LDL-C stands for low density lipoprotein, which is a form of lipoproteins, is what moves triglycerides and cholesterol in peripheral tissues from the liver. Sometimes it is the nickname of "bad" cholesterol. "High levels of LDL cholesterol may consider directly the health of the patient's underlying disease, in some cases, cardiovascular problems.

Along with this form, there are four or more of five types of lipoproteins: chylomicrons to do,High-density lipoprotein (HDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and very low density lipoprotein (LDL). All lipoproteins, including low-density lipoproteins, can be used for fats and cholesterol in the blood through the water-based solution to move.

Since cholesterol is considered "silent killer", some people with high LDL cholesterol may not have obvious symptoms, despite the increase. Xanthelasma cholesterol collects under the skin so that it can be concludedSome people with this disease. They are similar to yellow in color and often show near the eyelids. Even with these, however, high levels of LDL cholesterol may not be the medical cause, as well as other problems could be placed on xanthelasma patients.

Several cases and patients require different treatments. A shift to a special diet, is a possibility, but also that the diet may be different in a situation than another.Exercise is often recommended. Although this is only a modest impact on levels of LDL cholesterol in the individual, is useful for ways to cut, how to improve insulin sensitivity, triglycerides and achieve the realization of other benefits the heart.

One of the main aspects of Kuwaiti residential neighborhoods is that they all have a sort of uniform density. There is really only one thing you can build, a house on a 400+ m2 plot of land. This would be more than enough for a single family to live comfortably in, with a large garden and all the things that make it feel ’suburban’.

The problems arise when families feel forced to build larger homes to accommodate more people living in the same house; Kids get married and move into an ‘apartment’ above the house. In the past few years, most newly built homes have been designed as mini apartment buildings. This is because there is no other option. Land is so expensive that they can’t buy a house and they don’t want to move far away from their families.

What if we decided to create a residential block that has a varied set of dwelling types? Think of a generic residential area (something like Qortuba, Adailiya, etc). Most of them have a large complex in the middle, which is usually a big mess of shopping center, mosque, parking and government buildings. What if we demolished all of that and built a huge urban green park surrounded by several 15 to 20 floor apartment buildings? These would be well designed and sustainably built. On the ground plane, we could have shopping and entertainment and underground parking for all the residents. Imagine this being built in every major residential area in Kuwait.

Linked Towers, by Steven Holl

So who would live in these towers? I suggest that for the first few years, only people who already have family living in the same area be allowed to rent an apartment. This would give young couples an affordable option to live close to their family without having to alter their original house and still have the flexibility to easily move out in a few years. The active lifestyle afforded by having a dense cluster of towers around a park/entertainment urban plaza is also something that young people would love to be a part of. Another advantage is that everyone living outside the core now has someplace to walk to and visit that’s close by. As a result of the lowered density there will be far fewer cars lining the roads. Sidewalks can be much wider. We can plant trees to line both sides of every street to shade the whole thing and filter dust from the air. We can’t do that now because there’s no room. If we soak up the density from the entire area and concentrate it in the middle, we can make space for all of this.

We could even take this one step further and link all of these mini urban cores together with the metro. This would allow the people living in them to have the option of living a car-free lifestyle. They still own a car, but they don’t have to use it every day. People always say to me that only migrant workers would end up using the metro. This can be a very good solution to make it easy for Kuwaitis to find great value in using the system too.

Why closed-down stores?

The idea went back to 2005 when I drove weekly past a large closed supermarket on the North Side of Chicago. At night the space really transformed from one of neglect and misuse to something incredibly visual that described a Rothko-esque painting space divided in three parts (parking lot, building, and sky). I spent a few nights making some photographs to try and replicate what I saw. I had been working on a larger project dealing with American consumerism, and it was no surprise to me that these spaces would fail and dwindle as fast they arise. I was in the midst of a deeper project, photographing in thrift stores and recycling shops as part of my “Copia” series, so I shelved the idea.

At the end of 2007 with many rumblings of recession, I thought of those pictures and began the project in earnest in May of 2008. In many senses it was a vindication of what I had been talking about in my earlier work. How can an economy sustain a lifestyle based on exponential growth and the leisure and wealth to support it? It’s not rocket science to expect these kind of illusions to fail. What’s strange is how ingrained the brands and spaces are to us that so many were not only surprised to see major retailers and malls sink but were saddened. Many of these ideas were set in motion decades ago.

Many abandoned big-box stores are renovated into schools or churches. What do you think should be done with these empty buildings?

Some buildings can be repurposed but so many cannot. Retail design and use is not only based on the space itself but also location. When a few stores go down often many others in an area go with them—a retail ghost town if you will. Though one can repurpose one space it might sit in a vast area of blight. The problem lies not in what we should do with what we have already but it seems more important to get a lot stricter about what new retail spaces we allow into our communities. The promises are always jobs and tax revenue, but that won’t help in the long run if the store folds or relocates to the next township who offers an incentive.

It may seem cynical but I personally would like to see many of the spaces simply be turned back into fields, woods, and natural landscape, rather than trying to discover some profound solution. This is actually happening not so much by design in Detroit where entire neighborhoods are disappearing. Rather than design a new use for the space, many are arguing to leave it and let it be.

Ghosts of Shopping Past, Interview with Brain Ulrich, from The Morning News

End of term crit.

The continuous skin is made up of individual cells that are constant until they hit different environments. Reacting to the different conditions of the site in conjunction with potential programs, the skin forms a heterogeneous environment.

The cells, which are populate over a grid that is distorted according to the introduction of density turning it into a cityscape.

If you see here on the site diagram there are pinch points in the grid, these create focal points that are then lifted to create urban mass and density.

A clear centralised access route emerges from the mat. This could be used for vehicular and pedestrian access.

The themes path is maintained by lowering the skin to form small areas where the public can gather along the path.

The existing roads are maintained by lifting the skin over the roads to form a series of continuous connection for pedestrians.

Movement into the inhabitable skin is possible through the perforation of the cells.  Perforations create internal access still leaving the skin as one continuous membrane.

The skin gives a flexibility to allow for a variation of forms to allow for different programmes to inhabit. The private programs vertical circulation and voids drip into the spaces formed underneath the effected pinch points to be inhabited and are accessible through the perforations.

The piercing into the mass takes with it part of the skin keeping the continuous qualities of the surface. The dips into the mass additionally provide segregation between inserted programs and the public realm by interrupting all floors. Program inside the drips remain private whereas spaces created around are semi-public and a complete public realm below.

The voids provide for light at the lower levels and central areas.

Cell to cell. One can stand at the top of a drips and observe other perforations of the skin and could realise that where they stand could potently the same else where depending on the program within the drip.

Author : BUDI, GUNAWAN

Penambahan sodium silicate bertujuan untuk meningkatkan beberapa propertis dari campuran mortar antara lain compressive strength, tensile strength, linear shrinkage, water absorpiion, density, dan initial surface absorption. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode taguchi ’s fractional factorial design untuk membuat 4 variasi mix dengan perbandingan semen: pasir dan kadar sodium silicate yang berbeda. Dari hasil percobaan, didapatkan nilai compressive strength terbesar 7,87 MPa dan terkecil 3,60 MPa, tensile strength terbesar 2,02 MPa dan terkecil 0,30 MPa, linear shrinkage terkecil 0,02 mm dan terbesar 0,10 mm, water absorption terkecii 4,78 % dan terbesar 8,14 %, density terbesar 2,09 gr/cm 3 dan terkecil 1,92 gr/cm 3 , initial surface absorption terkecil 4,53 ml/m 2 s dan terbesar 16,19 ml/m 2 s. Nilai propertis dari 4 macam mix tersebut kemudian dibandingkan terhadap mortar normal. Dari hasil analisa yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa penambahan sodium silicate dapat meningkatkan compressive strength sampai 28 %, tensile strength sampai 80 %, linear shrinkage sampai 79 %, water absorption sampai 30 %, dan initial surface absorption sampai 51 %. Sedangkan untuk density penambahan sodium silicate tidak memberikan manfaat yang berarti. Mix design dengan komposisi semen : pasir = 5:17 dan kadar sodium silicate 2,50 % menghasilkan mortar dengan mutu propertis paling baik.

Keyword : sodium silicate, compressive strength, tensile strength, linear shnnkage, water absorption, density, initial surface absorption

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/1571/

The debate over the increase in parking meter rates in Columbus has been raging for a couple of weeks now.  I’ve listened to and read information from the opposition – those who feel that they were not informed about the rates and that the new rates will be too high.  I’ve read and listened to the folks on the defense – those hoping to gain additional revenue for the city to help fund the new convention center hotel.  Both sides of the story have specific merits.

One certainly can’t fault the city for looking for additional sources of revenue.  Columbus is not alone in it’s search.  And downtown business owners are there against all odds, coming to the table with as many creative ideas as they can to help sustain themselves.

There is, in my opinion, a debate that should come somewhere in the middle of both arguments.  It is, I believe, why there is such a chasm being created within this issue.

The middle argument is really about density (or lack there of) and transportation.  Columbus city government has been saying for years that they’re in favor of a strong and healthy urban center – an anchor for the region.  The challenge is that they have failed to deliver.

When we speak of “downtown” I believe its safe to refer to it as the land mass between Nationwide Boulevard and the 70/71 split.  The Short North and the Arena District are doing rather well, but only the revival of Gay Street can be seen as a tiny speck of hope within the landmass referred to as downtown.

While there are more people living downtown than in the past  (4,900 as of the end of 2007), there is now less retail than there was in 2007.  Commercial (office) vacancy rates are now about 13% and there are fewer and fewer reasons to spend time in downtown Columbus.  The city may be constructing parks and parkways, but until there is sufficient pedestrian activity, these amenities are not much more than landscaping.

Columbus city government has also failed to develop a comprehensive transportation system that will support the future growth of the downtown core.  While COTA’s bus system works to a certain degree for the residents of ‘in town’ neighborhoods, it simply does not address the needs of bringing in large numbers of suburban workers or visitors.

Additionally, a vast majority of the new downtown residents still must depend upon the use of an automobile to get to and from basic vendors of goods and services.  That is hardly a draw for downtown living.

It should come as no surprise to Columbus city government that downtown business owners are upset over increased costs being applied to their customers.  The battle downtown businesses currently face is that they must rely upon people in cars to survive – the City of Columbus has failed to deliver an alternative to the automobile.  Density is still too low downtown and the public transportation system is not adequate.

Had these two situations been addressed properly over the past decade, there might be enough pedestrian traffic downtown to prepare for a parking rate increase – the demand would have already been present.  But downtown Columbus is failing and increasing the cost to park is yet another obstacle for our entrepreneurs to overcome.

The debate over this issue has sparked dialogue between the two groups and city government appears eager to appease these entrepreneurs by holding more meetings and carrying out more studies.

Perhaps it’s nice to live in a city where local government is willing to react to its mistakes.  It’s certainly nice to live in a city where the local entrepreneurs have a vision for the place where they chose to set up shop.

Perhaps it would be nice to live in a city where the government takes on a leadership role in the first place by providing vision and alternatives – rather than finding themselves at odds with it’s businesses and residents.

Not everyone learns by ear. Some of us have to learn our lessons the hard way, and for that we gain a much more intimate result.

My computer (dubbed Ol’ Faithful by yours truly) recently broke down. And I don’t mean just fixable do-a-reformat partition broke down. I mean BIOS-destroyed, CPU-malfunctioning destroyed. I have done a lot to my computer but I have never in my life seen something like that happen to it. A few days ago, I pronounced it dead. The memory of its 512MB of RAM will live on forever in me.

I presumed that my computer’s end was hastened by the fact that I had used it so much and done so much to it: I made several fatal mistake with assembly language, I installed Neverwinter Nights 2 and all 2 expansions, I pushed it to its limit with Linux, and I even tried to use it as a web server once or twice (Or maybe thrice… shh!).

Lesson learned: If your computer is really, really old, don’t pretend that it’s a new computer.

However, all turned out well. I was getting a new 11.6” Acer Aspire One netbook for Christmas anyway, and I was allowed to have it a little bit early. Yay!

This isn’t just a computer problem though. This is a life problem. Or, rather, it is only a problem if you look at it as such. People who learn the hard way remember their lessons better. This is also (you guessed it!) a key point in unschooling. In public school, if a kid wants to learn about the density of cheese, they’ll just have to wait until they can read it out of a textbook. In unschooling, they can go and measure the density of cheese themselves.

In a perfect world, no computers would break down and cheese would always have the same density and everyone would know what it is. But such is not life. Lessons must be learned. The only thing we may choose is how to learn them.

‘Til next time,
The Free-form Scholar

As you descent underwater you will be affected by the changes of pressure.

Underwater, pressure increases one bar every 10 Mts/33 Feet, but as divers we can not ignore the atmospheric pressure having to add it as one bar/atm. That means that at 10 Mts/33 Feet the surrounding pressure is 2 bar/atm.

As we descent and pressure increases, any volume of air is affected by this pressure changes. The ari volume will decrease as the surrounding pressure increases.

At the same time, Density will be affected also by the pressure changes. Density will increase as pressure increases.

As divers, is important to understand these changes, since they will affect us directly while underwater.

As we descend, the increase of pressure will affect both our ears and lungs since they are air spaces in our body. The increase of pressure will also affect our air consumption, needing more air as we descend deeper since the volume of our lungs will keep decreasing proportionally to the number of bar or atmospheres at a given depth.

As we descend underwater, the pressure of our body’s ear spaces (ears and lungs) decrease so it is necessary to equalize them to the surrounding pressure underwater.

To equalize our ears, we can pinch our nostrils and blow gently. we need to do this every 1 Meter /3 Feet as we descend, before feeling any discomfort. Should we feel any pain as we descend, we will need to ascend a few feet until discomfort disappears and then try equalizing our ears again.

To equalize our lungs, we simply keep breathing. In fact, breathing is the rule number one on scuba diving. Holding your breath while scuba diving may result in serious lung damage.

As you descent underwater you will be affected by the changes of pressure.

Underwater, pressure increases one bar every 10 Mts/33 Feet, but as divers we can not ignore the atmospheric pressure having to add it as one bar/atm. That means that at 10 Mts/33 Feet the surrounding pressure is 2 bar/atm.

As we descent and pressure increases, any volume of air is affected by this pressure changes. The ari volume will decrease as the surrounding pressure increases.

At the same time, Density will be affected also by the pressure changes. Density will increase as pressure increases.

As divers, is important to understand these changes, since they will affect us directly while underwater.

As we descend, the increase of pressure will affect both our ears and lungs since they are air spaces in our body. The increase of pressure will also affect our air consumption, needing more air as we descend deeper since the volume of our lungs will keep decreasing proportionally to the number of bar or atmospheres at a given depth.

As we descend underwater, the pressure of our body’s ear spaces (ears and lungs) decrease so it is necessary to equalize them to the surrounding pressure underwater.

To equalize our ears, we can pinch our nostrils and blow gently. we need to do this every 1 Meter /3 Feet as we descend, before feeling any discomfort. Should we feel any pain as we descend, we will need to ascend a few feet until discomfort disappears and then try equalizing our ears again.

To equalize our lungs, we simply keep breathing. In fact, breathing is the rule number one on scuba diving. Holding your breath while scuba diving may result in serious lung damage.

MARINA BAY/SINGAPORE: Singapore already rank tops as a densely populated country. But to really ice that cheesecake would be to name Marina Bay with the world’s most number of Starbucks cafe within a 10 minute walk. There are 18 full sit down Starbucks cafes around the vicinity of the bay and the connecting river. Unless I managed to miss out on another few more that could come up when the Marina Bay Sands Casino complex opens in March 2010, the sheer density never fails to amaze. At the Merlion Park alone, there are 2 stores just metres apart around the corner. I know some people need a caffein fix once in a while..or maybe it’s just the free air-con seating’s the main draw…Well, we’ll have to ask the laptop plugged-in ’studious’ students who colonized all the cafes that question. – SCOOP

A few weeks ago Tim and I attended a highly inspiring talk by Alex Steffen at Town Hall.

We had hoped to go with  Julian of Totcycle (family bike folks represent!), but that fell through. For Julian and others who couldn’t make it, check out  a few of these to get a flavor. Alex is also the keynote speaker at three of the major events during the Copenhagen summit, so if you are in the neighborhood…

The entire evening was magical: introduction by mayor-elect Mike McGinn in his first post-election appearance,  the inspiring and motivating talk by Alex, yummy beer in eco keg cups from Fremont Brewing, followed by hop-lubricated conversation with like-minded Seattleites interested in changing the city. Plus all of this bookended with rides to and from downtown with my favorite cycling buddy.

We left Town Hall filled with hope for positive changes in Seattle. We all have a lot of work ahead of us if we want to grow Seattle into a dense sustainable city designed with people in mind.

How are we going to do this?

A few points Alex made resonated with us:

• Encourage density.  Well planned big cities designed with people in mind are much more sustainable than suburban sprawl. Large cities have everything you need within a short walk, bike ride or bus from home. Cars aren’t needed when you live in a large city. Just look at New York
• Young people are key to the city of the future – do what you can to attract them and keep them here. When young people decide to stay (rather than move to Portland), they reward you with their energy, creativity and enthusiasm to make the city better
• Encourage nightlife. (see young people are key) Part of making a city livable is to make it livable at all hours.  When people are out appreciating art, supporting live music, and yes even drinking at bars, they are sending a message that the city is a safe, exciting, fun place to live.

Portland lives these last two points. Mayor Sam Adams has said he welcomes youth because he knows that they are future resource for the city.  Many of these young people may even be unemployed, but according to Mayor Sam, that’s OK. They can participate in arts, civics causes, and share their youthful enthusiasm. And then when the economy does grow they provide a built-in a pool of talented workers, committed to the community, and ready to help take the city to the next level.

We can go even further here. Steffen has a grand goal for Seattle to be carbon neutral by 2030. To make this admittedly lofty target a reality, everyone must decide to actively bring about change in our community. We at Car Free Days are thrilled say on record that we are dedicated to being part of the solution, and part of Seattle’s brilliant future!

No matter where you live, some things you can do to improve your city or community:

• don’t be a NIMBY , encourage density because well designed compact communities are more sustainable than sprawl
• leave your car at home on occasion. (you don’t have to do it every day, even one or two days a week makes a difference)
• ride your bike (it’s fun and once you try it you’ll want to ride more and more and more)
• take the bus (let someone else do the driving, reduce auto-induced stress during your commute and read a book or work or knit or whatever it is that gives you pleasure)
• get involved (citizens can bring about change and we are much stronger in numbers than we are by ourselves)
• attend public meetings and make your voice heard (see get involved)
• Talk to your neighbors. The power of everyday conversation is amazing. Share, plan, and implement solutions together
• inspire your children to take this to the next level

We’re doing our best to bring about change one bike ride and one conversation at a time. How about you?

– Anne

I was just too soon to party

All of a sudden, it just hates having 6GB RAM. It passed memtest. But it would not fail the desktop version of memtest and give lots of BSODs. With just the 2GBx2, memtest doesn’t give errors. Not does Windows BSOD.

I wonder if the memory densities are different in the two types of modules. Because motherboards don’t like different memory densities. See, I used to have all my RAM slots occupied, but then I had 1GBx4 which were same speed and brand and density. So there was no issue.

Let me check now.

Yikes! Both the 1GB and 2GB are double sided and has 8 chips each side. So they definitely can’t be the same density. This probably can be the cause.

What I can do is install two more sticks which are of the same density as the 2GB 800’s and see if that does the trick. I wonder if someone would give me their 2GBx2 sticks for testing.

I can’t buy new RAM because if they don’t work, I’m screwed! Besides, the RAM prices have sky rocketed! A 2GB stick used to be around Rs. 2600. Now they are Rs. 6000. OMG! What’s happen to DDR2 market??

I decided to do some research for fun. It is a study focusing primarily on the densities and population changes of areas around the country. I wanted to answer the following questions: Where is everyone in the United States? Where are they going? Which areas are losing, and which are winning? With these questions, I wanted to ultimately answer the bigger question of, “How do we get around?”

I went to the U.S. Census Bureau website to gather such answers. The maps that I used are all in this post, in the gallery. The first map makes me proud. It’s a map that shows that both counties around Cleveland and Cincinnati have lost people in the thousands. Three times as many people that left Cleveland came to Columbus. There are only about 15 or so counties in the United States that gained as many people, and there are only about seven counties in the United States that lost as many as Cleveland. One of them is Detroit. This just proves the point that many, many people are leaving Cleveland and Cincinnati and even more are coming to Columbus.

The second map shows the movement of people throughout the nation: to where are people moving? The net migration of people within the Columbus metropolitan area is +2.9-8.6 percent. Whereas the opposite is happening in the Cincinnati and Cleveland metropolitan areas, where the net migration is less than 0.0 percent. People are leaving these areas. There is a general trend of people moving from suburbs to cities. This is becoming more apparent as Generation ‘Y’ moves into the work force.

The third map shows the populations of each county within the United States. This is one of the more interesting maps. The most populous areas in the United States are obviously the coasts: east coast and west coast. The central United States is desolate. If you look at the map, you can see where Americans live within the United States.

The fourth map shows the population densities of each county within the United States, as of July 1, 2008. This is one of the more important maps. These areas are key for development of mass transit. Currently, the cities with notable, or any, light rail or other type of mass transit include: Portland, Oregon; New York City, New York; Chicago, Illinois; San Francisco, California; Denver, Colorado; and Washington, D.C. None of these measure up to a European or Asian standard, where mass transit is rampant. Europe and parts of Asia are very dense, and this is one of the biggest reasons that high-speed rail and mass transit work. The east and west coasts of the United States are in themselves very densely populated. Mass transit has great potential in that regard.

The current situation with many Americans is as follows:

• The average American spends 20-40% of their annual income on purchasing, maintaining, repairing, and operating a car.
• More and more people are moving to larger metropolitan areas, and ditching the suburbs.
• The cost of living in a society so car-dependent is an enormous burden and completely unsustainable in an unbelievable number of ways.
• Population centers are becoming more densely populated and the population of these centers continue to increase.
• Owning, maintaining, repairing, and operating a car in the United States becomes more unsustainable and costly as the population and demand increase.
• Oil will only become more expensive.
• People are leaving cities without mass transit for those with mass transit.

These are all reasons that mass transit and high-speed rail need to be seriously considered and legislators need to be urged to consider allocating more money to them.

Please let me know your thoughts.

Num_chng07_08.pdf

CBSA_Figure5a.pdf

Popsize_08.pdf

PopDensity_08.pdf

1. Pulling of the boundary to reach out providing directional access away or towards the site, this also stretches the urban fabric creating open areas at certain points around the site. The open space will force a different kind of program to inherit these points therefore distributing program over the urban mat.

2. Lifting points to create more building mass and add density to the scheme, providing for a wider range of programs.

3. Changing the central access route by pinching points to form segregated pockets that force program distribution over the urban mat.

Plan:

Images of physical model:

Here is a quick color tip that I learned as a professional printer & photo retoucher but use regularly now in my own photography to “boost” color without turning up the saturation. This gives me a beautiful, deep, rich color without touching the saturation slider at all.

Click in for more…

Why not just increase the saturation you ask? It is a perfectly fine method and I do often increase the saturation a little bit but it’s easy to go overboard and the drawbacks of going overboard are far worse than having an image with a little less saturation. For one, too much saturation can cause one or multiple color channels to become “blown out” where the color peaks at 255 and loss of detail occurs. This alone can cause unwanted color phenomenon such as color shifting in highlights in skin tones or color halos in whites. Too much saturation with the saturation sliders can also result in unrealistic colors and skin tones which are hard to correct later.

This method also results in a more RICH looking color with good color density and details. This is what I look for in most of my work. (With some exclusions.)

I’m working with a landscape image here rather than a person just to help demonstrate the difference between adding saturation and adding DENSITY.

Our base image. A bit bland still...

Our base image is a beautiful shot off the side of the road in the Painted Desert, part of the Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. But I sure do remember more color to the sediment layers, even the pavement was a rich amber-like color. By adding Saturation only, this image gets more color but it’s really still pretty bland. I’m not feeling it yet.

With 45% saturation, we get color but we get banding and lost detail too.

Instead, duplicate the background layer and then add a Curves Adjustment Layer above the Background Copy layer. Drag the curve down some as shown, as it is this should slightly darken the image. Now change the blending mode of the Curves Adjustment Layer to Overlay. (Soft Light also works nicely but with a little bit less zing.) We duplicated the background layer first so that we can merge the Curves layer to the Background Copy layer for the next step. But we may want to mask something out of our new layer later. (You could use snapshots instead but I prefer working with layers so I can save the original image with the edits on layers.)

Now that we’ve added the Curves Adjustment Layer, go ahead and merge that down with the Background Copy layer. Clearly the colors are starting to come out better, but we’ve lost a bit of the shadows and possibly a bit of the highlights as well. To bring those back, we can either selectively mask that back in, paint with history or use a favorite tool of mine known as the Shadow/Highlight tool. (Under Image > Adjustments > Shadow/Highlight…)

In this case, I used the basic settings with 70% Shadows, 20% Highlights. This brought back the detail in the shadows to the point it was when I started and just about all of the detail in the clouds. Now we have a DEEP blue sky and RICH color without touching the saturation at all! And it doesn’t scream “I cranked the saturation to 110%” either.

Of course if you need to, you can use layer masks or other tricks and tools to reveal areas that are too deep and rich or too contrasty as necessary. Or if you are still begging for more, you could even add touch of saturation to the final image if you need or want more color.

Beautiful DEEP RICH Color!

And here is the video tutorial:
Don’t forget to click the HD button and go Full Screen for the best quality.

With much difficulty, I have collected temperature data, as clinching evidence to prove my point.

 MEAN TEMPERTURE FOR THE YEARS 1951 TO 1980

 The mean temperature has been shown correct to one decimal point in the record whereas figures for 2007 are shown in round figures. So I have rounded off the mean temp. figures too,  for proper comparison.                

 Except in a few cases, there is remarkable similarity in temperature recorded 200 years ago and now ! This exposes the fallacy of global warm-mongers. In big cities like bombay the increase in temp may be due to huge concrete forests constructed and this can in no way be called global.                         

  Statement 2  (Mean temp. in degree Fahreheit)

Statement 3: Latitude and mean temperature

ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE DATA

 Figures speak the truth. The temperature data, comparing previous periods with the current period in respect of Indian and foreign cities are available in the statements above. Statement-1 shows temperature of Indian cities (both coastal and inland).

These have been collected from the meteorological department library at Mausam Bhawan, Delhi.

 You will see that in the cities mentioned below, the temperature has remained stable during the last 50 years.

 Bhuj, Bhawnagar, Surat, Punjim, Honavar, Alapuzha, Kakinada, Port Blair, Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata (temperature has actually decreased by 3 degrees), Bhubneswar (decreased by 3 degrees), Ajmer, Pune, Bangalore, Agartala, Alhabad, Kota, Madurai, Koimbature, Kolhapur, Udaipur, Nagpur.

 The increase in temperature by 5 degrees in Mumbai is glaring, especially when we see the temperature in Surat remaining stable. In other words, for Mumbai the reasons my be local and not global. This requires investigation. My guess is that the huge increase in concrete buildings in Mumbai has contributed to the increase in temperature.

 So far, I have been speaking about the maximum temperature. A scrutiny of the minimum temperatures reveals a certain trend of distinct increase.

 Bhuj, Bhavnagar, Mumbai, Ajmer, Pune, Hyderabad, Udaipur and Kanpur show increase in minimum temperature by 3 degree. If you total the minimum temperatures of all the cities,  then and now, there is an increase of 20degrees in respect of 15 inland stations whereas the maximum temperature in respect of the same stations show a decrease of 8 degrees. It should be remembered that the minimum temperature are recorded during winter months (December, January) when the sun is far away in the Southern hemisphere and this cannot be assigned to the heat radiated from the sun.  Mr. Milner has also written about the winter becoming milder over a period of time. In my younger days, I use to find it difficult to take bath in cold water in winter in Delhi. Now, excepting some days of severe cold mostly caused by heavy snowfall in the Himalayas, the water is not so cold.   The obvious inference is that this is actually global defreezing caused by geothermal energy.

 Statement 2 shows temperature variation over a wider period of 200 years. The figures for the previous period have been taken from Milner’s book which was published in 1853. As these figures are in Fahrenheit scale, current figures too are shown in the same scale. The figures in respect of the following stations indicate stability.

 Cairo, Algiers, Cincinnati, New York, Beijing (decrease of 3 degree), Paris Dublin, Copenhagen (decrease of 6 degree), Quebec, Petersburg, Bordeaux, Vienna (decrease of 4 degrees) – 12 out of 20 cities. London, Geneva and Paris show exceptional increase. However, it should be remembered that the increase is over a period of 200 years.

 A word of caution: the current data have been extracted from the website “World Weather Information Service” and so the authenticity has to be verified independently.

 A very reliable and scientific method for evaluation of the temperature of the globe, is latitude wise mean temperatures. Milner’s book shows 29 degree centigrade at equator, gradually and linearly decreasing to zero degree centigrade at the poles. I am unable to get corresponding figures for the current period. However, I could see from the website that figures remain almost constant, even though the figures for the polar region,  now shows as approaching minus 20 degree centigrade. This may be due to better technology being employed by scientific team exploring the polar regions. I have calculated the value of current mean temperatures in respect of a few stations, comparing this value with that shown in Milner’s book. These are given in statement 3.

 MELTING OF POLAR ICE CAP

 The density of water at zero degrees centigrade is 0.9999 grams per cm. The density of ice at zero degree centigrade is 0.9150. In other words, 1 cc of ice weights only 0.91 gm and hence will displace only 0.915cc of water, when the ice is floating in water. When the ice float, almost the whole of body sinks below the surface of water, expect a small portion projecting above the surface. In the North Pole area, there is no land. The crust of the earth forms a huge bowl filled with seawater and a huge mass of ice floating in it just like an ice cube placed in a bowl of water. The volume of ice submerged below the ice may be almost 9 times more than the icecap which we observe above the surface of water. The molecules covering the underwater portion of the icecap absorb heat from the sea water in which it floats and melt into water. This is a continuous process happening round the clock, allover the year, irrespective of summer or winter. As I have explained in my booklet, the necessary energy is supplied by the earth itself. The role of the Sun which shines only for a limited period is too insignificant to have any impact on this process. As the density of water is more than that of ice, the volume of water generated by the melting of ice is less than that of water originally occupied by the ice block in the ratio 9999:9150. Therefore the sea level will actually  come down because of the melting process. In practice, this may not happen because of the continuous deposition of snow in the polar region which will continuously push down the ice cap.

 A lot has been talked about the rising of sea level because of Global warming. This is a misconception. In some places, the sea level goes up and in other places, it recedes. This phenomenon has been extensively discussed in Milner’s geography.

 My contention can be tested by a simple experiment. Place ice cubes in a tumbler and fill it with water until the water overflows. Leave it until all the ice melts. Watch for any overflow of water during this process.

 I quote from Milner-page-513

Excessive summers

In 763 the summer was so hot that the springs dried up.

In 870 the heat was so intense ,that near Worms the reapers dropped dead in the fields.

In 993 and again in 994,it was so hot that the corn and fruits were burnt up.

The year 1000 was so hot and dry ,that, in Germany ,the pools of water disappeared ,and the fish ,being left in the mud ,bred pestilence.

In 1022 the heat was so excessive ,that both men and cattle were struck dead.

In 1130 the earth yawned with drought. Springs and rivers disappeared ,and even the Rhine was dried up in Alsace.

In 1159 not a drop of rain fell in Italy after the month of May.

The year 1171 was extremely hot in Germany.

In 1232 the heat was so great ,especially in Germany, that it is said that eggs were roasted in the sands.

In 1260 ,many of the Hungarian soldiers died of excessive heat at the famous battle fought near Buda.

The consecutive years of 1276 and 1277 were so hot and dry as to occasion a great scarcity of fodder.

The years 1293 and 1294 were extremely hot ;and so were likewise 1303 and 1304,both the Rhine and the Danube having dried up.                    

In 1333 the corn fields and vineyards were burnt up.

The years 1393 and 1394 were excessively hot and dry.

In 1447 the summer was extremely hot.

In the successive years 1473 and 1474 the whole earth seemed on fire. In Hungary , a person might wade across the Danube

The four consecutive years  1538, 1539 ,1540 ,and 1541 were excessively hot ;and the rivers dried up.

In1556 the drought was so great that the springs failed. In England wheat rose from 8 shillings to 53 shillings a quarter.

The years 1615 and 1616 were very dry all over Europe.

In 1646 it was excessively hot.

In1652 the warmth was  very great, the summer being the driest ever known in Scotland. A total eclipse had happened that year, on Monday the 24^th of March,which hence received the appellation of ‘Mirk Monday.’ 

The summer of 1679 was extremely hot.It is related ,that one of the minions tyranny ,who in that calamitous period, harassed the poor Presbyterians in Scotland with captious questions, having asked a shepherd in Fife ,whether the killing of a notorious Sharp, Archbishop of  St.Andrews, which had happened in May,was murder; he replied , that he could not tell, but there had been fine weather ever since.

The year 1700 was excessively warm, and the two following years were of the same description.

In 1718 the weather was extremely hot and dry all over Europe. The air felt so oppressive that all the theatres were shut in Paris. Scarcely any rain fell for the space of nine months and the springs and rivers were dried up. The following year was equally hot. The thermometer at Paris rose to 98 degree Fahrenheit. The grass and corn were quite parched.

In some places the fruit trees blossomed two and three times.

Both the years 1723 and 1724 were dry and hot.

The year 1745 was remarkably warm and dry; but the following year was still hotter insomuch that the grass withered, and the leaves dropped from the trees .Neither rain nor dew fell for several months ; and ,on the continent, prayers were offered up in all the churches to implore the bounty of refreshing showers.

In 1748 the summer was again very warm.

In 1754 it was likewise extremely warm.

The years 1760 and 1761 were both of them remarkably hot, and so was the year 1763.

In 1774 it was excessively hot and dry.

Both the years 1778 and 1779 were warm and very dry.

The year 1788 was also very hot and dry ;and of the same character was 1811 ,famous for its excellent vintage, and distinguished by the appearance of a brilliant comet.