous languages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Native_American_languages">3.1 Native American languages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Native_American_sign_languages">3.1.1 Native American sign languages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Austronesian_languages">3.2 Austronesian languages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Hawaiian">3.2.1 Hawaiian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Samoan">3.2.2 Samoan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Chamorro">3.2.3 Chamorro</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Carolinian">3.2.4 Carolinian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Main_languages">4 Main languages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#English">4.1 English</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Spanish">4.2 Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#French">4.3 French</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Arabic">4.4 Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Chinese">4.5 Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Dutch">4.6 Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Finnish">4.7 Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#German">4.8 German</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Russian">4.9 Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Hebrew">4.10 Hebrew</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Ilocano">4.11 Ilocano</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Irish">4.12 Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Italian">4.13 Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Khmer_.28Cambodian.29">4.14 Khmer (Cambodian)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Polish">4.15 Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Portuguese">4.16 Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Scottish_Gaelic">4.17 Scottish Gaelic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Swedish">4.18 Swedish</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Tagalog">4.19 Tagalog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Welsh">4.20 Welsh</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Yiddish">4.21 Yiddish</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#New_American_languages.2C_dialects.2C_and_creoles">5 New American languages, dialects, and creoles</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#African_American_Vernacular_English">5.1 African American Vernacular English</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Chinuk_Wawa_or_Chinook_Jargon">5.2 Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Gullah">5.3 Gullah</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Hawai.27i_Creole_English">5.4 Hawai&#8217;i Creole English</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Outer_Banks_languages">5.5 Outer Banks languages</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Pennsylvania_Dutch">5.6 Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Texas_Silesian">5.7 Texas Silesian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Tangier_Islander">5.8 Tangier Islander</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Chicano_English">5.9 Chicano English</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Sign_languages">6 Sign languages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Martha.27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language">6.1 Martha&#8217;s Vineyard Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#American_Sign_Language">6.2 American Sign Language</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Black_American_Sign_Language">6.2.1 Black American Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Hawaii_Pidgin_Sign_Language">6.2.2 Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#See_also">7 See also</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Notes">8 Notes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#External_links">10 External links</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Census statistics</h2>
<div>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan="5">Languages in United States of America</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Languages</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">80%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">12.3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Chinese Languages</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">2.3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">0.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Native American Languages</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">0.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Hawallian Language</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">0.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Other European languages</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">2.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Indian Languages</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">1.6%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Other Languages</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" align="right">0.1%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<table>
<tbody>
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<th colspan="2"><b><a title="Language Spoken at Home (U.S. Census)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_(U.S._Census)">Language Spoken at Home<br />
(U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2005)</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="1">List</th>
<td>
<div id="NavFrame8">
<div align="left"> <a id="NavToggle8"></a>[show]</div>
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<tr>
<th colspan="2"><b><a title="Language Spoken at Home (U.S. Census)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_(U.S._Census)">Language Spoken at Home<br />
(U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2009)</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="1">List</th>
<td>
<div id="NavFrame9">
<div align="left"> <a id="NavToggle9"></a>[show]</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>According to the 2000 census,<sup id="cite_ref-language2000_11-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-language2000-11">[11]</a></sup> the main languages by number of speakers older than five are:</p>
<ol>
<li><a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a> – 215 million</li>
<li><a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a> – 28 million</li>
<li><a title="Chinese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese languages</a> – 2.0 million + (mostly <a title="Yue Chinese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinese">Cantonese</a> speakers, with a growing group of <a title="Mandarin Chinese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese">Mandarin</a> speakers)</li>
<li><a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a> – 1.6 million</li>
<li><a title="German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">German</a> – 1.4 million (High German) + German dialects like <a title="Hutterite German" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterite_German">Hutterite German</a>, <a title="Texas German" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_German">Texas German</a>, <a title="Pennsylvania German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language">Pennsylvania German</a>, <a title="Plautdietsch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li>
<li><a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a> – 1.2 million + (Most Filipinos may also know other<a title="Philippine languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_languages">Philippine languages</a>, e.g. <a title="Ilokano language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_language">Ilokano</a>, <a title="Pangasinan language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinan_language">Pangasinan</a>, <a title="Bikol languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikol_languages">Bikol languages</a>, and<a title="Visayan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_languages">Visayan languages</a>)</li>
<li><a title="Vietnamese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language">Vietnamese</a> – 1.0 million</li>
<li><a title="Italian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language">Italian</a> – 1.0 million</li>
<li><a title="Korean language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language">Korean</a> – 890,000</li>
<li><a title="Russian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian</a> – 710,000</li>
<li><a title="Polish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language">Polish</a> – 670,000</li>
<li><a title="Arabic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language">Arabic</a> – 610,000</li>
<li><a title="Portuguese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language">Portuguese</a> – 560,000</li>
<li><a title="Japanese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language">Japanese</a> – 480,000</li>
<li><a title="French-based creole languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-based_creole_languages">French Creole</a> – 450,000 (mostly <a title="Louisiana Creole French" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French">Louisiana Creole French</a> – 334,500)</li>
<li><a title="Greek language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language">Greek</a> – 370,000</li>
<li><a title="Hindi language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language">Hindi</a> – 320,000</li>
<li><a title="Persian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language">Persian</a> – 310,000</li>
<li><a title="Urdu language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language">Urdu</a> – 260,000</li>
<li><a title="Gujarati language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language">Gujarati</a> – 240,000</li>
<li><a title="Armenian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language">Armenian</a> – 200,000</li>
</ol>
<p>Additionally, modern estimates indicate that <a title="American Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language">American Sign Language</a> is signed by as many as 500,000 Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-gallaudet2006_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-gallaudet2006-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
<h2>Official language status</h2>
<p>The United States does not have a national <a title="Official language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language">official language</a>; nevertheless, <a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a> (specifically <a title="American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English">American English</a>) is the primary language used for legislation, regulations, executive orders, treaties, federal court rulings, and all other official pronouncements; although there are laws requiring documents such as ballots to be printed in multiple languages when there are large numbers of non-English speakers in an area.</p>
<p>As part of what has been called the <a title="English-only movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-only_movement">English-only movement</a>, some states have adopted legislation granting official status to English. As of April 2011, out of 50 states, 28 had established English as the official language, including Hawaii where English and Hawaiian are both official.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th title="Sort ascending">Place</th>
<th title="Sort ascending"><a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a> official</th>
<th title="Sort ascending">Other language(s)</th>
<th title="Sort ascending">Note</th>
<th title="Sort ascending">Ref</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a title="Alabama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">Alabama</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1990</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Alaska" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska">Alaska</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 2007; 1998 law ruled unconstitutional</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Arizona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona">Arizona</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 2006; 1988 law ruled unconstitutional</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Arkansas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1987</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1986</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Colorado" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado">Colorado</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1988</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Connecticut" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Delaware" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware">Delaware</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida">Florida</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1988</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Georgia (U.S. state)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)">Georgia</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1996</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Hawaii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td><a title="Hawaiian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language">Hawaiian</a></td>
<td>since 1978</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Idaho" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho">Idaho</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 2007</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Illinois" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1969; &#8220;American&#8221; official 1923-1969</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Indiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana">Indiana</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1984</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Iowa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa">Iowa</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 2002</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Kansas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas">Kansas</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 2007</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Kentucky" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1984</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Louisiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Maine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine">Maine</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland">Maryland</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Massachusetts" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Michigan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan">Michigan</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Minnesota" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Mississippi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1987</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Missouri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri">Missouri</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Montana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana">Montana</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1995</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Nebraska" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1923</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Nevada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada">Nevada</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="New Hampshire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1995</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="New Jersey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey">New Jersey</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="New Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico">New Mexico</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td><a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a> has had special status since<br />
1912 passage of state constitution</td>
<td>see <a title="New Mexican Spanish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish#Legal_status">article</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="North Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina">North Carolina</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1987</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="North Dakota" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota">North Dakota</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1987</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Ohio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio">Ohio</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Oklahoma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 2010</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Oregon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon">Oregon</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td><a title="English Plus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Plus">English Plus</a> since 1989</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Rhode Island" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island">Rhode Island</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td><a title="English Plus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Plus">English Plus</a> since 1992</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="South Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina">South Carolina</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1987</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="South Dakota" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota">South Dakota</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1995</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Tennessee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1984</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Texas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Utah" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah">Utah</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 2000</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Vermont" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont">Vermont</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia">Virginia</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1981</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Washington (state)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)">Washington</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td><a title="English Plus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Plus">English Plus</a> since 1989</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="West Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia">West Virginia</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Wisconsin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Wyoming" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>since 1996</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford50_17-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Crawford50-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="American Samoa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa">American Samoa</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td><a title="Samoan language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language">Samoan</a></td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="District of Columbia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia">District of Columbia</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Guam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam">Guam</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td><a title="Chamorro language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_language">Chamorro</a></td>
<td></td>
<td><sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Northern Mariana Islands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td><a title="Chamorro language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_language">Chamorro</a>, <a title="Carolinian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinian_language">Carolinian</a></td>
<td></td>
<td><sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="Puerto Rico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td><a title="Puerto Rican Spanish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish">Spanish</a></td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a title="U.S. Virgin Islands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot></tfoot>
</table>
<h3>States that are <i>de facto</i> bilingual</h3>
<ul>
<li><a title="Louisiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (English and <a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a> legally recognized, although there is no official language) (1974)</li>
<li><a title="Maine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine">Maine</a> (English and French both <i>de facto</i>)</li>
<li><a title="New Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico">New Mexico</a> (English and <a title="New Mexican Spanish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish">Spanish</a> both <i>de facto</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h3>Status of other languages</h3>
<p>The state of Alaska provides voting information in <a title="Iñupiaq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq">Iñupiaq</a>, <a title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language">Central Yup&#8217;ik</a>, <a title="Gwich'in language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwich%27in_language">Gwich&#8217;in</a>, <a title="Siberian Yupik language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language">Siberian Yupik</a>, <a title="Koyukon language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyukon_language">Koyukon</a>, and <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a>, as well as English.</p>
<p>California has agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant communities. Languages such as <a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a>, <a title="Chinese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a>, <a title="Korean language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language">Korean</a>, <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a>, <a title="Persian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language">Persian</a>, <a title="Russian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian</a>, <a title="Vietnamese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language">Vietnamese</a>, and <a title="Thai language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language">Thai</a> appear in official state documents, and the Department of Motor Vehicles publishes in 9 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
<p>In <a title="New Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico">New Mexico</a>, although the state constitution does not specify an official language, laws are published in English and Spanish, and government material and services are legally required (by Act) to be made accessible to speakers of both languages. <cite id="treatystuff">Some have asserted that the New Mexico situation is part of the provisions in the 1848 <a title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>; however, no mention of &#8220;language rights&#8221; is made in the Treaty or in the <a title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo#Protocol_of_Quer.C3.A9taro">Protocol of Querétaro</a>, beyond the &#8220;Mexican inhabitants&#8221; having (1) no reduction of rights below those of citizens of the United States and (2) precisely the same rights as are mentioned in Article III of the Treaty of the<a title="Louisiana Purchase" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and in the Treaty of the <a title="Florida Purchase" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Purchase">Florida Purchase</a>. This would imply that the legal status of the Spanish language in New Mexico and in non-<a title="Gadsden Purchase" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> areas of Arizona is the same as of French in <a title="Louisiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and certainly not less than that of German in Pennsylvania.</cite></p>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States.svg/350px-Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States.svg.png" width="350" height="216" /></a></p>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Percentage of people 5 years and over who speak Spanish at home: 2008.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Most_Prevalent_Languages_in_the_United_States.jpg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Second_Most_Prevalent_Languages_in_the_United_States.jpg/350px-Second_Most_Prevalent_Languages_in_the_United_States.jpg" width="350" height="231" /></a></p>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Most_Prevalent_Languages_in_the_United_States.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Second most prevalent language in each US state.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Contrary to belief, the state of <a title="Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> was never officially bilingual. The state has a history of <a title="Pennsylvania Dutch language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language">Pennsylvania Dutch German</a>language communities that goes back to the 1650s. There were attempts to recognize German in Pennsylvania in the 18th and 19th centuries due to the prevalence of German speakers in the state. This situation prevailed until the 1950s in some rural areas.<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The state of <a title="New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a> had state government documents (i.e., vital records) co-written in the <a title="Dutch language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language">Dutch language</a> until the 1920s, in order to preserve the legacy of <a title="New Netherland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland">New Netherland</a>, though England annexed the colony in 1664.<sup id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
<p><a title="Native American languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_languages">Native American languages</a> are official or co-official on many of the U.S. <a title="Indian reservation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation">Indian reservations</a> and <a title="Pueblo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo">pueblos</a>. In <a title="Oklahoma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> before statehood in 1907, territory officials debated whether or not to have <a title="Cherokee language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_language">Cherokee</a>,<a title="Choctaw language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_language">Choctaw</a> and <a title="Creek language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_language">Muscogee</a> languages as co-official, but the idea never gained ground.</p>
<p>The issue of <a title="Bilingualism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> also applies in the states of <a title="Arizona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona">Arizona</a> and<a title="Texas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a>, while the constitution of Texas has no official language policy. Arizona passed a proposition in the <a title="United States general elections, 2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_general_elections,_2006">November 7, 2006 general election</a> declaring English as the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Nonetheless, Arizona law requires the distribution of voting ballots in languages such as Navajo and Tohono O&#8217;odham in certain counties.<sup id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 2000, the <a title="Census" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census">census</a> bureau printed the standard census questionnaires in six languages: <a title="American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English">English</a>, <a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a>, <a title="Korean language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language">Korean</a>, <a title="Chinese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a>(in <a title="Traditional Chinese characters" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">traditional characters</a>), <a title="Vietnamese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language">Vietnamese</a>, and <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a>.</p>
<h2>Indigenous languages</h2>
<h3>Native American languages</h3>
<p><a title="Native American languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_languages">Native American languages</a> predate European settlement of the <a title="New World" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World">New World</a>. In a few parts of the U.S. (mostly on <a title="Indian reservation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation">Indian reservations</a>), they continue to be spoken fluently. Most of these languages are<a title="Endangered languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_languages">endangered</a>, although there are efforts to revive them. Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the degree of endangerment, but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest (<a title="Arizona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a title="New Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico">New Mexico</a>) which continue to thrive despite their small size. In 1929, speaking of indigenous <a title="Native American languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_languages">Native American languages</a>, linguist <a title="Edward Sapir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> observed:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Few people realize that within the confines of the United States there is spoken today a far greater variety of languages &#8230; than in the whole of Europe. We may go further. We may say, quite literally and safely, that in the state of California alone there are greater and more numerous linguistic extremes than can be illustrated in all the length and breadth of Europe.&#8221;<sup id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>According to the <a href="http://www.census.gov/mp/www/spectab/languagespokenSTP224.xls" rel="nofollow">2000 Census</a> and other language surveys, the largest Native American language-speaking community by far is the Navajo. <a title="Navajo language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_language">Navajo</a> is an <a title="Athabascan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabascan_languages">Athabascan language</a> with 178,000 speakers, primarily in the states of <a title="Arizona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a title="New Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a title="Utah" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah">Utah</a>, in addition to smaller numbers of speakers across the country. <a title="Dakota language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_language">Dakota</a> is a <a title="Siouan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan_languages">Siouan language</a> with 18,000 speakers in the US alone (22,000 including speakers in Canada), not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related <a title="Lakota language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language">Lakota</a>. Most speakers live in the states of <a title="North Dakota" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a title="South Dakota" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota">South Dakota</a>. <a title="Yupik language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupik_language">Central Alaskan Yup&#8217;ik</a> is an <a title="Eskimo-Aleut languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleut_languages">Eskimo-Aleut language</a> with 16,000 speakers, most of whom live in Alaska.<a title="Cherokee language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_language">Cherokee</a> belongs to the <a title="Iroquoian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_languages">Iroquoian language family</a>, and had about 22,000 speakers as of 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
<p>The Cherokee have the largest tribal affiliation in the U.S., but most are of mixed ancestry and do not speak the language. Recent efforts to preserve and increase the Cherokee language in <a title="Oklahoma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and the Cherokee <a title="Indian reservation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation">Indian reservation</a> in <a title="North Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina">North Carolina</a> have been productive. <a title="Western Apache" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Apache">Western Apache</a>, with 12,500 speakers, is a <a title="Southern Athabaskan language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_language">Southern Athabaskan language</a> closely related to Navajo, but not mutually intelligible with it. Most speakers live in <a title="Arizona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona">Arizona</a>. The <a title="O'odham language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27odham_language">O&#8217;odham language</a>, spoken by the <a title="Pima people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_people">Pima</a> and the <a title="Tohono O'odham" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham">Tohono O&#8217;odham</a>, is a <a title="Uto-Aztecan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages">Uto-Aztecan language</a> with more than 12,000 speakers, most of whom live in central and southern <a title="Arizona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona">Arizona</a> and northern <a title="Sonora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora">Sonora</a>.</p>
<p><a title="Choctaw language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_language">Choctaw</a> has 11,000 speakers. One of the <a title="Muskogean languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogean_languages">Muskogean language family</a>, like <a title="Creek language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_language">Seminole</a> and <a title="Alabama language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_language">Alabama</a>. <a title="Keresan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keresan_languages">Keres</a> has 11,000 speakers. A<a title="Language isolate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate">language isolate</a>, the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations. The Keres pueblo of <a title="Acoma Pueblo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo">Acoma</a> is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States. <a title="Zuni language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_language">Zuni</a> has 10,000 speakers. Zuni is a language isolate mostly spoken in a single pueblo, <a title="Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_Pueblo,_New_Mexico">Zuni</a>, the largest in the U.S. <a title="Ojibwe language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language">Ojibwe</a> has 7,000 speakers (about 55,000 including speakers in Canada). The <a title="Algic languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algic_languages">Algonquian language family</a> includes populous languages like <a title="Cree language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_language">Cree</a> in Canada.</p>
<p>Many other languages have been spoken within the current borders of the United States. The following is a list of 28 language <i>families</i>(groups of demonstrably related languages) indigenous to the territory of the continental United States.</p>
<table border="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<ul>
<li><a title="Algic languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algic_languages">Algic</a></li>
<li><a title="Alsean" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsean">Alsean</a></li>
<li><a title="Athabaskan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabaskan">Athabaskan</a></li>
<li><a title="Caddoan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddoan_languages">Caddoan</a></li>
<li><a title="Chimakuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimakuan_languages">Chimakuan</a></li>
<li><a title="Chinookan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinookan_languages">Chinookan</a></li>
<li><a title="Chumash (tribe)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_(tribe)">Chumashan</a></li>
<li><a title="Coosan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coosan_languages">Coosan</a></li>
<li><a title="Comecrudan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comecrudan_languages">Comecrudan</a></li>
<li><a title="Eskimo–Aleut languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages">Eskimo–Aleut</a></li>
<li><a title="Iroquoian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_languages">Iroquoian</a></li>
<li><a title="Kalapuyan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapuyan">Kalapuyan</a></li>
<li><a title="Maidu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidu">Maiduan</a></li>
<li><a title="Muskogean languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogean_languages">Muskogean</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li><a title="Palaihnihan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaihnihan">Palaihnihan</a></li>
<li><a title="Plateau Penutian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li>
<li><a title="Pomoan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomoan_languages">Pomoan</a></li>
<li><a title="Salishan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salishan_languages">Salishan</a></li>
<li><a title="Shastan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastan_languages">Shastan</a></li>
<li><a title="Siouan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan_languages">Siouan</a></li>
<li><a title="Tanoan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoan_languages">Tanoan</a></li>
<li><a title="Tsimshian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li>
<li><a title="Utian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utian">Utian</a></li>
<li><a title="Uto-Aztecan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li>
<li><a title="Wakashan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakashan">Wakashan</a></li>
<li><a title="Wintu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintu">Wintuan</a></li>
<li><a title="Yokutsan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokutsan">Yokutsan</a></li>
<li><a title="Yuman languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuman_languages">Yuman</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>In addition to the above list of families, there are many languages in the United States that are sufficiently well-known to attempt to classify but which have not been shown to be related to any other language in the world. These 25 language isolates are listed below. With further study, some of these will likely prove to be related to each other or to one of the established families. There are also larger and more contentious proposals such as <a title="Penutian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penutian">Penutian</a> and <a title="Hokan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokan_languages">Hokan</a>.</p>
<table border="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<ul>
<li><a title="Adai language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adai_language">Adai</a></li>
<li><a title="Atakapa language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakapa_language">Atakapa</a></li>
<li><a title="Cayuse language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuse_language">Cayuse</a></li>
<li><a title="Chimariko language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimariko_language">Chimariko</a></li>
<li><a title="Chitimacha language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitimacha_language">Chitimacha</a></li>
<li><a title="Coahuilteco language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuilteco_language">Coahuilteco</a></li>
<li><a title="Esselen language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esselen_language">Esselen</a></li>
<li><a title="Haida language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_language">Haida</a></li>
<li><a title="Karankawa language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karankawa_language">Karankawa</a></li>
<li><a title="Karok language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karok_language">Karok</a></li>
<li><a title="Keres language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keres_language">Keres</a></li>
<li><a title="Kootenai language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenai_language">Kootenai</a></li>
<li><a title="Natchez language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez_language">Natchez</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li><a title="Salinan language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinan_language">Salinan</a></li>
<li><a title="Siuslaw language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siuslaw_language">Siuslaw</a></li>
<li><a title="Takelma language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takelma_language">Takelma</a></li>
<li><a title="Timucua language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timucua_language">Timucua</a></li>
<li><a title="Tonkawa language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkawa_language">Tonkawa</a></li>
<li><a title="Tunica language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_language">Tunica</a></li>
<li><a title="Washo language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washo_language">Washo</a></li>
<li><a title="Yana language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_language">Yana</a></li>
<li><a title="Yuchi language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi_language">Yuchi</a></li>
<li><a title="Yuki language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_language">Yuki</a></li>
<li><a title="Wappo language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappo_language">Wappo</a></li>
<li><a title="Zuni language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_language">Zuni</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Since the languages in the Americas have a history stretching for about 17,000 to 12,000 years, current knowledge of American languages is limited. There are doubtless a number of languages that were spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record.</p>
<h4>Native American sign languages</h4>
<p>A sign-language <a title="Trade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade">trade</a> <a title="Pidgin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin">pidgin</a>, known as <b><a title="Plains Indian Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></b> or <b>Plains Standard</b>, arose among the <a title="Plains Indians" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Indians">Plains Indians</a>. Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their oral language, that was used by the hearing, and these were not mutually intelligible. Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations. It seems to have started in Texas and then spread north, through the <a title="Great Plains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains">Great Plains</a>, as far as <a title="British Columbia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia">British Columbia</a>. There are still a few users today, especially among the <a title="Crow Indians" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Indians">Crow</a>, <a title="Cheyenne Indians" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Indians">Cheyenne</a>, and<a title="Arapaho" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapaho">Arapaho</a>. Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people, it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages.</p>
<h3>Austronesian languages</h3>
<h4>Hawaiian</h4>
<p><a title="Hawaiian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language">Hawaiian</a> is an official state language of <a title="Hawaii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a> as prescribed in the <a title="Constitution of Hawaii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii">Constitution of Hawaii</a>. Hawaiian has 1,000 native speakers. Formerly considered critically endangered, Hawaiian is showing signs of language renaissance. The recent trend is based on new Hawaiian language immersion programs of the <a title="Hawaii State Department of Education" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_State_Department_of_Education">Hawaii State Department of Education</a> and the <a title="University of Hawaii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>, as well as efforts by the <a title="Hawaii State Legislature" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_State_Legislature">Hawaii State Legislature</a> and county governments to preserve Hawaiian place names. In 1993, about 8,000 could speak and understand it; today estimates range up to 27,000. Hawaiian is related to the <a title="Māori language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language">Māori language</a> spoken by around 150,000 New Zealanders and Cook Islanders as well as the <a title="Tahitian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_language">Tahitian language</a> which is spoken by another 120,000 people of Tahiti.</p>
<h4>Samoan</h4>
<p><a title="Samoan language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language">Samoan</a> is an official territorial language of <a title="American Samoa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa">American Samoa</a>. Samoans make up 90% of the population, and most people are bilingual.</p>
<h4>Chamorro</h4>
<p><a title="Chamorro language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_language">Chamorro</a> is co-official in the Mariana Islands, both in the territory of <a title="Guam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam">Guam</a> and in the <a title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)">Commonwealth</a> of the <a title="Northern Mariana Islands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>. In Guam, the Chamorro people make up about 60% of the population.</p>
<h4>Carolinian</h4>
<p><a title="Carolinian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinian_language">Carolinian</a> is also co-official in the Northern Marianas, where only 14% of people speak English at home.</p>
<h2>Main languages</h2>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SeattleTrashLeseRacBasura200511_KaihsuTai.jpg"><img class="alignleft" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SeattleTrashLeseRacBasura200511_KaihsuTai.jpg/220px-SeattleTrashLeseRacBasura200511_KaihsuTai.jpg" width="220" height="332" /></a></p>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SeattleTrashLeseRacBasura200511_KaihsuTai.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>A <a title="Trash can" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trash_can">trash can</a> in <a title="Seattle, Washington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington">Seattle</a> labeled in four languages: <a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a>, <a title="Chinese characters" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters">Chinese</a> (<a title="wikt:垃" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9E%83">垃</a><a title="wikt:圾" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%BE">圾</a>),<a title="Vietnamese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language">Vietnamese</a> (should be <i>rác</i>), and <a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a>.<a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a> also uses the Spanish word.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Some of the first European languages to be spoken in the U.S. are English, <a title="Dutch language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language">Dutch</a>, <a title="German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">German</a>,<a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a>, and <a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a>.</p>
<p>From the mid-19th century on, the nation had large numbers of immigrants who spoke little or no English, and throughout the country state laws, constitutions, and legislative proceedings appeared in the languages of politically important immigrant groups. There have been bilingual schools and local newspapers in such languages as <a title="German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">German</a>, <a title="Hungarian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language">Hungarian</a>,<a title="Irish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language">Irish</a>, <a title="Italian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language">Italian</a>, <a title="Norwegian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language">Norwegian</a>, <a title="Greek language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language">Greek</a>, <a title="Polish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language">Polish</a>, <a title="Swedish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language">Swedish</a>, <a title="Romanian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language">Romanian</a>, <a title="Czech language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language">Czech</a>, <a title="Japanese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language">Japanese</a>, <a title="Yiddish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language">Yiddish</a>,<a title="Hebrew language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a>, <a title="Lithuanian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language">Lithuanian</a>, <a title="Welsh language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language">Welsh</a>, <a title="Canton dialect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialect">Cantonese</a>, <a title="Bulgarian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language">Bulgarian</a>, <a title="Dutch language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language">Dutch</a>, <a title="Portuguese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language">Portuguese</a> and others, despite opposing English-only laws that, for example, illegalized church services, telephone conversations, and even conversations in the street or on railway platforms in any language other than English, until the first of these laws was ruled unconstitutional in 1923 (<i><a title="Meyer v. Nebraska" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a></i>).</p>
<p>Currently, Asian languages account for the majority of languages spoken in immigrant communities: <a title="Korean language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language">Korean</a>, the <a title="Chinese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">varieties of Chinese</a>, and various Indian or South Asian languages like <a title="Punjabi language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language">Punjabi</a>, <a title="Hindi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi">Hindi</a>/<a title="Urdu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a title="Kannada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a title="Gujarati language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language">Gujarati</a>, <a title="Marathi language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language">Marathi</a>, <a title="Bengali language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language">Bengali</a>, <a title="Tamil language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language">Tamil</a>, <a title="Telugu language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language">Telugu</a> and <a title="Malayalam language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language">Malayalam</a>,<a title="Arabic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a title="Vietnamese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language">Vietnamese</a>, <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a>, <a title="Persian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language">Persian</a>, and others.</p>
<p>From the 1920s to the early 1950s, a dozen radio stations broadcast in immigrant languages (notably Yiddish for European <a title="Jewish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish">Jewish</a> immigrants in the Eastern seaboard), but was curtailed by the Great Depression (1930s), then the US government during <a title="World War II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a> and came to an end in the late 1940s. Global radio waves on <a title="Shortwave radio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio">shortwave radio</a> can broadcast in any language and today the internet offers a wide variety of media streamlinked in every major language to the USA and everywhere.<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>Typically, immigrant languages tend to be lost through assimilation within two or three generations, though there are some groups such as the <a title="Cajuns" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajuns">Cajuns</a> (French), <a title="Pennsylvania Dutch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> (German) in a state where large numbers of people were heard to speak it before the 1950s, and the original settlers of the <a title="American Southwest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southwest">Southwest</a> (Spanish) who have maintained their languages for centuries.</p>
<h3>English</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English">American English</a></div>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/English_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-English_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>English language distribution in the United States.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a></b> was inherited from <a title="British colonization of the Americas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas">British colonization</a>, and it is spoken by the majority of the population. It serves as the <i><a title="De facto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto">de facto</a></i> official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the US Census Bureau 80.3% spoke only English at Home and 24,252,429 of U.S. residents do not speak English &#8220;well&#8221; or &#8220;very well&#8221;.<sup id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
<p><a title="American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English">American English</a> is different from <a title="British English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English">British English</a> in terms of spelling (a classic example being the dropped &#8220;u&#8221; in words such as color/colour), grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and slang usage. The differences are not usually a barrier to effective communication between an <a title="American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English">American English</a> and a <a title="British English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English">British English</a> speaker, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or region dialect differences.<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>Some states, like <a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must <i>at least</i> be in English, and <i>does not</i> mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C <a title="Driver's license" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license">driver&#8217;s license</a> examination is available in 32 different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></p>
<h3>Spanish</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="Spanish language in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States">Spanish language in the United States</a></div>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Spanish_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Spanish_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Spanish language distribution in the United States.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a> was also inherited from colonization and is sanctioned as official in <a title="Puerto Rico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. Spanish is also taught in various regions as a <a title="Second language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language">second language</a>, especially in areas with large Hispanic populations such as the <a title="Southwestern United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States">Southwestern United States</a> along the border with Mexico, as well as <a title="Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida">Florida</a>, parts of <a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>, the <a title="District of Columbia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, <a title="Illinois" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a title="New Jersey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a title="New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a>. In Hispanic communities across the country, bilingual signs in both Spanish and English may be quite common. Furthermore, numerous neighborhoods exist (such as<a title="Washington Heights, New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Heights,_New_York_City">Washington Heights</a> in <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a> or <a title="Little Havana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Havana">Little Havana</a> in <a title="Miami, Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida">Miami</a>) in which entire city blocks will have only Spanish language signs and Spanish-speaking people.</p>
<p>In addition to Spanish-speaking Hispanic populations, younger generations of non-Hispanics in the United States seem to be learning Spanish in larger numbers due to the growing Hispanic population and increasing popularity of Latin American movies and music performed in the Spanish language. A 2007 American Community Survey conducted by the <a title="United States Census Bureau" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, showed that Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by over 34 million people aged 5 or older,<sup id="cite_ref-2007_survey_8-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-2007_survey-8">[8]</a></sup> making the United States the world&#8217;s fifth-largest Spanish-speaking community, outnumbered only by <a title="Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a title="Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</a>, <a title="Colombia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a title="Argentina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M.C3.A1s_.27speak_spanish.27_que_en_Espa.C3.B1a_34-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-M.C3.A1s_.27speak_spanish.27_que_en_Espa.C3.B1a-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
<p><b><a title="Spanglish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanglish">Spanglish</a></b> is a <a title="Code-switching" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching">code-switching</a> variant of Spanish and English and is spoken in areas with large bilingual populations of Spanish and English speakers, such as along the <a title="Mexico – United States border" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_%E2%80%93_United_States_border">Mexico – United States border</a> (<a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>, <a title="Arizona" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a title="New Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a title="Texas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a>), <a title="Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida">Florida</a>, and <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>.</p>
<h3>French</h3>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_in_the_United_States.png"><img class="alignleft" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/French_in_the_United_States.png/250px-French_in_the_United_States.png" width="250" height="279" /></a></p>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_in_the_United_States.png"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>French language distribution in the United States. Counties and parishes marked in yellow are those where 6% to 12% of the population speak French at home; brown, 12% to 18%; red, over 18%. <a title="Cajun French" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_French">Cajun French</a> and <a title="French-based creole languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-based_creole_languages">French-based creole languages</a> are not included even though the Creole dialects are spoken throughout the U.S. and taught in many U.S. schools.</p>
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<div>Main article: <a title="French language in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States">French language in the United States</a></div>
<p><a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a>, the fourth most-common language, is spoken mainly by the <a title="Louisiana Creole people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people">Louisiana Creole</a>, native <a title="France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">French</a>, <a title="Cajun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun">Cajun</a>, <a title="Haiti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti">Haitian</a>, and <a title="French-Canadian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Canadian">French-Canadian</a> populations. It is widely spoken in<a title="Maine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine">Maine</a>, <a title="New Hampshire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and in <a title="Louisiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.</p>
<p>Three varieties of French developed within what is now the United States in colonial times: <a title="Louisiana French" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_French">Louisiana French</a>, <a title="Missouri French" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_French">Missouri French</a>, and <a title="New England French" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_French">New England French</a> (essentially a variant of <a title="Canadian French" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_French">Canadian French</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> French is the second <i>de facto</i> language in the states of<a title="Louisiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (where the French dialect of <a title="Cajun French" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_French">Cajun</a> predominates) and Maine. The largest French-speaking communities in the United States reside in <a title="Maine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine">Northeast Maine</a>;<a title="Hollywood, Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida">Hollywood</a> and <a title="Miami, Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida">Miami</a>, <a title="Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida">Florida</a>; <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>;<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> certain areas of <a title="Louisiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana">rural Louisiana</a>; and small minorities in Vermont and New Hampshire. Many of the New England communities are connected to the dialect found across the border in Quebec or New Brunswick. More than 13 million Americans possess primary French heritage, but only 1.6 million speak that language at home.</p>
<h3>Arabic</h3>
<p>Arabic is spoken by immigrants from the <a title="Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East">Middle East</a> as well as many <a title="Muslim Americans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Americans">Muslim Americans</a>. The highest concentrations of native Arabic speakers reside in heavily urban areas like <a title="Chicago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>, and <a title="Los Angeles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. <a title="Detroit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit">Detroit</a> and the surrounding areas of Michigan boast a significant Arabic-speaking population including many Arab Christians of <a title="Lebanese people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people">Lebanese</a>, <a title="Syrian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian">Syrian</a>, and <a title="Palestinian people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people">Palestinian</a> descent.</p>
<p>Arabic is used for religious purposes by Muslim Americans and by some Arab Christians (notably <a title="Catholics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholics">Catholics</a> of the <a title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church">Melkite</a> and <a title="Maronites" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronites">Maronite</a> Churches as well as Rum Orthodox, i.e. <a title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch">Antiochian Orthodox Christians</a>). A significant number of educated Arab professionals who immigrate often already know English quite well, as it is widely used in the Middle East. Lebanese immigrants also have a broader understanding of French as do many Arabic-speaking immigrants from <a title="North Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa">North Africa</a>.</p>
<h3>Chinese</h3>
<p><a title="Chinese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a>, mostly of the <a title="Yue Chinese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinese">Cantonese variety</a>, is the third most-spoken language in the United States, almost completely spoken within<a title="Chinese American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_American">Chinese American</a> populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in <a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lai_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Lai-36">[36]</a></sup> Many young Americans not of Chinese descent have become interested in learning the language, specifically <a title="Standard Chinese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese">Mandarin</a>, the official spoken language in the <a title="People's Republic of China" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China">People&#8217;s Republic of China</a> and <a title="Taiwan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Over 2 million Americans speak <a title="Identification of the varieties of Chinese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_of_the_varieties_of_Chinese">some variety of Chinese</a>, with the <a title="Mandarin Chinese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese">Mandarin variety</a>becoming increasingly more prevalent due to the opening up of the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-Lai_36-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Lai-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
<p>In <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a> at least, although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only 10% of Chinese speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them and is on its way to replace Cantonese as their <a title="Lingua franca" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca">lingua franca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
<h3>Dutch</h3>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dutch_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dutch_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Dutch_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dutch_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Dutch language distribution in the United States.</p>
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<p>There has been a Dutch presence in America since 1602, when the government of the<a title="Republic of the Seven United Netherlands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands">Republic of the Seven United Netherlands</a> chartered the <a title="Dutch East India Company" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company">Dutch East India Company</a>(<i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i>, or VOC) with the mission of exploring for a passage to the <a title="Indies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indies">Indies</a> and claiming any uncharted territories for the Dutch republic. In 1664, English troops under the command of the Duke of <a title="York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York">York</a> (later <a title="James II of England" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England">James II of England</a>) attacked the <a title="New Netherland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland">New Netherland</a> colony. Being greatly outnumbered, director general <a title="Peter Stuyvesant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a>surrendered <a title="New Amsterdam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, with <a title="Fort Orange (New Netherland)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Orange_(New_Netherland)">Fort Orange</a> following soon. New Amsterdam was renamed <a title="New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a>, <a title="Fort Orange (New Netherland)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Orange_(New_Netherland)">Fort Orange</a> was renamed <a title="Fort Frederick (Albany)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Frederick_(Albany)">Fort Albany</a>. Dutch city names can still be found in New York&#8217;s neighbourhoods. <a title="Harlem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem">Harlem</a> is <a title="Haarlem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, Staten Island is Staten Eiland and<a title="Brooklyn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> refers to <a title="Breukelen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breukelen">Breukelen</a>.</p>
<p>Dutch was still spoken in many parts of New York at the time of the Revolution. For example, <a title="Alexander Hamilton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>&#8216;s wife Eliza Hamilton attended a Dutch-language church during their marriage.</p>
<p><a title="Martin Van Buren" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, the first President born in the United States following its independence, spoke Dutch as his <a title="Native language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_language">native language</a>, making him the only President whose <a title="First language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language">first language</a> was not English.</p>
<p>In a 1990 demographic consensus, 3% of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers. Modern estimates place the <a title="Dutch American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_American">Dutch American</a> population at 5 million, lagging just a bit behind <a title="Scottish Americans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Americans">Scottish Americans</a> and <a title="Swedish Americans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Americans">Swedish Americans</a>.</p>
<p>Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts (<a title="Theodore Roosevelt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>, and <a title="Eleanor Roosevelt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>), <a title="Marlon Brando" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando">Marlon Brando</a>, <a title="Thomas Alva Edison" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a>, <a title="Martin Van Buren" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> and <a title="Vanderbilt family" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_family">the Vanderbilts</a>. The Roosevelts are direct descendants of Dutch settlers of the<a title="New Netherlands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherlands">New Netherlands</a> colony in the 17th century.</p>
<p>Around 150,000 people in the United States still speak the Dutch language at home today. They are concentrated mainly in California, Pennsylvania, Florida, Ohio, New York and Michigan (i.e. the city of <a title="Holland, Michigan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland,_Michigan">Holland</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Tennessee<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:NOTRS" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a></i>]</sup>, Miami<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:NOTRS" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a></i>]</sup>, Houston<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:NOTRS" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a></i>]</sup>, and Chicago.<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:NOTRS" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a></i>]</sup> The Dutch language is studied as a novelty in mostly Dutch communities of <a title="Pella, Iowa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella,_Iowa">Pella, Iowa</a>, and <a title="San Joaquin County, California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California">San Joaquin County, California</a> has a renowned Dutch and <a title="Frisian people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_people">Frisian</a> settlement history since the 1840s.<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>A vernacular dialect of Dutch, known as <a title="Jersey Dutch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch">Jersey Dutch</a> was spoken by a significant number of people in the <a title="New Jersey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey">New Jersey</a> area between the start of the 17th century to the mid-20th century. With the beginning of the 20th century, usage of the language became restricted to internal family circles, with an ever-growing number of people abandoning the language in favor of English. It suffered gradual decline throughout the 20th century, and it ultimately dissipated from casual usage.</p>
<h3>Finnish</h3>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finnish_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Finnish_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Finnish_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finnish_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Finnish language distribution in the United States.</p>
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<p>The first Finnish settlers in America were amongst the settlers who came from Sweden and Finland to <a title="New Sweden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Sweden">New Sweden</a> colony. Most colonists were Finnish. However, the Finnish language was not preserved as well among subsequent generations as Swedish.</p>
<p>Shortly after the <a title="American Civil War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">Civil War</a>, many <a title="Finnish citizen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_citizen">Finnish citizens</a> immigrated to the United States, mainly in rural areas of the <a title="Midwest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest">Midwest</a> (and more specifically in <a title="Michigan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan">Michigan</a>&#8216;s <a title="Upper Peninsula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a>). <a title="Hancock, Michigan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock,_Michigan">Hancock, Michigan</a>, as of 2005, still incorporates bi-lingual street signs written in both English and Finnish.<sup id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> <a title="Finnish American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_American">Americans of Finnish origin</a> yield at 800,000 individuals, though only 39,770 speak the language at home.<sup id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> There is a distinctive dialect of English to be found in the Upper Peninsula, known as <a title="Yooper dialect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yooper_dialect">Yooper</a>. Yuper often has a Finnish cadence and uses Finnish sentence structure with modified English, German, Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish vocabulary. Notable Finnish Americans include <a title="Gus Hall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Hall">Gus Hall</a>, U.S. Communist Party leader,<a title="Renny Harlin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renny_Harlin">Renny Harlin</a>, film director, and the Canadian-born actress <a title="Pamela Anderson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a>. Another Finnish community in the United States is found in <a title="Lake Worth, Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Worth,_Florida">Lake Worth, Florida</a>, north of Miami.</p>
<h3>German</h3>
<div>Main article: <a title="German in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_in_the_United_States">German in the United States</a></div>
<p><i>See also: <a title="Hutterite German" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterite_German">Hutterite German</a>, <a title="Texas German" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_German">Texas German</a>, <a title="Pennsylvania Dutchified English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutchified_English">Pennsylvania Dutchified English</a>, <a title="Plautdietsch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a>.</i></p>
<p><a title="German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">German</a> was a widely spoken language in some of the colonies, especially Pennsylvania, where a number of German-speaking religious minorities settled to escape persecution in Europe. Dutch, Swedish, and <a title="Scottish Gaelic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> all became less common than German after the <a title="American Revolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Another wave of settlement occurred when Germans fleeing the failure of 19th Century German revolutions emigrated to the United States. Large numbers of Germans settled throughout the U.S., especially in the cities. Neighborhoods in many cities were German-speaking. German farmers took up farming around the country, including the <a title="Texas Hill Country" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country">Texas Hill Country</a>, at this time. German was widely spoken until the United States entered <a title="World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>. Numerous local German language newspapers and periodicals existed.</p>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/German_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-German_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>German language distribution in the United States.</p>
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<p>In the early twentieth century, German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States, and prior to <a title="World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>, more than 6%<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> of American school-children received their primary education exclusively in German, though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper. Currently, more than 49 million Americans claim <a title="German American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American">German ancestry</a>, the largest self-described ethnic group in the U.S., but less than 4% of them speak a language other than English at home, according to the 2005<a title="American Community Survey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey">American Community Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2005_ACS_German_41-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-2005_ACS_German-41">[41]</a></sup> The <a title="Amish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish">Amish</a> speak a dialect of German known as<a title="Pennsylvania German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language">Pennsylvania German</a>. One reason for this decline of German language was the perception during both World Wars that speaking the language of the enemy was unpatriotic; foreign language instruction was banned in places during the First World War. Unlike earlier waves, they were more concentrated in cities, and integrated quickly.</p>
<p>There is a myth (known as the <a title="Muhlenberg legend" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhlenberg_legend">Muhlenberg Vote</a>) that German was to be the official language of the U.S., but this is inaccurate and based on a failed early attempt to have government documents translated into German.<sup id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> The myth also extends to German being the second official language of Pennsylvania; however, Pennsylvania has no official language. Although more than 49 million Americans claim they have German ancestors, only 1.38 million Americans speak German at home. Many of these people are either Amish and Mennonites or Germans having newly immigrated (e.g. for professional reasons).</p>
<h3>Russian</h3>
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<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Russian language distribution in the United States.</p>
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<p>The <b><a title="Russian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian language</a></b> is frequently spoken in areas of <a title="Alaska" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a title="Los Angeles, California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California">Los Angeles</a>, <a title="Seattle, Washington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington">Seattle</a>,<a title="Spokane, Washington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington">Spokane</a>, <a title="Miami, Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida">Miami</a>, <a title="San Francisco" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>, <a title="Philadelphia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Woodburn, Oregon, and<a title="Chicago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago">Chicago</a>. The <a title="Russian-American Company" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-American_Company">Russian-American Company</a> used to own <a title="Alaska Territory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Territory">Alaska Territory</a> until selling it after the <a title="Crimean War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War">Crimean War</a>. Russian had always been limited, especially after the assassination of the<a title="Romanov" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov">Romanov</a> dynasty of <a title="Tsar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar">tsars</a>. Starting in the 1970s and continuing until the mid 1990s, many people from the <a title="Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</a> and later its constituent republics such as <a title="Russia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia">Russia</a>, <a title="Ukraine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine">Ukraine</a>,<a title="Belarus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a title="Uzbekistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> have immigrated to the United States, increasing the language&#8217;s usage in America.</p>
<p>The largest Russian-speaking neighborhoods in the United States are found in <a title="Queens, New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens,_New_York">Queens</a>,<a title="Brooklyn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, and <a title="Staten Island" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island">Staten Island</a> in <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a> (specifically the Brighton Beach area of Brooklyn), parts of <a title="Los Angeles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, particularly <a title="West Los Angeles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Los_Angeles">West Los Angeles</a> and <a title="West Hollywood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood">West Hollywood</a>, parts of <a title="Philadelphia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, particularly the <a title="Far Northeast (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far_Northeast&#38;action=edit&#38;redlink=1">Far Northeast</a> and, parts of <a title="Miami" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami">Miami</a> like <a title="Sunny Isles Beach" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Isles_Beach">Sunny Isles Beach</a>.</p>
<p><a title="Slavic Voice of America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Voice_of_America">Slavic Voice of America</a> media group servers Russian-speaking Americans out of Dallas, TX.</p>
<h3>Hebrew</h3>
<p>Modern Hebrew is used by some immigrants from Israel and Eastern Europe. Liturgical Hebrew is used as a religious or liturgical language by many of the United States&#8217; approximately 7 million Jews.</p>
<h3>Ilocano</h3>
<p>Like the <a title="Tagalog people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_people">Tagalogs</a>, the <a title="Ilocano people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_people">Ilocanos</a> are an <a title="Austronesian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian">Austronesian</a> stock which came from the <a title="Philippines" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines">Philippines</a>. They were the first <a title="Filipino people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people">Filipinos</a> to migrate en masse to the United States. They first entered the <a title="State of Hawai'i" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Hawai%27i">State of Hawai&#8217;i</a> and worked there in the vast plantations.</p>
<p>As they did in the Philippine provinces of Northern <a title="Luzon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon">Luzon</a> and <a title="Mindanao" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, they quickly gained importance in the areas where they settled. Thus, the state of <a title="Hawai'i" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%27i">Hawai&#8217;i</a> became no less different from the <a title="Philippines" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines">Philippines</a> in terms of percentage of <a title="Ilocano language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_language">Ilocano</a> speakers.</p>
<p>Like <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a>, <a title="Ilokano language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_language">Ilocano</a> is also being taught in universities where most of the <a title="Filipino people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people">Filipinos</a> reside.</p>
<h3>Irish</h3>
<p>Up to 37 million Americans have Irish ancestry, many of whose ancestors would have spoken <a title="Irish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language">Irish</a>. According to the 2000 census, 25,661 people speak Irish at home.<sup id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> As of 2008 it was the 76th most spoken language in the USA, with 22,279 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
<h3>Italian</h3>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Current distribution of the Italian language in the United States.</p>
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<div>Main article: <a title="Italian language in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States">Italian language in the United States</a></div>
<p>The <a title="Italian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language">Italian language</a> and its various <a title="Italian dialects" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_dialects">dialects</a> has been widely spoken in the United States for more than one hundred years, primarily due to large-scale immigration from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century.</p>
<p>In addition to Standard Italian learned by most people today, there has been a strong representation of the dialects and languages of Southern Italy amongst the immigrant population (<a title="Sicilian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_language">Sicilian</a> and <a title="Neapolitan language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_language">Neapolitan</a> in particular). As of 2000, though 15,638,348 American citizens report themselves as Italian Americans, only 1,008,370 of these report speaking the Italian language at home (0.384% of the population).</p>
<h3>Khmer (Cambodian)</h3>
<p>Between 1981–1985 about 150,000 Cambodians resettled in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Before 1975 very few Cambodians came to the United States. Those who did were children of upper-class families sent abroad to attend school. After the fall of <a title="Phnom Penh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh">Phnom Penh</a> to the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975, some Cambodians managed to escape. In 2000 the Census Bureau reported that there were approximately 172,000 Cambodians living in the United States, making up about 1.8 percent of the Asian population.<sup id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> The states with the most Khmer speakers are California, Massachusetts, Washington, Pennsylvania and Texas.</p>
<h3>Polish</h3>
<p>The Polish language is very common in the <a title="Chicago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago">Chicago</a> metropolitan area. Chicago&#8217;s largest white ethnic groups are those of Polish descent. The Polish people and the Polish language in Chicago have been very prevalent in the early years of the city, as well as the progression and economical and social development of Chicago. Poles in Chicago make up one of the largest ethnically Polish population (650 000 people) in the world comparable to the city of <a title="Wrocław" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw">Wrocław</a>, the fourth largest city in Poland. That makes it one of the most important centres of <a title="Polish diaspora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_diaspora">Polonia</a> and the Polish language in the United States, a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park.<sup id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></p>
<h3>Portuguese</h3>
<p>The first Portuguese speakers in America were Jews who had fled the Inquisition; they founded the first Jewish communities, two of which stiil exist: <a title="Congregation Shearith Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Shearith_Israel">Congregation Shearith Israel</a> in New York and <a title="Congregation Mikveh Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Mikveh_Israel">Congregation Mikveh Israel</a> in Philadelphia. However, by the end of the 18th century the use of Portuguese had been replaced by English. In the late 19th century, many Portuguese, mainly <a title="Azores" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores">Azoreans</a> and<a title="Madeira" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira">Madeirans</a>, immigrated to the United States, establishing in cities like <a title="Providence, Rhode Island" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, <a title="New Bedford, Massachusetts" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts">New Bedford, Massachusetts</a>, and<a title="Santa Cruz, California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California">Santa Cruz, California</a>. Many of them also moved to <a title="Hawaii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a> during its independence.</p>
<p>In the mid-late 20th century there was another surge of Portuguese immigration in America, mainly in the Northeast (New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts). Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in <a title="Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa">Africa</a> (like<a title="Angola" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola">Angola</a>, <a title="Cape Verde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde">Cape Verde</a>, and <a title="Mozambique" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique">Mozambique</a>) and <a title="Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia">Asia</a> (mostly <a title="Macau" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau">Macau</a>). There were around 1 million <a title="Portuguese American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_American">Portuguese Americans</a> in the United States by the year 2000. Portuguese (<a title="European Portuguese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>) has been spoken in the United States by small communities of immigrants, mainly in the metropolitan <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a> area, like <a title="Newark, New Jersey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>. The Portuguese language is also spoken widely by Brazilian immigrants, established mainly in <a title="Miami" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami">Miami</a>, <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a> and <a title="Boston" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston">Boston</a>. (<a title="Brazilian Portuguese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>)</p>
<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Scottish Gaelic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_United_States&#38;action=edit&#38;section=30">edit</a>]Scottish Gaelic</h3>
<p>In the 17th and 18th centuries, tens of thousands of <a title="Scottish People" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_People">Scots</a> from <a title="Scotland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a title="Ulster-Scots" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster-Scots">Scots-Irish</a> from the north of Ireland arrived in the American colonies. Today, an estimated 20 million Americans are of <a title="Scottish ancestry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_ancestry">Scottish ancestry</a>. The province of <a title="Nova Scotia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a title="Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada">Canada</a> was the main concentration of <a title="Scottish Gaelic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language">Scottish Gaelic</a> speakers in North America (<i>Nova Scotia</i> is Latin for <i>New Scotland</i>). According to the 2000 census, 1,119 people speak Scottish Gaelic at home.<sup id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
<h3>Swedish</h3>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Swedish_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Swedish_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
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<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Swedish language distribution in the United States.</p>
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<p>There has been a Swedish presence in America since the <a title="New Sweden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Sweden">New Sweden</a> colony came into existence in March 1638.</p>
<p>Widespread diaspora of Swedish immigration did not occur until the latter half of the 19th century, bringing in a total of a million Swedes. No other country had a higher percentage of its people leave for the United States except Ireland and Norway. At the beginning of the 20th century, <a title="Minnesota" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota">Minnesota</a> had the highest ethnic Swedish population in the world after the city of <a title="Stockholm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.</p>
<p>3.7% of US residents claim descent from Scandinavian ancestors, amounting to roughly 11-12 million people. According to SIL&#8217;s Ethnologue, over half a million ethnic Swedes still speak the language, though according to the 2000 census only 67,655 speak it at home.<sup id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup><a title="Cultural assimilation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a> has contributed to the gradual and steady decline of the language in the US. After the independence of the US from the <a title="Kingdom of Great Britain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, the government encouraged colonists to adopt the English language as a common medium of communication, and in some cases, imposed it upon them. Subsequent generations of Swedish Americans received education in English and spoke it as their first language. Lutheran churches scattered across the Midwest started abandoning Swedish in favor of English as their language of worship. Swedish newspapers and publications alike slowly faded away.</p>
<p>There are sizable Swedish communities in Minnesota, Ohio, Maryland, Philadelphia and Delaware, along with small isolated pockets in Pennsylvania, San Francisco, Fort Lauderdale, and New York. Chicago once contained a large Swedish enclave called <a title="Edgewater, Chicago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater,_Chicago#Andersonville">Andersonville</a> on the city&#8217;s north side.</p>
<p><a title="John Morton (politician)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morton_(politician)">John Morton</a>, the person who cast the decisive vote leading to Pennsylvania&#8217;s support for the <a title="United States Declaration of Independence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, was of Finnish descent. Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the 18th century.</p>
<h3>Tagalog</h3>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagalog_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tagalog_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Tagalog_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagalog_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Tagalog language distribution in the United States.</p>
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<p><a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a> speakers were already present in the United States as early as the late sixteenth century as sailors contracted by the <a title="Spanish colony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colony">Spanish colonial government</a>. In the eighteenth century, they established settlements in <a title="Louisiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, such as <a title="Saint Malo, Louisiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Malo,_Louisiana">Saint Malo</a>.</p>
<p>After the <a title="Philippine–American War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War">American annexation of the Philippines</a>, the number of Tagalog speakers steadily increased, as Filipinos began to migrate as students or contract laborers. Their numbers, however, decreased upon <a title="Philippine independence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_independence">Philippine independence</a>, as many Filipinos were <a title="Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act_of_1935">repatriated</a>.</p>
<p>Today, Tagalog, together with its standardized form <a title="Filipino language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language">Filipino</a>, is spoken by over a million<a title="Filipino American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_American">Filipino Americans</a>, and is promoted by Filipino American civic organizations and Philippine consulates. <a title="Taglish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taglish">Taglish</a>, a form of <a title="Code-switching" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching">code-switching</a> between Tagalog and English, is also spoken by a number of Filipino Americans.</p>
<p>As the <a title="Filipino people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people">Filipinos</a> became the second fastest growing <a title="Asian people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people">Asian</a> population in the United States, <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a> easily became the second most spoken <a title="Asian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_language">Asian language</a> in the continent. Today, <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a> is being majored in some universities where a significant number of Filipinos exist. Some of these schools include the <a title="University of Hawaii at Manoa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a> and the <a title="University of California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California">University of California</a>.</p>
<p>As <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a> is the basis of <a title="Filipino language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language">Filipino</a>, most of all the <a title="Filipino people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people">Filipinos</a> living in the United States are proficient in <a title="Tagalog language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language">Tagalog</a>.</p>
<h3>Welsh</h3>
<div>
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Welsh_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img class="alignright" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Welsh_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Welsh_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" width="220" height="136" /></a></p>
<div>
<div><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Welsh_USC2000_PHS.svg"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
<p>Welsh language distribution in the United States.</p>
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<p>Up to two million Americans are thought to have Welsh ancestry. However, there is very little<a title="Welsh language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language">Welsh</a> being used commonly in the USA. According to the <a title="United States Census, 2000" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000">2000 U.S. Census</a>, 2,649 people speak Welsh at home.<sup id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Some place names, such as <a title="Bryn Mawr Historic District" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Historic_District">Bryn Mawr in Chicago</a> and <a title="Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr,_Pennsylvania">Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania</a> (English: Big Hill) are Welsh. Several towns in <a title="Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, mostly in the <a title="Welsh Tract" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Tract">Welsh Tract</a>, have Welsh namesakes, including <a title="Uwchlan Township, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwchlan_Township,_Pennsylvania">Uwchlan</a>, <a title="Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Cynwyd,_Pennsylvania">Bala Cynwyd</a>, <a title="Lower Gwynedd Township, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Gwynedd_Township,_Pennsylvania">Gwynedd</a>, and<a title="Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania">Tredyffrin</a>.</p>
<h3>Yiddish</h3>
<p><a title="Yiddish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language">Yiddish</a> has a much longer history in the United States than Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> It has been present since at least the late 19th century and continues to have roughly 179,000 speakers as of the 2000 census. Though they came from varying geographic backgrounds and nuanced approaches to worship, immigrant Jews of Eastern Europe and Russia were often united under a common understanding of the Yiddish language once they settled in America, and at one point dozens of publications were available in most East Coast cities. Though it has declined by quite a bit since the end of WWII, it has by no means disappeared. Many Israeli immigrants and expatriates have at least some understanding of the language in addition to Hebrew, and many of the descendants of the great migration of <a title="Ashkenazi Jews" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> of the past century pepper their mostly English vocabulary with some loan words. Furthermore, it is definitely a lingua franca alive and well among Orthodox Jewry, particularly in Los Angeles, Miami and New York.<sup id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></p>
<h2>New American languages, dialects, and creoles</h2>
<p>Several languages have developed on American soil, including <a title="Creole language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language">creoles</a> and <a title="Sign language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language">sign languages</a>.</p>
<h3>[<a title="Edit section: African American Vernacular English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_United_States&#38;action=edit&#38;section=36">edit</a>]African American Vernacular English</h3>
<p><b><a title="African American Vernacular English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English">African American Vernacular English</a></b> (AAVE), also known as <b>Ebonics</b>, is a variety of English spoken by many <a title="African Americans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans">African Americans</a>, in both rural and urban areas. Not all African Americans speak AAVE and many European Americans do. Indeed, it is generally accepted that <a title="Southern American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_English">Southern American English</a> is part of the same continuum as AAVE.</p>
<p>There is considerable debate among non-linguists as to whether the word &#8220;<a title="Dialect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect">dialect</a>&#8221; is appropriate to describe it. However, there is general agreement among linguists and many African Americans that AAVE is part of a historical continuum between creoles such as Gullah and the language brought by English colonists.</p>
<p>Some educators view AAVE as exerting a negative influence on the learning of Proper and Standard English, as numerous AAVE rules differ from the rules of Standard English. Other educators, however, propose that Standard English should be taught as a &#8220;second dialect&#8221; in areas where AAVE is a strong part of local tradition.</p>
<h3>Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon</h3>
<p>Chinuk Wawa (or <a title="Chinook Jargon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a>) is a Creole language of 700-800 words of French, English, Cree and other Native origins. It is the old trade language of the <a title="Pacific Northwest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. It was used extensively among both European and Native peoples of the old Oregon Territory, even used in place of English at home for many families. It is estimated that around 250,000 people spoke it at its peak and it was last used extensively in <a title="Seattle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle">Seattle</a>.</p>
<h3>Gullah</h3>
<p><b><a title="Gullah language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_language">Gullah</a></b>, an English-African creole language spoken on the <a title="Sea Islands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Islands">Sea Islands</a> of <a title="South Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a title="Georgia (U.S. state)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)">Georgia</a>, retains strong influences of West African languages. The language is sometimes referred to as &#8220;Geechee&#8221;.</p>
<h3>Hawai&#8217;i Creole English</h3>
<p><b><a title="Hawaiian Pidgin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin</a></b>, more accurately known as <b>Hawai&#8217;i Creole English</b>, is commonly used by locals and is considered an unofficial language of the state. This not to be confused with <a title="Hawaiian English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_English">Hawaiian English</a> which is standard American English with Hawaiian words.</p>
<h3>Outer Banks languages</h3>
<p>In the islands of the <a title="Outer Banks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks">Outer Banks</a> off <a title="North Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina">North Carolina</a>, several unique English dialects have developed. This is evident on <a title="Harkers Island, North Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkers_Island,_North_Carolina">Harkers Island</a>and <a title="Ocracoke, North Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocracoke,_North_Carolina">Ocracoke Island</a>.</p>
<h3>Pennsylvania Dutch</h3>
<p><b><a title="Pennsylvania German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></b> is a language spoken mainly in <a title="Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. It evolved from the <a title="German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">German</a> dialect brought over to America by the<a title="Pennsylvania Dutch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch people</a> (the <a title="Amish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish">Amish</a>) before 1800.</p>
<h3>Texas Silesian</h3>
<p><b><a title="Texas Silesian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Silesian">Texas Silesian</a></b> (Silesian: teksasko gwara) is a language used by Texas <a title="Silesia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia">Silesians</a> in American settlements from 1852 to the present.</p>
<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Tangier Islander" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_United_States&#38;action=edit&#38;section=43">edit</a>]Tangier Islander</h3>
<p>Another dialectal isolate is that spoken on <a title="Tangier Island" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier_Island">Tangier Island</a>, <a title="Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia">Virginia</a> located in the <a title="Chesapeake bay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_bay">Chesapeake bay</a>. The dialect is partially derived from English as spoken by English pre-<a title="American Revolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution">Revolutionary</a> settlers, and partially from the present-day Middle-Atlantic American dialect of English. It also contains some words from the <a title="Cornish Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_Language">Cornish Language</a>, the Celtic language spoken in <a title="Cornwall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in southwest England.<sup>[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p>
<h3>Chicano English</h3>
<p>A mixture of the Spanish and American English languages spoken by many Hispanics in urban areas and predominantly Latino communities. See also <a title="Chicano English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_English">Chicano English</a> and <a title="New Mexican Spanish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish">New Mexican Spanish</a> for <a title="Mexican-American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American">Mexican-American</a> dialects of the <a title="Southwestern United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States">Southwest</a>.</p>
<h2>Sign languages</h2>
<div>See also: <a title="Languages of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Native_American_sign_languages">Native American sign languages</a></div>
<h3><b><a title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language"><br />
Martha&#8217;s Vineyard Sign Language</a></b> is now extinct. Along with <a title="French Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sign_Language">French Sign Language</a>, it was one of two main contributors to American Sign Language.[<a title="Edit section: Martha's Vineyard Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_United_States&#38;action=edit&#38;section=46">edit</a>]Martha&#8217;s Vineyard Sign Language</h3>
<h3>American Sign Language</h3>
<p><b><a title="American Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language">American Sign Language</a></b> (ASL) is the native language of a number of <a title="Deaf" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf">Deaf</a> and hearing people in America. While some sources have stated that ASL is the second most frequently used non-English language in the US, following Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-preston1995p243_54-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-preston1995p243-54">[54]</a></sup> recent scholarship has pointed out that most of these estimates are based on numbers conflating deafness with ASL use, and that the last actual study of this (in 1972) seems to indicate an upper bound of 500,000 ASL speakers at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-gallaudet2006_16-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-gallaudet2006-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
<p>Unlike <a title="Signed English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_English">Signed English</a>, ASL is a natural language in its own right, not a manual representation of English.<sup id="cite_ref-ASL_55-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-ASL-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
<h4>Black American Sign Language</h4>
<p>Black American Sign Language (BASL) developed in the southeastern US, where separate residential schools were maintained for white and black deaf children. BASL shares much of the same vocabulary and grammatical structure as ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-preston1995p243_54-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-preston1995p243-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></p>
<h4>Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language</h4>
<p><b><a title="Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Pidgin_Sign_Language">Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language</a></b> (named after Hawaiian Pidgin English, but not itself a pidgin) is moribund.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="http://www.bilingualcare.com" target="_blank"><strong><em><strong><em>To find out how Bilingual Re</em></strong></em></strong>sources Group can support your interpretation, translation and bilingual staffing needs, please call 504-253-0364 or visit www.bilingualcare.com.</a></em></strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[China and USA: Why all the violence? The argument against guns]]></title>
<link>http://chinadailymail.com/2012/12/22/china-and-usa-why-all-the-violence-the-argument-against-guns/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 22 Dec 2012 13:29:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Victoria Sung</dc:creator>
<guid>http://chinadailymail.com/2012/12/22/china-and-usa-why-all-the-violence-the-argument-against-guns/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Students return to school in Chengping, Henan, after the stabbing that took place on December 14 In]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Students return to school in Chengping, Henan, after the stabbing that took place on December 14 In]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Francis Schaeffer: How Should We Then Live (Episode 8)]]></title>
<link>http://treeofmamre.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/francis-schaeffer-how-should-we-then-live-episode-8/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2012 06:06:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>John Scotus</dc:creator>
<guid>http://treeofmamre.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/francis-schaeffer-how-should-we-then-live-episode-8/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Previous videos in the series: Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, and]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Previous videos in the series: Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, and]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[The Tribal Dance [or:]/Let's Stop the Hate!]]></title>
<link>http://sunshinefactor.wordpress.com/2012/12/18/the-tribal-dance-orlets-stop-the-hate/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2012 08:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>stellarstanton</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sunshinefactor.wordpress.com/2012/12/18/the-tribal-dance-orlets-stop-the-hate/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[English: This shows the population concentration of Native Americans and Alaskan Natives in the Unit]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_AIAN_2008_map.gif" target="_blank"><img class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" title="English: This shows the population concentrati..." alt="English: This shows the population concentrati..." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US_AIAN_2008_map.gif/300px-US_AIAN_2008_map.gif" width="300" height="222" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">English: This shows the population concentration of Native Americans and Alaskan Natives in the United States during 2008, by state. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)</p></div>
<p>I don&#8217;t know if Hollywood is accurate</p>
<p>in portraying Native Americans,</p>
<p>their tribes and ways and dances;</p>
<p>If these portrayals are accurate,</p>
<p>then I think the Native American culture</p>
<p>is one I respect and admire.</p>
<p>Their movements are so fluid,</p>
<p>their fellowship thick and a shelter,</p>
<p>and their sense of community shines through.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Each dance of a tribe signifies something specific,</p>
<p>each telling a story.</p>
<p>A dance could be a request for rain</p>
<p>or one of sorrow</p>
<p>or even war.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Many of my good dreams come true,</p>
<p>so I am dreaming, especially lately,</p>
<p>of a tribal dance that we of many</p>
<p>tribes and colors and languages</p>
<p>can all share in.</p>
<p>Instead of many tribes dancing in many circles across the land,</p>
<p>we would form one gigantic loop across this country,</p>
<p>arms intertwined and hearts in agreement.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>First we would dance the dance of anger and injustice</p>
<p>against people who would kill others for no good reason.</p>
<p>Then we would express our wish for peace</p>
<p>with our bodies and united souls.</p>
<p>With this powerful force we can stop the hate.</p>
<p>We can and will conquer this land as a harbor of peace,</p>
<p>where children and adults are safe in their schools and places of business.</p>
<p>Where we can all grow to fulfillment and realize our dreams -</p>
<p>if we can just put down the hate.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Lastly, we would join with others and make come true</p>
<p>the wishes of the Great Spirit,</p>
<p>where peace would reign, love would inspire and heal,</p>
<p>and hate would disappear as does the smoke around a campfire.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Amen &#8211; Lord, may it be so.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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