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<title><![CDATA[The Danger of Pure A Priori: Philosophy Without Experience]]></title>
<link>http://damienmanier.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/the-danger-of-pure-a-priori-philosophy-without-experience/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 05:09:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>damienmanier</dc:creator>
<guid>http://damienmanier.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/the-danger-of-pure-a-priori-philosophy-without-experience/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[UPDATED AGAIN: The response from the involved party is that I have misrepresented or failed to under]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>UPDATED AGAIN: The response from the involved party is that I have misrepresented or failed to understand how they were using A Priori. The use of the term is very diverse and so this is very possible. I tried to base my discussion based on the examples and illustrations provided. The essay still applies to the idea that an ethical or value based system can be derived entirely internally by the individual sans experience. I have recently studied the way Murray Rothbard, Roderick T. Long, and to a lesser degree Ludwig von Mises use the term. Without these more detailed explanations I initially found their refusal to test their theories or apply them empirically problematic, but after understanding what they really meant I can now more strongly support praxeology. I may explore that more in a future post.</p>
<p>UPDATE: Made some semantic changes to essay. Changed Pure A Priori to Pure A Priori thought process. Also, gave new definition of a priori in terms section. Real content of essay unchanged but wanted to prevent semantics from being a diversion.</p>
<p>The following essay is in response to recent conversations that I have had. I have kept in fairly general so it can be understood outside of the context of those conversations. However, I plan to follow up with a short essay more specifically addressing some of the topics of the conversation with context provided. I will also post any responses from the opposing parties on this topic. The available formats for viewing the essay are after the break.</p>
<p><a href="http://damienmanier.com/wp-content/uploads/pureapriori.html" target="_blank">html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://damienmanier.com/wp-content/uploads/Philosophy_Without_Experience.doc" target="_blank">doc</a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Deus, Um Delírio - Capítulo 2 - Pt. 5 - A pobreza do entendimento de Dawkins sobre agnosticismo]]></title>
<link>http://neoateismodelirio.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/deus-um-delirio-capitulo-2-pt-5-a-pobreza-do-entendimento-de-dawkins-sobre-agnosticismo/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 00:49:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lucianohenrique</dc:creator>
<guid>http://neoateismodelirio.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/deus-um-delirio-capitulo-2-pt-5-a-pobreza-do-entendimento-de-dawkins-sobre-agnosticismo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A boa prática da elaboração de um texto argumentativo prega que antes de se discutir questões relaci]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2148" title="psychexplosion" src="http://neoateismodelirio.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/psychexplosion.jpg" alt="" width="198" height="135" /></p>
<p>A boa prática da elaboração de um texto argumentativo prega que antes de se discutir questões relacionadas a uma ideologia, que se entenda os limites desta ideologia sob discussão.</p>
<p>Isso é importante no caso de criticarmos, por exemplo, uma doutrina hipotética chama tecnologismo, saibamos o que prega essa ideologia, e o que ela não prega também.</p>
<p>A razão para isso é óbvia: não podemos criticar uma ideologia por algo que não é da alçada dela.</p>
<p>Não ter feito esse tipo de estudo sobre o agnosticismo foi o erro mortal cometido por Richard Dawkins em uma seção de seu livro justamente entitulada “A Pobreza do Agnosticismo”.</p>
<p>Em todo o capítulo, Dawkins trabalha com uma conceituação de agnosticismo que NÃO TEM NADA A VER com o que é realmente o agnosticismo.</p>
<p>Sendo assim, Dawkins critica o quê? Simplesmente um espantalho.</p>
<p>A quantidade de vezes em que Dawkins segue no erro simplesmente me faz duvidar de que ele possua má intenção neste caso específico. Aposto mais em ignorância, ingenuidade e burrice.</p>
<p>A confusão que Dawkins comete é ridícula.</p>
<p>A definição CORRETA de agnosticismo é a crença na idéia de que o conhecimento absoluto, que inclui Deus, é impossível. Simples assim. A base do agnosticismo veio com Kant e Hume, mas a formulação do termo veio com Thomas H. Huxley, em 1876, na Sociedade Metafísica.</p>
<p>Dawkins erra gravemente, e entende o agnosticismo como um meio-termo entre teísmo e ateísmo, o que é absurdo.</p>
<p>A relação correta de agnosticismo é com gnosticismo. Assim, o agnosticismo se opõe ao gnosticismo. Assim como o único opositor ao teísmo é o ateísmo.</p>
<p>Isso fica evidente quando notamos que qualquer combinação pode ser então possível relacionando os 2 domínios</p>
<ul>
<li>domínio em que se discute a possibilidade do conhecimento absoluto (gnosticismo/agnosticismo)</li>
<li>domínio em que alguém acredita ou não em Deus (teísmo/ateísmo)</li>
</ul>
<p>Assim sendo, alguém pode ser gnóstico ateísta, gnóstico teísta, agnóstico ateísta, agnóstico teísta&#8230;</p>
<p>Desta forma, se alguém se rotular como “agnóstico”, isso simplesmente NÃO AFIRMA NADA quanto ao fato dela acreditar ou não em Deus.</p>
<p>Como se observa, não é muito difícil a explicação. Qualquer adolescente de 13 ou 14 anos entende fácil esse tipo de definição com apenas meia hora de uma boa leitura. Até o Google pode resolver a questão, ou um Dicionário Básico de Filosofia.</p>
<p>E o que o energúmeno chamado Dawkins fez?</p>
<p>Nada.</p>
<p>Não estudou, não pesquisou, e NÃO ENTENDEU o agnosticismo, e fez um samba do neo ateu doido no qual ele versa a idéia de que o agnóstico é alguém que “ficou no meio termo” entre ateísmo e teísmo.</p>
<p>Para tornar a situação mais constrangedora ainda, ele ainda tenta nos vender a idéia de que o agnóstico é alguém que defende que a possibilidade de Deus existir é 50%, assim como a impossibilidade seria 50%.</p>
<p>É mole?</p>
<p>O cara não entendeu que a probabilidade para cada uma das situações pode ser considerada até INDEFINÍVEL ou IRRELEVANTE, oque não configura 50% para cada lado.</p>
<p>Seja lá como for, essa idéia de que o agnosticismo prega 50% para cada lado é apenas (mais) um delírio de Dawkins.</p>
<p>Eu poderia encerrar o texto aqui e não fazer citação nenhuma dessa seção do livro, mas eu não seria justo com o leitor.</p>
<p>Pois Dawkins não apenas comete os erros que citei anteriormente, como também erra de uma maneira INGÊNUA e extremamente autoconfiante. Tanto que ele teoriza SERIAMENTE sobre o Bule de Russell (que nunca foi feito para ser levado a sério), e propõe um “espectro de probabilidades” que serve mais como um atestado de insanidade.</p>
<p>Preparem-se, portanto, para boas risadas. O começo já não é  nada promissor:</p>
<blockquote><p>Não há nada de errado em ser agnóstico nos casos em que não há provas nem para um lado nem para o outro. É a posição mais razoável. Carl Sagan tinha orgulho de ser agnóstico quando lhe perguntavam se havia vida em outros lugares do universo.</p></blockquote>
<p>Deu para notar a baixaria, não?</p>
<p>Aqui mais um agravante: Dawkins acha que agnosticismo é algo maleável. Ou seja, alguém é agnóstico em “relação a algo”. Isso, é claro, totalmente absurdo.</p>
<p>O agnosticismo é específico. Ele o é em relação ao conhecimento absoluto dos princípios metafísicos (incluindo, evidentemente, a questão da existência de Deus), mas não em relação a se o preço da gasolina vai subir semana que vem ou não. Para isso, não há agnosticismo. Portanto, Carl Sagan não era agnóstico quando lhe perguntavam se havia vida em outros lugares do universo. Ele apenas estava em dúvida.</p>
<p>Feito maluco, Dawkins segue em seu erro&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>Esse tipo de agnosticismo é a posição apropriada para muitas dúvidas científicas, como sobre o que causou a extinção do fim do Permiano, a maior extinção em massa da história fóssil.</p></blockquote>
<p>Eu avisei. Essa seção do livro só serve como comédia de erros. Dawkins define um tipo de agnosticismo que é aceitável. Só que esse único tipo NÃO É AGNOSTICISMO&#8230;  Talvez uma posição de dúvida, de ceticismo, de suspensão de juízo, mas não é agnosticismo&#8230;</p>
<p>Chega a dar pena ver uma pessoa adulta errar tão grotescamente, como a seguir:</p>
<blockquote><p>E quanto à dúvida sobre Deus? Deveríamos ser agnósticos também em relação a ele? Muitas pessoas já disseram que sim, definitivamente, com frequência com um ar de convicção que beira o excesso. Elas estão certas?</p></blockquote>
<p>Algum de vocês já passou pela situação em que uma pessoa está passando uma situação vergonhosa, mas tão vergonhosa, que chegamos a ficar com vergonha pelo outro? É perfeitamente natural ficar com vergonha de tanto papelão cometido por Dawkins.</p>
<p>Ele não só erra, demonstrando ao público sua ignorância, como também erra CONFIANTEMENTE, e até sugerindo “agnosticismos” viáveis ou inviáveis.</p>
<p>E a frase “agnósticos também em relação a Deus” é um exemplo desta situação embaraçosa. Não há “agnóstico em relação a algo”. Há agnósticos.</p>
<p>E, claro, a insanidade vai adquirindo proporções gigantescas:</p>
<blockquote><p>Vou começar distinguindo dois tipos de agnosticismo. O Agnosticismo Temporário na Prática, ou ATP, é o legítimo em-cima-do-muro, quando realmente existe uma resposta definitiva, para um lado ou para o outro, mas para a qual ainda não temos evidências (ou não compreendemos a evidência, ou não tivemos tempo de ler a evidência etc.)- O ATP seria uma posição razoável em relação à extinção permiana. Há uma verdade lá fora, e um dia esperamos conhecê-la, embora no momento não a conheçamos. Mas há também um tipo de em-cima-do-muro profundamente inescapável, que chamarei de APP (Agnosticismo Permanente por Princípio). O estilo APP de agnosticismo é adequado para dúvidas que jamais podem ser respondidas, não importa quantas provas coletemos, já que a própria idéia de prova não se aplica. A dúvida existe num plano diferente, ou numa dimensão diferente, além da zona que as provas podem alcançar. Um exemplo pode ser a velha charada filosófica: você vê o vermelho do mesmo jeito que eu? Quem sabe seu vermelho seja o meu verde, ou alguma coisa completamente diferente de qualquer cor que eu possa imaginar. Os filósofos citam essa como uma dúvida que jamais pode ser respondida, não importam quantas evidências pos-sam um dia ficar disponíveis. E alguns cientistas e outros intelectuais estão convencidos — convencidos demais, na minha opinião — de que a existência de Deus pertence à categoria de APP para sempre inacessível. A partir daí, como veremos, eles muitas vezes fazem a dedução pouco lógica de que a hipótese da existência de Deus e a hipótese de sua inexistência têm exatamente a mesma probabilidade de estar certas.</p></blockquote>
<p>Isso que o Dawkins chamou de Agnosticismo Permanente por Princípio é o já famoso Agnosticismo Estrito, que é a idéia de que o conhecimento absoluto não só é totalmente impossível, como também sempre será. Há também o Agnosticismo Empírico, no qual tal conhecimento é considerado até o momento impossível, mas existe a idéia de que um dia ele possivelmente não o seja, talvez quando surjam novas evidências, investigações, etc.</p>
<p>Mas mesmo assim, tanto Agnosticismo Estrito como Agnosticismo Empírico são aplicáveis às questões metafísicas finais, e não, por exemplo, à extinção permiana.</p>
<p>No mais, é apenas a sequência do erro recorrente de Dawkins. Como de costume, o mais engraçado é a forma como ele leva o argumento dele a sério.</p>
<p>Vejam:</p>
<blockquote><p>A opinião que defenderei é bem diferente: o agnosticismo sobre a existência de Deus pertence firmemente à categoria temporária, ou ATP. Ou ele existe ou não existe. É uma pergunta científica; um dia talvez conheçamos a resposta, e enquanto isso podemos dizer coisas bem categóricas sobre as probabilidades.  Na história das idéias, há exemplos de dúvidas que foram respondidas e que até então tinham sido consideradas para sempre fora do alcance da ciência. Em 1835, o consagrado filósofo francês Auguste Comte escreveu, sobre as estrelas: &#8220;Jamais poderemos estudar, por nenhum método, sua composição química ou sua estrutura mineralógica&#8221;. Mas antes mesmo de Comte cunhar essa frase Fraunhofer tinha começado a usar seu espectroscópio para analisar a composição química do Sol. Hoje os espectrosco-pistas destroem diariamente o agnosticismo de Comte com suas análises a longa distância da composição química exata de estrelas distantes.</p></blockquote>
<p>Aqui, além do tradicional errão, o Dawkins diz que novas descobertas científicas “destruíram o agnosticismo” de Comte. Não, não destruíram, pois o que Comte possuía era ceticismo em relação à uma técnica, e não agnosticismo.</p>
<p>Triste situação a de Dawkins&#8230;</p>
<p>E o nível segue baixo por toda essa seção. É nível de Escolinha do Professor Raimundo pra baixo&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>Fosse qual fosse o status exato do agnosticismo astronómico de Comte, essa história sugere, no mínimo, que devemos hesitar antes de proclamar alto demais a veracidade eterna do agnosticismo. Ainda assim, em se tratando de Deus, boa parte dos filósofos e cientistas faz isso sem pestanejar [...]</p></blockquote>
<p>Mas provavelmente os filósofos e cientistas que o fazem estudaram e ENTENDERAM muito mais o conceito de agnosticismo que o próprio Dawkins. Não se afirma veracidade “eterna” do agnosticismo, mas simplesmente é a idéia de que Deus deve ser incognoscível para os agnósticos. Isso de acordo com sua definição.</p>
<p>Obviamente que pela definição correta, é natural assumir que, se alguém suspeita que o conhecimento é impossível, ele sempre será.</p>
<p>Claro que se for o Deus que Dawkins INVENTOU, aí talvez o conhecimento poderia ser atualmente impossível, mas futuramente possível. Mas esse é um problema específico da definição do Dawkins.</p>
<p>Como sempre, é apenas um problema de raciocínio torto dele.</p>
<p>Se segurem na cadeira, que o que vêm a seguir é um desastre argumentativo de dimensões apocalípticas:</p>
<blockquote><p>Levemos, então, a sério a idéia do espectro de probabilidades e coloquemos ao longo dele os juízos humanos sobre a existência de Deus, entre dois extremos de certezas opostas. O espectro é contínuo, mas pode ser representado por sete marcos: (1) Teísta convicto. Probabilidade de 100% de que Deus existe. Nas palavras de C. G. Jung, &#8220;Eu não acredito, eu sei&#8221;. (2) Probabilidade muito alta, mas que não chega aos 100%. Teísta de facto. &#8220;Não tenho como saber com certeza, mas acredito fortemente em Deus e levo minha vida na pressuposição de que ele está lá.&#8221; (3) 3 Maior que 50%, mas não muito alta. Tecnicamente agnóstico, mas com uma tendência ao teísmo. &#8220;Tenho muitas incertezas, mas estou inclinado a acreditar em Deus.&#8221; (4) Exatamente 50%. Agnóstico completamente imparcial. &#8220;A existência e a inexistência de Deus têm probabilidades exatamente iguais.&#8221; (5) Inferior a 50%, mas não muito baixa. Tecnicamente agnóstico, mas com uma tendência ao ateísmo. &#8220;Não sei se Deus existe, mas estou inclinado a não acreditar.&#8221; (6)Probabilidade muito baixa, mas que não chega a zero. Ateu de facto. &#8220;Não tenho como saber com certeza, mas acho que Deus é muito improvável e levo minha vida na pressuposição de que ele não está lá.&#8221; (7)Ateu convicto. &#8220;Sei que Deus não existe, com a mesma convicção com que Jung &#8217;sabe&#8217; que ele existe.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>Esse é, com certeza, o momento psicodélico de Richard Dawkins.</p>
<p>O cara tenta CRIAR UM MODELO que existe somente pela incompetência dele em entender o princípio básico do agnosticismo.</p>
<p>Esse “espectro de 7 dimensões” é estúpido e irracional.</p>
<p>Vejam como é fácil não cair nesse tipo de confusão: Alguém é agnóstico? A resposta pode ser sim ou não. Se não for, é gnóstico. Alguém é ateu? A resposta também pode ser sim ou não. Se não for, é teísta (ou as variações, deísta, panteísta, etc.). Daí para frente, é possível fazer as combinações entre os dois domínios (ex. “agnóstico e teísta”, “ateísta e gnóstico”, etc.). E fim de conversa.</p>
<p>Quem quiser dizer que existe 99,9999% de chances de Deus existir, ou de NÃO existir, ou de 50% de existir, pode fazer sem gnosticismo ou agnosticismo.</p>
<p>Não existe essa idéia de que se a pessoa declarar 50% ocorre um PUFF&#8230; e surge daí um agnóstico.</p>
<p>O modelo explicativo de Dawkins é claro sinal de transtorno mental.</p>
<p>É por isso que os “espectros” 3, 4 e 5 são inúteis e não descrevem nada.</p>
<p>Outra coisa importante: alguém declarar que acredita que Deus não é inexistente, mas apenas improvável, e daí se declarar como alguém que está na escala 6, ao invés da escala 7. O que isso quer dizer? Absolutamente nada. A pessoa não acredita em Deus do mesmo jeito.</p>
<p>Agora o mais grotesco de tudo: alguém declarar que acha que há uma probabilidade X de Deus existir não serve para o cálculo probabilístico da existência, que é justamente a proposta de Dawkins.</p>
<p>Ou seja, o espectro de 7 dimensões é INÚTIL para o argumento do Dawkins. Simplesmente não acrescenta nada em relação a uma hipótese de existência de qualquer objeto sob medição.</p>
<p>Além de tudo, é uma baita de uma frescura: o modelo em questão serve para alguém fugir da lógica clássica, onde as coisas são tratadas sem chorumelas. É assim: você acha que vai chover amanhã? Sim ou não. Você acha que o Flamengo leva o título? Sim ou não. Sem a frescurinha de dizer “eu sei que o Flamengo vai ganhar, então eu sou 1”, ou “eu acho que há altíssima probabilidade do Flamengo não ganhar, então eu sou 6, mas posso tender para 7”, ou “sou agnóstico, então para mim é 50% de chances de ganhar e 50% de não ganhar”. Ah&#8230; isso não é nem argumentação de homem.</p>
<p>Mas ele não segura o fricote&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>Eu ficaria surpreso de encontrar muita gente na categoria 7, mas a incluo em nome da simetria com a categoria l, que é bastante populosa [1]. É da natureza da fé que alguém seja capaz, como Jung, de ter uma crença sem nenhum motivo adequado [2] para tal (Jung também acreditava que alguns livros específicos de sua estante explodiam com um grande estrondo [3]). Os ateus não têm fé [4]; e a razão, sozinha, não tem como levar alguém à convicção plena de que alguma coisa definitivamente não existe [5]. Daí por que a categoria 7, na prática, é muito mais deserta que seu oposto, a categoria l, que tem tantos habitantes devotados [6]. Coloco-me na categoria 6, mas tendendo para a 7 — sou agnóstico na mesma proporção em que sou agnóstico a respeito de fadas escondidas no jardim [7].</p></blockquote>
<p>A sequência eterna de parangolé prossegue.</p>
<p>Será que o sujeito é tão burro que não sabe que entre as categorias 6 ou 7 não há diferenças? Assim como não há diferenças entre as categorias 1 ou 2. E as categorias 3, 4 e 5 só foram colocadas no “modelo” por que o Dawkins provavelmente estava fora de si.</p>
<p>E daí é só besteira mesmo, vejam:</p>
<p>1 – Se ele diz que “ficaria surpreso” em encontrar muita gente na categoria 7, isso é um desejo dele, mas não uma evidência. Mesmo que alguém diga, “por fricote”, que ao invés de dizer que Deus Não existe, optar por dizer que “apenas há alta probabilidade de Deus não existir”, isso não muda o fato da descrença. E, tecnicamente, não serve evidência de que a pessoa não tenha fé.<br />
2 – Ele não conhece a natureza da fé, portanto nada poderá falar sobre ela. Ele confundiu de novo fé com fé cega.<br />
3 – A questão de Jung com os livros dele na estante são apenas uma falácia, um declive escorregadio. Coisa de amador.<br />
4 – A afirmação de que “os ateus não tem fé” é naturalmente falsa com o comportamento crédulo de Dawkins. Os ateus possuem fé sim, tanto quanto um religioso. A fé é apenas direcionada para outros aspectos. No caso de Dawkins e seus leitores é pior: é fé cega, recusada pela maioria das religiões.<br />
5 – A afirmação de que “a razão, sozinha, não tem como levar alguém à convicção plena de que alguma coisa definitivamente não existe” é totalmente desfocada e sem sentido. Não passa de amontoado de palavras de efeito, mas nem sequer um argumento ou parte de um argumento. É um esperneio, apenas.<br />
6 – A questão de “categoria 7 é mais deserta que a 1” é apenas mais uma declaração baseada em fé cega, sem evidências. E, mesmo se tivesse evidências, seria irrelevante para o argumento.<br />
7 – Agnosticismo não é para discutir “fadinhas”. Como sempre, Dawkins escorrega feio&#8230;</p>
<p>Mais exemplos de como Dawkins confia em seu &#8220;espectro de probabilidades&#8221;:</p>
<blockquote><p>O espectro de probabilidades funciona bem para o ATP. É superficialmente tentador encaixar o APP (Agnosticismo Permanente por Princípio) no meio do espectro, com uma probabilidade de 50% da existência de Deus, mas isso não é correto. Os agnósticos APP declaram que não se pode dizer nada, nem para um lado nem para o outro, em relação à dúvida sobre a existência de Deus. A questão, para os agnósticos APP, é irrespondível por princípio, e eles devem se recusar terminantemente a se en caixar em qualquer ponto do espectro das probabilidades. O fato de que não tenho como saber se seu vermelho é a mesma coisa que meu verde não faz com que a probabilidade seja de 50%. A proposição que se pode oferecer é sem sentido demais para ser agraciada com uma probabilidade. Mesmo assim, é um erro comum, que encontraremos novamente, assumir, a partir da premissa de que a dúvida sobre a existência de Deus é um princípio irrespondível, que sua existência ou inexistência têm probabilidades iguais.</p></blockquote>
<p>Nonsense!</p>
<p>O “espectro de probabiliddes” não funciona bem para absolutamente nada. Ele simplesmente é inútil. O tal agnosticismo estrito (e não a frescurite dawinikista de APP) também não requer que se defina existência ou inexistência com probabilidades iguais.</p>
<p>Ô Dawkins burrinho, a partir do momento que alguém é agnóstico, esta pessoa pode ser teísta ou ateísta da mesma maneira que se não fosse agnóstico.</p>
<p>A questão que Dawkins não teve percepção para notar é que alguns agnósticos, SADICAMENTE, riem do desespero neo ateísta para tentar provar que Deus não existe. Aí dão risada dessa empreitada, mesmo que até possam ser ateístas. Se forem teístas, então, vão se divertir da mesma maneira.</p>
<p>Além do mais, vejam como o coitado termina o parágrafo: “que sua existência ou inexistência têm probabilidades iguais”. Um agnóstico nem precisaria dizer que acha que é 50/50, mas poderia, somente para assistir o ESPERNEIO do neo ateu em tentar CALCULAR o percentual de probabilidade.</p>
<p>Quando fui agnóstico, já fiz isso várias vezes somente para assistir as apresentações de neo ateus, e, posso garantir, é uma diversão até cruel. Geralmente, não conseguem calcular um número, mas lançam um “altamente improvável”.</p>
<p>Dawkins, feito bobo da corte, faz o mesmo, dizendo que vai ter uma apresentação onde mostrará (lá pelo quarto capítulo) que Deus é “altamente improvável”. Mas ele NEM CONSEGUE CALCULAR A PROBABILIDADE NUMERICAMENTE&#8230; E, para piorar, ele só definiu como improvável um Deus que ELE INVENTOU (um Deus que é parte do processo de seleção natural).</p>
<p>E, como não poderia deixar de acontecer, lá vem a citação ao Bertrand Russell:</p>
<blockquote><p>Outra forma de expressar esse erro é em termos do ónus da prova, e nesse formato ele é demonstrado divertidamente pela parábola de Bertrand Russell sobre o bule celeste: “Muitos ortodoxos falam como se fosse obrigação dos céticos contraprovar dogmas consagrados, e não dos dogmáticos comprová-los. Isso é, claro, um equívoco. Se eu sugerisse que entre a Terra e Marte há um bule de chá chinês rodando em torno do Sol numa órbita elíptica, ninguém seria capaz de contraprovar minha afirmação, desde que eu tenha tido o cuidado de acrescentar que o bule é pequeno demais para ser revelado até pelos nossos telescópios mais potentes. Mas, se eu prosseguisse dizendo que, como minha afirmação não pode ser contraprovada, é uma presunção intolerável por parte da razão humana duvidar dela, imediatamente achariam que eu estava falando maluquices. Se, porém, a existência do bule tivesse sido declarada em livros antigos, ensinada como a verdade sagrada todos os domingos e instilada na cabeça das crianças na escola, a hesitação em acreditar em sua existência se tornaria um traço de excentricidade e garantiria ao questionador o atendimento por psiquiatras numa era esclarecida ou por um inquisidor em eras anteriores.”</p></blockquote>
<p>Isso aqui eu não preciso nem refutar, pois a técnica <a href="http://neoateismodelirio.wordpress.com/2009/09/13/tecnica-bule-de-russell/" target="_self">“Bule de Russell”</a>, uma das primeira publicadas na seção “Conhecendo o Inimigo”, deste blog, já o fez.</p>
<p>Lá vem mais&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>Não perderíamos tempo falando disso porque ninguém, que eu saiba, tem adoração por bules; mas, sob pressão, não hesitaríamos em declarar nossa forte crença de que positivamente não existe um bule em órbita. Mesmo assim, em termos estritos, seríamos todos agnósticos ao bule: não podemos provar, com certeza, que não existe um bule celeste. Na prática, afastamo-nos do agnosticismo do bule na direção do a-buleísmo.</p></blockquote>
<p>Não, ô Dawkins, Mané. Não, não somos agnósticos ao bule. Somos CÉTICOS ao bule. Vá estudar, vagabundo!</p>
<p>E conheçam as amizades do Dawkins&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>Um amigo, que foi educado como judeu e ainda observa o Shabat e outros costumes judaicos em nome da lealdade à sua herança histórica, descreve-se como um &#8220;agnóstico à fadinha do dente&#8221;. Ele acha que Deus não é mais provável que a fadinha do dente. Não se pode contraprovar nenhuma das duas hipóteses, e ambas são igualmente prováveis. Ele é ateu exatamente na mesma enorme proporção que é um a-fadinheu.</p></blockquote>
<p>Ah, mas isso é bem revelador. E é natural: uma pessoa incapaz, inculta e incompetente naturalmente vai caminhar junto de incapazes, incultos e incompetentes. Se o amigo de Dawkins falou que é “agnóstico à fadinha do dente”, é apenas uma companhia ideal pro Dawkins. Isso é um problema do Dawkins, e não do leitor.</p>
<p>E tem mais: Qualquer pessoa racional esconderia tais exemplos (que ele citará) por CARIDADE com as pessoas que fizeram as declarações, ou até por VERGONHA de endossar tais besteiras. Só que Dawkins divulga, de coração aberto&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>O bule de Russell representa, é claro, um número infinito de coisas cuja existência é concebível e não pode ser descartada com provas. O grande advogado americano Clarence Darrow disse: &#8220;Não acredito em Deus, pois não acredito na Mamãe Ganso&#8221;. O jornalista Andrew Mueller acha que se comprometer com qualquer religião específica &#8220;não é mais nem menos estranho que optar por acreditar que o mundo tem a forma de um losango e que é carregado pelo cosmos nas pinças de duas enormes lagostas verdes chamadas Esmeralda e Keith&#8221;.</p></blockquote>
<p>É simples. Clarence Darrow e Andrew Mueller fizeram apenas comparações que somente criancinhas birrentas fariam. Mas é apenas um exemplo de argumentação falaciosa e histérica, que não comprova nada. É a mesma coisa que alguém dizer “Eu não acredito no sucesso do projeto, pois não acredito no musical Cats” ou “se comprometer com a missão de uma empresa não é mais nem menos estranho que que optar por acreditar que o tomate será eleito presidente do Brasil”. Quer dizer, isso tudo é frase nonsense, mas que não serve como argumentação para absolutamente nada.</p>
<p>Então, vamos que vamos:</p>
<blockquote><p>O ponto principal desses exemplos extremos é que eles são todos impossíveis de ser contraprovados, embora ninguém ache que a hipótese da existência deles esteja no mesmo nível de probabilidade que a hipótese de sua inexistência. A tese de Russell é de que o ônus da prova recai sobre os crentes, não sobre os incrédulos. A minha é de que a probabilidade a favor do bule (monstro de espaguete, Esmerelda e Keith, unicórnio etc.) não é igual à probabilidade contra ele.</p></blockquote>
<p>O ponto principal desses exemplos é que o Dawkins tem uma visão filosófica de uma criança. É fato. Ele não argumenta feito adulto. E, saindo da Biologia, só escreve besteira.</p>
<p>Se são exemplos impossíveis de serem contraprovados, eu não me interesso em calcular probabilidades da inexistência deles.</p>
<p>A “tese” de Russell é apenas a tentativa de implementar a transferência do ônus da prova. Nenhuma pessoa experiente em debates cairia nisso.</p>
<p>A questão é simples: “se Dawkins diz que a probabilidade a favor do bule não é igual a probabilidade contra ele”, esse é um problema dele. E não de qualquer leitor que seja adulto.</p>
<p>E lá vai, lá vai, lá vai, lá vem, lá vem, lá vem&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>O fato de que bules em órbita e fadinhas do dente não podem ter sua inexistência comprovada não é considerado, por nenhuma pessoa racional, o tipo de fato que solucione um debate interessante. Ninguém se sente obrigado a comprovar a inexistência dos milhões de coisas fantásticas que uma imaginação fértil e brincalhona é capaz de sonhar. Eu me divirto com a estratégia, quando me perguntam se sou ateu, de lembrar que o autor da pergunta também é ateu no que diz respeito a Zeus, Apoio, Amon Ra, Mithra, Baal, Thor, Wotan, o Bezerro de Ouro e o Monstro de Espaguete Voador. Eu só fui um deus além.</p></blockquote>
<p>Aqui é quando Dawkins tenta o estratagema <a href="http://neoateismodelirio.wordpress.com/2009/10/14/tecnica-todos-sao-ateus/" target="_self">“Todos São Ateus”</a>, também já refutado aqui.</p>
<p>Vamos passar ao próximo trecho&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>Todos nós nos sentimos no direito de manifestar um ceticismo extremo, chegando ao ponto da descrença pura e simples — exceto pelo fato de que, no caso de unicórnios, fadinhas do dente e dos deuses da Grécia, de Roma, do Egito e dos vikings, não há necessidade (hoje em dia) de se preocupar com isso. No caso do Deus abraâmico, porém, há a necessidade de se preocupar, porque uma proporção significativa das pessoas com quem dividimos o planeta acredita mesmo, convictamente, em sua existência.</p></blockquote>
<p>“Ceticismo extremo” é a mãe!</p>
<p>Em relação às teses infantis que Dawkins cita (fadinhas, unicórnios), eu tenho é INDIFERENÇA. E isso qualquer pessoa normal possui. Mais um exemplo das fantasias malucas de Dawkins. Só ele para se iludir com a idéia de que sequer é preciso de “ceticismo extremo” com essas coisas.</p>
<p>Para piorar, ele tenta validar a argumentação dele (“é preciso se preocupar”), por que há uma proporção significa de pessoas que acredita nele.</p>
<p>Isso não passa da falácia da conseqüência.</p>
<p>E não justifica o argumento dele.</p>
<p>E lá vem mais bule&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>O bule de Russell demonstra que a onipresença da crença em Deus, se comparada à crença em bules celestes, na teoria não inverte o ônus da prova, embora pareça invertê-lo em termos de política na prática. O fato de que não se pode provar a inexistência de Deus é aceito e trivial, nem que seja só no sentido de que nunca podemos provar plenamente a inexistência de nada. O que interessa não é se a inexistência de Deus pode ser comprovada (não pode), mas se sua existência é possível Essa é outra história. Algumas coisas não comprováveis são julgadas, de modo sensato, bem menos possíveis que outras coisas não comprováveis. Não há motivo para achar que Deus está imune à análise ao longo do espectro das probabilidades.</p></blockquote>
<p>Caramba, o Dawkins caprichou nos estratagemas nesta seção. Aqui é o estratagema <a href="http://neoateismodelirio.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/tecnica-nao-se-prova-inexistencia/" target="_self">“Não se prova a inexistência”</a>.</p>
<p>O fato é que qualquer coisa está imune à análise ao longo do espectro das probabilidades, pois cientificamente não é assim que se calcula probabilidade.</p>
<p>Melhor Dawkins começar a estudar um pouco de ciência e ver que discussões de “probabilidade” em ciência SÃO ESTRITAMENTE NUMÉRICAS e não precisam de chiliques como toda essa argumentação insana dele.</p>
<p>Essa seção do livro é aquela que podemos claramente definir como “abaixo de qualquer exame lógico”.</p>
<p>A quantidade de falácias é estratosférica, e a lógica contida nele é natimorta. Para piorar, a quantidade de estratagemas erísticos claramente torna o capítulo mais uma diversão para treinamento de auditoria do que realmente uma leitura digna.</p>
<p>Para quem já auditou escritórios de projetos, provavelmente não é estranho rankear projetos sob auditoria em escalas que vão de 1 a 100.  Se o projeto foi qualificado como 60 (no checklist), ele é rejeitado na avaliação (mesmo que os resultados do projeto não o sejam). Se a média de avaliações for 60, a área de projetos tem que se submeter a revisões de processo, qualificação de pessoal, etc, pois algo não está indo bem.</p>
<p>Em termos de argumento, a pontuação desta seção do livro de Dawkins dificilmente ficaria perto da pontuação 10. Isso em uma escala de 1 a 100. Se a escala fosse de 1 a 10, seria fácil dar nota zero.</p>
<p>Em uma revisão, eu sugeriria simplesmente eliminar essa parte do livro, pois é totalmente embaraçosa para Dawkins e seus seguidores (*).</p>
<p>P.S.: (*) Sim, alguns leitores de Dawkins defendem este capítulo, e até o “espectro de probabilidades”. Portanto, a vergonha é deles também.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Meditation XXIII, David Hume (1711-1776) – Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding]]></title>
<link>http://jamesesz.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/meditation-xxiii-david-hume-1711-1776-%e2%80%93-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 11:59:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jamesesz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jamesesz.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/meditation-xxiii-david-hume-1711-1776-%e2%80%93-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[David Hume ~ When two people meet, they unconsciously affect one another in ways the mind cannot eve]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[David Hume ~ When two people meet, they unconsciously affect one another in ways the mind cannot eve]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[MENDISKUSIKAN KAUSALITAS]]></title>
<link>http://jeremiasjena.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/mendiskusikan-kausalitas/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:47:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jeremiasjena</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jeremiasjena.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/mendiskusikan-kausalitas/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Tesis: Dengan bantuan argument-argumennya yang agak meyakinkan, Sextus Empiricus, David Hume, dan Im]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Tesis: Dengan bantuan argument-argumennya yang agak meyakinkan, Sextus Empiricus, David Hume, dan Im]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Psychology: The Beginnings]]></title>
<link>http://bibibook3.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/psychology-the-beginnings/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:00:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ali Lochhead</dc:creator>
<guid>http://bibibook3.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/psychology-the-beginnings/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;Psychology as we know it didn&#8217;t suddenly appear on the intellectual scene.  It is impos]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>&#8220;Psychology as we know it didn&#8217;t suddenly appear on the intellectual scene.  It is impossible to say just when it began, or who was responsible for it.  Instead, we can only point to a number of currents that take us from philosophy and the natural sciences into something recognizably psychological.  This chapter looks at two of these &#8220;primordial&#8221; currents &#8212; associationism as the beginnings of a cognitive theory, and the introduction of quantification in the forms of psychophysics and intelligence testing.</p>
<p><strong>Associationism</strong></p>
<p><strong>Associationism</strong> is the theory that the mind is composed of elements &#8212; usually referred to as sensations and ideas &#8212; which are organized by means of various associations.  Although the original idea can be found in <a title="Plato" href="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/plato/" target="_blank">Plato</a>, it is <a title="Aristotle" href="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/aristotle/" target="_blank">Aristotle</a> who gets the credit for elaborating on it.  Aristotle counted four laws of association when he examined the processes of remembrance and recall:</p>
<p>1.  <strong>The law of contiguity</strong>.  Things or events that occur close to each other in space or time tend to get linked together in the mind.  If you think of a cup, you may think of a saucer;  if you think of making coffee, you may then think of drinking that coffee.</p>
<p>2.  <strong>The law of frequency</strong>.  The more often two things or events are linked, the more powerful will be that association.  If you have an eclair with your coffee every day, and have done so for the last twenty years, the association will be strong indeed &#8212; and you will be fat.</p>
<p>3.  <strong>The law of similarity</strong>.  If two things are similar, the thought of one will tend to trigger the thought of the other.  If you think of one twin, it is hard not to think of the other.  If you recollect one birthday, you may find yourself thinking about others as well.</p>
<p>4.  <strong>The law of contrast</strong>.  On the other hand, seeing or recalling something may also trigger the recollection of something completely opposite.  If you think of the tallest person you know, you may suddenly recall the shortest one as well.  If you are thinking about birthdays, the one that was totally different from all the rest is quite likely to come up.</p>
<p>Association, according to Aristotle, took place in the &#8220;<strong>common sense</strong>.&#8221;  It was in the common sense that the look, the feel, the smell, the taste of an apple, for example, came together to become the idea of an apple.</p>
<p>For 2000 years, these four laws were assumed to hold true.  <a title="St. Thomas" href="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/st-thomas-aquinas/">St. Thomas</a> pretty much accepted it lock, stock, and barrel.  No one, however, cared that much about association.  It was seen as just a simple description of a commonplace occurrence.  It was seen as the activity of passive reason, whereas the abstraction of principles or essences &#8212; far more significant to philosophers &#8212; was the domain of active reason.</p>
<p>During the enlightenment, philosophers began to become interested in the idea again, as a part of their studies of vision as well as their interest in epistemology.  <a title="Thomas Hobbes" href="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/thomas-hobbes/" target="_blank">Hobbes</a> understood complex experiences as being associations of simple experiences, which in turn were associations of sensations.  The basic means of association, according to Hobbes, was coherence (continguity), and the basic strength factor was repetition (frequency).</p>
<p><a title="John Locke" href="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/john-locke/" target="_blank">John Locke</a>, rejecting the possibility of innate ideas, made his entire system dependent on association of sensations into simple ideas.  He did, however, distinguish between ideas of sensations and ideas of reflection, meaning active reason.  Only by adding simple ideas of reflection to simple ideas of sensation could we derive complex ideas.  He also suggested that complex emotions derived from pain and pleasure (simple ideas) associated with other ideas.</p>
<p>It was <a title="David Hume" href="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/david-hume/" target="_blank">David Hume</a> who really got into the issue.  Recall that he saw all experiences as having no substantial reality behind them.  So whatever coherence the world (or the self) seems to have is a matter of the simple application of these natural laws of association.  He lists three:</p>
<p>1.  <strong>The law of resemblance</strong> &#8212; i.e. similarity.</p>
<p>2.  <strong>The law of contiguity</strong>.</p>
<p>3.  <strong>The law of cause and effect</strong> &#8212; basically contiguity in time.</p>
<p>David Hartley (1705-1757) was an English physician who was responsible for making the idea of associationism popular, especially in a book called Observations of Man.  His emphasis was on the law of contiguity (in time and space) and the law of frequency.  But he added an idea he got from the famous Isaac Newton:  This association was a matter of tuned &#8220;vibrations&#8221; within the nerves!  His basic ideas are very similar to those of D. O. Hebb in the twentieth century.</p>
<p>James Mill (1773-1836) also elaborated on Hume&#8217;s associationism.  The elder Mill saw the mind as passively functioning by the law of contiguity, with the law of frequency and a law of vividness &#8221;stamping in&#8221; the association.  His emphasis on the law of frequency as the key to learning makes his approach very similar to the behaviorists in the twentieth century. But he is most famous for being the father of John Stuart Mill.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><a title="BiBi Books. Bibliography. The History Of Psychology. Dr. C. George Boeree." href="http://bibibooks.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/the-history-of-psychology/" target="_blank"><em>The History Of Psychology</em></a><em>, Part 3: The 1800&#8217;s</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>Dr. C. George Boeree</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>© Copyright 2000 C. George Boeree</em></p>
<p>Ali.♥</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Richard Rorty on Human Rights and Sympathy]]></title>
<link>http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/richard-rorty-on-human-rights-and-sympathy/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 06:55:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Filip Spagnoli</dc:creator>
<guid>http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/richard-rorty-on-human-rights-and-sympathy/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Richard Rorty (source) Richard Rorty has an interesting take on human rights. If we want universal a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_18206" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 269px"><a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/richard-rorty.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-18206 " title="Richard Rorty" src="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/richard-rorty.jpg" alt="Richard Rorty" width="259" height="265" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Richard Rorty</p></div>
<h6>(<a href="https://webspace.utexas.edu/cokerwr/www/slides/philosophers.html">source</a>)</h6>
<p>Richard Rorty has an interesting take on human rights. If we want universal acceptance of and respect for human rights, we shouldn&#8217;t try to argue about it. We shouldn&#8217;t attempt to work out rational justifications of human rights, or arguments that will convince people that human rights are a good thing. Instead, according to Rorty, we would achieve better results if we try to influence people&#8217;s feelings instead of their minds. And the best way to do that is by telling sentimental stories like &#8220;<a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2008/06/24/human-rights-story-2-slavery/">Uncle Tom&#8217;s cabin</a>&#8221; or &#8220;Roots&#8221; etc., or by making <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/category/political-artist/">political art</a>. Such stories and art make the reader sympathize with persons whose rights are violated because they invite the audience or the reader to imagine what it is like to be in the victim&#8217;s position. The victim, who may be of another class, race or nationality and who seems so very different that he or she initially isn&#8217;t even considered to be of the same species and therefore cannot possibly claim to enjoy the same rights, is transformed by the story into a living human being. The sympathy engendered by the story gives the victim a human face. This person also grieves for the loss of children, also has an opinion and a moral sense. He&#8217;s or she not a barbarian. As a consequence, the victim can be given human rights.</p>
<p>This approach to human rights doesn&#8217;t justifying human rights in an abstract and philosophical way &#8211; something which according to Rorty isn&#8217;t possible anyway (Rorty&#8217;s a post-modern anti-foundationalist highly sceptical of the power of reason or rationality). Instead it motivates specific individuals to respect the rights of other specific individuals. So motivation instead of justification. And the focus isn&#8217;t so much on human rights themselves, but on humanity. When human rights are violated, it&#8217;s often not because people object to human rights, but because they consider the targets of rights violations as somehow outside the realm of humanity. Thomas Jefferson, for example, was very eloquent about human rights, but was a slave holder at the same time. Undoubtedly because he had convinced himself that negroes were more akin to animals than humans.</p>
<p>The big advantage of the sentimental approach is that is can convince people to accept others into the realm of humanity. Sympathy means after all the recognition that someone else&#8217;s suffering is akin to your own. Rorty harked back to David Hume for this insight:</p>
<blockquote><p>Hume held that corrected (sometimes rule-corrected) sympathy, not law-discerning reason, is the fundamental moral capacity. Richard Rorty (<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jyxkb0SM3ZEC&#38;pg=PA266&#38;lpg=PA266&#38;dq=%22hume+held+that+%22corrected%22+(%22&#38;source=bl&#38;ots=Y2aD-aLAXI&#38;sig=347pcSAYKxfALRM4FRkMCcP6o5U&#38;hl=en&#38;ei=jCLTSuH_JpLS-QaFsKmGAw&#38;sa=X&#38;oi=book_result&#38;ct=result&#38;resnum=1&#38;ved=0CAwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&#38;q=%22hume%20held%20that%20%22corrected%22%20(%22&#38;f=false">source</a>)</p></blockquote>
<div id="attachment_18216" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 129px"><a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/david-hume.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-18216  " title="David Hume" src="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/david-hume.jpg" alt="David Hume" width="119" height="138" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">David Hume</p></div>
<p>Hence the importance of a &#8220;right to belong to humanity&#8221; in the words of Hannah Arendt (see <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/05/18/dehumanization-and-human-rights/">here</a> and <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2008/04/04/human-rights-cartoon-43/">here</a>) and of the <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2008/04/28/human-rights-cartoon-71/">equal rights</a> provision in the system of human rights.</p>
<p>This approach, or &#8220;sentimental education&#8221; as Rorty called it, can indeed be very useful, and I regularly use it on this blog (for example, there&#8217;s a blog series called &#8220;<a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/category/human-rights-story/">human rights stories</a>&#8220;, and there&#8217;s also a lot of <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/category/iconic-images-of-human-rights-violations/">imagery</a> used here). However, I think we should and can use both strategies, the emotional and the rational one. (I outlined the latter one <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/05/15/the-universality-of-human-rights/">here</a>. In the field of morality, Immanuel Kant is of course the main exponent of the rational approach).</p>
<div id="attachment_18217" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 131px"><a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/thomas-pogge1.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-18217" title="Thomas Pogge" src="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/thomas-pogge1.jpg" alt="Thomas Pogge" width="121" height="105" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Thomas Pogge</p></div>
<p>The emotional approach isn&#8217;t without a downside. Human rights violations do not always occur because of a lack of sympathy or because of <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/05/18/dehumanization-and-human-rights/">dehumanization</a>. They are often the result of power structures, cultural practices, <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/04/09/rights-suffering-under-the-law-the-problem-of-legal-human-rights-violations/">legal rules</a>, institutions, international relations etc. Just engendering sympathy won&#8217;t do much good there. (Thomas Pogge is known for <a href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/10/31/caring-for-what-happens-in-the-world-vs-moral-indifference-or-moral-apathy/">his work</a> in this field). Moreover, sentimental education implies a willingness to listen &#8211; not a notable characteristic of many of the worst human rights violators, i.e. Taliban c.s. &#8211; and a certain standard of living that allows people to relax long enough to be able to listen. These are problems which Rorty recognized (<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=If419ZXdz0MC&#38;dq=%22relax+long+enough+to+listen%22">source</a>) and which indicate that his approach cannot be exclusive.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save?linkurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffilipspagnoli.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F11%2F20%2Frichard-rorty-on-human-rights-and-sympathy%2F&#38;linkname=Richard%20Rorty%20on%20Human%20Rights%20and%20Sympathy"><img src="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/share61.png" alt="Share" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[David Hume]]></title>
<link>http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/david-hume/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 06:38:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ali Lochhead</dc:creator>
<guid>http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/david-hume/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;David Hume was born April 26, 1711 in Edinburgh, Scotland.  His father died the following yea]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hume-and-kant.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-766" title="Hume and Kant" src="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hume-and-kant.jpg" alt="" width="164" height="194" /></a>&#8220;David Hume was born April 26, 1711 in Edinburgh, Scotland.  His father died the following year and left the estate to his eldest son, John.  John ensured that David would receive a good Presbyterian upbringing and sent him &#8212; at the age of 12 &#8212; to the University of Edinburgh.  David left three years later, to become a philosopher!</p>
<p>His family suggested he try law, and he tried, but found that it &#8212; as he put it &#8211;  made him sick.  So he went off to travel a few years in England and France.  It was at a Jesuit College in France that he wrote A Treatise of Human Nature (in two parts), which he published anonymously in London in 1739.</p>
<p>Hume was the ultimate skeptic, convincingly reducing matter, mind, religion, and science to a matter of sense impressions and memories.  First, he agreed with Bishop Berkeley that matter, or the existence of a world beyond our perceptions, is an unsupportable concept. Further, cause and effect were likewise unsupportable.  We see sequences of events, but can never see the necessity that determinism requires.  Further still, his investigations led him to dismiss the existence of a unifying mind within us.  What we call mind is just a collection of mental perceptions.  And finally, without mind, there can be no free will.</p>
<p><img src="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/metaphysicalwindmillhume.gif" alt="" width="517" height="270" /></p>
<p>I will let him speak for himself.  Pay close attention to some really good arguments!</p>
<blockquote><p>All ideas are copies of impressions&#8230;it is impossible for us to think of anything which we have not antecedently felt by our senses&#8230;.When we entertain any suspicion in a philosophical term, we need but inquire from what impression is that supposed idea derived.  If it be not possible to assign any, this will serve to confirm our suspicion that it is employed without meaning&#8230;.</p>
<p>Some philosophers found much of their reasonings on the distinction of substance and quality.  I would fain ask them whether the idea of substance be derived from impressions of sensations or impressions of reflection.  Does it arise from an impression?  Point it out to us, that we may know its nature and qualities.  But if you cannot point out any such impression, you may be certain you are mistaken when you imagine you have any such idea.</p>
<p>The idea of substance is nothing but a collection of ideas of qualities, united by the imagination and given a particular name by which we are able to recall that collection.  The particular qualities which form a substance are commonly referred to an unknown something in which they are supposed to &#8220;inhere.&#8221;  This is a fiction.</p></blockquote>
<p>And so&#8230;no matter!</p>
<blockquote><p>There are some philosophers (e.g. Berkeley) who imagine we are every moment intimately conscious of what we call our self;  that we feel its existence and its continuance in existence, and are certain of its identity and simplicity.For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call my self, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure, color or sound, etc.  I never catch my self, distinct from some such perception.</p>
<p>I may venture to affirm of the rest of mankind that they are nothing but a bundle or collections of different perceptions which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity and are in a perpetual flux and movement.  Our eyes cannot turn in their sockets without varying their perceptions.  Our thoughts are still more variable.  And all our other senses and powers contribute to this change.</p>
<p>The mind (or self) is a kind of theatre where perceptions make their appearances, pass, repass, glide away, and mingle in an infinite variety.  But there is no simplicity, no one simple thing present or pervading this multiplicity; no identity pervading this process of change; whatever natural inclination we may have to imagine that there is.  The comparison of the theatre must not mislead us: it persists, while the actors come and go.  Whereas, only the successive perceptions consititute the mind.</p>
<p>As memory alone acquaints us with the continuance and extent of a succession of perceptions, it is to be considered, on that account chiefly, as the source of personal identity.  Had we no memory, we should never have any notion of that succession of perceptions which constitutes our self or person.  But having once acquired this notion from the operation of memory, we can extend the same beyond our memory and come to include times which we have entirely forgot.  And so arises the fiction of person and personal identity.</p></blockquote>
<p>And no mind!</p>
<blockquote><p>There is no idea in metaphysics more obscure or uncertain than necessary connection between cause and effect.  We shall try to fix the precise meaning of this terms by producing the impression from which it is copied.  When we look at external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover a necessary connection; any quality which binds the effect to the cause, and renders one a necessary consequence of the other.  We find only that the effect does, in fact, follow the cause.  The impact of one billiard ball upon another is followed by the motion of the second.  There is here contiguity in space and time, but nothing o suggest necessary connection.Why do we imagine a necessary connection?  From observing many constant conjunctions?  But what is there in a number of instances which is absent from a single instance?  Only this:  After a repetition of similar instances the mind is carried by habit, upon the appearance of the cause, to expect the effect.  This connection, which we feel in the mind, this customary and habitual transition of the imagination from a cause to its effect, is the impression from which we form the idea of necessary connection.  There is nothing further in the case.</p></blockquote>
<p>Out with cause and effect!</p>
<blockquote><p>The most irregular and unexpected resolutions of men may be accounted for by those who know every particular circumstance of their character and situation.  A genial person, contrary to expectation, may give a peevish answer, but he has a toothache or has not dined.  Even when, as sometimes happens, an action cannot be accounted for, do we not put it down to our ignorance of relevant details?Thus it appears that the conjunction between motive and action is as regular and uniform as between cause and effect in any part of nature.  In both cases, constant conjunction and inference from one to the other.</p></blockquote>
<p>Free will is only our ignorance of cause and effect, and cause and effect is an illusion, so free will is an illusion.  Simple.</p>
<blockquote><p>In all reasonings from experience, then, there is a step taken by the mind (that the future resembles the past) which is not supported by any argument.  Nevertheless, we take this step.  There must therefore be some other principle (than rational or demonstrative argument).  This principle is custom&#8230;.What, then, is the conclusion of the whole matter?  A simple one, though, it must be confessed, pretty remote from the common theories of philosophy.  All belief concerning matters of fact or real existence, is derived merely from some object present to the memory or the senses, and a customary conjunction between that and some other object.  Having found, in many instances, that two kinds of objects have been conjoined (say, flame and heat), the mind is carried by custom to expect the same in the future.  This is the whole operation of the mind in all our conclusions concerning matters of fact and existence.</p></blockquote>
<p>So long, science!</p>
<blockquote><p>If we take in hand any volume, of divinity or metaphysics, for instance, let us ask:  Does it contain any reasoning concerning quantity or number?  No.  Does it contain any experimental (probable) reasoning concerning matter of fact?  No.  Commit it then to the flames:  for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion.I am at first affrighted and confounded with that forlorn solitude in which I am placed by my philosophy, and fancy myself some strange uncouth monster, utterly abandoned and disconsolate.  Fain would I run into the crowd for shelter and warmth.  I call upon others to join me.  But no one will hearken to me.  Everyone keeps at a distance, and dreads that storm which beats upon me from every side.  I have exposed myself to the emnity of all metaphysicians, logicians, mathematicians, and theologians.  Can I wonder at the insults I must suffer?  I have declared my disapprobation of their systems.  Can I be surprised if they should express a hatred of my ideas and my person?  when I look about me, I foresee on every hand, dispute, contradiction, anger, calumny, detraction.  When I turn my eye inward, I find only doubt and ignorance.  Every step I take is with hesitation; every new reflection makes me dread an error and absurdity in my reasoning.</p></blockquote>
<p>In 1739, he returned to Edinburgh, where he added a third part to A Treatise, on morality.  He suggested that morality comes from sympathy, which is an instinct for association with others.  He goes on to say that it is emotions that move us, not reason, and he presages Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism by defining virtue as “every quality of the mind which is useful or agreeable to the person himself or others.”  Even beauty is based on pleasure and pain, and love is based on our desire to reproduce &#8212; shades of Freud!.  What little attention this part received was negative.</p>
<p>At this point in his life, he went through several minor political positions.  And he gained a great deal of weight &#8212; something unusual among philosophers!  Then, in 1748, he published An Enquiry Concerning the Human Understanding, followed in 1751 by An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals.  These were essentially a rewrite of A Treatise.  In it, he included a new essay, “Of Miracles,” wherein he portrays some of Christianity’s most basic beliefs as nothing but superstition!</p>
<p>He continued on that subject with Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, in which he compared Christianity, Deism, and Atheism.  Among other things, he suggests that the world we know &#8212; including ourselves &#8212; is the result of eons of nature’s experiments.  His friends asked him not to publish it.  They published it for him posthumously (no pun intended).</p>
<p>In 1752, he wrote Political Discourses.  Although he liked egalitarianism (roughly, communism) and democracy, he felt that both were too idealistic.  This book influenced Adam Smith, the father of modern capitalism.</p>
<p>In 1754, he published the first volume of the History of England, a book admired by such notables as Voltaire and Gibbon (the author of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire).</p>
<p>In 1763 he went to Paris, where he soon became the talk of the town and was especially popular at the salons of the great aristocratic women of France, who apparently took a liking to his grand body as well as his great mind.  Several years later, he brought the nearly insane Rousseau to England, which turned out to be a disagreeable adventure for both of them.</p>
<p>He died August 25, 1776, of ulcerative colitis.  His friends found the great atheist polite, pleasant, even cheerful, to the end.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><a title="BiBi Books. Bibliography. The History Of Psychology. Dr. C. George Boeree." href="http://bibibooks.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/the-history-of-psychology/" target="_blank"><em>The History Of Psychology</em></a><em>, Part 2: The Rebirth</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>Dr. C. George Boeree</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>© Copyright 2000 C. George Boeree</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;">Ali.♥</p>
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<title><![CDATA[David Hume]]></title>
<link>http://bibibook3.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/david-hume/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 17:17:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ali Lochhead</dc:creator>
<guid>http://bibibook3.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/david-hume/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;David Hume was born April 26, 1711 in Edinburgh, Scotland.  His father died the following yea]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://bibibook3.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hume-and-kant.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-988" title="Hume and Kant" src="http://bibibook3.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hume-and-kant.jpg" alt="" width="164" height="194" /></a>&#8220;David Hume was born April 26, 1711 in Edinburgh, Scotland.  His father died the following year and left the estate to his eldest son, John.  John ensured that David would receive a good Presbyterian upbringing and sent him &#8212; at the age of 12 &#8212; to the University of Edinburgh.  David left three years later, to become a philosopher!</p>
<p>His family suggested he try law, and he tried, but found that it &#8212; as he put it &#8211;  made him sick.  So he went off to travel a few years in England and France.  It was at a Jesuit College in France that he wrote <strong>A Treatise of Human Nature</strong> (in two parts), which he published anonymously in London in 1739.</p>
<p>Hume was the ultimate <strong>skeptic</strong>, convincingly reducing matter, mind, religion, and science to a matter of sense impressions and memories.  First, he agreed with Bishop Berkeley that matter, or the existence of a world beyond our perceptions, is an unsupportable concept. Further, cause and effect were likewise unsupportable.  We see sequences of events, but can never see the necessity that determinism requires.  Further still, his investigations led him to dismiss the existence of a unifying mind within us.  What we call mind is just a collection of mental perceptions.  And finally, without mind, there can be no free will.</p>
<p><img src="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/metaphysicalwindmillhume.gif" alt="" width="517" height="270" /></p>
<p>I will let him speak for himself.  Pay close attention to some really good arguments!</p>
<blockquote><p>All ideas are copies of impressions&#8230;it is impossible for us to think of anything which we have not antecedently felt by our senses&#8230;.When we entertain any suspicion in a philosophical term, we need but inquire from what impression is that supposed idea derived.  If it be not possible to assign any, this will serve to confirm our suspicion that it is employed without meaning&#8230;.</p>
<p>Some philosophers found much of their reasonings on the distinction of substance and quality.  I would fain ask them whether the idea of substance be derived from impressions of sensations or impressions of reflection.  Does it arise from an impression?  Point it out to us, that we may know its nature and qualities.  But if you cannot point out any such impression, you may be certain you are mistaken when you imagine you have any such idea.</p>
<p>The idea of substance is nothing but a collection of ideas of qualities, united by the imagination and given a particular name by which we are able to recall that collection.  The particular qualities which form a substance are commonly referred to an unknown something in which they are supposed to &#8220;inhere.&#8221;  This is a fiction.</p></blockquote>
<p>And so&#8230;no matter!</p>
<blockquote><p>There are some philosophers (e.g. Berkeley) who imagine we are every moment intimately conscious of what we call our self;  that we feel its existence and its continuance in existence, and are certain of its identity and simplicity.For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call my self, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure, color or sound, etc.  I never catch my self, distinct from some such perception.</p>
<p>I may venture to affirm of the rest of mankind that they are nothing but a bundle or collections of different perceptions which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity and are in a perpetual flux and movement.  Our eyes cannot turn in their sockets without varying their perceptions.  Our thoughts are still more variable.  And all our other senses and powers contribute to this change.</p>
<p>The mind (or self) is a kind of theatre where perceptions make their appearances, pass, repass, glide away, and mingle in an infinite variety.  But there is no simplicity, no one simple thing present or pervading this multiplicity; no identity pervading this process of change; whatever natural inclination we may have to imagine that there is.  The comparison of the theatre must not mislead us: it persists, while the actors come and go.  Whereas, only the successive perceptions consititute the mind.</p>
<p>As memory alone acquaints us with the continuance and extent of a succession of perceptions, it is to be considered, on that account chiefly, as the source of personal identity.  Had we no memory, we should never have any notion of that succession of perceptions which constitutes our self or person.  But having once acquired this notion from the operation of memory, we can extend the same beyond our memory and come to include times which we have entirely forgot.  And so arises the fiction of person and personal identity.</p></blockquote>
<p>And no mind!</p>
<blockquote><p>There is no idea in metaphysics more obscure or uncertain than necessary connection between cause and effect.  We shall try to fix the precise meaning of this terms by producing the impression from which it is copied.  When we look at external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover a necessary connection; any quality which binds the effect to the cause, and renders one a necessary consequence of the other.  We find only that the effect does, in fact, follow the cause.  The impact of one billiard ball upon another is followed by the motion of the second.  There is here contiguity in space and time, but nothing o suggest necessary connection.Why do we imagine a necessary connection?  From observing many constant conjunctions?  But what is there in a number of instances which is absent from a single instance?  Only this:  After a repetition of similar instances the mind is carried by habit, upon the appearance of the cause, to expect the effect.  This connection, which we feel in the mind, this customary and habitual transition of the imagination from a cause to its effect, is the impression from which we form the idea of necessary connection.  There is nothing further in the case.</p></blockquote>
<p>Out with cause and effect!</p>
<blockquote><p>The most irregular and unexpected resolutions of men may be accounted for by those who know every particular circumstance of their character and situation.  A genial person, contrary to expectation, may give a peevish answer, but he has a toothache or has not dined.  Even when, as sometimes happens, an action cannot be accounted for, do we not put it down to our ignorance of relevant details?Thus it appears that the conjunction between motive and action is as regular and uniform as between cause and effect in any part of nature.  In both cases, constant conjunction and inference from one to the other.</p></blockquote>
<p>Free will is only our ignorance of cause and effect, and cause and effect is an illusion, so free will is an illusion.  Simple.</p>
<blockquote><p>In all reasonings from experience, then, there is a step taken by the mind (that the future resembles the past) which is not supported by any argument.  Nevertheless, we take this step.  There must therefore be some other principle (than rational or demonstrative argument).  This principle is custom&#8230;.What, then, is the conclusion of the whole matter?  A simple one, though, it must be confessed, pretty remote from the common theories of philosophy.  All belief concerning matters of fact or real existence, is derived merely from some object present to the memory or the senses, and a customary conjunction between that and some other object.  Having found, in many instances, that two kinds of objects have been conjoined (say, flame and heat), the mind is carried by custom to expect the same in the future.  This is the whole operation of the mind in all our conclusions concerning matters of fact and existence.</p></blockquote>
<p>So long, science!</p>
<blockquote><p>If we take in hand any volume, of divinity or metaphysics, for instance, let us ask:  Does it contain any reasoning concerning quantity or number?  No.  Does it contain any experimental (probable) reasoning concerning matter of fact?  No.  Commit it then to the flames:  for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion.I am at first affrighted and confounded with that forlorn solitude in which I am placed by my philosophy, and fancy myself some strange uncouth monster, utterly abandoned and disconsolate.  Fain would I run into the crowd for shelter and warmth.  I call upon others to join me.  But no one will hearken to me.  Everyone keeps at a distance, and dreads that storm which beats upon me from every side.  I have exposed myself to the emnity of all metaphysicians, logicians, mathematicians, and theologians.  Can I wonder at the insults I must suffer?  I have declared my disapprobation of their systems.  Can I be surprised if they should express a hatred of my ideas and my person?  when I look about me, I foresee on every hand, dispute, contradiction, anger, calumny, detraction.  When I turn my eye inward, I find only doubt and ignorance.  Every step I take is with hesitation; every new reflection makes me dread an error and absurdity in my reasoning.</p></blockquote>
<p>In 1739, he returned to Edinburgh, where he added a third part to <strong>A Treatise</strong>, on morality.  He suggested that morality comes from sympathy, which is an instinct for association with others.  He goes on to say that it is emotions that move us, not reason, and he presages Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism by defining virtue as “every quality of the mind which is useful or agreeable to the person himself or others.”  Even beauty is based on pleasure and pain, and love is based on our desire to reproduce &#8212; shades of Freud!.  What little attention this part received was negative.</p>
<p>At this point in his life, he went through several minor political positions.  And he gained a great deal of weight &#8212; something unusual among philosophers!  Then, in 1748, he published <strong>An Enquiry Concerning the Human Understanding</strong>, followed in 1751 by <strong>An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals</strong>.  These were essentially a rewrite of <strong>A Treatise</strong>.  In it, he included a new essay, “Of Miracles,” wherein he portrays some of Christianity’s most basic beliefs as nothing but superstition!</p>
<p>He continued on that subject with <strong>Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</strong>, in which he compared Christianity, Deism, and Atheism.  Among other things, he suggests that the world we know &#8212; including ourselves &#8212; is the result of eons of nature’s experiments.  His friends asked him not to publish it.  They published it for him posthumously (no pun intended).</p>
<p>In 1752, he wrote <strong>Political Discourses</strong>.  Although he liked egalitarianism (roughly, communism) and democracy, he felt that both were too idealistic.  This book influenced Adam Smith, the father of modern capitalism.</p>
<p>In 1754, he published the first volume of the <strong>History of England</strong>, a book admired by such notables as Voltaire and Gibbon (the author of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire).</p>
<p>In 1763 he went to Paris, where he soon became the talk of the town and was especially popular at the salons of the great aristocratic women of France, who apparently took a liking to his grand body as well as his great mind.  Several years later, he brought the nearly insane Rousseau to England, which turned out to be a disagreeable adventure for both of them.</p>
<p>He died August 25, 1776, of ulcerative colitis.  His friends found the great atheist polite, pleasant, even cheerful, to the end.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><a title="BiBi Books. Bibliography. The History Of Psychology. Dr. C. George Boeree." href="http://bibibooks.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/the-history-of-psychology/" target="_blank"><em>The History Of Psychology</em></a><em>, Part 2: The Rebirth</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>Dr. C. George Boeree</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>© Copyright 2000 C. George Boeree</em></p>
<p>Ali.♥</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr />
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Book Review: Michael Fry’s Edinburgh.]]></title>
<link>http://tychy.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/book-review-michael-fry%e2%80%99s-edinburgh/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 13:40:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>tychy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tychy.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/book-review-michael-fry%e2%80%99s-edinburgh/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Perhaps it takes balls to attempt a history of Edinburgh in less than four hundred pages, but it als]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Perhaps it takes balls to attempt a history of Edinburgh in less than four hundred pages, but it als]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA["Lagom ciderfull"]]></title>
<link>http://greyeminence.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/lagom-ciderfull/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 21:28:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Lukas Slothuus</dc:creator>
<guid>http://greyeminence.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/lagom-ciderfull/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Eros Ramazzotti, great pasta dishes, horrible white wine, David Hume, early Christian rant, Kumar wi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">Eros Ramazzotti, great pasta dishes, horrible white wine, David Hume, early Christian rant, Kumar without Harold, WHSmith, eBay regret, lots of laundry, new credit card, Danish crime tv-series, Ryanair tickets, parents coming, essays, free drinks, translating for Simon Hix.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">And a great quote from a friend of mine explains an often-encountered state of mind. It  doesn&#8217;t really translate very well but I can give it a try:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8220;&#8230;när man bara vill tillbaka till ett cabin party och vara sådär lagom ciderfull.&#8221;<br />
(&#8220;&#8230;when you just want to be back at a cabin party being, like, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagom">lagom </a>drunk from cider.&#8221;)</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Et18cBBX5Sg"><img class="aligncenter" title="PNAU" src="http://i253.photobucket.com/albums/hh60/mochibeats/l_1ebf5e3e64d9e7934bc261773baafdef.jpg" alt="" width="479" height="319" /></a><em>Running faster than my legs can take me<br />
Shouting louder than my lungs allow me</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[David Hume on What to Get your Girl for the Holidays]]></title>
<link>http://hbdgirl.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/david-hume-on-what-to-get-your-girl-for-the-holidays/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 19:01:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>hbdgirl</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hbdgirl.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/david-hume-on-what-to-get-your-girl-for-the-holidays/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In David Hume&#8217;s Essay &#8220;Of the Study of History&#8221; he recommends that men purchase fo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignleft" title="David Hume" src="http://files.libertyfund.org/img/Hume200.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="223" />In David Hume&#8217;s Essay <a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&#38;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=704&#38;chapter=137569&#38;layout=html&#38;Itemid=27" target="_blank">&#8220;Of the Study of History&#8221;</a> he recommends that men purchase for their women books on history to encourage them to learn about realism instead of living in the world of romantic fantasy.</p>
<blockquote><p>Among other important truths, which they may learn from history, they may be informed of two particulars, the knowledge of which may contribute very much to their quiet and repose; <em>That</em> our sex, as well as theirs, are far from being such perfect creatures as they are apt to imagine, and, <em>That</em> Love is not the only passion, which governs the male-world, but is often overcome by avarice, ambition, vanity, and a thousand other passions.</p></blockquote>
<p>Hume sees the benefits of the study of history as  &#8221;it amuses the fancy, as it improves the understanding, and as it strengthens virtue.&#8221; Plus as a woman that follows <a href="http://girlgame.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">&#8220;Girl Game&#8221; </a>it only adds to your value.</p>
<blockquote><p>A woman may behave herself with good manners, and have even some vivacity in her turn of wit; but where her mind is so unfurnished, ’tis impossible her conversation can afford any entertainment to men of sense and reflection.</p></blockquote>
<p>As an undergrad I studied the post-Civil War history of the U.S. as well as the history of other regions (some European focusing on world wars and on Eastern regions.) One area that I still lack knowledge in is ancient Greek and Roman history to my chagrin.</p>
<p>Personally, I&#8217;m interested in learning more about the history of the conservative movement, the rise of fascism in early 20th Century, and also world history (historical events/time periods that spanned many continents) and ways that movements of people (immigration) may have effected societies.</p>
<p><strong>Are there any good history books that you can recommend to me, my dear readers? Or ones that you would gift to friends this holiday season?</strong></p>
<p><img class="alignright" title="Hayek's Capitalism and the Historians" src="http://bks2.books.google.com/books?id=dcCVcr6biTAC&#38;printsec=frontcover&#38;img=1&#38;zoom=5&#38;edge=curl&#38;sig=ACfU3U2eQDakKt_ikjPtlL2X9pRW5OThYw" alt="" width="52" height="80" />I highly recommend <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=dcCVcr6biTAC&#38;dq=hayek+capitalism+and+its+historians&#38;printsec=frontcover&#38;source=bn&#38;hl=en&#38;ei=EfICS9HLJ4eEswOD-MS4BA&#38;sa=X&#38;oi=book_result&#38;ct=result&#38;resnum=4&#38;ved=0CBQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&#38;q=&#38;f=false" target="_blank">Hayek&#8217;s &#8220;Capitalism and the Historians&#8221;</a> for further knowledge on the benefits of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution. This book discusses the connection between politics and history and the anti-capitalism bias of historians. In the second portion he goes through the history of the industrial revolution.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s a small book and it&#8217;s easy to get through, plus I think it&#8217;d be eye-opening to folks that believe our school textbooks which only highlighted the problems during that time period.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[happy skeptic]]></title>
<link>http://osopher.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/happy-skeptic/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 10:00:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>osopher</dc:creator>
<guid>http://osopher.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/happy-skeptic/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[David Hume (1711-1776) was a wit, a good friend (especially to Rousseau, whom he helped escape Swiss]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://osopher.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hume.png"><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-2084" title="hume" src="http://osopher.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hume.png?w=120" alt="" width="120" height="150" /></a>David <a href="http://www.philosophersnet.com/magazine/article.php?id=198&#38;el=true">Hume</a> (1711-1776) was a wit, a good friend (especially to Rousseau, whom he <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7HXJAqqNl4QC&#38;pg=PA516&#38;dq=rousseau's+dog&#38;ei=gf0BS5ucKqWWygTuyZ3YDg#v=onepage&#38;q=rousseau&#38;f=false">helped escape</a> Swiss and French charges of sedition and impiety), and a happy man. He proposed the &#8220;consolation&#8221; that one should &#8220;expect not too great happiness in life,&#8221; but he got his share. Personally, he found consolation in long walks, good beer, and just a bit of gaming and gambling. I&#8217;d bet he was happier than these guys:</p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;line-height:normal;font-size:10px;white-space:pre;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/M6v3ZYt08fY&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/M6v3ZYt08fY&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></span></p>
<p>Borrowing from his friend Adam Smith (and from Balzac), and wishing to reinforce the value of (virtuous)<a href="http://osopher.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/world-destruction.png"><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2085" title="world destruction" src="http://osopher.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/world-destruction.png?w=150" alt="" width="150" height="102" /></a> custom and sentiment over narrowly-constructed reason, he declared it not &#8220;against reason to prefer the destruction of half the world to the pricking of my little finger.&#8221;  But it is decidedly against humanity, and Hume was among the most human <em>and</em> humane of philosophers.</p>
<div id="_mcePaste">More consoling, fortifying, entertaining, nourishing <em>b</em><em>on mots</em> from <em>Le Bon David, </em>as the French affectionately knew him:</div>
<div>*Health and humor all. The rest of little consequence&#8230;</div>
<div>*Life is like a game, one may choose the game and passion, by degrees, seizes the object.</div>
<div>*I desire to be rich. Why? That I may possess many fine objects; houses, gardens, equipage, &#38;c. How many fine objects does nature offer to everyone without expense? If  enjoyed, sufficient&#8230;</div>
<div>*By habit and study acquire that philosophical temper which both gives force to reflection, and by rendering a great part of your happiness independent, takes off the edge from all disorderly passions, and tranquilizes the mind.</div>
<div>*You will never convince a man, who is not accustomed to Italian music, that a Scotch tune is not preferable. You have not even any single argument, beyond your own taste&#8230; If you be wise, each of you will allow, that the other may be in the right.</div>
<div>*The epithet <em>beautiful</em> or <em>deformed, desirable</em> or <em>odious</em>, must depend upon the particular fabric or structure of the mind [of every individual]&#8230;</div>
<div>*To be happy, the <em>passion</em> must neither be too violent nor too remiss&#8230; must be benign and social, not rough or fierce&#8230; must be cheerful and gay, not gloomy and melancholy. A propensity to hope and joy is real riches. One to fear and sorrow, real poverty.</div>
<div>*A passion for learning is preferable, with regard to happiness, to one for riches.</div>
<div>*The happiest disposition of  mind is the <em>virtuous</em>, which leads to action and employment, renders us sensible to the social passions, steels the heart against the assaults of fortune, reduces the affections to a just moderation, makes our own thoughts an entertainment to us, and inclines us rather to the pleasures of society and conversation&#8230;</div>
<div>*Even upon the wise and thoughtful, nature has a prodigious influence; nor is it always in a man&#8217;s power to correct his temper and attain that virtuous character to which he aspires.</div>
<div>*A serious attention to the sciences and liberal arts softens and humanizes  the temper&#8230; the mind is not altogether stubborn and inflexible, but will admit of many alterations&#8230;</div>
<div>*Habit is the chief triumph of art and philosophy&#8230;</div>
<div>*Cicero&#8217;s consolation for deafness [you don't have to bother learning so many languages] is somewhat curious&#8230; I like better the repartee of the Cyreniac when some women were consoling him for his blindness:  <em>Do you think there are no pleasures in the dark?</em></div>
<div><em>*&#8221;</em>Man is  not a plant, rooted to a certain spot of earth.</div>
<div>*To a very good-natured man, the view of human miseries should add, to his lamentations for his own misfortunes, a deep compassion for those of others.</div>
<div>*Be a philosopher, but amidst all your philosophy, be still a man.</div>
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<title><![CDATA[El Pensamiento de David Hume]]></title>
<link>http://trimegistos.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/el-pensamiento-de-david-hume/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 04:30:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>fallenlugosi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://trimegistos.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/el-pensamiento-de-david-hume/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[David Hume Hume es la figura más importante de  la corriente filosófica del s. XVIII denominada empi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong></p>
<div id="attachment_183" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 257px"><strong><a href="http://trimegistos.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hume.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-183" title="hume" src="http://trimegistos.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hume.jpg?w=247" alt="David Hume" width="247" height="300" /></a></strong><p class="wp-caption-text">David Hume</p></div>
<p>Hume</strong> es la figura más  importante de  la corriente filosófica  del s. XVIII denominada <strong>empirismo</strong>, que surge como reacción al problema del  conocimiento del <strong>racionalismo</strong> del siglo XVII. Ahora, el hombre y su mente es el  centro de las preocupaciones y no es Dios, como ocurría en la <strong>filosofía  medieval</strong>. Los  <strong>empiristas</strong> sostienen que no hay <strong>ideas innatas</strong> y que todas ellas proceden de la  <strong>experiencia sensible</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Hume</strong> señala que todas las ciencias guardan relación con la naturaleza humana, es decir, todas las ciencias caen bajo las capacidades del ser humano y son juzgados por el hombre. El  único método válido para <strong>Hume</strong> es el de <strong>Newton</strong> pero aplicado a la ciencia del hombre.</p>
<p>Todo cuanto conocemos es una <strong>percepción</strong>.  Las <strong>percepciones</strong> son los contenidos de la mente en general y se dividen en <strong>impresiones</strong>,  que son los datos inmediatos de la experiencia, e <strong>ideas</strong>, que son  representaciones o copias de las impresiones en el pensamiento (imágenes  debilitadas de las impresiones). Las <strong>ideas</strong> tienen su origen en las impresiones.  Ambas pueden ser también <strong>simples</strong> o <strong>complejas</strong>, según estén o  no formadas por partes y pueden ser también de <strong>reflexión</strong> o <strong>sensación</strong>.  Cuando la mente ha recibido impresiones, éstas pueden reaparecer de dos modos: <strong>memoria</strong> e <strong>imaginación</strong>. Las <strong>ideas</strong> de la memoria son más fuertes que las de la imaginación pues la memoria preserva el orden y la forma de las originales. La imaginación, sin embargo, es libre de alterar y trastocar las ideas.</p>
<p>Las cualidades de las que surge la asociación de  ideas (leyes de asociación) son: <strong>semejanza</strong>, <strong>contigüidad</strong> y <strong>causa-efecto</strong>. Nuestra imaginación pasa fácilmente de una idea a otra semejante y adquiere la costumbre de la asociación de ideas que están más próximas en el espacio. En cuanto a la <strong>causa-efecto</strong>, no hay conexión más fuerte en la imaginación, y se ha  entendido como una conexión necesaria (no puede no darse).</p>
<p>Para <strong>Hume</strong>, hay dos tipos de conocimiento posibles:  Las <strong>relaciones de ideas</strong> (que incluyen todas las proposiciones de la matemática, geometría, etc. A esta proposiciones se llega por razonamientos del entendimiento, sin necesidad de recurrir a la experiencia) y las <strong>relaciones  de hechos</strong> que dependen únicamente de la experiencia y no es posible  llegar a él por medio de razonamientos.</p>
<p>Según <strong>Hume</strong>, una <strong>idea</strong> es verdadera si podemos señalar de qué impresión se deriva ya que el límite de nuestro conocimiento son las impresiones. Sin embargo, damos por seguros hechos futuros de los que no tenemos impresión. Según <strong>Hume</strong>, estas anticipaciones se fundan en la relación causa-efecto. Nuestro conocimiento de hechos futuros sólo tiene justificación si entre lo que llamamos causa y lo que llamamos efecto existe una conexión necesaria. Pero lo único observable entre hechos de los que no tenemos impresión actual es que se da una <strong>sucesión </strong>constante entre ellos. Podemos estar seguros de estas anticipaciones pero esta seguridad procede de la experiencia, del hábito. De hechos futuros no podemos tener un conocimiento cierto sino sólo probable.</p>
<p>Para <strong>Hume</strong>, la sustancia es un concepto al que no le corresponde ninguna impresión. Sustancia es un conjunto de percepciones particulares que habitualmente encontramos unidas. Lo único que podemos afirmar es la realidad de nuestras impresiones y, como no tenemos ninguna impresión de Dios, no podemos afirmar su existencia. La filosofía de <strong>Hume</strong> desemboca en un  fenomenismo y un escepticismo (sabemos que tenemos impresiones pero no sabemos  de dónde vienen).</p>
<p>Una ética es un conjunto de principios o normas a través de los cuales se juzga si una acción es buena o mala. Los griegos consideraban que el fundamento de los juicios morales se encontraba en la razón. <strong>Hume</strong> se opone a este pensamiento pero afirma que tampoco pueden tenerlo en los hechos. El hecho en sí no es un juicio: el juicio se hace en el interior de uno mismo, en el <strong>sentimiento</strong>. Su ética es de carácter  <strong>emotivista</strong> porque afirma que el fundamento de los juicios morales se encuentra  en el <strong>sentimiento</strong>. Los <strong>sentimientos</strong> son las fuerzas que nos llevan a actuar de  una u otra manera. El <strong>sentimiento</strong> moral nos da un sentimiento de aprobación o  desaprobación respecto de las acciones humanas.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Video of the second debate between Mike Licona and Bart Ehrman]]></title>
<link>http://winteryknight.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/video-of-the-second-debate-between-mike-licona-and-bart-ehrman/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2009 22:00:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Wintery Knight</dc:creator>
<guid>http://winteryknight.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/video-of-the-second-debate-between-mike-licona-and-bart-ehrman/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I was browsing on Mike&#8217;s web site and found links to these videos. Here they are: 4 videos in ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>I was browsing on <a href="http://risenjesus.com/" target="_blank">Mike&#8217;s web site</a> and found links to these videos.</p>
<p>Here they are:</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/zyHA3K_6H0g&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/zyHA3K_6H0g&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/2bJ23Y5tDDA&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/2bJ23Y5tDDA&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/aPDlHlGGLiI&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/aPDlHlGGLiI&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/EBxCAexOTRU&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/EBxCAexOTRU&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>4 videos in high quality, about 30 minutes each.</p>
<p>If you sometimes have trouble understanding what Habermas and Craig are talking about in their debates, you need to listen to this debate. Licona is taking a much higher-level view. He is basically selecting facts that NO ONE denies and not even talking about the evidence for them &#8211; instead he is spending his time arguing why the resurrection is the best hypothesis for explaining the facts, and why the naturalistic hypotheses are not as good. Craig spends more time proving the facts, but virtually no historian denies them.</p>
<p>If you like the debate, <a href="http://theapologeticsbookstore.com/licona-ehrman-debate.aspx" target="_blank">you can buy it here</a> from $9.99 on 2 DVDs, with extra content &#8211; suitable for showing to larger audiences, like in your church!</p>
<p>You may also be interested in <a href="http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=F2758DCC10EB65E3" target="_blank">watching the debate between William Lane Craig and Bart Ehrman</a>, or you can <a href="http://www.holycross.edu/assets/pdfs/resurrection_debate.pdf" target="_blank">download the transcript here</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Related posts on Bart Ehrman</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a title="Assessing Bart Ehrman’s case against the resurrection of Jesus" href="../2009/05/30/assessing-bart-ehrmans-case-against-the-resurrection-of-jesus/">Assessing Bart Ehrman’s case against the resurrection of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a title="Is the Bible we have now the Bible they had then?" href="../2009/08/05/is-the-bible-we-have-now-the-bible-they-had-then/">Is the Bible we have now the Bible they had then?</a></li>
<li><a title="Tough Questions Answered has first report of Licona/Ehrman debate!" href="../2009/04/03/tough-questions-answered-has-first-report-of-liconaehrman-debate/">Tough Questions Answered has first report of Licona/Ehrman debate!</a></li>
<li><a title="Mike Licona will face Richard Carrier and Stephen Patterson in upcoming debates" href="../2009/09/19/mike-licona-will-face-richard-carrier-and-stephen-patterson-in-forthcoming-debates/">Mike Licona will face Richard Carrier and Stephen Patterson in upcoming debates</a></li>
<li><a title="Gary Habermas explains the earliest source of resurrection facts" href="../2009/04/03/gary-habermas-explains-the-earliest-source-of-resurrection-facts/">Gary Habermas explains the earliest source of resurrection facts</a></li>
<li><a title="The eyewitness testimony of Jesus’ women followers supports the empty tomb" href="../2009/04/16/why-the-eyewitness-testimony-of-jesus-women-followers-support-the-empty-tomb/">The eyewitness testimony of Jesus’ women followers supports the empty tomb</a></li>
<li><a title="Quick overview of N.T. Wright’s case for the resurrection" href="../2009/03/24/quick-overview-of-nt-wrights-case-for-the-resurrection/">Quick overview of N.T. Wright’s case for the resurrection</a></li>
<li><a title="How every Christian can learn to explain the resurrection of Jesus to others" href="../2009/03/06/how-every-christian-can-learn-to-explain-the-resurrection-of-jesus-to-others/">How every Christian can learn to explain the resurrection of Jesus to others</a></li>
<li><a title="What do the Dead Sea Scrolls tell us about how the Bible was transmitted?" href="../2009/10/30/what-do-the-dead-sea-scrolls-tell-us-about-how-the-bible-was-transmitted/">What do the Dead Sea Scrolls tell us about how the Bible was transmitted?</a></li>
<li><a title="William Lane Craig debates radical skeptics on the resurrection of Jesus" href="../2009/10/30/william-lane-craig-debates-radical-skeptics-on-the-resurrection-of-jesus/">William Lane Craig debates radical skeptics on the resurrection of Jesus</a></li>
</ul>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[After life is there more?  (And would we want there to be?)]]></title>
<link>http://edthemanicstreetpreacher.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/afterlife/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2009 15:45:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>edthemanicstreetpreacher</dc:creator>
<guid>http://edthemanicstreetpreacher.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/afterlife/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[by manicstreetpreacher manicstreetpreacher muses on the pros and cons of departing this veil of tear]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[by manicstreetpreacher manicstreetpreacher muses on the pros and cons of departing this veil of tear]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Book Review: What the Dog Saw]]></title>
<link>http://ffbsccn.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/book-review-what-the-dog-saw/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 19:26:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Bob Morris</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ffbsccn.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/book-review-what-the-dog-saw/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures Malcolm Gladwell Little, Brown &amp; Company (2009) In this v]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img src="http://ffbsccn.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/what-the-dog-saw.jpg" alt="What the Dog Saw" title="What the Dog Saw" width="80" height="130" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-3678" /><strong><em>What the Dog Saw</em></strong><em>: And Other Adventures</em><br />
Malcolm Gladwell<br />
Little, Brown &#38; Company (2009)</p>
<p>In this volume, we have 19 of Gladwell’s best essays, all of which appeared in <em>The New Yorker</em>. They are organized within three Parts: <em>Obsessives, Pioneers, and Other Varieties of Minor Genius </em>(e.g. “The Pitchman: Ron Popeil and the Conquest of the American Kitchen”); <em>Theories, Predictions, and Diagnoses</em> (e.g. “Million-Dollar Murray: Why Problems Like Homelessness May Be Easier to Solve Than Manage”); and <em>Personality, Character, and Intelligence</em> (e.g. “Dangerous Minds: Criminal Profiling Made Easy”). In the Preface, Gladwell observes, “Curiosity about the inner life of other people’s day-to-day work is one of the most fundamental of human impulses, and that same impulse is what led to the writing you now hold in your hands.” He seems to have an insatiable curiosity about individuals, situations, and locations that are of little (if any) interest to most people&#8230;until Gladwell shares what he has learned about them. </p>
<p>Ketchup, for example. It is essential to my full enjoyment of burgers, meatloaf, and french fries and yet I had assumed that all ketchup is the same. Wrong! In “The Ketchup Conundrum,” Gladwell explains that tomato ketchup “is a nineteenth-century creation – the union of the English tradition of fruit and vegetable sauces and the growing American infatuation with the tomato. But what we know today as ketchup emerged out of a debate that raged in the first years of the last century over benzoate, a preservative widely used in the late-nineteenth century condiments.” A debate about benzoate? Who cares? It is to Gladwell’s credit that he rewarded my continuing to read the article by providing some truly interesting information about a subject in which I had little (if any) prior interest.</p>
<p>But that is not true of the next article in the anthology, “Blowing Up: How Nassim Taleb Turned the Inevitability of Disaster Into an Investment Strategy,”an article first published in 2002. I was already aware of what is now referred to as the Black Swan phenomenon. Over a period of many months, Gladwell spent a great deal of time with Nassim Nicholas Taleb, founder and CEO of a hedge fund, Empirica Capital. “Taleb likes to quote David Hume: ‘No amount of observations of white swans can allow the inference that all swans are white, but the observation of a single black swan is sufficient to refute that conclusion.’&#8230;[Taleb] has constructed a trading philosophy predicated entirely on the existence of black swans, on the possibilty of some random, unexpected event sweeping the markets. He never sells options, then. He only buys them. He’s never the one who can lose a great deal of money if GM stock suddenly plunges. Nor does her ever bet on the market moving in one direction or another. That would require Taleb to assume that he understands the market, and he doesn’t.” Years later, he wrote a book he called <strong><em>The Black Swan </em></strong>and during the subsequent financial crisis of 2008-2009 &#8220;made a staggering amount of money for his fund.” Once again, Gladwell captured and then sustained my attention when discussing a subject about which, previously, I knew very little and in which I had even less interest&#8230;other than a curiosity about black swans.</p>
<p>Each of the 19 articles is a gem. Having all of them assembled in a single volume is intellectual treasure.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La evolución y los 7 días del Génesis]]></title>
<link>http://homohominilupus.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/la-evolucion-y-los-7-dias-del-genesis/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 17:53:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>condottiero</dc:creator>
<guid>http://homohominilupus.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/la-evolucion-y-los-7-dias-del-genesis/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[La evolución es fácil de aceptar como proceso, pero no tanto su comienzo ni su fin. Sin embargo, se ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter" title="Creation Science" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3176/2631796400_775f28b09b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="400" /></p>
<blockquote><p><em>La evolución es fácil de aceptar como proceso, pero no tanto su comienzo ni su fin. Sin embargo, se supone que todo proceso tiene un comienzo y, por lo mismo, tendrá también un fin. Cada uno puede elegir qué camino tomar, sobre la base de la información de que disponga. Puede haber variables exógenas, mediante las cuales se pretenda explicar la evolución. Por ejemplo, la Biblia dice que Dios creó el mundo en siete días, aunque esos siete días pueden haber sido en realidad siete millones de años. ¿Teoría del big-bang? ¿Creación del hombre del barro y animado inmediatamente con un soplo de vida? En realidad, no es posible afirmar cómo surge el hombre. Si no hay evidencia, no se puede demostrar el conocimiento. ¿Es posible vivir, sin contradecirse, sobre la base de la concepción religiosa y al mismo tiempo de la concepción científica? Es el individuo quien decide. ¿En qué momento surge mi alma? -preguntó alguien-. Tuvo que haber una intervención divina -se respondió dicha persona a sí misma. ¿Qué son y de dónde nacen mis ideas, sentimientos y poemas, en relación con la evolución? -se preguntó otro</em>, comentó el moderador Amable Sánchez  del <a title="http://centrodavidhume.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://centrodavidhume.blogspot.com/">Centro de Ética David Hume.</a></p></blockquote>
<p>La evolución no es algo que se acepta; la evolución es un hecho de la naturaleza y la crítica iniciada contra la misma por místicos y teócratas es digno de discusiones barrocas que ni siquiera <em>Guillermo de Baskerville (</em>personaje central en la novela <em>El Nombre de la Rosa</em>) disfrutaría de discutir.</p>
<p>Afortunadamente, el avance de la ciencia y el regreso de la razón y la objetividad a las mesas de discusión ha permitido que el poder de grupos místicos que engañaban y abusaban de las masas con la fe, la irracionalidad y metáforas bíblicas obscuras sea cada vez menor debido a las complejas contradicciones que enfrenta.</p>
<p>Ojalá que estos místicos sigan discutiendo hasta el fin del mundo la cantidad exacta que representaban los &#8220;7 días de la creación del mundo&#8221;.  Mientras tanto, la humanidad seguirá avanzando y felicito a quienes organizan estas reuniones en Guatemala.</p>
<p>Vean acá más información del evento realizado por el <a title="sobre la plática de evolución y moral en el centro de ética" href="http://noticias.ufm.edu/index.php/Evoluci%C3%B3n_y_moral%2C_en_Centro_de_Etica" target="_self">El Centro de Ética David Hume de la UFM</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Simon Blackburn On Philosophy's Contributions]]></title>
<link>http://camelswithhammers.com/2009/11/06/simon-blackburn-on-philosophys-contributions/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 07 Nov 2009 02:21:16 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Daniel Fincke</dc:creator>
<guid>http://camelswithhammers.com/2009/11/06/simon-blackburn-on-philosophys-contributions/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In the UK, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills intends to assess &#8220;the benefits ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>In the UK, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills intends to assess &#8220;the benefits of postgraduate study for all relevant stakeholders&#8221; and &#8220;the evidence about the needs of employers for postgraduates.&#8221;  Philosopher Simon Blackburn answered a request for faculty comments with <a href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&#38;storycode=408854&#38;c=1">a letter worth reading in full</a>.  A couple highlights:</p>
<blockquote><p>(1) Our postgraduate philosophy education is primarily vital in ensuring the quality of the incoming stream of future teachers of philosophy. These provide the continuing educational resource for very acute and educated people to flow into very diverse channels of administration, business and other branches of employment, including what used to exist as and be known as &#8220;public service&#8221;, before that fell into the hands of people unable to conceive of it as anything other than a cornucopia of opportunities for corruption. If these last are your &#8220;stakeholders&#8221;, then we probably cannot convince them that we are of use to them, any more than music, art, literature or history could.</p>
<p>(2) Our future teachers will, in turn, educate philosophy graduates who can flourish in business: there have been many examples. But we don&#8217;t think that you should pay slavish attention to what business people, especially those who believe themselves fit to judge things about which they know nothing, say are their &#8220;needs&#8221; because we do not have any confidence that without more philosophy than most of them possess, they have the least idea what those needs are. We merely note that conceptions of need that have given us such outstanding examples of business expertise as British Leyland, Rover and RBS seem strange instruments with which to assess institutions that enabled such legacies as those left by Bacon, Locke, Hume and Wittgenstein. We are, to adapt one minister&#8217;s words, intensely relaxed about having assisted the country to this filthy rich legacy.</p></blockquote>
<p>via <em><a href="http://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/">Leiter Reports</a></em></p>
<p>Your Thoughts?</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Paul Johnson: Master Chef of the Intellectual Feast]]></title>
<link>http://ffbsccn.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/paul-johnson-master-chef-of-the-intellectual-feast/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 19:17:08 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Bob Morris</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ffbsccn.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/paul-johnson-master-chef-of-the-intellectual-feast/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Born in 1928 in Manchester, England, Johnson is an English Roman Catholic journalist, historian, spe]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img src="http://ffbsccn.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/creators.jpg" alt="Creators" title="Creators" width="80" height="122" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-3596" />Born in 1928 in Manchester, England, Johnson is an English Roman Catholic journalist, historian, speechwriter, and author. He was educated at the Jesuit independent school Stonyhurst College, and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He has more than more than 40 books in print that include:</p>
<p><strong><em>Heroes</em></strong>(2007)<br />
<strong><em>Creators</em></strong> (2006)<br />
<strong><em>George Washington</em></strong><em>: The Founding Father</em> (2005)<br />
<strong><em>Intellectuals </em></strong>(2003)<br />
<strong><em>Napoleon </em></strong>(2002)<br />
<strong><em>The Renaissance</em></strong><em>: A Short History</em> (2002)</p>
<p>I have just re-read <strong><em>Creators </em></strong>in which Johnson examines 17 exemplars of what he characterizes as “creative courage”: Chaucer, Dürer, Shakespeare, Bach, Turner and Hokusai, Austen, Pugin and Viollet-le-Duc, Hugo, Twain, Tiffany, Eliot, Balenciaga and Dior, and in then Picasso and Disney. The range of his interests correctly suggests the scope and depth of his erudition. Here are two brief excerpts:</p>
<p>Creative courage “is of many different kinds. What are we to think of the quiet, withdrawn, silent, uncomplaining courage of Emily Dickinson? She continued to write her poetry, and eventually amassed a significant oeuvre, with little or no encouragement, no guidance, and no public response, for only six short poems were published in her lifetime and these against her will. She worked essentially in isolation and solitude, a brave woman confronting the fears and agonies of creation without (or hindrance either, as perhaps she would have said).” Johnson also briefly discusses Mozart, Dickens, Caravaggio, Beethoven, Marie Cassatt, Toulouse-Lautrec, Robert Louis Stevenson, David Hume, Trollope, V.S. Pritchett, and J.B. Priestly…all of whom encountered and overcame “daunting challenges.”</p>
<p>“The popularity of the creative arts, and the influence they exert, will depend ultimately in their quality and allure, on the delight and excitement they generate, and on demotic choices. Picasso set his faith against nature, and burrowed within himself. Disney worked with nature, stylizing it, anthropomorphizing it, and surrealizing it, but ultimately reinforcing it. That is why his ideas form so many powerful palimpsests in the visual vocabulary of the world in the early twenty-first century, and will continue to shine through, while the ideas of Picasso, powerful thought they were for much of the twentieth century, will gradually fade and seem outmoded, as representational art returns in favor. In the end nature is the strongest force of all.” </p>
<p>I highly recommend <strong><em>Creators</em></strong> as well as Howard Gardner’s <strong><em>Creating Minds</em></strong> in which he examines the lives and achievements of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Hmm... What to do? What to do?]]></title>
<link>http://thewritestuff1.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/hmm-what-to-do-what-to-do/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:52:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Robert Babington</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thewritestuff1.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/hmm-what-to-do-what-to-do/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[My social studies seminar lecturer is a woman named Laura Canning. She is a younger Meryl Streep loo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JGZ-1hiSc-w/SvAz2O9KIJI/AAAAAAAAAGw/qkxROl-IiSk/s1600-h/no_sheep_button-p145869413683604983t5sj_400.jpg"><img style="float:right;cursor:pointer;width:200px;height:200px;margin:0 0 10px 10px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JGZ-1hiSc-w/SvAz2O9KIJI/AAAAAAAAAGw/qkxROl-IiSk/s200/no_sheep_button-p145869413683604983t5sj_400.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a></p>
<div style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">My social studies seminar lecturer is a woman named Laura Canning. She is a younger Meryl Streep looking character who compared social sciences to masturbating into a sock, and believes everything is utterly right until it is most blatantly wrong. To us, a group of budding journalists, she said the relationship between us and politicians should be that of a dog and a lamppost &#8211; “you decide what role you take,” she said.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">Last week at the seminar, a group discussed the Enlightenment and whether it is relevant in today’s society. For those of you who may not know &#8211; and I suspect there may be a few &#8211; the Enlightenment was the era in which everybody was given a voice.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">People like John Locke, Robert Hooke, David Hume and even Americans like Thomas Jefferson were major figures in the Enlightenment. The term ‘dare to know’ was coin. People &#8211; common folk &#8211; started asking important questions that challenged institutions like the aristocracy and the monarchies whom they had followed blindly and trusted ignorantly for generations previous.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;"><br />
<blockquote><span style="font-size:180%;">&#8220;&#8230;we’ve gotten all we can out of the Enlightenment.&#8221;</span></p></blockquote>
<p></span><br />
<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">I imagine it was a glorious time. Sciences of all sorts were explored, freedoms expressed, politics fought in debate. The Salons and the Freemasons’ societies provided sanctuary for thinkers and talkers &#8211; darers, you might say.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">I make it all sound quite magical don’t I? Well, of course all this dreaded freedom made a lot of people angry, fearful of the potential outcomes and downright paranoid that their ignorance-based leadership would be challenged.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">However, the Enlightenment prevailed. It took about three hundred years but it worked. People have opinions, the commoners voice is heard.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">As the debate rolled on we found ourselves forgetting the question. Laura Canning raised it again though, quite bluntly. Is the Enlightenment alive today? Are its ideas still in use?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">It’s a tough question. I think perhaps in the First World you could say no. We were oppressed by others. Institutions built by the rich, the powerful, the dominant. When we asked ourselves dangerous questions and questions that had never been asked before we were hungry for answers we cracked holes in those establishments.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">But look around you today. You cannot have an idea without being a cast member of some organisation. You cannot have an opinion without being labelled as something. You cannot be you without being it or them or ‘one of those’.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">Anybody who tries to be different is shot down as being strange, or they’re told that they try too hard.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">I think, for the next few generations at least, we’ve gotten all we can out of the Enlightenment. We’ll find new ideas, new opinions, discover groundbreaking scientific facts, but it won’t be an individual’s work &#8211; it’ll be, yet again, an institutions. New is no longer original. New isn’t unique.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">Does this mean we stop asking questions? Give up on daring to know? No. In fact, quite the opposite. Feed any urges you have to find something out, or try something new. Look up. Don’t be a sheep.</span></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Hume-Rezeption im 21. Jahrhundert]]></title>
<link>http://kamenin.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/hume-rezeption-im-21-jahrhundert/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 25 Oct 2009 13:59:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kamenin</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kamenin.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/hume-rezeption-im-21-jahrhundert/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Der Kapitalismus erklärt uns mal wieder die Welt: An attempt to introduce the experimental Method of]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Der Kapitalismus erklärt uns mal wieder die Welt:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<div id="attachment_1020" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 430px"><img class="size-full wp-image-1020" title="Rara temporum felicitas..." src="http://kamenin.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/hume-treatise1.jpg" alt="An attempt to introduce the experimental Method of Reasoning into Not-so-Morale Subjects?" width="420" height="186" /><p class="wp-caption-text">An attempt to introduce the experimental Method of Reasoning into Not-so-Morale Subjects?</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">In derselben Reihe bald zu haben: <em> </em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><em>An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding: With Pictures</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">und das unverzichtbare</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><em>Dialogues concerning Natural Religion: The Jesus Edition.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">
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<title><![CDATA[An Expose of Emerging Church Preaching, Part 1]]></title>
<link>http://drtimwhite.com/2009/11/16/an-expose-of-emerging-church-preaching-part-1/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2009 18:15:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>whitet</dc:creator>
<guid>http://drtimwhite.com/2009/11/16/an-expose-of-emerging-church-preaching-part-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In the following posts, I want to explore the current doctrinal and practical impact of the emerging]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[In the following posts, I want to explore the current doctrinal and practical impact of the emerging]]></content:encoded>
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