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	<title>dasein &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/dasein/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "dasein"</description>
	<pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2009 09:21:58 +0000</pubDate>

	<generator>http://en.wordpress.com/tags/</generator>
	<language>en</language>

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<title><![CDATA[Dasein (Σολωμού 12 - Πλατεία Εξαρχείων. Τηλ.: 210.3841857). Ένας χώρος πολιτισμού και ψυχαγωγίας που απλά αξίζει τον κόπο να καταστήσει κανείς στέκι του. Παρουσίαση (30/11/2009) μέσα από το καλόγουστο και χρηστικότατο site του (http://www.dasein.gr/)]]></title>
<link>http://camerastyloonline.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/dasein_solomou_12_plateia_exarxeion_parousiasi_30_11_2009/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2009 05:59:12 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>camerastyloonline</dc:creator>
<guid>http://camerastyloonline.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/dasein_solomou_12_plateia_exarxeion_parousiasi_30_11_2009/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Τo dasein είναι ένα πολυσυλλεκτικό στέκι που λειτουργεί από τις 12 το μεσημέρι μέχρι αργά το βράδυ ξ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Τo dasein είναι ένα πολυσυλλεκτικό στέκι που λειτουργεί από τις 12 το μεσημέρι μέχρι αργά το βράδυ ξ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Belange]]></title>
<link>http://ernstl.wordpress.com/2009/11/29/belange/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 19:18:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ernstl</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ernstl.wordpress.com/2009/11/29/belange/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Zwischen der Dunkelheit ist es hell, so wie es zwischen der Nässe trocken ist. Es ist immer irgendwo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Zwischen der Dunkelheit ist es hell, so wie es zwischen der Nässe trocken ist. Es ist immer irgendwo dazwischen, was es schwer macht, sich tatsächlich zu bestimmen, so mit Standort und so, weil, was ist man denn so dazwischen, wenn man nie wo ganz bestimmt ist, sondern dazwischen halt. Ei, das ist doch auch nichts Richtiges, oder? Aber es ist, weil, wie&#8217;s ist ist&#8217;s, das war, das ist so und wird auch so sein &#8211; oder eben nicht. Und das ist die Crux!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Immer wenn ich (nach)denke...]]></title>
<link>http://spiritualhearts.wordpress.com/2009/11/29/immer-wenn-ich-denke/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 16:11:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Taner Beklen</dc:creator>
<guid>http://spiritualhearts.wordpress.com/2009/11/29/immer-wenn-ich-denke/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ganz gleich welche Antworten ich suche oder was mir gerade durch den Kopf geht; am Ziel meiner Gedan]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Ganz gleich welche Antworten ich suche oder was mir gerade durch den Kopf geht; am Ziel meiner Gedan]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Holy Atheism: The Puzzle of Heidegger’s “Letter on Humanism”]]></title>
<link>http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/holy-atheism-the-puzzle-of-heidegger%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%9cletter-on-humanism%e2%80%9d/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 21:20:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>rjosephhoffmann</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/holy-atheism-the-puzzle-of-heidegger%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%9cletter-on-humanism%e2%80%9d/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The origin of this little essay is a conversation I had a few nights ago when I was asked, quite une]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/dasein.jpg"><img src="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/dasein.jpg?w=292" alt="" title="dasein" width="292" height="300" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-538" /></a></p>
<p>The origin of this little essay is a conversation I had a few nights ago when I was asked, quite unexpectedly, what books I might recommend to students seeking a deeper understanding of the world.  Without much thinking, I pointed to Heidegger. Reflecting afterward, I realized that for most people Heidegger is merely &#8220;difficult&#8221; and that for many analytical philosophers (Ayer comes to mind) his writing is &#8220;rubbish.&#8221;  In the right hands however, Heidegger can change minds and change lives.</p>
<p><a href="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/heidegger21.jpg"><img src="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/heidegger21.jpg?w=190" alt="" title="heidegger2" width="190" height="300" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-539" /></a></p>
<p>Martin Heidegger is never an easy read, but he becomes more difficult with every new claim to offer a proprietary interpretation of his thought.  In 1947 Heidegger published his <em>Brief ueber den Humanismus</em> (“Letter on Humanism”) in which he sorts through some of the tangles left behind in his 1927 opus, <em>Being and Time</em> and a treatise usually translated as <em>What is Metaphysics</em>?  To come at this essay without some notion of Heidegger’s technical vocabulary, especially his complex views on metaphysics, is quickly to sink into linguistic mud.  It’s equally difficult to sort through the later work without approaching it problematically.  By that I mean that for all its emulsion, Heidegger was working through a very specific set of problems and a level of despair that has occasionally occupied philosophers to such an extent that paradox, aphorism and obscurity have seemed the only way to express the intractability of the problems themselves. Nietzsche comes immediately to mind, but there are tempting if imperfect analogies between Heidegger’s views and those of the negative theologians Gregory of Nyssa, Catherine of Sienna and Meister Eckhart.</p>
<p><a href="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/jean-paulsarte1905-1980tobeistodo.jpg"><img src="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/jean-paulsarte1905-1980tobeistodo.jpg" alt="" title="Jean-PaulSarte1905-1980tobeistodo" width="224" height="216" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-537" /></a></p>
<p>The style he preferred in responding to his admirers—like Sartre&#8211;as well as his critics, such as Hannah Arendt—was never unconditionally generous, leaving the impression that Heidegger saw his particular mode of expression as appropriate to the subjects he tackled and most interpretation as  being either reductionist, or erroneous. </p>
<p>He was not unaware of the power of double-speak as a tool in both political and philosophical discourse. In a 1966 <em>Der Spiegel</em> interview concerning his alleged Nazi sympathies (which finally cost him his teaching career and diminished his reputation in Germany), Heidegger said that in 1935 he had counted on the power of words to convey different meanings to two constituencies (his cleverest students and determined Nazi informants) when he praised the “inner truth and greatness of our movement.”  </p>
<div id="attachment_542" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/arendt.jpg"><img src="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/arendt.jpg?w=300" alt="" title="arendt" width="300" height="271" class="size-medium wp-image-542" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Hannah Arendt</p></div>
<p>His sense of how words shape reality and can thus misshape perception and meaning is a constant prickle for anyone who wants to “interpret” Heidegger.  It makes equally difficult the task of determining his influence on other thinkers, especially the French philosophers in whose eyes he found grace after 1967.</p>
<p>What makes the “Letter on Humanism” worth discussing is that he pulls no punches about his agenda: to locate in history the source of modernity’s ills.  In the politically charged climate of postwar Europe, the easy answers focused on economic, religious, technological and social evils.  The cure, it was often proposed, was to restore meaning to the term “humanism” as a category that rises above the particular expressions of modern culture.  </p>
<p>In an important article, Gail Soffer notes that “What is peculiar to Heidegger and really questionable in his critique is his diagnosis of the cause of modernity&#8217;s ills: not capitalism and its greed; not Protestant religious beliefs; not even runaway technology or the Gestalt of the worker; but rather the humanism of the Western philosophical tradition. For Heidegger, &#8220;humanism lies at the root of the reification, technologization, and secularization characteristic of the modern world” (“Heidegger, Humanism and the Destruction of History,” Review of Metaphysics (49) 1996).</p>
<p>Heidegger was not, of course, unaware of the history of the term humanism in early Renaissance thought or even earlier glimmerings in Christian thinkers such as Abelard and Pico della Mirandola.  But he was not especially interested in this history of discussion, or at least such discussion could only be useful in deconstruction (<em>Destruktion</em>).  </p>
<p>In a strictly connative sense, humanism is that philosophy which either assigns a defined universal essence to man as “a rational animal,” characterized primarily by voluntary action, or it is the denial of essence—a position leading ultimately to Sartre’s conclusion that existentialism is a pure form of humanism.  Man is what he is through choice and action.  The political appeal of the latter position is that a non-essentialist view of humanism leaves open the possibility for human beings to create worthy social institutions, human rights, <em>Bildung</em> in the humanities and “true” sciences (as opposed to mere technological expertise), and also to reject unworthy ones—such as Nazism.</p>
<p>In none of his writings, however, does Heidegger suggest that “man has no essence.”  His message in the &#8220;Letter&#8221; is that this essence has been misconstrued: that to say “Man is a rational animal” is to predetermine what the nature of man is at a metaphysical level, and that to do so shuts off discussion of the relationship between Being and being human.  </p>
<p>To be a knowing subject in relation to known objects is, for Heidegger, to determine the essence of man “downward.”  Out of a range of possible definitions, we have chosen the ones that equate science and reason with the sufficient definition—the essence—of humanity.  In historical context, we have taken the historical determinants of humanism, which Heidegger sees as a set of familiar phenomena, as being the same as the underlying essence of these phenomena.  Heidegger rejects the idea that humanism as we understand the term can provide an understanding of what it means to be thrown into a world of possibilities and others.  It does not provide an “analytic” that can help us to understand authenticity, mortality, responsibility.  Humanism can provide no escape from the “vulgarity of calculation” or a sense of the temporality of existence. </p>
<p>This leads to the question of God and the matter of Heidegger’s atheism.  To an extent, we are playing with language in a way Heidegger would, approvingly, have found amusing.  The <em>a-theism</em> he subscribes to is a rejection of God&#8211;literally being without the God of history and tradition&#8211;and a quest for a non-metaphysical God.  It is this aspect of Heidegger’s thought and the subject of <em>die Kehre</em> or “turning” (biographical or procedural?) in his thinking about <em>Dasein</em> that frustrates interrogation—in spite of a small embarrassment of new sources published since his death.</p>
<div id="attachment_543" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 210px"><a href="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bultmann.jpg"><img src="http://rjosephhoffmann.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bultmann.jpg" alt="" title="bultmann" width="200" height="249" class="size-full wp-image-543" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Bultmann</p></div> 
<p>In the world of poetry and technology, God remains the subliminal (literally, beneath the limit) problem.  Theologians since Ebeling and Bultmann have exploited this aspect of Heidegger’s almost mystical argot on the topic, and Stuart Elden has analyzed the subject in a useful article (“To Say Nothing of God”, <em>Heythrop Journal,</em> 45/3, 2004, 344-48.). It has been frustrating to students of Heidegger that this “refusal of a theological voice” (Laurence Paul Hemming, 2002) tweaks the nose of theology rather than encourages theological speculation.  But, as with humanism, any unconcealed definition of God would be trivialization, and it has been the role of historical theology to offer familiar formulas and definitions in place of concealment.  </p>
<p>Thus Heidegger has theology precisely where he wants it: trying to figure him out.  His challenge to humanism: that we cannot employ it to address questions of meaning, value and authenticity.  His challenge to theology, that the discovery of God cannot be something as simple as forming objective images from subjective data, mainly historical.  The possibility of a God without being must be considered.  Aquinas considered it.  But the axiom “There is no God” cannot be derived from the possibility.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[for the love of Phenomenology!]]></title>
<link>http://interactioncultureclass.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/for-the-love-of-phenomenology/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 05:35:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>vidya</dc:creator>
<guid>http://interactioncultureclass.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/for-the-love-of-phenomenology/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This might be a li&#8217;l out of sync with the class since we are way past phenomenology and into s]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>This might be a li&#8217;l out of sync with the class since we are way past phenomenology and into semiotics now.  Nevertheless,  I&#8217;m excited  that I got to see this video on the works of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre and Ponty.  It seems to be an old talk show (70s or 80s )  with  Professor Hubert Dreyfus as the guest who explains the history of Phenomenology  from Husserl and Heidegger to Sartre and Ponty, how they differed and evolved, with huge emphasis on Husserl&#8217;s technical intentionality and Heidegger&#8217;s <em>Dasein</em>.  I wanted to share it with you all.</p>
<p>Note that the video has 5 parts. I see it as a more elaborate version of the paper we read for class [I think it is Dourish's Embodiment paper (?)] but it does not go deep into Embodiment.</p>
<p>Part 1</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/aaGk6S1qhz0&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/aaGk6S1qhz0&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 2</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/ylKnb6WtYqU&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/ylKnb6WtYqU&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 3</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/LgUDaml7ZJY&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/LgUDaml7ZJY&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 4</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/QzAqfzWJTq4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/QzAqfzWJTq4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 5</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/VfsKTSM5Sns&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/VfsKTSM5Sns&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[] ART&amp;DESIGN []]></title>
<link>http://carmom.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/artdesign/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 08 Nov 2009 23:37:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>carmom</dc:creator>
<guid>http://carmom.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/artdesign/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[07/10 ] IT&#8217;S A SPACE BETWEEN [ é um exercício de 10 posts com o objectivo de definir o espaço ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>07/10</p>
<p><em>] IT&#8217;S A SPACE BETWEEN [ é um exercício de 10 posts com o objectivo de definir o espaço próprio onde residem os exemplos apresentados. Este critério de escolha foi feito com base nos diferentes temas abordados pelas várias disciplinas do Mestrado de Design de Comunicação e Novos Media, assim como nas </em><em>ideias ou sentimentos ambíguos provocados <em>pelos trabalhos seleccionados.</em></em></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><a href="http://blogthings.com/howopenmindedareyouquiz/">HOW OPEN MINDED ARE YOU?</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&#8220;Design can at most be art, because contemporary art has become design.&#8221;<strong></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Dasein is Design Or: Must Design save the World? by <a href="http://www.v2.nl/archive/people/henk-oosterling">Henk Oosterling</a><strong></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Onde acaba o Design e começa a Arte? Pode uma peça de Arte ter funcionalidade e uma de Design não? A citação de Henk Oosterling fala num espaço de intercepção onde as duas áreas se tornam numa, e é a opinião com a qual mais me identifico acerca desta eterna discussão .No entanto penso que os limites da falada zona não se encontram nos trabalhos de Arte e/ou Design, mas são definidos pela subjectividade de cada indivíduo e proporcionais à sua abertura de espírito.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[We're Stirring the Cosmic Soup: A Quick Retort to the Religion of Pure Atheism]]></title>
<link>http://richackerman.wordpress.com/2009/11/07/were-stirring-the-cosmic-soup/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 07 Nov 2009 03:24:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Richard D. Ackerman</dc:creator>
<guid>http://richackerman.wordpress.com/2009/11/07/were-stirring-the-cosmic-soup/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[While it may very well be that all that we are nothing but a cosmic soup of atomic matter, it certai]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote><p><strong><em><span style="color:#000080;">While it may very well be that all that we are nothing but a cosmic soup of atomic matter, it certainly does seem that humanity has the unique ability to stir the pot.</span></em></strong></p>
<p>As of late, I have given some thought to the arguments of <a href="http://www.richarddawkins.net/" target="_blank">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/incbios/dennettd/dennettd.htm" target="_blank">Daniel Dennett</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" target="_blank">Edward Wilson</a>, <a href="http://www.princeton.edu/~psinger/" target="_blank">Peter Singer</a> and a number of other players in the current debates about God, morality, and evolutionary biology.  Their basic premise seems to be that what it means to be human or a part of nature can only be explained by evolutionary theory.  Moreover, this theory leads the to the inexorable conclusion that all can be reduced to an explanation as to how atomic physics have played out in the last however many billion years or so. (See, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe</span></a> ). Nary a thought is given to the real fact that all of us have an epistemological gap between us and the beginning of time, such that no present explanation of our world can suffice to explain it entirely.  God does readily fill that epistemological void.</p>
<p>While it may very well be that all that we (and the universe we have our be-ing in) are nothing but a cosmic soup of atomic matter, it certainly does seem that humanity has the unique ability to stir the pot.  This ability is seen nowhere else in the &#8216;natural world.&#8217;  Indeed, it is this very deviation from cosmic destiny, evolutionary theory, or even simple neuro-psychology, that uniquely defines what it is to be human.</p>
<p>Unlike the natural world, we are not dependent on the synchronicity of our coexistence with/in  the many moving and interactive elements of the earth&#8217;s evolved environment.  Ostensibly, we are readily able to defy what nature might otherwise dictate.  Singer and others have, rather oddly, concluded that behavior which defies nature is somehow ignoble or immoral.  Isn&#8217;t everything &#8220;natural,&#8221; in the sense that all that is must be derivative of evolutionary processes and atomic destiny?  What possible moral difference could stirring the pot of cosmic existence make, if we can only have derived our ability to stir the pot from the very substance found in the pot?  There has to be a clear distinction made between the subject and objects confronted by human existence.</p>
<p>As an aside, this does not mean that morality would have to be completely dependent on some traditional notion of God. It is simply a matter of distinguishing a difference between intentionality, conscious acknowledgment and the human experience of what is “moral,” from that which is simply a byproduct of evolutionary necessity and atomic structure. Whether these aspects are distinguishable from each other is the question that Professor Dawkins raises. The conceptual parsing done by Dawkins is actually quite admirable and necessary to the understanding of either side&#8217;s argument.</p>
<p>Moreover, it seems readily apparent that the process of evolution for the &#8216;natural world&#8217; moves at the same pace as it has from the beginning of time (barring any natural disasters).  Animals and plants are not dependent on us for their existence in a natural state.  They only evolve at certain scientifically definable rates in accordance with the environmental variables which govern the process.</p>
<p>Simply put, humans command the ability to even deprive ourselves of the natural synchronicity with nature.  It is indeed arguable that we sometimes separate from nature and defy it.   At a minimum, we stand out from nature.  For example, a lion cannot simply redefine itself or make claim to an existence other than that which it has at its essence. A view toward&#8217;s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" target="_blank">Heidegger&#8217;s philosophy</a> on death would also underscore the reality that humans are perfectly capable of  experiencing &#8220;unnatural&#8221; deaths.  Most lions and other creatures will die substantially the same way and of the same causes.  Humans, however, bear a capacity for defining even the parameters of our own deaths.  Certainly, our nearest alleged &#8220;relatives,&#8221; chimpanzees, can hardly lay stake to such abilities.  In other words, there is something about the human experience that can be <em>completely</em> differentiated from that of the animal experience.  Indeed, this statement can be made even without accounting for the unique capacity of humans to conceive of [a] God, to understand beauty, and to engage in the fine arts.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, we can rightly claim that humans engage in unnatural acts.  They engage in acts that defy natural selection and the otherwise undisturbed progression of the natural world outside of humanity.  Animals are not generally self destructive in any real way.  Humans, on the other hand, are completely competent to destroy themselves and everything else around them.  Indeed, humankind is readily able to change its environment quickly and drastically.  And, in so changing, it becomes apparent that we are the only creatures on earth that are capable of self-directed evolution, even to the point of destroying ourselves.   Seemingly, evolutionists are ready to deprive of humankind of this sacred and distinct attribute shared by no other living creatures.</p>
<p>Frankly, it seems inconsistent to stand by an evolutionary biology explanans for why things are the way they are, and yet complain about the seemingly out of control, or even allegedly  immoral, progress of humanity.  Morality simply has no place in a universe driven only by the predisposed nature of atomic structures and the rules of physics to which they are bound.  In a very important sense, the effect of human existence on the environment is no less evolutionary or atomically driven than any other process that is claimed to have arisen from a purely evolutionary beginning.  That is, if one believes that all must have come from simple existence which led to a graduated complexity.</p>
<p>In order to speak of &#8220;moral&#8221; behavior, one must first believe that there is some constituent part of the universe which can be moral or act in a moral way.  If we rely simply on the synaptic firing of our neurons, coupled with a genetic destiny, it simply does not make sense to incorporate a moral lexicon into human existence.  However, if one believes that moral behavior is a step above, or uniquely differentiated from, the coldness of evolutionary survival of the species, it must follow that one believes that there is a higher arche to the human existence.  Whether this is attributable to God or a higher being/be-ing (a template for higher being or a more complex nature outside of the natural rules that apply to all other creatures), or not, seems to be the real question.</p>
<p>There are a good number of evolutionary biologists and philosophers of our time who readily conclude that all of human existence can simply be explained by reference to the primordial atomic soup from which all has evolved.  They do not explain where the atomic structure/fabric came from, they do not explain the source of the energy driving all that is, they ignore or gloss over the origins of art and beauty, and they completely ignore the obvious fact that the human line of species significantly deviates from otherwise predictable genetic destinies or even basic natural evolution of the rest of nature and its evolving complexity.</p>
<p>At first glance, the basic problem with evolutionary biology is that it rests upon what appears to be a purely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_time" target="_blank">linear view</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" target="_blank">time-space continuum</a>.  This purely <a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/holtorf/6.10.html" target="_blank">linear view</a> adds an unnecessary viscosity to the stream of the cosmos and nature itself. The evolutionists view does not account for the fact that all matter, or representations of matter, derive from an admittedly common source and <a href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kant/immanuel/k16p/k16p15.html" target="_blank">theoretical moment of being put in motion</a>.  That is, all things that can be perceived in the real world are the same age by reference to atomic matter, interactivity, and movement of the cosmos.</p>
<p>The only difference between one atomic structure and another is the &#8216;present&#8217; constituency of the thing perceived.  Under a non-linear view of time, it may just be the case that the &#8220;age&#8221; of things is a function of where they are in the movement of the &#8220;cosmic swirl.&#8221;  An evolutionist should not confuse the properties of age with actual age &#8212; if time can even be said to be a good structure for cosmology.  If there was a single moment of creation, moving forward, differing &#8220;ages&#8221; of the atomic world&#8217;s constituents are not so obvious as to merit the conclusion that the universe actually is 13.7 to 37 billion years old or any other specific age for that matter.  If, at the time the cosmos was put in motion, certain aspects of reality were given characteristics in their atomic structure that give off the impression of being &#8220;older,&#8221; it may simply be that the evolutionist has been fooled in much the way a purchaser of art might be fooled by the acquisition of a good faux painting.  The thing acquired or perceived has all of the characteristics, but is lacking in the need of its original creator and an understanding of the process leading up to the perceived masterpiece.</p>
<p>In other words, the moment of creation may simply have been a stirring of the pot by an Omnipotent and wholly self sufficient Primary Mover.  A cyclical or interwoven time structure is not the same as a linear structure which starts from a given point and brings us to something called &#8220;today.&#8221;  The &#8217;swirl&#8217;  of the cosmic mass we call reality should not be confused with a purely linear view of reality, upon which evolution must rely (i.e., reliance on a Big Bang, primordial soup, then various periods of evolution/advancement of varying species).  Obviously, if linear time is the framework for the edifice of evolution, there is a strong likelihood that evolutionary theory is defectively constructed.</p>
<p>Additionally, it seems that the atheist opposition confuses their perceived improbability of God with ultimate exclusion from the range of all possibilities.  In the view of Dawkins and his company, it is nearly an absolute truth that God does not exist.  Were it the case that Dawkins could overcome the long standing objections that might be made by <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berkeley/" target="_blank">George Berkeley</a> as to the importance of human perception in all of this, perhaps a better argument could be made.  However, Dawkins and his crew presuppose the validity and concrete values of their perceptions and just assume that a <em>consensus gentium</em> argument will carry the day because a vast number of other evolutionary biologists happen to agree on the notion that God, Creationism or Intelligent Design are improbable or altogether wacky.  Solipsism remains a strong enemy of confidence in the truth values of our own perceptions.  In fact it does seem that the utility and efficacy of certain &#8220;<a title="Definition of Meme" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">memes</span></a>&#8221; bears out this very problem.  Cultural evolution is a product of passed on perception, without necessary regard to or of principles deriving from mathematics or physics.</p>
<p>In order for anyone&#8217;s argument to work with respect to great cosmological arguments, it does seem that the veil of basic human perception must first be torn and put aside in favor of an unobstructed view of reality.  Humanity has proven itself quite incapable of divesting itself from its condition as a status which depends purely on the senses and humanized logic.  Professor Dawkins and his ilk may be assured that just as great a number of scientific theories have fallen, after ready acceptance by consensus, as have arguments for the existence of particular gods or ontologies.  In large part, it seems that the human defect of limited perception is the cause of a great number of these many failed scientific theories throughout history. Indeed, it seems apparent that our singular or collective experiences limit the conclusions to which we may arrive.  Experience naturally limits the parameters of what we can actually know.  Admittedly, the breadth of one&#8217;s &#8220;experience&#8221; can be widened with knowledge/exposure to mathematics, physics, chemistry, theory of biology, philosophy, and other areas of learning.  However, the expansion of theory is dependent on the limits of our own personal knowledge and that of our colleagues in thought.  The limits of humanity do not give way simply because one believes in evolutionary biology.</p>
<p>Father Time has proven himself to be a bitter enemy to the life span of most scientific theories.  As human perception &#8216;evolves,&#8217; scientific theories die.  Sometimes they die by the weight of their own complexity or the simply are shown to be inconsistent with the collective perceptions of an advanced humanity.  Oddly, however, the explanatory value of a higher cause or higher being has not died since the conceivable beginnings of human thought about the source of our being and the reasons for our existence.  This may be simply because a belief in God does provide a fabric to all that is.  Or, it may just as well be that the vast majority of humans have perceived something that can only be described as God.  For as many scientists and theologians as there have been in history, there have probably been nearly as many fools among them.</p>
<p>The pervasive perception of God, or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism" target="_blank">empirical basis</a> for the use of a word such as &#8220;God,&#8221; cannot be simply disregarded.  Simply because Dawkins has not personally perceived something that might be called God does not allow him to summarily dispense with any Wittgensteinean objections as to the limits of our language and ability to articulate what we experience.  It is undeniably the case that the Judeo-Christian view of the world has rather successfully sufficed to unite an advancing/progressive group of humans, indeed the entirety of Western Culture, of which Professor Dawkins would be a participant.  The &#8220;memes&#8221; of, or which are, Christianity have proven to be a rather powerful force by any account.  See generally, John 1:1-4 (KJV).</p>
<p>It seems to me that the evolutionists of our time ought to give some minor consideration to the thought that the theoretical explanans and the actual explanandum of human existence are conceivably different.  If truth be the sum of its complete, necessary and agreed upon conditions, the evolutionary biologists/theorists have plenty of agreement, but could not possibly have a complete or necessary epistemological basis for the ultimate truths they espouse.  Admittedly, the same applies for a strict historical or epistemological view of Christianity.</p>
<p>In the case of both Evolutionary Theory and the belief in God, there is indicia of pure <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" target="_blank">religion</a>.  Religion requires certain elements, which appear to be:  1.)  A redemptive or explanatory story for what is;  2.) An explanandum/definiendum which outside of complete human perception or experience;  3.) Preachers and prophets of the truth or content contained within the explanans/definiens; 4.) A body of the faithful who simply may have no epistemelogical basis for a belief in what is explained or the explanation itself; 5.) A desire to operate by explanatory fiat or ultimatum.  Zealotry on behalf of any such religion can lead to discord and unnecessary viscosity in the stream of otherwise valuable arguments.  Certainly, both sides of the Intelligent Design argument seem perfectly capable and willing to lift the sword toward the other.</p>
<p>Or it may very well be that the enemies of God are simply asking the wrong questions even about their own existence and be-ing (Dasein) in the Heideggerian sense.  Perhaps it is just that they think it important to &#8220;stir the pot&#8221; in the proverbial sense.  But what sense does it make to stir the pot if you&#8217;re in it?</p>
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<p>&#60;a href=&#8221;http://www.forexchecklist.com&#8221;&#62;forex trading online&#60;/a&#62;</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Dasein as Design]]></title>
<link>http://carmom.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/dasein-as-design/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:57:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>carmom</dc:creator>
<guid>http://carmom.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/dasein-as-design/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O texto de Henk Oosterling Dasein as Design fala-nos não só do percurso da história do Design desde ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>O texto de Henk Oosterling <strong>Dasein as Design</strong> fala-nos não só do percurso da história do Design desde o seu início, há cerca de 150 anos atrás, como do seu relacionamento com diferentes artes e culturas. Apesar de originado pela necessidade do mercado para tornar um produto esteticamente apetecível, esta designação de Design foi levada ao extremo no início da década de 60, onde a forma e estatuto social prevaleciam sendo a utilidade dispensável.<br />
Em 1990, surge uma 3ª fase do Design devido à revolução digital e globalização: a criatividade já não pertence só ao Designer, mas expande-se para um espaço intermédio entre criativo e consumidor. Esta mudança dá início ao Design Relacional, assim como a um novo papel social. A referência a este papel social já tinha gerado polémica em 1972, quando Victor Papanek escreveu:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/01/victor_papanek.php">“Design has become the most powerful tool with wich man shapes his tools and environments, and by extension, society and himself.”<br />
Victor Papanek, Design for the real world</a></p>
<p>Hoje em dia, Dasein é Design de uma forma natural, mais precisamente Design Relacional. Aprendemos a viver numa envolvente sociedade mediática, em constante comunicação e dependência. Qualquer impedimento em aceder ao espaço inter deixa-nos out: sentimo-nos ostracizados e perdidos. E temos o sentimento permanente de insatisfação, devido à criação constante de novas necessidades.</p>
<p>&#8220;Passion gets spent so quickly&#8221;<br />
Deyan Sudjic, The language of things<br />
<a href="http://www.maximumfun.org/shows/sound-young-america"><b>The Sound of Young America</b></a></p>
<p>Só nos apercebemos da Radical Mediocrity em que vivemos quando temos noção da abundância que nos rodeia. Apesar das diferentes abordagens a este problema pela parte de muitos Designers, a resposta está na necessidade de enfatizar o processo e não o produto final. Com a globalização, o individualismo e o processo criativo unilateral foram substituidos pela interdisciplinidade e pela interactividade: A Radical Mediocrity deve ser transformada em interesse.</p>
<p>“We live in a time when our relationship with our possessions is undergoing a radical transformation.”<br />
Deyan Sudjic, The language of things</p>
<p>Este desenvolvimento relacional também está presente na Arte e Arquitectura, criando uma rede de relações não só com o público mas entre as diferentes disciplinas. O Design Relacional evoca o respeito, a honra e a responsabilidade &#8211; valores desconhecidos para o consumismo e o individualismo -, apelando à consciência de cada Designer para a criação em conjunto de um novo ideal criativo.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.v2.nl/archive/people/henk-oosterling">“ Relational Design is the overture to a creative lifestyle whose cornerstones will be ecopolitical sustainability and geopolitical responsability.”<br />
Henk Oosterling, in Dasein as Design</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Dasein as Design Or: Must Design Save the World?]]></title>
<link>http://betweenmedia.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/dasein-as-design-or-must-design-save-the-world/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 17:55:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Pedro Carvalho</dc:creator>
<guid>http://betweenmedia.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/dasein-as-design-or-must-design-save-the-world/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O design no seu curto tempo de vida propôs como objectivo a criação de objectos úteis e esteticament]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>O design no seu curto tempo de vida propôs como objectivo a criação de objectos úteis e esteticamente agradáveis. Esta criação tem sido potenciada e aumentada a uma escala gigantesca pelo surgimento de novas técnicas, meios e esquemas de produção. A produção de bens usado o Design, nem sempre numa relação simbiótica, como meio para atingir volumes cada vez mais superiores servindo-se do seu propósito de tornar os objectos esteticamente apetecíveis neste caso mas sem acompanhar a vontade de os tornar sobretudo úteis, assim como Ossterling expôs “Design beautifies your environment but adds to the rubbish heap.”. No entanto o Design não se limita a intervir meramente a um nível limitado das interacções da sociedade, e o exemplo anterior delineia apenas uma das vertentes que constituem o papel do design na relação que tem com outros campos.</p>
<p>No que passou por ser um processo mais individualista no seu início passou a ser uma procura de interactividade com outras disciplinas na perspectiva de produzir valor do ponto de vista humano. O Design como disciplina que influencia o espaço através da intervenção que desenvolve com campos como a arquitectura com os meios de produção e consumo e com os sistemas funcionais da sociedade desempenha um papel critico no qual segundo Oosterling se pode avançar como questão “Must Design Save The World?”. A situação em que se encontra a sociedade, sobretudo a ocidental é uma que encontra a sua origem enquanto conjunto de valores no início da revolução industrial e mais recentemente influenciada pelo surgimento dos novos media. Gerou-se um ciclo de consumo e sobre-exploração de meios que pela sua natureza não é sustentável. A ubiquidade com que os novos media e avanços tecnológicos tomaram posse das nossas sociedade, da forma como comunicamos e das necessidades que temos ou que somos levados a crer que temos resultam da tentativa, que até agora com sucesso, procura o incessante desequilíbrio entre procura e oferta que regula os mercados e ultimamente impacta a sociedade em geral. Este desequilíbrio que se explica pela criação de novas necessidades, já que os processos de produção de que dispomos são várias vezes os necessário para assegurar as nossas necessidades reais, é auxiliado pelo Design e como tal este deve partilhar da responsabilidade que ao seu contributo assume para um cultura de trow-away. Um dos conceitos ou desafios que Oosterling apresenta é o de Dasein como Design, o que se impõe é que num sentido literal que se exista através do Design mas no qual se deve ler que o Design tem o poder de influenciar a forma como existimos, tem o poder de assegurar ou pelo menos despertar uma cadeia de eventos na qual possamos alcançar uma sociedade mais equilibrada e responsável. O Design deve e tem a possibilidade de repensar as relações com os objectos á luz dos novos meios deve promover o design relacional.</p>
<p>Os novos media são um elemento difusor, mensagem e produto que se instalaram e tomaram um rumo próprio, são também sem dúvida os novos produtos massificados da industria na forma como são definidores e definidos pela sociedade e criam espaços nos quais o Design pode reclamar e contactar com outras disciplinas e através de uma influência responsável e fiel ao principio de utilidade contribuir para uma mudança de hábitos, práticas e valores que transformam a nossa relação com o consumo. Ao integrar na sua acção um conjunto alargado de indivíduos que são importantes não só pela suas capacidades técnicas mas sobretudo pelo seu papel como elementos da sociedade, só por esta acção pode-se proporcionar a criação de objecto que respondam a uma emergente crise de consumo sem sentido na qual começa a emergir a necessidade de criar valor afectivo ao invés de criar apenas necessidade.</p>
<p>Texto original por Henk Oosterling em: <span style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#333333;font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;font-size:small;"><a href="http://www.premsela.org/_images/2007/01232.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.premsela.org/_images/2007/01232.pdf</a></span></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Das Herz im Universum verankern]]></title>
<link>http://herzgefuehl.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/das-herz-im-universum-verankern/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 15:49:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Josephine</dc:creator>
<guid>http://herzgefuehl.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/das-herz-im-universum-verankern/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[- Eine kleine Meditations-Empfehlung - ~ Unser Leben ist mehrdimensional. Wir gehen unseren alltägli]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:left;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-247" title="Magie der Gelassenheit (2009) © Bernd Wachtmeister / pixelio.de" src="http://herzgefuehl.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/387358_r_by_bernd-wachtmeister_pixelio-de.jpg" alt="Magie der Gelassenheit (2009)  von Bernd Wachtmeister / pixelio.de" width="400" height="400" /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
<h3 style="text-align:center;">- Eine kleine Meditations-Empfehlung -</h3>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">~</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Unser Leben ist mehrdimensional. Wir gehen unseren alltäglichen Verpflichtungen nach, bringen uns in der Welt, der Gemeinschaft, im Außen ein und kümmern uns um unsere Nächsten (in der Horizontalen) und andererseits leben wir  als &#8220;Ich&#8221; und Individuum, als ein eigenständiges, wenn auch nicht unabhängiges Wesen (in der Vertikalen). Wo sich Horizontales und Vertikales im Universum überschneidet, genau dort sind wir verankert und genau dort sitzt unser Herz.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Diese Schnittstelle zu finden und sich ihrer bewusst zu sein, ist nicht so einfach, weil sie in der Mitte zwischen allen Extremen sitzt. Und unser Alltag ist eher extrem: zu viel Stress, zu wenig Ruhe usw, ein Hin und Her zwischen der Gemeinschaft und für sich sein. Manchmal verzetteln wir uns so im Außen, dass wir unser Inneres kaum spüren.  Wir schwanken hin und her in Stimmungen und Gedanken, sind überall und nirgendwo&#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Einmal am Tag mit dem Herzen Kontakt aufzunehmen, ist sehr wohltuend. Das Herz verankert uns wieder und vergewissert uns unseres sicheren Platzes im Universum, im Hier und Jetzt. Nachfolgende kleine Meditation kann Ihnen helfen, sich wieder an Ihrer eigenen Mitte auszurichten <span style="color:#888888;">(&#8220;Meditation&#8221; von lat. &#8220;<em>meditatio</em>&#8221; &#8211; &#8220;<em>Ausrichtung zur Mitte</em>&#8220;)</span>:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><!--more--></p>
<p>Der erste Schritt, zum Herzen zu finden, ist das Schaffen von Raum und Stille. Finden Sie Raum für sich allein, indem Sie eine sich Zeit nehmen und Rückzug schaffen. Setzen Sie sich an Ihren Lieblingsplatz, sei es zu Hause oder im Freien. Und beginnen Sie, die Sinne aus der Horizontalen, aus dem Außen ab zu ziehen. Nehmen Sie sich für diese kleine Meditation eine gute halbe Stunde, besser noch  bis zu einer Stunde Zeit. Denn anfangs wird es Ihnen nicht leicht fallen, sich auf den Raum Ihres Herzens zu fokussieren. Und je stressiger der Tag ist, desto länger dauert es.</p>
<p>Um den richtigen Herzfokus zu finden, gibt es eine einfache Visualisierung: In der Mitte Ihrer Brust stellen Sie sich Ihr geistiges Herz vor. Das kann eine Lichtkugel sein, ein geöffnete Blüte oder etwas anderes Leuchtendes und Warmes. Es verweilt da ruhig und klar in Ihnen und dort sitzt auch der Kern Ihrer Seele oder Ihres Daseins.</p>
<p>Da sich Ihre Gedanken sicher leichter Hand mit allen möglichen Vorkommnissen das Tages beschäftigen und somit ein Teil Ihres Geistes immer außerhalb Ihres Körpers gedanklich unterwegs ist, hilft folgende Vorstellung: Von diesem Licht in Ihrem Herzen gehen viele Strahlen aus, in alle Himmelsrichtungen, berühren das, womit Sie sich geistig beschäftigen und was sie umgibt. Durch die Berührung verwandeln sich alles in Licht. Dann kehren die Strahlen zurück in ihr Herz und bringen alle zerfledderten Gedanken und Anteile Ihres Geistes mit zurück in Ihr geistiges Herz.  Nehmen Sie sich ruhig etwas Zeit dafür. Je mehr Ihr Geist sich zentriert, desto bewusster nehmen Sie auch ihren Körper wahr und spüren ihn. Irgendwann fühlen Sie sich in ihrem eigenen Körper angekommen. Alle äußeren Ablenkungen haben Sie nun aufgelöst und Ihren Geist im Herzen gesammelt.</p>
<p>Nun ist es hilfreich, sich in der Vertikale zu verankern. Stellen Sie sich vor, dass durch Ihren ganzen Körper, das Rückrad hinab bis in den Boden und hinauf  bis zum Scheitel diese Vertikale verläuft, die sie verankert. Diese Vertikale können Sie nach unten und oben weiter denken und sich vorstellen, dass sie ganz fest im Himmel und in der Erde verankert sind. Stellen Sie sich am oberen Ende der Vertikale ein Wesen Ihres Glaubens oder Vertrauens vor oder einfach ein warmes, tröstendes, umarmendes Licht, dass mitten aus den Weiten des Universums auf sie herab scheint. Spüren Sie wie es sie dort in der Verankerung hält und über diese Vertikale hinab Ihnen in Form von Licht Liebe und Zuneigung zusendet. Dies fließt in Ihr Herz und bringt es noch stärker zum leuchten.</p>
<p>Haben Sie das Gefühl, dass Ihr Herz davon überläuft, dann lassen Sie es ruhig weiter fließen und schicken den Segen in die Welt hinaus und in die Erde, wie ein kleines Dankeschön dafür, dass Sie Jetzt und Hier Teil haben können, an der Vielfalt des Lebens, der Welt und des Universums.</p>
<p>Nach dieser kleinen Meditation und etwas Übung können Sie beobachten, dass sie sich gut geerdet und verankert fühlen. Und zwar genau da, wo sie gerade sitzen. Sei es auf der Couch oder dem Stuhl oder im Schneidersitz auf der Erde. Und sie spüren die Schnittstelle, Ihre Schnittstelle im Universum. Sie verläuft geradewegs durch ihr Herz.</p>
<p>Ihr Herz müsste sich inzwischen viel größer anfühlen, als noch zu Anfang der kleinen Meditation. Als hätte es mehr Raum gewonnen, in Ihrer Brust. Wenn sie nun ein wenig mit Ihrer Aufmerksamkeit im Herzen verweilen können, ist das gut. Spüren Sie ruhig, wie es da in Ihrer Brust strahlt und leuchtet! Und was es Ihnen noch zu sagen oder zu zeigen hat.</p>
<p>Die Beobachtungen, die Sie bei fortschreitender Übung machen, können vielfältig sein: Entweder fühlen Sie pulsierende Energie, Ruhe, ein wenig Freude. Vielleicht fühlen Sie sich auch entspannt und müde, als könnten Sie sich gleich zusammen rollen wie ein Kätzchen und sich ausruhen. Oder sie lauschen noch ein wenig auf ihr Herz, das Ihnen vielleicht hilft, Abstand zum Tag zu nehmen und Ereignisse in einem neuen Licht zu sehen. Manchmal haben Sie kleine Geistesblitze, plötzlich sehen Sie die Lösung für ein Problem oder haben neue Ideen. Sie spüren vielleicht in diesem Moment genauer, was Sie brauchen, um sich gut zu regenerieren, um sich wieder in Ordnung und Harmonie zu bringen und zu wappnen, für neue Herausforderungen.</p>
<h6 style="text-align:right;"><span style="color:#999999;">© Josephine Lehnert, www.empathische-lebensberatung.de</span></h6>
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<title><![CDATA[a baleia dos media]]></title>
<link>http://plastessina.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/16/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2009 02:35:31 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>plastessina</dc:creator>
<guid>http://plastessina.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/16/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Foi há mais de cem anos que Geppetto transformou um pau falante num boneco de madeira e, feitas as p]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Foi há mais de cem anos que Geppetto transformou um pau falante num boneco de madeira e, feitas as pernas, o viu fugir para a rua. Quando <a title="Adventures of Pinocchio" href="http://publicliterature.org/books/adventures_of_pinocchio/xaa.php" target="_blank">Geppetto criou o Pinóquio</a>, não sabia que não ia ter controlo sobre ele e que ia acabar dentro de uma baleia.</p>
<p>No século XXI, os media são os nossos pinóquios. Há muito que deixamos de ter poder sobre aquilo que criamos. Henk Oosterling, em <em>Dasein as Design or: Must Design Save the World</em> defende que <em>os media criaram os seus próprios mundos e nós aprendemos a viver neles</em> (1). Deixaram de ser um meio de transmitir uma mensagem, são agora eles mesmo a mensagem. Entendem-se agora, como necessidades básicas, no sentido em que formam o espaço onde actuamos: são a nossa natureza.</p>
<p>Aos screenagers (2) já não lhes parece suportável viver sem os media que abundam e sobre os quais estão sempre a tropeçar. Isso seria estar <em>psico-tecnologicamente sozinho</em> (3). A esta atitude irreflectida, Henk Oosterling chama mediocridade radical (4). É fácil ser engolido pela baleia dos media, mas é preciso sair dela para entender que a mensagem que ela constitui pode ser, por vezes, vazia. Quando entendemos a abundância que nos envolve, conseguimos que as relações aconteçam e aumentem. Neste caso, os media constroem um espaço de relações e é aqui que o design actua, enquanto design relacional, também proposto por Oosterling.</p>
<p>Parece-me fundamental que se estude profundamente esta evolução dos media e, mais ainda, da forma como nos vamos acomodando a eles. No fundo, o que continua a interessar são as relações, mesmo no nosso <em>Dasein</em> (5) enquanto existência nos media. Segundo Gilles Deleuze e Michel Foucault, somos primeiramente um divíduo e só depois um indivíduo, isto é, somos um “nós” e a seguir um “eu”.</p>
<p>No filme <em>Waking Life </em>de Richard Linklater, acompanhamos o sonho de um rapaz que não consegue acordar. Durante o sonho, ele é confrontado com várias pessoas que levantam uma série de questões existenciais e a certa altura dizem-lhe que é possível controlar os seus sonhos. A partir do momento que entende que está num sonho e não se entusiasma o suficiente (o que o levaria a acordar), pode fazer dele o que bem entender.</p>
<p>Os media cada vez mais nos podem levar onde bem quisermos. Entendo isto como algo positivo. Desde que nos entusiasmemos sempre o suficiente para acordar.</p>
<h6><img class="size-full wp-image-19" title="waking life" src="http://plastessina.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/waking-life1.jpg" alt="waking life" width="500" height="281" />(Fotograma do filme Waking Life (2001) de Richard Linklater)</h6>
<h6>-</h6>
<h6>1 Tradução a partir da versão inglesa de Laura Martz do livro referido (2009): <em>Media create their own worlds, and we learn to live in them.</em></h6>
<h6>2 Termo utilizado por Douglas Rushkoff, no seu livro <em>Playing the Future</em> (1997), para se referir à geração que cresceu com a linguagem dos novos media.</h6>
<h6>3 Tradução a partir da versão inglesa de Laura Martz do livro referido atrás de Henk Oosterling: <em>psycho-technologically alone.</em></h6>
<h6>4  Tradução a partir da versão inglesa de Laura Martz do livro referido atrás de Henk Oosterling:<em> <em>radical mediocrity.</em></em></h6>
<h6>5<em><em> </em></em>Termo utilizado por Martin Heidegger em <em>Being and Time </em>(1927) para designar a existência, no sentido de existir-no-mundo.</h6>
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<title><![CDATA[Sport und Zeit]]></title>
<link>http://tanas.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/sport-und-zeit/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 25 Oct 2009 12:20:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Tanas</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tanas.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/sport-und-zeit/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Metrou, 8 fără un sfert dimineaţa. O domnişoară drăguţă cu ochelari (genul intelectual) citeşte dint]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Metrou, 8 fără un sfert dimineaţa. O domnişoară drăguţă cu ochelari (genul intelectual) citeşte dint]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Três conceitos de existência em Ser e Tempo]]></title>
<link>http://distropia.wordpress.com/2009/10/12/tres-conceitos-de-existencia-em-ser-e-tempo/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 12 Oct 2009 19:27:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>marcosfanton</dc:creator>
<guid>http://distropia.wordpress.com/2009/10/12/tres-conceitos-de-existencia-em-ser-e-tempo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A tese que gostaria de defender neste post é a de que podemos encontrar, em Ser e Tempo, três concei]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>A tese que gostaria de defender neste post é a de que podemos encontrar, em <em>Ser e Tempo</em>, três conceitos diferentes de existência. Porém, será que isto decorre do jeito impreciso e obscuro de Heidegger escrever? E, se o conceito de existência é tão ambíguo, podemos utilizá-lo de modo filosoficamente correto? Em um primeiro momento, vou expor os três conceitos e, ao final, vou responder estas perguntas.</p>
<p>Ao lermos com atenção <em>Ser e tempo</em>, perceberemos que Heidegger não é totalmente claro ao falar do conceito de existência. Ora ele o apresenta como o todo do ser do Dasein, ora o considera um momento constitutivo do <em>cuidado</em>, identificando-o com o existencial do compreender. Esta ambigüidade foi anotada pelo próprio Heidegger, em seu <em>Hüttenexemplar</em>, no início do §64, quando ele diz: &#8220;existência significa: 1. Todo o ser do <em>Dasein</em>; 2. Somente o ‘compreender’&#8221;.</p>
<p>É somente no §45 que encontramos algumas explicações sobre isso. Heidegger irá afirmar, ali, que o conceito de existência foi o fio condutor da analítica existencial do Dasein e que, nesta etapa da investigação (na assim conhecida “parada metodológica”), é possível distinguirmos dois significados da palavra “existência”: [i] formalmente, existência designa o modo específico de <em>ser</em> do ser humano, qual seja,que  este ente relaciona-se consigo mesmo e, ao mesmo tempo, com os entes intramundanos; e [ii] em sua constituição concreta, ela está em co-originária conexão com a facticidade e a decaída do Dasein, pertencendo a um dos momentos constitutivos do <em>cuidado</em> (o ser do Dasein). Além disso, no §65 e seguintes, após a descoberta da temporalidade como sentido do ser do <em>Dasein </em>e a consequente exigência de uma repetição da analítica existencial, encontramos uma terceira definição da palavra analisada. A fim de ressaltar a condição ontológico-temporal do <em>Dasein</em>, isto é, a sua condição de ente que já sempre transcende a si mesmo a partir de um horizonte extático, Heidegger falará em <em>ex-sistência</em> (que pode ser entendida como uma re-elaboração da primeira definição, já que se refere à totalidade do ser do <em>Dasein</em>).</p>
<p>Assim, três são os conceitos de existência em <em>Ser e tempo</em>:[1] existência como o todo do ser do <em>Dasein</em>; [2] existência como um dos momentos constitutivos do ser do <em>Dasein</em>, o cuidado, ao lado da facticidade e da decaída; e [3] existência como <em>ex-sistência</em>, no qual o caráter transcendente do <em>Dasein </em>é destacado.</p>
<p>Em um primeiro momento, este pode ser considerado mais um caso de imprecisão conceitual, típico da suposta incontrolabilidade de sentido do método fenomenológico (como Tugendhat o coloca). Muitos já foram os filósofos que criticaram este modo abrupto e vago com que Heidegger introduzia suas teses ou seus conceitos, alertando para uma falha em seu método (dentre eles, temos Ryle, Carnap, Apel, Tugendhat). Uma das conseqüências mais graves para este modo de proceder heideggeriano, de um modo geral, é a falta de um critério intersubjetivo, no qual se pudesse compreender seus textos sem cairmos em dogmatismos.</p>
<p>No entanto, mesmo que Heidegger possa ser considerado um autor obscuro, muitas das críticas realizadas ao seu método parecem errar o alvo, tendo em vista seu alheamento e, com isso, intolerância, às particularidades do modo de proceder fenomenológico. Sou da opinião, então, de que o método fenomenológico não está condenado a trabalhar com conceitos vagos ou ambíguos. O seu modo de proceder parte da convicção de que não nos é possível nem antecipar totalmente a nossa compreensão sobre o objeto tematizado nem mesmo prescindir de uma revisão e re-elaboração dos pressupostos aceitos inicialmente (o que caracteriza a “situação hermenêutica” ou “parada metodológica”). Por isso, as referidas críticas ao método fenomenológico devem ser dirigidas muito mais a uma espécie de “recurso estilístico” heideggeriano do que ao método enquanto tal.</p>
<p>Além disso, acredito que o conceito de existência, mesmo que receba uma modificação conceitual ao longo do tratado,  não chega a se caracterizar como como um conceito <em>genuinamente ambíguo</em>, quer dizer, o conceito de existência não chega a ter significados e, ao mesmo tempo, usos semânticos totalmente diferentes. Pelo contrário, todos eles estão sistematicamente conectados uns aos outros ao se referirem ao conceito de <em>Dasein </em>(mas, seria preciso identificar a etapa da investigação em <em>Ser e tempo</em>). Esta conclusão mostra-nos, assim, a possibilidade de estabelecermos critérios semânticos para o conceito heideggeriano de existência e, nesse sentido, uma controlabilidade de seu significado. Mas, para realmente termos uma compreensão precisa do conceito heideggeriano de existência, também os conceitos utilizados para explicar tal conceito precisariam ter critérios intersubjetivos.</p>
<p>Por fim, se houver alguma crítica a este post a partir da idéia de que &#8220;colocar Heidegger em uma semântica clara e explícita não é fazer fenomenologia hermenêutica&#8221;, que o post está demasiadamente &#8220;analítico&#8221;, que eu estou desbancando para a &#8220;lógica&#8221;, que o conceito de existência é muito mais &#8220;profundo&#8221; do que isto, por favor, ligue para 0xx51-9944-0756, que eu quero responder <em>pessoalmente</em>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Dasein (e Catarina Pestana)]]></title>
<link>http://dreamfeel.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/dasein-e-catarina-pestana/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 01:51:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Joao Ledo Fonseca</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dreamfeel.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/dasein-e-catarina-pestana/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The word Dasein was used by several philosophers before Heidegger, with the meaning of &#8220;existe]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[The word Dasein was used by several philosophers before Heidegger, with the meaning of &#8220;existe]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Designwise - Objects With a Twist]]></title>
<link>http://dreamfeel.wordpress.com/2009/10/05/designwise-objects-with-a-twist/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2009 16:52:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Joao Ledo Fonseca</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dreamfeel.wordpress.com/2009/10/05/designwise-objects-with-a-twist/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;DESIGNWISE é uma marca que edita objectos e produtos originais criados por designers portugue]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[&#8220;DESIGNWISE é uma marca que edita objectos e produtos originais criados por designers portugue]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Cotitura copernicană şi cotitura existenţială]]></title>
<link>http://analizaexistentiala.wordpress.com/2009/09/16/cotitura-copernicana-si-cotitura-existentiala/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2009 07:37:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>analizaexistentiala</dc:creator>
<guid>http://analizaexistentiala.wordpress.com/2009/09/16/cotitura-copernicana-si-cotitura-existentiala/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ştim că e un subiect cam greoi, sunt atâtea nuanţe, atâtea trimiteri. Să incercăm totuşi să-l facem ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-181" title="sens ex." src="http://analizaexistentiala.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/sens-ex.jpg" alt="sens ex." width="500" height="375" />Ştim că e un subiect cam greoi, sunt atâtea nuanţe, atâtea trimiteri. Să incercăm totuşi să-l facem inteligibil fără să-l vulgarizăm. Sunt doi protagonişti aici: V. Frankl şi A. Längle. Ştim, din cele câteva idei despre sens din postările anterioare, că Frankl a reaşezat felul în care privim şi înţelegem sensul. Să vedem cam pe unde am ajuns acum.</p>
<p>“Împlinim sensul existenţei (Dasein-ului) – ne împlinim cu sens existenţa (Dasein-ul) – întotdeauna prin faptul că realizăm valori&#8221; (V.Frankl ). Dar tot aşa precum sensul derivă, în concepţia lui Frankl, dintr-un “supra-sens” dintr-un sens suprem, tot aşa şi valorile, în aceiaşi concepţie, nu-şi dobândesc “valoarea” decât prin raportare la o “valoare absolută” care este divinitatea însăşi. Cu alte cuvinte, Dumnezeu este atât “supra-sensul ” cât şi “valoarea absolută”, şi tot de la el, sub forma “unei voci a transcendenţei”, ne este dată conştiinţa  &#8211; “organ al sensului” -  cu ajutorul căreia descoperim sensul în fiecare situaţie concertă prin faptul că împlinim valori.</p>
<p>În lucrarea sa “Sinn-Glaube oder Sinn-Gespür? Zur Differenzierung von ontologischem und existentiellem Sinn in der Logotherpie”, Alfried Längle  referindu-se la aceste aserţiuni contradictorii, constată: “Dacă urmărim în continuare înţelegerea lui Frankl, concepţia sa despre sens ne apare la prima vedere ca un cerc vicios. Am văzut că descoperirea sensului este posibilă prin descoperirea valorilor. În ceea ce le priveşte  valorile, ele se deduc dintr-o valoare maximă absolută. Între acesta şi Dumnezeu, Frankl pune semnul egalităţii. Această valoare maximă nu <em>are</em> nici un sens, pentru că <em>este sensul </em>însuşi. În altă parte Frankl ne spune că fiecărei fiinţe (Sein), aşadar fiecărei valori care există, <em>sensul îi este întotdeauna premergător.</em> Sensul este premergător ontic şi ontologic valorilor. Altfel spus: premisa sensului este valoarea; dar valoare este doar ceea ce are sens. <em>La început a fost sensul,</em> îşi intitula Frankl, programatic, un interviu despre sens. Sensul a fost înaintea fiinţei (Sein), înaintea valorii. De aceea valorile ne pot servi pentru a ajunge la sens. Poate aşa s-ar putea rezolva tautologia. Valorile se prezintă ca posibilităţi de a accede la dimensiunea sensului, deoarece ele derivă din sensul primordial sau <em>supra-sens,</em> care este el însuşi şi conferă sens la tot şi toate: Dumnezeu „(A.Längle).</p>
<p>În viziunea lui Frankl asupra sensului se realizează un amestec, caracterizat de Längle ca “exploziv” al planului religios cu cel psihologic şi psihoterapeutic. Aceasta a avut drept consecinţă apariţia în sânul logoterapiei, dar şi în afara ei, a diverse curente şi contradicţii. Unii au văzut logoterapia ca primar religioasă şi deşi fundamentată transconfesional, o confirmare a propriei lor credinţe şi religiozităţi. O “psihoterapie” (Frankl personal a ocolit acest termen preferându-l pe cel de terapie şi a vorbit întotdeauna despre o <em>completare a psihoterapiilor tradiţionale</em>) având la bază o înţelegere şi o angajare de tip religios. Orice încercare de psihologizare a acesteia neputând duce decât la o mărginire şi ştirbire a profunzimii acestei perspective.</p>
<p>O serie de analişti precum Yalom, Caponetto sau Röhlin  subliniază caracterul religios al înţelegerii conceptului de sens în scrierile lui Frankl, aducând în felul acesta, chiar şi indirect, noi argumente în favoarea tezei cum că logoterapia s-ar dori un soi de “înlocuitor de religie” (“Religionsersatz”). Pe de altă parte, alţi cercetători, văd conceptul de sens ca ancorat emoţional iar prin aceasta fundamental psihologic (A.Längle ).</p>
<p>Frankl distinge totuşi între un sens, să-i spunem imanent  şi unul transcendent. Primul poate fi descoperit cu ajutorul conştiinţei – organ al sensului – prin împlinirea de valori ca: <em>o posibilitate pe fundalul realităţii,</em> în timp ce, cel de-al doilea poate fi doar eventual intuit, bănuit, putându-se accede la el prin revelaţie şi credinţă dar în nici un caz prin gândire. “A gândi supra-sensul este imposibil; aşa că este nevoie să credem în el” (V.Frankl). Astfel înţeles, conceptul de sens a lui Frankl este potenţial şi existenţial în situaţia concretă dar în acelaşi timp şi în ultimă instanţă absolut deoarece derivă din absolut şi premerge întreaga fiinţă. Elaborată în baza unei  asemenea concepţii asupra sensului, logoterapia  şi-a dovedit în decursul timpului efectul benefic şi eficacitatea ca sprijin şi suport psihologic pentru cei aflaţi în căutarea sensului, oferind celor în suferinţă, şi nu numai, o cale de acces spre absolut, spre propria lor religiozitate neconştientizată încă.</p>
<p>Depăşirea acestui amestec al planului religios cu cel psihologic, al confuziilor şi controverselor pe această temă, devine posibilă în momentul în care se face distincţia dintre un <em>sens ontologic</em>, pe care un lucru sau o situaţie îl are în sine şi un <em>sens existenţial</em>, sensul personal, subiectiv, pe care un lucru sau o situaţie particulară îl are, pentru un anumit om la un moment dat. Realizând această distincţie Alfried Längle desăvârşeşte <em>cotitura copernicană </em>a lui Frankl, în ceea ce priveşte înţelegerea şi problematica sensului, printr-o adevărată <em>cotitură existenţială. </em></p>
<p>“Din punct de vedere <em>ontologic </em>va fi urmărită corelaţia pe care un lucru în sine o conţine şi care nu se poate deduce în cele din urmă decât din <em>planul general de construcţie al lumii</em>, care conferă sens respectivului lucru sau respectivei întâmplări. La aceasta omul este doar cel care observă, percepe, gândeşte. După părerea mea, felul în care Frankl înţelege  sensului trebuie, la o ultimă analiză, cantonat aici” (A.Längle ). La limita cunoaşterii ne vom confrunta întotdeauna cu sensul ontologic, cu întrebarea plină de candoare a copilului: <em>de ce?</em></p>
<p>Şi tot la fel vom fi confruntaţi cu acesta în faţa unei suferinţe de ne înlăturat, ”deoarece prin declarata şi autonoma ne-ştiinţă a sensului se realizează o uşurare”(Längle ).</p>
<p>Atunci când distinge între un <em>sens ontologic </em>şi unul <em>existenţial, </em>Längle se diferenţiază de Frankl prin însuşi modul de abordare a acestei problematici. Cea a lui  Frankl este una de natură idealist – platoniciană; pentru el la început este Dumnezeu, iar Dumnezeu e sensul. Cu alte cuvinte, <em>sensul premerge fiinţa, </em>fiind astfel <em><span style="text-decoration:underline;">apriori</span></em>.</p>
<p>Pentru Längle, care adoptă o abordare empiric – aristotelică, dimpotrivă,  <em>fiinţa</em> este aceea care poate <em>ajunge la sens,</em> sensul fiind văzut din această perspectivă ca <em><span style="text-decoration:underline;">aposteriori</span></em>, iar la sfârşit, rămâne deschiderea spre Dumnezeu. În felul acesta, după cum bine observă N. Espinosa, Längle distinge între “sensul în sine” şi “sensul pentru mine”, distincţie pe care Frankl nu o face.</p>
<p>Înţelegerea existenţială a sensului nu mai porneşte de la o axiomă ci de la om, de la originea sa, libertatea sa, posibilitatea sa de a putea fi şi de a deveni. “Sensul existenţial face recurs la posibilităţile pe care omul le are şi la realitate, realitate care este pentru om doar acolo unde el  nu-şi falsifică singur drumul. Acolo unde este deschis la impresia (amprenta) lumii. Acolo unde este vorba despre existenţă va fi văzut subiectul ca punct de pornire al tuturor acţiunilor. Sensul existenţial începe de la ceea ce poate cuprinde omul în miezul situaţiei prin faptul că se simte mişcat (impresionat)”(A.Längle)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Os modos de ser do “Dasein” a partir da analítica existencial heideggeriana]]></title>
<link>http://pensamentoextemporaneo.wordpress.com/2009/08/15/os-modos-de-ser-do-%e2%80%9cdasein%e2%80%9d-a-partir-da-analitica-existencial-heideggeriana/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 2009 15:00:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mauro</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pensamentoextemporaneo.wordpress.com/2009/08/15/os-modos-de-ser-do-%e2%80%9cdasein%e2%80%9d-a-partir-da-analitica-existencial-heideggeriana/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Luciano da Silva Roberto Van Gogh, A sesta, 1890 Ao estudar a filosofia de Martin Heidegger (1889-19]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Luciano da Silva Roberto Van Gogh, A sesta, 1890 Ao estudar a filosofia de Martin Heidegger (1889-19]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Menyambut Kematian (Konyol)]]></title>
<link>http://lembataku.wordpress.com/2009/07/30/menyambut-kematian-konyol/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2009 14:15:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lembataku</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lembataku.wordpress.com/2009/07/30/menyambut-kematian-konyol/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[(Catatan: Saya juga putra Lembata, dan tulisan ini juga terbit di Harian Kompas, 30 Juli 2009, hlm. ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>(Catatan: Saya juga putra Lembata, dan tulisan ini juga terbit di Harian Kompas, 30 Juli 2009, hlm. 7)</p>
<p>Kamis, 30 Juli 2009 &#124; 03:10 WIB</p>
<p align="center"><strong>Jeremias Jena </strong></p>
<p>Jika sosok penenteng tas seperti terekam kamera CCTV benar pelaku bom bunuh diri di Mega Kuningan, 17 Juli lalu, kita sedang menyaksikan bagaimana para teroris dengan dingin menyambut kematiannya.</p>
<p>Sikap itu tampak dalam pengakuan para pelaku bom Bali II yang yakin, jiwa mereka langsung menikmati kebahagiaan surgawi.</p>
<p>Sukacitakah mereka menyongsong kematian? Apakah mereka telah menghayati seluruh perjalanan hidup sebagai ”mengada menuju kematian” (being towards death)?</p>
<p>Pertanyaan terakhir ini pernah menjadi preokupasi pemikiran Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). Menurut Heidegger, ada dua cara menghayati hidup di dunia, secara otentik dan tidak otentik. Manusia hidup di dunia (umwelt) melalui tiga cara. Manusia tidak hanya hidup dengan sesama (being-with-others), tetapi juga berdampingan dengan benda (being-alongside-things), bereksistensi pada dirinya (Selbstein).</p>
<p><strong>Lenyapnya individu</strong></p>
<p>Ketidakotentikan penghayatan hidup terjadi saat pertama, manusia hanyut dalam dunia benda-benda dan dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh alat yang diciptakan sendiri. Kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang memosisikan manusia hanya sebagai obyek menjadi salah satu bukti ketidakotentikan penghayatan hidup manusia. Manusia mengalienasikan diri dalam teknik atau alat buatannya sendiri. Sementara ketidakotentikan yang lain terletak pada bagaimana manusia membiarkan diri dikuasai massa. Moda Selbstein hilang dalam massa (das Man), individu ditelan kerumunan (the They).</p>
<p>Bagi Heidegger, lenyapnya individu dalam kerumunan (das Man) akan menyulitkan individu membebaskan diri darinya, persis saat perangai massa yang menenangkan (tranquillizing). Massa atau kerumunan dengan seluruh kekuatan ideologisnya tidak hanya membelenggu individu, tetapi sekaligus mengalienasi dan mendekap (self-entangling). Mengalienasi diri (individu) dalam kerumunan ibarat menikmati candu yang mengakibatkan ketagihan dan ketergantungan.</p>
<p>Tidak mudah membebaskan diri dari perangkap kerumunan dan ideologi yang membentengi. Dibutuhkan usaha keras agar bisa sampai level menghayati keseharian sebagai kekhawatiran (angst/anxiety), setidaknya rasa resah bahwa seseorang sedang terperangkap dan teralienasi, entah dalam dunia alat atau ideologi tertentu. Perasaan resah seperti inilah yang akan mendorong individu melakukan diskursus, dengan demikian membebaskan dirinya dari perangkap dunia benda maupun ideologi tertentu.</p>
<p><strong>Kematian</strong></p>
<p>Kematian merupakan keresahan terbesar yang terus mengusik individu saat menghayati kehidupannya. Kematian menampakkan diri sebagai faktisitas yang ”memaksa” individu menghayati dan memaknakan hidupnya dalam diskursus serta perumusan aneka kepentingan bersama orang lain dengan memanfaatkan berbagai alat yang tersedia. Menghayati kehidupan sebagai eksistensi menuju kematian membangkitkan tanggung jawab individu guna memahami dirinya sebagai ”ada” (being) tidak hanya bagi diri sendiri, tetapi juga bersama orang lain di dunia fisik.</p>
<p>Pertanyaannya, apakah para teroris menghayati kematian mereka sebagai puncak keotentikan penghayatan hidup tanpa mengobyekkan atau mengorbankan orang lain? Jika tidak mau disebut kekonyolan, kematian yang dihadapi para teroris tidak lebih dari rusak atau hancurnya sebuah benda. Kematian mereka justru terjadi tanpa identitas persis saat individualitas mereka dikerangkeng ideologi radikal tertentu yang mereka anut.</p>
<p>Kematian mereka hayati secara nihilistik sebagai sarana untuk menghancurkan sesama maupun dunia fisik itu sendiri.</p>
<p><strong>Alat membebaskan diri</strong></p>
<p>Di sini epistemologi penghayatan hidup dalam pemikiran Heidegger mengingatkan kematian dihayati kaum teroris hanya sebagai alat untuk membebaskan diri dari ketidaksanggupan ”mengada bersama orang lain”. Ideologi yang mereka anut adalah candu yang memberangus nalar (diskursus atau logos), dan karena itu memutus jembatan penghubung dengan sesama.</p>
<p>Ketidaksanggupan membuka ruang dialog dengan sesama diganti ”nazar” untuk memperjuangkan ideologi radikal sebagai satu-satunya jalan dan kebenaran. Padahal, kebenaran yang dimaksud tidak pernah difalsifikasi persis saat ruang diskursus telah lebih dulu diberangus.</p>
<p>Karena itu, langkah meyakinkan dari para teroris menyambut kematian sambil menenteng tas berisi bom adalah langkah kelompok yang gagal berelasi dengan diri sendiri. Mereka tidak lebih dari sekelompok benda atau alat tanpa rasa, tanpa kekhawatiran. Kematian mereka pun ibarat membuang kerikil di lautan lepas, hilang tak berbekas. Mereka mati tanpa meninggalkan jejak individualitas.</p>
<p>Jeremias Jena <em>Dosen Filsafat di Fakultas Psikologi Unika Atma Jaya, Jakarta</em></p>
<p>Sumber: Kompas, 30 Juli 2009.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Notas sobre el concepto de filosofía en Heidegger (1927)]]></title>
<link>http://erichluna.wordpress.com/2009/07/25/notas-sobre-el-concepto-de-filosofia-en-heidegger-1927/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2009 01:48:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Erich Luna</dc:creator>
<guid>http://erichluna.wordpress.com/2009/07/25/notas-sobre-el-concepto-de-filosofia-en-heidegger-1927/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Dentro de los pocos cursos de Heidegger que he revisado, principalmente los cursos de Marburgo de la]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-294" title="9788481643992" src="http://erichluna.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/9788481643992.gif" alt="9788481643992" width="170" height="269" />Dentro de los pocos cursos de Heidegger que he revisado, principalmente los cursos de Marburgo de la década de 1920, debo decir que el curso Los problemas fundamentales de la fenomenología, de 1927, es quizá el <em>mejor</em>. Y es que este curso es considerado como la tercera sección, nunca publicada, de la primera mitad de<em> Ser y tiempo</em>. El propio Heidegger se refiere así a este curso en su ejemplar de <em>Ser y tiempo</em> de la cabaña que tenía en la Selva Negra. El curso tiene dos partes, en la primera se hace una interpretación fenomenológica de las cuatro principales tesis sobre el ser. En la segunda parte se hace un tratamiento fenomenológico de la temporalidad (<em>Zeitlichkeit</em>) del <em>Dasein</em>.</p>
<p>En la introducción, Heidegger hace una exposición de lo que constituye para el lo propio de la filosofía y de su método. La filosofía es ciencia del ser, no del ente (<em>diferencia ontológica</em>). Esto implica que la filosofía no puede darnos una concepción del mundo (<em>Weltanschauung</em>), ni normar posibilidades fácticas del <em>Dasein </em>humano. El método de la filosofía es el fenomenólogico, que busca describir el ser, los modos de ser, las estructuras de ser del ente. De ahí que la filosofía sea únicamente posible como <em>ontología fenomenológica</em>. Sobre este concepto de filosofía presente una breve ponencia en el Simposio de estudiantes de la PUCP del año pasado titulada: &#8220;La filosofía como ciencia crítica&#8221;, que me gustaría retomar, rearticular y profundizar, quizá para el congreso que se viene, si es que las condiciones son felxibles para los que no somos especialistas.</p>
<p>Creo que esta concepción del quehacer filosófico puede ser una variable importante a considerar, si queremos saber qué dice Heidegger acerca de lo que hace, más allá de que sea exáctamente así. Digo esto porque al escindir a la filosofía de las posibilidades ónticas del <em>Dasein</em>, la posición política cae fuera de ahí. Es decir, que Heidegger no sería nacionalsocialista, en cuanto filósofos, sino en cuanto <em>Dasein </em>fáctico, perteneciente a una época. Por lo menos no podría justificar su posición política <em>filosóficamente</em>, ya que esa no es una tarea filosófica. A lo más, la filosofía podría describir y tematizar la ontología de lo político, pero en vistas a abordar la pregunta por el sentido del ser en general. Preguntas ónticas como &#8220;¿Cuál es el mejor sistema de gobierno?&#8221;o pueden ser tratadas por la filosofía.</p>
<p>La conclusión es que Heidegger, si asumimos que hace lo que dice que hace, es nacionalsocialista no en cuanto filósofo. Los defensores de Heidegger quizá dirían que eso solamente concluiría que su filosofía no es necesariamente nacionalsocialista, ya que la filosofía no tiene una conexión  esencial con las posibilidades fácticas, de lo político, del Dasein fáctico. Eso es cuierto, su filosofía no debería ser, por lo menos en esta época, &#8220;incompatible&#8221; con otras posiciones políticas, como la &#8220;democracia&#8221;. Pero, lo que a mí me parecía importante es que se deriva lo contrario: que su filosofía no es &#8220;incompatible&#8221; con posiciones políticas como el nacionalsocialismo. Digo esto porque la posición política, de acuerdo a lo que Heidegger dice que es la filosofía, no tiene nada que ver con la filosofía.</p>
<p>No podemos tener un habermasiano nacionalsocialista, un arendtiano totalitarista o un marxista pro capitalismo. Sin embargo, heideggeriano podría ser compatible con &#8220;cualquier cosa&#8221;, ya que son posibilidades fácticas y ónticas del Dasein, lo que las hace no ser el tema de la filosofía, al punto de no poderse hablar de eso filosóficamente. Obviamente podemos tematizar la ontología política que se teje entre líneas en la obra de Heidegger, así él no sea consciente de ella o no quiera tematizarla. De hecho creo que esa es una tarea  mucho más rica y valiosa para los estudios heideggerianos sobre la conexión de la filosofía de Heidegger con el nacionalsocialismo y con la explicitación de la ontología política que está detrás. Pero si partimos de seguir lo que el propio Heidegger nos dice que hace, entonces tendremos que concluir, &#8220;sin sorpresa&#8221;, que Heidegger se adhiera al NSDAP, en cuanto filósofo. En cuanto profesor, amigo de Husserl (o lo que se quiera) sí puede causarnos indignación, sorpresa, resentimiento, perplejidad, etc.</p>
<p>La pregunta es entonces si estamos dispuestos a asumir la diferencia ontológica a cambio de escindir a la filosofía, en cuanto tarea, de la política en términos no ontológicos, sino del abordaje de preguntas y problemas cruciales, concernientes a las posibilidades ónticas y fácticas del <em>Dasein</em>.</p>
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