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	<title>derrida &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/derrida/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "derrida"</description>
	<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 10:46:34 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[my theory essay]]></title>
<link>http://viscultblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/my-theory-essay/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 19:07:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>viscultblog</dc:creator>
<guid>http://viscultblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/my-theory-essay/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Hey, I was speaking to Dave and we thought it&#8217;d be good to post something about what we are do]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Hey, I was speaking to Dave and we thought it&#8217;d be good to post something about what we are doing for our essays.</p>
<p>My theory topic is Hauntology. It&#8217;s basically Derrida&#8217;s theory that ideas never die, they end up haunting our present and we have to deal with them properly to get on with our lives. We usually exorcise them like ghosts but we actually need to find out why they are here: what trauma are they reviving?<br />
Anyway, I thought it might be more revealing if I paste in a bit of my essay, where I apply this theory to Dizzee Rascal&#8217;s new video (which I think is amazing!):<br />
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Dizzee Rascal’s latest video ‘Dirtee Money’ offers itself to a hauntological analysis. In the video Dizzee, dressed in hat and tails, is carried aloft by a carnivalesque crowd of masqued and sinister figures towards a huge bonfire. As the crowd dance around the fire, books are thrown on to burn, and we can pick out various placards, slogans and historical figures: a woman wearing a ‘Votes for Women’ sash, Lady Diana’s face on a stick, and the burning slogan ‘Lest We Remember’. The hook of the song is a sample  from a 90’s pop song, which has a soulful woman singing “Money talks baby, money talks: ‘Dirty cash I want you, dirty cash I need you&#8230;’” This, in Derridean terms, is the spectre of capitalism’s loud, demanding, and simplistic voice which drowns out the unintelligible and ambiguous language of the ghosts of previous competing, inferior ideologies that it has laid to waste. Among the vintage penguin books and documents burned on the fascist bonfire are: E.H. Carr’s Making History, T.S.Eliot’s The Wasteland, Karl Marx’s Das Kapital, The Bible, and finally William Blake’s Jerusalem. This selection of books seems to embody Derrida’s conception of hauntology. The books represent key ideologies that have been discredited (‘killed’) in recent brutally revisionist eras: religion (well, Christianity), history (as a progressive, liberal concept a la Carr), modernism (Eliot’s obscurantism replaced by postmodernism as the only valid way of representing the modern), Marxism (Das Kapital’s warning was dismantled brick by brick in Berlin, 1989), and a divinely legitimate Empire (Jerusalem). The bonfire is a mass exorcism of excess, in the style of Hitler’s exorcism of degeneracy. Fascism has proved to be the most forbidding and unkillable ghost of the last century.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La paura che nega il diritto]]></title>
<link>http://ammiraglio61.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/la-paura-che-nega-il-diritto/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 13:39:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ammiraglio61</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ammiraglio61.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/la-paura-che-nega-il-diritto/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[La concorrenza ha sconfitto democrazia e sicurezza che, con la paura e i diritti è diventata oggetto]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong></strong><br />
La concorrenza ha sconfitto democrazia e sicurezza che, con la paura e i diritti è diventata oggetto di inquietanti antinomie: si calpestano i diritti per garantire la sicurezza ma con quelle violazioni si creano paure e torna la violenza del Leviatano<br />
Negli ultimi vent&#8217;anni la globalizzazione ha cambiato radicalmente la vita economica, politica e sociale dei popoli e degli individui, senza che il diritto ne abbia seguito e disciplinato l&#8217;evolversi.</p>
<p><!--more--><br />
Jacques Derrida nei suoi seminari su «La Bestia e il Sovrano» (Jaca Book, 2009, p.61) ha fatto un esempio illuminante, chiedendosi quale sarebbe stata la reazione allo sventramento delle Torri Gemelle del World Trade Center dell&#8217;11 settembre 2001, se l&#8217;immagine non fosse stata registrata, filmata, indefinitamente riproducibile e compulsivamente trasmessa in tutti i Paesi del mondo. Il ritorno a Hobbes, dove lo Stato, il Leviatano, altro non è che una macchina per far paura e la paura è l&#8217;unica cosa che motiva l&#8217;obbedienza alla legge, induce a concludere che «siccome non c&#8217;è legge senza sovranità (&#8230;) questa chiama, suppone, provoca la paura».<br />
Il pericoloso filosofo del diritto tedesco, Carl Schmitt, amato oggi sia a destra che a sinistra, precisava che «Protego ergo obligo è il cogito ergo sum dello Stato». E questo principio era stato uno dei fondamenti dello stato nazista.<br />
Ma lo Stato attuale nella sua dimensione politico-mediatica ha strumenti per la creazione di paura e quindi di esigenze di protezione o addirittura di omologazione con la Gewalt, cioè la violenza, ben maggiori di quanti se ne potessero immaginare. La cronaca quotidiana, purtroppo, mi esime da qualsivoglia esemplificazione. Mi basterà citare il Patriot Act e Guantanamo, perché sono forse fra gli esempi più clamorosi della sconfitta del diritto di fronte alla paura. Tant&#8217;è che il presidente Obama ha recentemente dovuto contraddirsi smentendo la promessa di chiudere Guantanamo.<br />
La verità è spesso manipolata in nome della sicurezza. È così che la costruzione della categoria degli enemy combatants ha tolto a costoro, dopo l&#8217;11 settembre, ogni diritto a un giusto processo, ad una normale istruttoria, all&#8217;assistenza di un avvocato, ad un regolare dibattimento. Purtroppo neppure la Corte Suprema, altre volte ben più attenta, nel caso Hamdi versus Rumsfeld (124, S.Ct. 2633 , è riuscita a garantire quei diritti a chi viene definito enemy combatant, anche se si trattava di un cittadino americano: il tutto in nome della sicurezza. Sempre identica è la conclusione: la violenza del Leviatano per proteggerti dalla paura (questa volta dei terroristi) colpisce sempre chi non è in grado di difendersi: dai minori, agli immigrati, a tutti i diversi che le società attuali tendono sempre più ad escludere.<br />
Né è possibile sottacere che l&#8217;impero della violenza, e quindi quello omonimo della paura, è diventato planetario e trascende ormai la Gestalt del Leviatano. La letteratura apocalittica è immensa. Mi limiterò qui a citare solamente tre testi recenti che ne danno un quadro complessivo, abbastanza preciso, ancorché forse non completo.<br />
Il primo è l&#8217;ultima opera di René Girard («Portando Clausewitz all&#8217;estremo», Milano 2008, 312) il quale dimostra come la violenza e le guerre nel mondo siano portate all&#8217;estremo e come l&#8217;accelerazione della storia crei nel genere umano una inconscia angosciante corsa verso l&#8217;apocalisse. Precisa Girard in conclusione che «il riscaldamento climatico del pianeta e l&#8217;aumento della violenza sono due fenomeni assolutamente legati (&#8230;) e questa confusione di naturale e artificiale rappresenta forse il messaggio più forte contenuto nei testi apocalittici». E ovviamente la globalizzazione ha reso la sorte dei minori più precaria, poiché &#8211; ripeto &#8211; la violenza si scarica sempre sui più deboli.<br />
Martin Rees, il cui saggio «Our Final Century» (London, 2003) lascia poche speranze di sopravvivenza, entro la fine di questo secolo, non solo per il pericolo delle armi atomiche, al quale siamo fortunosamente scampati nel secolo scorso, ma per gli altrettanto gravi pericoli ai quali ci sottopongono ora le biotecnologie, piuttosto che gli errori, sempre più frequenti, negli esperimenti scientifici e nelle tecnologie di vario tipo. E ciò, indipendentemente dalle ulteriori osservazioni di R. Posner («Catastrophe», Oxford, 2004), sui rischi catastrofici delle malattie pandemiche, piuttosto che sulle possibili collisioni astrali e via discorrendo. Con una popolazione mondiale che, secondo i calcoli di Levy-Strauss, nel 2050 ammonterà a più di 9 miliardi di individui, difficilmente sfamabili ma soggetti a rischi di carestia. L&#8217;ultima copertina del settimanale The Economist intitola &#8220;How to feed the world&#8221; (come sfamare il mondo), per giungere alle stesse conclusioni. La sottovalutazione della portata di questi rischi non riduce certo la loro costante riproposizione nei media e il conseguente aumento collettivo dello stato di paura e di angoscia.<br />
A questi rischi apocalittici si è ora aggiunta una grave crisi economica mondiale che nelle sue ricadute sull&#8217;economia reale e in particolare sulla disoccupazione aumenta in tutti i paesi la sensazione di instabilità e di minaccia alla sopravvivenza. La crisi ha dimostrato i limiti di un&#8217;ideologia basata sulla ricerca individualistica della ricchezza che ha portato all&#8217;autodistruzione del sistema in una recessione economica mondiale che colpisce soprattutto i paesi più poveri. Per di più, in un sistema dove vige la forza, chi è destinato a perdere è sempre il più debole che è sprovvisto di forza contrattuale, l&#8217;unica alla quale un&#8217;ostinata volgare ideologia continua ad attribuire valore anche agli effetti risolutivi della crisi. L&#8217;autoregolamentazione e il contratto sono nuovi idoli del mercato globale che ha clamorosamente fallito.<br />
Senza contare che lo stesso sviluppo economico orientato sempre più verso il consumismo ha provocato un fenomeno brillantemente descritto di recente da Robert Reich («Supercapitalismo», 2009). La spinta all&#8217;estremo della concorrenza fra le imprese, al fine di ridurre sempre più i prezzi dei prodotti, per conquistare i consumatori, ha necessariamente portato alla riduzione dei costi, laddove era più facile e cioè come sempre nei confronti dei più deboli, vale a dire i lavoratori. Questi si sono visti via via sottrarre i diritti che avevano faticosamente conquistato. Insomma, l&#8217;interesse del consumatore ha avuto la meglio sui diritti del cittadino e così la concorrenza ha sconfitto la democrazia e la sicurezza.<br />
Quella sicurezza, che con la paura, e i diritti è diventata oggetto di inquietanti antinomie: si calpestano i diritti per garantire la sicurezza, ma con quelle violazioni si creano paure e così in un circolo vizioso torna la violenza del Leviatano.<br />
Allora la soluzione sta altrove: cioè sopra il Leviatano, sopra gli stati, cioè nel rispetto dei diritti umani e in quei principi che stanno sopra e al di fuori delle norme imposte dal Leviatano.<br />
È pur vero che, come ci hanno insegnato sia N. Bobbio, sia M. Ignatieff, i diritti umani, nella loro pretesa di universalità, sono assolutamente storici e neppure assoluti. Alla loro base, tuttavia, nella diversità delle culture, esiste un minimum senza il quale le società non potrebbero sopravvivere. È in quel minimum che si sconfigge il loro supposto relativismo ed è in quel minimum che oggi G.B. Vico riconoscerebbe il senso comune insito nella facoltà dell&#8217;ingenium propria a tutto il genere umano, ed alla sua naturale propensione alla giustizia. A quella giustizia, alla quale il filosofo napoletano riconduceva altresì la «sapienza volgare» dei popoli primitivi. Uno dei maggiori esponenti di questa corrente di pensiero è, attualmente, il filosofo americano Ronald Dworkin.<br />
Si tratta insomma di massime generali, di standards, pur difformi dalle norme positive, il cui contenuto si ritrova nei principi soprattutto costituzionali e poi anche morali di comune accettazione, rappresentati da quel minimum di cui ho sopra parlato. Ed è questo il momento dell&#8217;incontro fra diritto ed etica, a fini di giustizia e lontano invece dalle equivoche e fuorvianti formule di codici etici o della responsabilità sociale, o peggio ancora morale, delle imprese.<br />
Il contenuto di questi principi, di questi standards è estremamente vario e complesso. E forse non è un caso che a tali principi, i cosiddetti global legal standards, anche l&#8217;Europa stia lavorando per evitare che ci sia la replica della crisi che ha sconvolto l&#8217;economia mondiale.<br />
I principi devono essere accettati dai vari paesi, secondo le modalità e le strutture del diritto internazionale. Essi serviranno altresì a decidere gli hard cases, cioè i casi difficili dove la norma manca o è lacunosa. Mi basta qui citare la straordinaria sentenza della Corte suprema degli Stati uniti nel caso Roper versus Simmons del 1° marzo 2005. Si trattava di giudicare sulla pena di morte sentenziata a carico di Christopher Simmons per un assassinio da lui commesso quando aveva 17 anni. E&#8217; noto che l&#8217;art. 37 della Convenzione dell&#8217;Onu sui diritti dei minori del 1989 stabilisce, tra l&#8217;altro, che: «Né la pena capitale né l&#8217;imprigionamento a vita senza possibilità di rilascio devono essere decretati per reati commessi da persone di età inferiore ai 18 anni». Ma è altrettanto noto che gli Stati uniti e la Somalia sono gli unici due paesi al mondo che non hanno sottoscritto la Convenzione. Ebbene, la Corte Suprema, nella sua magistrale sentenza, concluse che: «È corretto che noi si consideri il peso determinante dell&#8217;opinione internazionale contro la pena di morte nei confronti dei minori, consistente in larga misura sull&#8217;instabilità e labilità emozionale dei minori che può essere spesso fattore del crimine». E così la pena di morte non fu applicata, perché, secondo l&#8217;estensore, il giudice Anthony Kennedy, sarebbe stata, tra l&#8217;altro, contro gli evolving standards of decensy. La decenza diventa criterio interpretativo e principio fondamentale del diritto! Il riferimento all&#8217;opinione internazionale nell&#8217;interpretare la Costituzione americana è stata poi oggetto di ampie discussioni, che alla fine hanno confermato il principio statuito dalla Corte suprema.<br />
Vorrei, come finale meditazione, concludere che in presenza di alluvioni normative e amministrative scoordinate e sovente contraddittorie da parte dei poteri legislativi ed esecutivi non solo italiani od europei, ma di tutto il mondo, l&#8217;orizzonte del diritto si può aprire soltanto se i giudici sia interni, sia internazionali, di qualunque categoria, in tutti i paesi democratici, continueranno impegnando la loro dignità e indipendenza, a rivendicare con vigore i principi delle libertà democratiche e della giustizia, sia con valutazioni corrette della realtà, sia con riferimento, quando necessario, agli standard di civiltà per bloccare la violenza e le iniquità del Leviatano.<br />
Mi piace allora terminare con l&#8217;ultima frase scritta da Ronald Dworkin ne «L&#8217;impero del diritto» (Milano, 1989): «L&#8217;atteggiamento del diritto è costruttivo: il suo scopo, nello spirito interpretativo, è quello di far prevalere il principio sulla prassi per indicare la strada migliore verso un futuro migliore, mantenendo una corretta fedeltà nei confronti del passato. Infine, esso rappresenta un atteggiamento fraterno, un&#8217;espressione del modo in cui pur divisi nei nostri progetti, interessi e convinzioni, le nostre esistenze sono unite in una comunità. Questo è comunque ciò che è diritto per noi: per gli individui che vogliamo essere e la comunità in cui vogliamo vivere».</p>
<p><a href="http://www.ilmanifesto.it/il-manifesto/argomenti/numero/20091126/pagina/06/pezzo/265599/">Fonte</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Derrida]]></title>
<link>http://thekarin.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/derrida/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 04:18:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thekarin</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thekarin.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/derrida/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[o my friends, there is no friend]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[o my friends, there is no friend]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[A lesson in bad taste]]></title>
<link>http://hypertiling.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/a-lesson-in-bad-taste/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 20:34:03 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Fabio Cunctator</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hypertiling.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/a-lesson-in-bad-taste/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Via Feminist Philosophers, I got to Searle&#8217;s review of  Paul Boghossian&#8217;s &#8216;Fear of]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Via Feminist Philosophers, I got to Searle&#8217;s review of  Paul Boghossian&#8217;s &#8216;Fear of]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[an introductory plea]]></title>
<link>http://effervescentcrucibles.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/an-introductory-plea/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 03:09:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>effervescentcrucibles</dc:creator>
<guid>http://effervescentcrucibles.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/an-introductory-plea/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In this first post on the blog (!), I&#8217;m going to indulge briefly in one of what will probably ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>In this first post on the blog (!), I&#8217;m going to indulge briefly in one of what will probably be many opportunities to voice a recurrent annoyance of mine, re: what seem to me to be too facile dismissals of Derrida&#8217;s work based on basic misunderstandings. &#8220;How surprising!&#8221; you retort sarcastically, &#8220;a Derrida fan who wants to defend his brilliance against all his detractors.&#8221; Be that as it may, here are tonight&#8217;s two cents:</p>
<p>Derrida is too often accused of repeating some transcendental or idealist move that we&#8217;re all supposed to be moving beyond by now, whether it be Kantian, Hegelian, even (strangely enough) Husserlian or Heideggerian – or some combination of these parts with each other or with others. Derrida himself complains from fairly early on that his positions are too often conflated with those he is analyzing, but that&#8217;s a different point than the one I want to make.  What&#8217;s on my mind now is the claim that the so-called linguistic turn of which Derrida is identified as a late representative automatically amounts, precisely because of its focus on language as an inescapable facet of human experience, to some variety of either idealism or humanism or both. My first response to this would be to point out the serious differences between the treatments of language in Derrida&#8217;s early texts and other positions that I think more properly represent what gets called the linguistic turn (e.g., Schlick, Quine, Austin, or on the other hand certain parts of Heidegger). But that&#8217;s for another time; my second response, the one that&#8217;s on my mind now, would be to emphasize that for Derrida (and of course I&#8217;m in agreement here) what is of general applicability in language is actually what exceeds confinement within the human. Thus his focus on textuality rather than language as such. Textuality is found as much in the interactions of subatomic particles or proteins or weather patterns as it is in &#8230;well, what we normally call &#8220;texts.&#8221;</p>
<p>So this is the point I want to stress: there is nothing inherently idealist (or even exactly &#8220;transcendental&#8221;, despite all the <em>quasi-</em>transcendentals) about deconstruction. While it&#8217;s more accurate to say that Derrida&#8217;s work aims at a deconstruction of the idealist/materialist dichotomy, it seems to me more closely allied with the second item of this pair (a not-uncommon deconstructive move!). Language is, after all as material as anything else. Our words occur as paper and ink, electricity and light, vibrations in the air, etc.</p>
<p>What has kept all this stuck in my head recently is a developing interest in object-oriented philosophy, especially that of Latour. My (limited) experience with Latour&#8217;s work so far makes me think that he and Derrida would be on the same side of many an argument, yet this certainly doesn&#8217;t seem to be a widely shared interpretation. Toward the beginning of Harman&#8217;s book on Latour, he calls an apparent agreement between Derrida and Latour re: meaning and metaphor &#8220;a normally unthinkable alliance&#8221; (24). Why should this be so? It seems to me to reflect a fairly uncharitable (though, as I said, fairly common) reading of Derrida.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Bibliografia para um artigo de Derrida]]></title>
<link>http://fabriciopontin.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/bibliografia-para-um-artigo-de-derrida/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 23:22:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>fabriciopontin</dc:creator>
<guid>http://fabriciopontin.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/bibliografia-para-um-artigo-de-derrida/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Tá faltando três livros do Rawls e um do Habermas. Mas é isso. E eu já tenho o passatempo para a sem]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://fabriciopontin.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/p1000892.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2201" title="P1000892" src="http://fabriciopontin.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/p1000892.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="450" /></a></p>
<p>Tá faltando três livros do Rawls e um do Habermas. Mas é isso.</p>
<p>E eu já tenho o passatempo para a semana do Break.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Text as a turn in the conversation ]]></title>
<link>http://suzcalvery.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/text-as-a-turn-in-the-conversation/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 18:07:56 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>suzcalvery</dc:creator>
<guid>http://suzcalvery.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/text-as-a-turn-in-the-conversation/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Newkirk and McClure (1992) begin their discussion of how stories are related to literacy by introduc]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Newkirk and McClure (1992) begin their discussion of how stories are related to literacy by introducing the notion that discussions centering on texts must take into consideration the “openness of talk” (97). This openness means inviting the text into conversation with the conversants and allowing for digression or “bridge building” to associated topics of interest. They urge a review of how teachers conduct discussions about text and offer suggestions about understanding the text as another participant in the discussion, rather than the only topic of relevance. </p>
<p>While reading this article, I found myself repeatedly noting, “Yes!” in the margins. When a community comes together, they create culture amongst themselves. This culture influences how the community members experience the world around them. If we try to extract them from that culture in order to have “official discussions” about a text, we are limiting their ability to process and make meaning out of the text. Rather than adhering strictly to the text and direct topics evinced by it, we see the students in Pat’s class using the text as a trampoline from which they can reach new heights of understanding of their world. The story of the text offers a meaning, a classmate has another story to share, and then, as Newkirk and McClure write, “his story evokes mine, enables me to see mine” (99). Rather than dissecting cultural community, we can build it through discussion. These story discussions, and story telling experiences offer an opportunity to create and decide on a group-identity. And when we deny participants the chance to give their own voice to a story, we “turn a deaf ear to this culture” (100).  I think Rowe (1988) puts it most succinctly when she writes, “talk is not only a manifestation of participants’ beliefs and relationships, but also the medium through which these relationships and meanings are constructed” (160). </p>
<p>One of the most important aspects of my pedagogical philosophy is “make it relevant”. If I can’t make my subject (English literature) relevant to my students, then we’re setting ourselves up for hours of wasted time – and I think the same goes for any subject. This relevance means including the text as conversant just as our assigned texts this week specify. We start with the text, and then I try to offer connections to the world of my students, or to our world at large. And of course, I always ask for connections students make between the text and themselves. This can include themes/memories/concerns/fears, etc. I wish I had more time to do this sort of community-building. When we share culture, and make attempts to understand the how the text speaks to us, we become more like one another despite our differences – and that is a valuable use of time in this broken world. </p>
<p>This weeks’ articles, and Wells’ text, all remind me of some writing I did ages ago (2001) while reading Sartre’s The Words. Basically, I am pondering the necessity of interacting on a personal level with a text – you must allow the author to say his piece, and then you interact on a personal level to develop your meaning. </p>
<p>The interaction of reader/author/text just brought this to mind and I wanted to share it:</p>
<p>I looked down into the book I had opened. My mind delved deep, desiring to be on the level of the author behind the words. He peered laughingly out at me from behind his signs as he described people like me reading his book – reading him. My smile rose from inside as I realized I was desiring that very unveiling of which he spoke. To see him as he was – but from the fragments of what he wrote. How obtuse for me to believe that I could come any closer than my fingertips to ink. Brushing the surface of what is only a re-presentation in the first (or second) place. Nonetheless, I sought such an insight. </p>
<p>Was his life as mundane a child prodigy’s as he leads me to believe? The smirk in his words as he deems himself thus seems to reach out to me more than the words themselves. Foucault, Derrida herald the “death of the author”, yet they have never conversed with Sartre over his life as I have. Even so, this is the author/narrator, one removed from the person himself. A particular nervy objectivity rises in such a narration. His person does not quite shine through. It is more the focus on the author than the death of him. Just as he speaks of previous authors glancing at him, their reader, over the pages with familiarity – he does the same to his readers. But I do not know him. Jean Paul is not a person to me – a narrator, yes, but an intersubjective being, no. The distance of page and ink, though my sole connection to him, are also the barrier. I can bathe in his pictures, his verbal gestures, his self-mockery, but I cannot meet him. My preoccupation remains with the words themselves &#8211; the mirror distortion he has chosen to reflect of his life. </p>
<p>This mirror, however, is not prone to reflecting him but me – the reader. I choose which signs mean the most to me. I choose to laugh or to jeer. I am the one reflecting in the mirror he holds up, while telling me I will find him in it. So there he is – the man standing behind the mirror. He frames the glass, sometimes peering over it and murmuring to me what I should look for. I can see his hands on the rim, pointing. At me, at the glass, anywhere but back at the holder. So the author is not dead, but the necessary life behind my interpretation. Without his verbal mirage of a person, I could never enter the view of myself presented by his mirror. </p>
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<title><![CDATA[How I met my mother (French Theory, by François Cusset)]]></title>
<link>http://wozuwozu.org/2009/11/20/how-i-met-my-mother-french-theory-by-francois-cusset/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 03:58:08 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ottiliemignon</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wozuwozu.org/2009/11/20/how-i-met-my-mother-french-theory-by-francois-cusset/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The critique of the critique of critique, like the old man in the sphynx&#8217;s riddle, is left, in]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://wozuwozu.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/oedipus.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1604" title="oedipus" src="http://wozuwozu.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/oedipus.jpg" alt="" width="315" height="264" /></a>The critique of the critique of critique, like the old man in the sphynx&#8217;s riddle, is left, in the end, with only one leg on which to stand. Still <em>kritizierbar</em><em> </em>is this alone &#8212; the myth of a heroic beginnings, of grand gestures, of new vistas, new worlds of thought, that might appear (ah&#8230; Baltimore&#8230; 1966) in a conference paper, written in a mere 10 days.   Master thinkers, and their disciples. A playfulness that was serious.  Now our seriousness is stillborn in its seriousness.</p>
<p>Against the sweet insouciance of <em>Friends</em>, there is something terrifying about this sitcom, which is marketed in Korea under the title: &#8220;I love <em>Friends.</em>&#8221; As if<em> Friends</em>, and the friend, had already become the object of a pathetic longing. As if, even in this, we must resign ourselves to an <em>Ersatz-friends. </em>With a macabre instinct, someone recognized that the great joke of <em>Seinfeld</em>, the fake cast, had suddenly been recast as a real sitcom.  As if there were a third repetition in history, beyond tragedy and farce.</p>
<p>But this third brings us back to the first: the husband, an architect like Mr. Brady, tells his children how he met <em>their </em>mother.  The purest form of the tyranny of mythopoesis.  As if the children could, or should care.  As if the very idea that they should care, that the mystery of their birth could be reduced to an endless sequence of tawdry vignettes, were not the most terrible offence against childhood. As if the novelty of birth could be seamlessly folded into the life of the parents.</p>
<p>What did Oedipus and Antigone talk about during their long years of wandering?</p>
<p>All myth, every beginning, is perverse.  This silliest of sitcoms brings us to the brink of tragic, Dionysian knowledge. The parents who entertain their child with the story of their prehistoric misadventures demand that the child replicate their own desire for life &#8212; without having lived.  They seek nothing less than the confirmation of their own desire for life in the lifeless desire of their children.  This is the prosaic, everyday form of mythic incest. And the tyranny of desire is always this: the desire for obsolete forms of desire.</p>
<p>We who watch are like the children who listen.  We do not live, but we desire to live.  And we late-born theorists (we theorists after theory&#8230;) are, in this, not so different than the couch potato. (Hence the critique of television is not the least bit irrelevant for <em>proto philosophia</em>) We do not think, but we desire to think.  We desire the form that thinking once took in its still fresh, but wholly mythic past.  We cannot imagine happiness but in a form that is no longer possible for us. True happiness for us is whatever happiness we cannot have.</p>
<p>The genius of <em>Tristram Shandy</em> suddenly dawns on me:  the sobriety of prose begins with the parody of the myth of our own drunken birth.</p>
<p>I was born then, in 1966, and before this: in Weimar, in Vienna, in Berlin, in Prague, in Jena, in Paris, in Florence, in Rome, and Athens. And also in places far from the cities.  Why do I then feel so melancholy as I read this book by François Cusset:  am I nothing simply because I was not there to watch my birth. Is there greatness only in beginnings?   But hasn&#8217;t philosophy, which has created so much from a single matter, always been the next best thing.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Panoptics and the technological gaze.]]></title>
<link>http://mediacon.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/panoptics-and-the-technological-gaze/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:14:33 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mediacon</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mediacon.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/panoptics-and-the-technological-gaze/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Jaimie Smith-Windsor&#8217;s article The Cyborg Mother: A Breached Boundary reads like part journal ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Jaimie Smith-Windsor&#8217;s article <a title="CTheory.net" href="http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=409" target="_blank">The Cyborg Mother: A Breached Boundary</a> reads like part journal and part theoretical analysis. She incorporates her experience of giving pre-mature birth to her daughter into a parallel with Cyborg theory. The incubator that keeps her baby alive becomes a physical and ideological surrogate. Smith-Windsor&#8217;s fears come true when she realizes that &#8220;the interface is the matriarch of cyborg culture&#8221;, and that it has now impregnated itself into her pre-mature daughter. Her article explores<a title="imdb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault" target="_blank"> Foucault</a>&#8217;s notion of the &#8216;<a title="panopticon" href="http://cartome.org/panopticon2.htm" target="_blank">panopticon</a>&#8216; and that becoming a cyborg means &#8220;internalizing the panopticon&#8221;. (p.283) Becoming both the invisible watcher and the subject being watched &#8212; like a closed circuit &#8212; even after the machine is turned off, &#8220;cyborg life continues to occupy the human condition through consciousness, subconsciousness, and perception.&#8221; (p.283) This same idea pervades <a title="imdb" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0851851/" target="_blank">Terminator:  The Sarah Connor Chronicles</a> (2008), as the mother and son must constantly be on the run from the machines.</p>

<p>They do however have the aid of a cyborg, sent from the future, to help them run. The mother-son relationship has a cyborg intermediary than can provide as much, to the young John, as the real mother. This threat of replacement is felt as a &#8216;breached boundary&#8217; in Jamie Smith-Windsor&#8217;s article, as she underscores the impossibility of &#8216;being&#8217; outside of technologie&#8217;s invisible grip. She brings up an important issue about privilege and, as <a title="imdb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" target="_blank">Jaques Derrida</a> calls the &#8216;logocentric moment&#8217;, how &#8220;where one technology of knowing is priviliged over another, and infinite other histories of being are forgotten.&#8221; (p.282) This point clarifies how &#8220;identity is bound to the logocentric privileging of the dominant discourse&#8221;, which is impregnated with a panoptical-technological-gaze, and makes it impossible for difference or divergence.</p>
<p>Returning to the introductory paragraph, after getting through her arguments, had me asking myself if her challenge of &#8216;rebelling against myself or the technologies of myself to discover new ways of being&#8217;, held much weight. I would not go so far as becoming a &#8216;country-bumpkin&#8217; or menonite but how different would my life be without technology? Or maybe less frequency or less access during the week? Would it chase me down like a Terminator and try to stop me from stopping? Or more-likely that other people with their &#8216;panoptical gaze&#8217; would be surrogates for the Terminator and my friends and family would look down at me in my underprivileged existence and question me. This kind of experiment might be a good point to start off with, in my post Film-4002 blogging.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Notte prima del convegno…]]></title>
<link>http://yesweeurope.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/notte-prima-del-convegno%e2%80%a6/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 21:35:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>luvi84</dc:creator>
<guid>http://yesweeurope.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/notte-prima-del-convegno%e2%80%a6/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In attesa del Convegno di domani, vi proponiamo una piccola anticipazione di due dossier, riguardant]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://yesweeurope.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/da-unisys-un-portale-telematico-in-aiuto-all_integrazione-degli-immigrati-in-europa.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-72" title="da-unisys-un-portale-telematico-in-aiuto-all_integrazione-degli-immigrati-in-europa" src="http://yesweeurope.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/da-unisys-un-portale-telematico-in-aiuto-all_integrazione-degli-immigrati-in-europa.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="226" /></a>In attesa del <a href="http://yesweeurope.wordpress.com/2009/10/26/globalizzazione-dei-mercati-e-integrazione-sociale-ipotesi-a-confronto/">Convegno</a> di domani, vi proponiamo una piccola anticipazione di due dossier, riguardanti il tema dell’integrazione, che saranno pubblicati nei prossimi giorni sul nostro sito.</p>
<p>Il problema dell’integrazione, del diverso, dell’altro è uno dei nodi centrali della riflessione di molti autori, anche recenti. Particolarmente importante è stato, nel secolo appena trascorso, l’apporto e il contributo di due tra i maggiori filosofi europei del Novecento, Jacques Derrida ed Emmanuel Levinas, che hanno saputo affrontare il tema dell’alterità e dell’altro con una radicalità assoluta e un coraggio di pensiero esemplare. Sui sentieri tracciati dai due filosofi si è incamminato il nostro <strong>Marco Bernabé</strong>, con il suo interessante dossier (<em>L’Altro - <a href="http://yesweeurope.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/dossier_5_2009.pdf"><span style="font-style:normal;">Dossier_5_2009</span></a></em>), che partendo dalla severa critica del filosofo lituano alla società contemporanea – colpevole di aver soffocato l’altro, totalizzando l’ego – giunge alla prospettiva del francese Derrida di una vera e propria politica dell’ospitalità, capace di fondare quella che lui stesso definisce “democrazia a venire”.</p>
<p>Di altro respiro, invece, il secondo approfondimento, in cui si è cimentata <strong>Barbara Ruffolo</strong>, partendo dalla considerazione che nel complesso processo di integrazione europea, le politiche sociali e del lavoro risultano in gran parte ancora strutturate su basi nazionali. Questa grave carenza di armonizzazione del mercato del lavoro europeo – secondo l’autrice del dossier <em>“Mercato del lavoro: il grande assente” </em>(<a href="http://yesweeurope.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/dossier_6_2009.pdf">Dossier_6_2009</a>) – viene particolarmente accentuata soprattutto nella situazione di crisi attuale, che vede il tasso di disoccupazione europeo alzarsi a livelli preoccupanti. L’UE si sta muovendo su questo fronte attraverso programmi di sostegno del settore lavorativo sulla base di obiettivi, priorità e strategie elaborate dalla Commissione e che coinvolgeranno le responsabilità di ciascun Stato Membro. Riuscirà nella sua impresa?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Frodo crosses the bridge of time]]></title>
<link>http://ringreaders.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/frodo-crosses-the-bridge-of-time/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 20:29:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alienar</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ringreaders.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/frodo-crosses-the-bridge-of-time/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Walking blindfold with the Company through Lorien, Frodo steps over a bridge of time into the Elder ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Walking blindfold with the Company through Lorien, Frodo steps over a bridge of time into the Elder Days, to a world that is no more.</p>
<p>Being blindfold doesn&#8217;t just heighten his other senses or sharpen his inner vision. It cuts him free from the present/presence and draws him into another time.</p>
<p>The tyranny of vision, which holds us rammed up against the now, drives out anything other than itself. We have to be in darkness for the forgotten, bleached out by the incandescent light of presence, to return.</p>
<p>The Eye of Sauron, on the other hand, knows no darkness, no anamnesis. In Galadriel&#8217;s mirror it grows until it fills the whole surface, leaving no space or darkness unfilled by its gaze, seeking pure positivity, pure presence.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[AN OPEN INVITATION TO THE PUBLIC / 18 NOV]]></title>
<link>http://beaubourg268.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/an-open-invitation-to-the-public-18-nov-2009/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 03:02:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>beaubourg268</dc:creator>
<guid>http://beaubourg268.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/an-open-invitation-to-the-public-18-nov-2009/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[If you live in the bay area, and you are at all interested in joining, or even contributing somethin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>If you live in the bay area, and you are at all interested in joining, or even contributing something to our little beaubourg &#8211; we invite you to leave a comment on our Beaubourg 268 blog (below). Beaubourg 268 is located on Saint Charles Avenue at the southern periphery of the San Francisco Peninsula.  Adjacent to San Francisco State Universiity, the institution’s new home is a modest two story residential building that hopes to attract educators and students alike.  The ground floor contains a small garden, sound studio, and outdoor planning areas; the second floor holds a small archive-library, along with lodging accommodations.</p>
<p>Most of the artists and thinkers in Steven Henry Madoff’s new big book, Art School suffer from one of two opposing superstitions: either art schools are the new business schools preparing designers and emerging artists for the real world, or art schools are the new pockets of resistance and reform informing social stakeholders for the real world challenges of global consumer capitalism.  As a literary terrorist, one of whose concerns is the future of art school, I sometimes am asked: “Which theoretician should I know?”  To their astonishment, I have yet to reply to them with the usual French names: Baudrillard, Deleuze, Derrida, Foucault, etc.  Rather, I’ve tended to answer with one of two names: Gina Clark &#38; Robert Hansen.</p>
<p>Gina Clark was born and raised in Southern California.  Over the past decade she has worked across a variety of media including performance, film, photography, installation, and curating.  Within these practices, the desert-based CalArts graduate has supported the preservation of the innovative and exploratory arts; always mindful of the fact that we are living in an age dominated by Domesticity &#38; Artifice.  Robert Hansen is a sound artist, visual artist, writer and founder of the renowned group Mini Voyeur.  From its initial formation, the group was exploring properties in speech, sound and acoustics; all the while, infusing humor in to the concepts of music, memory and logic.  Robert has maintained an extended library of recorded audio and video documents created with the help of friends and family.</p>
<p>The newly established Beaubourg 268 will offer the public a series of classes, projects and improvisational “adventures” that remain more or less outside the existing coordinates of art schools such as Cal Arts and Goldsmiths.  Under its co-founder Gina Clark, her weekly Carnal Knowledge workshops will stress the emancipatory potential of performance, as it relates to issues as varied as familial piety, animal welfare, and Czech cinema. Students, if they so desire, will have an opportunity to work with Clark’s nonprofit group, Unsichtbar Birnbaum Exploratory.  Sound artist Robert Hansen will offer weekly workshops to appreciate the visual arts, through the lens of sound, music, or voice.  I will offer bi-monthly ‘Reading’ Slavoj Zizek group seminars to provide theoretical supplement for those emerging artists who desire it.  To the degree that art schools can play a “revolutionary” role today, I will attempt to open up a space in which isolated Japanese youths and North Korean defectors can be heard.</p>
<p>As the art teacher John Baldessari put it “[I]f you’re lecturing in a class and there’s a car crash outside, you better bring that car crash into what you’re saying or you’ve lost them.”  It is from this perspective that the crucial first step, for us, is to foster an informal classroom environment that treats art as both a past-time and a means for exploration.  To the degree that students may indeed require a postpostmodern vocabulary, Beaubourg 268 firmly believes that what students need most is the unconditional permission to use everything in the world, including their own naivete, fears, and desires.</p>
<p>Beaubourg 268 will be comprised with approximately fifteen students from the surrounding area who are diverse in terms of their backgrounds, ages, and aspirations.  We invite every one – no matter what your age or artistic background – to participate in the fun.  Ideally, we here at the beaubourg want to learn from you as much as you might learn from us.  An informal meeting is set for Tuesday, 19 January 2010.  The official opening is set for mid-February.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Desconstrução]]></title>
<link>http://embaixodaquelaarvore.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/deconstrucao/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 22:06:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>fancinefilia</dc:creator>
<guid>http://embaixodaquelaarvore.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/deconstrucao/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8230;se antes de cada ato nosso, nos puséssemos a prever todas as consequências dele, a pensar nel]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#333333;"><em>&#8230;se antes de cada ato nosso, nos puséssemos a prever todas as consequências dele, a pensar nelas a sério, primeiro as imediatas, depois as prováveis, depois as possíveis, depois as imagináveis, não chegaríamos sequer a mover-nos de onde o primeiro pensamento nos tivesse feito parar.</em></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">(José Saramago &#8211; Ensaio sobre a cegueira)</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lembrou-me a fala de um professor, em um dos poucos minutos de uma das poucas aulas que consegui prestar atenção. À luz do pensamento de Derrida, criticou o <em>logocentrismo</em> – responsável, a seus olhos, por denegrir o <em>pathos</em>. Essa tendência de conferir sentido às coisas através do conhecimento, do pensamento, do racional&#8230; que retira do objeto (ou quem sabe do sujeito) o estado de ânimo ou de disposição afetiva. Que este estado de ânimo só se concretiza perante a finitude – não existe, portanto, distante da sensação de medo. Essa tendência a pensar excessivamente nos deixa inatos. Esse medo da finitude também. Ok, agora entendo porque não prestava atenção na aula. Ao menos pareço estar certa nessa (tentativa) de valorizar o efêmero sem pensá-lo como tal, de me levar pelos impulsos, de <em>enjoy the ride.</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Derrida sobre Husserl, pt. II]]></title>
<link>http://fabriciopontin.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/derrida-sobre-husserl-pt-ii/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 21:47:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>fabriciopontin</dc:creator>
<guid>http://fabriciopontin.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/derrida-sobre-husserl-pt-ii/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Vamos portanto tentar interrogar o valor fenomenológico da voz, a transcendência da sua dignidade em]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote><p>Vamos portanto tentar interrogar o valor fenomenológico da voz, a transcendência da sua dignidade em relação com qualquer outra substancia significante. Pensamos e ainda tentamos mostrar que esta transcendencia é apenas aparente. Mas esta aparência é a própria essência da consciencia e da sua história, e ela determina uma <em>epoch</em> a qual a idéia filosófica de verdade, a oposição de verdade e aparência, que ainda opera na fenomenologia, pertence. Não podemos portanto chama-a [esta voz] de aparência, nem nomea-la desde dentro da conceptualidade metafísica. Não podemos tentar descontruir esta transcendência sem adentrar e forçar nosso caminho através de conceitos que herdamos, na direcão do inominável.</p>
<p>A &#8220;aparente transcendencia&#8221; da voz, portanto,  é baseada no fato que o significado, que é sempre essencialmente ideal, o <strong>Bedeutung<em> </em></strong>&#8220;expressado&#8221;, é imediatamente presente para o ato de expressão. Esta presença imediata é baseada no fato que o &#8220;corpo&#8221;fenomenológico do significante parece se apagar no próprio momento que é pronunciado. Desde ponto em daiante, ele parece pertencer ao elemento de idealidade. Ele se reduz fenomenologicamente e transforma a opacidade mundana do seu corpo em pura diafaneidade. Este apagar do corpo sensível e da sua exterioridade é <em>para a consciencia</em> a própria forma da imediata presença do significado.</p></blockquote>
<p>Derrida, Voz e Fenomeno, capitulo 6. Minha tradução.</p>
<p>E a conexão Spinoza-Hegel-Husserl-Derrida fica estabelecida.</p>
<p>Bando de demente maldito.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Month of Doom]]></title>
<link>http://pancakesandpoodles.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/month-of-doom/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 16:29:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>emsarconi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pancakesandpoodles.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/month-of-doom/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[From now (and by now I mean about a week a go) until December 1st my life and time consists of prima]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>From now (and by now I mean about a week a go) until December 1st my life and time consists of primary one thing- writing essays. I have an essay due today, an essay due next Thursday and then TWO essays due on December first. So far I have researched Derrida, Jameson, the Vermillion Accord on Human rights, repatriation, reburial, native Americans and looked up many  countless words in the Oxford English Dictionary and on Thesaurus.com. Two down, two to go.</p>
<p>You know you have too many essays when you go to bed at night, hoping for some peace from the thoughts and grammar that have been racing around your head all day only to start to dream about them. All I did last night was dream about my essays.  They have officially consumed my soul.  Stressed out days seem to lead to stressed out dreams. To add insult to injury, my itunes has completely shut down for no apparent reason and everyone I know is going home for American thanksgiving while I&#8217;m stuck in Canada.</p>
<p>I&#8217;m just not having a very good morning.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Derrida sobre Husserl]]></title>
<link>http://fabriciopontin.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/derrida-sobre-husserl/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 09:16:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>fabriciopontin</dc:creator>
<guid>http://fabriciopontin.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/derrida-sobre-husserl/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Voz e fenômeno nasceu de um comentário ao volume II das investigações lógicas de Husserl. Considerad]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Voz e fenômeno nasceu de um comentário ao volume II das investigações lógicas de Husserl.</p>
<blockquote><p>Considerados desde um ponto de vista puramente fenomenolóico, desde a redução, o processo de fala tem a originalidade de ser sempre entregue como um fenômeno puro, tendo já suspenso a atitude natural e a <em>thesis</em> existencial do mundo. A operação de &#8220;ouvir-se falar&#8221;é uma auto-afeição de um tipo absolutamente único. Por um lado, ela opera no <em>medium</em> de uma universladidade. Os significadores que aparecem neles precisam  idealmente ser ábes a repetir ou transmitir indefinidaemente enquanto o mesmo. Por outro lado, o sujeito é hábil à ouvir-se ou falar para si mesmo, ele é hábil à deixar-se ser afetado pelo significante que ele produz sem qualquer descaminho através do recuso da exterioridade, do mundo, ou do não-próprio em geral. Qualquer outra forma de auto-afeição precisa ou passar pelo não-próprio ou renunciar universalidade. Quando eu vejo a mim mesmo, não importando se isso ocorre por causa de uma limitada área do meu corpo é dada ao meu olhar ou ocorre por meio de uma reflexão <em>ec-specular</em>, o não-próprio já está lá no fcampo desta auto-afeição de a partir de então não é pura. O mesmo ocorre na experiência do tocar-e-ser-tocado. Ns dois casos, a superfície do meu corpo, em relação com a exterioidade, deve começar a expor-se no mundo. Não existem, alguém dirá, formas de auto-afeição que, na interioridade do próprio corpo, não requerem a intervenção de qualquer superfície mundana exibitiva e no entanto não são da ordem da voz? Mas então estas formas permanecem puramente empíricas; elas não podem pertencem a um <em>medium</em> de significação universal. É portato necessário, para darmos conta do poder fenomenológico da voz, specificar este conceito de pura auto-afeição e descrever aquilo que o faz próprio à universalidade. Na medida que é pura auto-afeição (<strong>afetação? algum Husserliano aí que me ajudar?</strong>) a  operação de ouvir-se-falar parece reduzir até ao superfície interna do próprio corpo. Neste fenômeno, o corpo parece poder dar conta desde a interioridade sem a exterioridade, parece sustentar-se sem este espaço interno no qual a nossa experiencia ou a nossa própria imagem do corpo é rabiscada. É por isso porque ouvir-se-falar é vivido como uma auto-afeição absolutamente pura, na proximidade do <em>self</em> que operaria nada além da absoludta redução do espaço em termos gerais. É esta pureza que permite a universalidade. Requerendo a internvenção de nenhuma superfície no mundo, produzindo a si mesma no meundo como uma auto-afeição que é pura, ela é uma substancia absolutamente disponível. Pois a voz encontra nenhum obstáculo para sua emissão no mundo precisamente na medida que ela produz a si mesma <strong>enquanto</strong> auto-afeição pura. Sem dúvida, esta auto-afeição é a possibilidade do que chamamos  subjetividade ou do para-si-mesmo, mas sem ela nenhum mundo apareceria<em> </em><strong>como tal. Pois é nas suas profundezas que a voz assume a unidade do som ( que está no mundo) e da phoné (no sentido fenomenológico). Uma ciencia objetivamente &#8220;mundana&#8221; com certeza pode nos ensinar coisa alguma sobre a essencia da voz. Mas a unidade do som e da voz, que permite que a voz produza-se no mundo enquanto pura auto-afeição, é a agência unica que esapa a distinção entre intra-mundaneidade e transcendentalidade. Fazendo isso, ela torna a distinção possível</strong>.</p></blockquote>
<p>Creio que está no original, entre 88-89.</p>
<p>Deve ter algo de muito hilário em alguém achar que isso pode ser algum dia ser ensinado como introdução à QUALQUER COISA.</p>
<p>Sempre lembrando, Derrida está falando sobre a chamada fenomenologia pura, que nas Investigações Lógicas é estabelecida como uma forma de <em>limpeza conceitual</em>, ou seja, de como tu te livra de todo lixo que tá te atrapalhando chegar em concepções não-poluídas (rigorosas). Para o Husserl, isso é uma questão de gramática. A semântica é o ponto irredutível (LU:II, i, 4) do processo de redução, é o qu eidentifica a fundação essencial para os processos expressivos (lógicos semânticos). As evidências vão expor esta fundação essencial, e a partir delas começa o processo de justificação (em uma fenomenologia estática, bem lembrado). Mas os processos associativos de indicação-expressão-represetanção colocam a questão da <em>forma do dizer</em> e do <em>falante</em>para o fenomenólogo &#8211; que agora precisa se ocupar dos processos de dar-sentido e <em>realizar</em>-sentido.</p>
<blockquote><p>Uma palavra apenas vem ao caso enquanto uma palavra quando o nosso interesse para no seu contorno sensorial, qual ela se torna apenas um padrão sonoro. Mas qando vivemos o entendimento de uma palavra, ela expressa <em>alguma coisa</em> e a <em>mesma coisa</em>, seja ela endereçada para alguém ou não. (LU:II, i, <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_cool.gif' alt='8)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p></blockquote>
<p>Expressão e sentido podem ser pensadas em uma unidade interna. A coisa fica complicada, no entanto, quando vamos expressar este pensamento lá fora, no mundo vivido. Quando a fenomenologia deixa de ser estática e passa a ser genética e generativa. Quando ela constrói mundo e significado através de práticas linguísticas. O que tá em jogo lá em cima é justamente demonstrar como esta passagem do unideade interna para o estabelecimento de associações externas <em>colapsa </em>com a tensão entre externo e interno, entre sujeito e objeto &#8211; a linguagem faz isso, necessariamente.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Zizek! (2005)]]></title>
<link>http://auladefilosofia.net/2009/11/16/zizek-2005/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2009 20:15:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Eugenio Sánchez Bravo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://auladefilosofia.net/2009/11/16/zizek-2005/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ficha técnica Director: Astra Taylor Fecha de estreno: 2005 Duración: 71 minutos Producción: Hidden ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><embed src='http://widgets.vodpod.com/w/video_embed/Groupvideo.3928477' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' AllowScriptAccess='always' pluginspage='http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer' wmode='transparent' flashvars='' /></p>
<h2>Ficha técnica</h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>Director</strong>: Astra Taylor</li>
<li><strong>Fecha de estreno</strong>: 2005</li>
<li><strong>Duración</strong>: 71 minutos</li>
<li><strong>Producción</strong>: Hidden Driver Productions, The Documentary Campaign</li>
<li><strong>Nacionalidad</strong>: EE.UU., Canadá</li>
<li><strong>Rodado en</strong>: Buenos Aires, Ljubljana, New York.</li>
</ol>
<h2>Sinopsis</h2>
<p>Recomendado por Jaume, este es un vídeo subtitulado en español sobre la figura del filósofo esloveno Slavoj Žižek. No es el típico documental relacionado con la filosofía: previsible y aburrido. Son muchas las sorpresas. Por ejemplo el aula abarrotada de Buenos Aires, su curiosa carrera política, la ropa en los armarios de la cocina, su fobia social&#8230; En el discurso de Žižek destacan, por un lado, la voluntad de ser claro, de explicar a Lacan de modo que lo entienda &#8220;hasta tu abuela&#8221; y, por otro, la finura en el análisis de las trampas con que las democracias capitalistas se autolegitiman.</p>
<p>Otra copia del documental en esta excelente <a href="http://doclecticos.blogspot.com/search/label/Zizek.%20Slavoj" target="_blank">Videoteca de humanidades</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Thoughts on Evangelicalism Moving Forward, Part 6:  "Post-Modernism"]]></title>
<link>http://modernpensees.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/thoughts-on-evangelicalism-moving-forward-part-6-post-modernism/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2009 16:12:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Michael Graham</dc:creator>
<guid>http://modernpensees.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/thoughts-on-evangelicalism-moving-forward-part-6-post-modernism/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Richard Rorty: If you don&#39;t understand him, you probably don&#39;t understand &quot;post-moderni]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_255" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 442px"><img class="size-full wp-image-255" title="Richard Rorty" src="http://modernpensees.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/richard-rorty1.jpg" alt="Richard Rorty" width="432" height="441" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Richard Rorty: If you don&#39;t understand him, you probably don&#39;t understand &#34;post-modernism&#34; either...</p></div>
<p>Perhaps you have had an experience like this one:  You are talking with someone about your personal beliefs.   After explaining your story and worldview they respond with something to the effect of, &#8220;that is so good for you,&#8221; or &#8220;I am glad you have that.&#8221;</p>
<p>Perhaps you have had another experience like this one:  You are at a church, or a conference, or some other Christian meeting and the speaker has talked about the importance of understanding &#8220;post-modernism.&#8221;  I have heard some form of this talk probably a dozen times and never has the speaker ever hit the nail on the head.</p>
<p>This blog post will attempt to sort out Evangelicalism&#8217;s imprecise analysis of culture and philosophy on the matter of &#8220;post-modernism&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>Post-modernism &#8220;explained&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>Post-modernism is a reaction against the arrogance of modernism and the Enlightenment Project.  Modernism and the Enlightenment Project attempted to create a perfect worldview through pure reason alone.  Suffice to say this project was a dismal failure and imploded in the late 19th century.  This created an intellectual vacuum in Western thinking and the main thing that replaced it was an equal and opposite reaction to modernisms&#8217;s hubris.  Post-modern thought rejects foundations;  it is skeptical of overarching stories and worldviews; it says that truths are merely local and not universal.  The problem with post-modernism and defining the term is that  post-modernity rejects definitions, rejects categories, rejects foundations, and rejects Truth.  Hence, the philosophy is best understood as a reaction against modernism and requires modernism to exist in the same way a tick requires a host.</p>
<p><strong>All to common example</strong></p>
<p>One such example was a kind 70+ year old professor during my time at seminary.  The man had incredible ministry experience yet was sorely off in his cultural and philosophical analysis.  For several weeks he used modern categories and terms to describe post-modern thought.  The underlying irony was that he was attempting to explain as a slightly modernistic outside observer what an entire class of slightly post-modern inside participants had experienced their whole lives.</p>
<p><strong>What is wrong with the analysis [</strong>Besides the face that almost every time anyone says, "Post-modernism is ________," they are being reductionistic... ]</p>
<p>I do not believe we are in a post-modern culture!</p>
<p>I have talked to hundreds of people who have many different worldviews.  I have talked to people in several countries, on three continents (including Western Europe).  Christians love to label &#8220;Post-modern&#8221; as some kind of catch all.  It is dangerous to assume that post-modernism can be considered a &#8220;worldview.&#8221;   It is dangerous because it can be best seen as a rejection of worldviews, even though Christians continue to call it a worldview.  Lots of people I talk to are scientific rationalists.  Lots of people I talk to are pragmatists.  Lots of people I talk to are inspired by Eastern thought.  Some of the people I talk to borrow from all of the above &#8211; these are the people that we have incorrectly labeled &#8220;post-moderns.&#8221;  Let me repeat:</p>
<blockquote><p>Post-modernism is not a stand alone philosophy. Christians have completely mislabeled and misunderstood this philosophical undercurrent.</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>What you need to be studying is the philosophy of <a title="Wiki on Richard Rorty" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rorty" target="_self">Richard Rorty</a>.</strong></p>
<p>Post-modernism is a critique of modernism and is not a standalone worldview.  However, Richard Rorty took the post-modern skepticism and married it to another philosophy:  <strong>pragmatism</strong>.  Rorty was a philosophy professor at Yale (1956-57), Army (57-58), Wellesley (58-61), Princeton (61-82), Virginia (82-98), and Stanford (98-2005).  Here is a brief outline of Rorty&#8217;s thought:</p>
<p>1.  Propositions are true if they are helpful, and not because they have a one-to-one relationship with facts.</p>
<p>2.  Language is a game, because words are defined by other words, which are defined by other words, which are often defined by the original word in question (heavily borrowing from later Wittgenstein and post-structuralism)</p>
<p>3.  All language is contingent.  There is no link between language and reality.</p>
<p>4.  Therefore, Truth is incoherent and pointless.  No <a title="Wiki on Final Vocabulary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_vocabulary" target="_self">Final Vocabulary</a> exists (Rorty&#8217;s way of denying the existence of absolute truth)</p>
<p>5.  The ideal person is the ironist &#8211; a person who:  1. skeptical of final vocabulary  2. Argument within ones current vocabulary cannot dissolve such skepticism  3.  As they philosophize about their situation they do not think that their vocabulary is somehow closer to reality than others.  People that have exhibited these traits according to Rorty &#8211; <a title="Wiki on Nietzsche" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietzsche" target="_self">Nietzsche</a>, <a title="Wiki on Foucault" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault" target="_self">Foucault</a>, <a title="Wiki on Heidegger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidegger" target="_self">Heidegger</a>, <a title="Wiki on Proust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proust" target="_self">Proust</a>, and <a title="Wiki on Derrida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrida" target="_self">Derrida</a>.</p>
<p>6.  Final vocabulary leads to cruelty, therefore it must be rejected.</p>
<p>7.  <strong>What is true is what works.  What works is what is true.</strong></p>
<p>Richard Rorty has blended post-modernism with pragmatism, in what I call <strong>post-modern-pragmatism</strong>.    This is what well-meaning Christians have been trying to explain but been unable to have the correct taxonomy.  Is everyone in America a post-modern-pragmatist?  absolutely not (and I am not sure why so many call &#8216;our culture&#8217; post-modern).  Is there a trend towards the ideas of Rorty in Western Europe and the United States?  In my view, yes.</p>
<p>The tricky thing about post-modern-pragmatism is that it does not need to be true for people to desire it and adhere to it &#8211; it merely needs to &#8220;work for them.&#8221;  Revisiting the conversation I have had countless times from the beginning of this post &#8211; these people are espousing the ideas of Richard Rorty.  The whatever-works-for-you worldview is post-modern-pragmatism and not post-modern thought.</p>
<p>Christians have been unable to deconstruct post-modern-pragmatism because they have mislabeled it and been applying the wrong arguments against it.  The glaring weakness in Rorty&#8217;s (and any post-structuralist) thinking is that it is still subversively is appealing to Final Vocabulary in order to deconstruct Final Vocabulary.  In other words, his argument is still essentially:</p>
<blockquote><p>There is no truth, besides this one.</p></blockquote>
<p>Post-modern-pragmatism is essentially a bait-and-switch.  Worldviews have always been judged on two criteria:  is it true?  AND  does it work?  Rorty attempted to make those two separate questions, one single question by defining the two terms circularly as being synonymous with the other.  It is a diabolical yet ultimately silly philosophy.  The reason it is so powerful is that people employ this philosophy to justify their mutually exclusive beliefs and sin.  When confronted with the fact that they hold mutually exclusive beliefs they respond, &#8220;that&#8217;s ok, it works for me.&#8221;</p>
<p>I believe the central reason why evangelicals have missed the target by so far on &#8220;post-modernism&#8221; is because evangelicals are intellectually lazy.  Further, this laziness is always seeking to pigeon hole the many ideas and many cultures of a massive country into a really small box that they can then apply assembly line tools to fix (modernism still rears its ugly head in the evangelical).  Moving forward, evangelicals need to be more precise and more rigorous in understanding cultural and philosophical trends and ideas.  Up next  we will examine how evangelicals have done this, why they have done it, and what we need to do instead.</p>
<p>(if you care to read Rorty for yourself, the best summary of his thought is his book <a title="Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity" href="http://www.amazon.com/Contingency-Irony-Solidarity-Richard-Rorty/dp/0521367816/ref=modepens-20" target="_self"><em>Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity</em></a>)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Geoff Jordan: Theory Construction in Second Language Acquisition]]></title>
<link>http://iblood.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/geoff-jordan-theory-construction-in-second-language-acquisition/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 15 Nov 2009 21:53:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ian Blood</dc:creator>
<guid>http://iblood.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/geoff-jordan-theory-construction-in-second-language-acquisition/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[One of the most frustrating things about taking an introduction to SLA course is the overabundance o]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>One of the most frustrating things about taking an introduction to SLA course is the <img class="alignright" title="Geoff Jordan: Theory Construction in Second Language Acquisition" src="http://www.benjamins.com/178/ll&#38;lt_8.png" alt="Geoff Jordan: Theory Construction in Second Language Acquisition" width="128" height="188" />overabundance of often contradictory theories and the lack of consensus among researchers on what the research questions of interest are, on what is to be measured, and how it is to be measured. Indeed, the very relevance of empirical data to SLA and the nature of SLA as a scientific field have been called into question by some!</p>
<p>Geoff Jordan has set out to put at end to this state of affairs. His book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Construction-Language-Acquisition-Learning-Teaching/dp/1588114813" target="_blank"><em>Theory Construction in Second Language Acquisition</em></a> (2004, John Benjamins), is what I&#8217;m reading at the moment, and after 4 chapters it is certainly the most entertaining and clearly written book on SLA and methodology that I have ever read.<!--more--></p>
<p>The book begins with description of the problem in SLA as Jordan sees it. The field is divided into two camps with radically different epistemological approaches. There is a <strong>rationalist</strong> camp, of which Jordan himself is a proud member, and a <strong>relativist</strong> camp, occupied by the likes of James Lantolf and David Block. The relativists, says Jordan, have latched onto a post-structuralist, post-modern epistemology which declares the relativity of all knowledge and denies an objective outside world to be observed and measured. In this epistemology, science is nothing more than a social construction, and it&#8217;s discoveries are only &#8220;true&#8221; relative to itself. This radical subjectivity and solipsism arises, says Jordan, from a misapplication and over-interpretation of Hume&#8217;s problem of induction.</p>
<p>To make a long story short, Jordan is calling for a rejection of relativist approaches to the study of SLA and a renewed focus on theory building, using empirical measurement as a crucial tool.</p>
<p>I find this approach refreshing. We spend a lot of time in class arguing across purposes. It is highly desirable to agree on our research questions and the methods of inquiry that are likely to be fruitful. Moreover, I think that the post-structuralist, post-modern, constructivist movements do nothing but muddy the waters of human knowledge. They wantonly and arrogantly dismiss the collective efforts of 4 centuries of science as nothing but social construction lacking any claims to objective truth. How, pray tell, did that social construction lacking any claim to objective truth accomplish the invention of the automobile? The confirmed predictions of Newtonian mechanics? The harnessing of the power of the atom? Relativism quickly disintegrates into absurdity and nihilism, ignoring the experience of everyday life and rejecting all claims to truth.</p>
<p>I&#8217;ve only finished 4 chapters, so I will be posting more on Jordan. Coming up: Jordan evaluates current theories in SLA for their adherence to a rationalist epistemology.</p>
<p>&#8217;til next time&#8230;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[An Intellectual Autobiography in Books]]></title>
<link>http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/an-intellectual-autobiography-in-books/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 15 Nov 2009 00:41:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Grad Student</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/an-intellectual-autobiography-in-books/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As I was finishing &#8220;When God is Gone, Everything is Holy&#8221; today, I realized how importan]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>As I was finishing &#8220;<a href="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/2009/09/27/153/">When God is Gone, Everything is Holy</a>&#8221; today, I realized how important certain books have been to me in the course of my life.  Just listing these books along with some explanation is a good way of charting how my beliefs and thought have changed over time.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>SIX TO 12 YEARS-OLD</strong></p>
<p><strong><img class="alignleft" src="http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/ciu/33/99/d1f7e03ae7a06ff0a0bb0210.L._SL500_AA240_.jpg" alt="" width="192" height="192" />Margie Asks Why</strong>:<br />
This Adventist book for children lays out the Adventist version of Genesis 3 and what Adventists call &#8220;the great controversy&#8221; (the story of the fall of Satan and Adam and Eve).  This book embodies the cosmogeny I was raised to believe.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-229" title="pilgrims-progress-18" src="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pilgrims-progress-18.jpg?w=203" alt="pilgrims-progress-18" width="142" height="210" /><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pilgrim's_Progress">Pilgrim&#8217;s Progress</a></strong><strong> (a children&#8217;s version):</strong><br />
This classic by John Bunyan greatly affected my view of the life of a Christian.  It inspired me to try and walk on the &#8220;straight and narrow&#8221; and avoid the temptations modern life has to offer.  Yes, I know it&#8217;s a bit cliche, but this book is where such cliches originate.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><strong><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-230" title="project sunlight" src="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/project-sunlight.jpg" alt="project sunlight" width="168" height="168" /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Project-Sunlight-June-Strong/dp/0812702891">Project Sunlight:</a></strong><br />
This is another Adventist book that shaped my beliefs about the apocalyptic events that would forshadow Christ&#8217;s second-coming (the second &#8220;Advent&#8221;).  Taking the perspective of an woman&#8217;s guardian angel, it describes how eventually the worldwide government will force people to worship God on Sunday (instead of Saturday as commanded in the Bible).</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>AROUND 16 YEARS-OLD</strong></p>
<p><strong><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-272" title="a-brief-history-of-time_original" src="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/a-brief-history-of-time_original.jpg?w=197" alt="a-brief-history-of-time_original" width="138" height="210" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_brief_history_of_time">A Brief History of Time:</a></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">This first taste of modern physics enraptured me for about half a year when I was 16 years old.  After reading it cover to cover, I would often open it to random places and just read it, not unlike a holy book.  Not only did it spark in me a desire to learn more about modern physics, it challenged my assumption that life and the universe were less than 10,000 years old.</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><br />
</span></strong></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><br />
</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-232" title="Bible" src="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bible.jpg?w=300" alt="Bible" width="210" height="139" />The Book of Hebrews in the Bible:</strong><br />
This book brought home to me what the sacrifice of Jesus Christ meant.  Its representation of his sacrifice as a substitutionary atonement for my sins was extremely moving to me.  Absorbing this book marked an important change in my life in which I went from being a somewhat mediocre Christian (specifically Adventist) to being a committed evangelical.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><strong><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-234" title="thispresentdarkness" src="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/thispresentdarkness.jpg?w=300" alt="thispresentdarkness" width="240" height="240" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Present_Darkness">This Present Darkness:</a></strong><br />
My view of the daily events in my life and the world was radically changed after reading this Christian thriller about how angels, demons, and prayer affect our lives.  The story reveals that behind all events in the world are demons (helped by new age cults) and angels (helped by the intercessory prayer of Christians).  Reading this book marked the beginning of a charismatic/pentacostal Christian phase of my life.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>AROUND 18 YEARS-OLD</strong></p>
<p><strong><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-239" title="demian" src="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/demian.jpg" alt="demian" width="144" height="222" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demian">Demian:</a></strong><br />
This is a classic <em>bildungsroman </em>or coming of age story in which the protagonist, while in the search for truth, sheds the Christianity he was raised in. Reading this book coincided with my own crisis of faith so I resonated strongly with the protagonist. This story&#8217;s beautiful rendering of the protagonist&#8217;s heroic search for himself and the truth somehow enabled me to recognize that beauty existed outside of the Christian faith.</p>
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<p><strong> <img class="size-full wp-image-235 alignleft" title="Jacques-Derrida" src="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/jacques-derrida.png" alt="Jacques-Derrida" width="140" height="185" /></strong><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophy">Continental Thought:</a></strong></p>
<p>I began to read a smattering of what could roughly be described as continental philosophy.  At first the relativistic thinking I found in these books was very appealing to me.  I was tired of the self-reinforcing orthodoxy of Christianity, and the way these works subverted or deconstructed such beliefs was compelling.  On the other hand, I soon discovered that I couldn&#8217;t get away from the performative contradiction inherent in this thought.</p>
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<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>DURING COLLEGE TO PRESENT DAY</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong> </strong>I don&#8217;t have any particular books to describe how my world view changed in college.  However, my education in physics changed me radically by pushing me in the direction of materialism.  One of the many things that moved me towards this philosophy was physics&#8217; successful predictions about the existence of certain particles (such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron">positron</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_minus">Omega-minus</a>].</p>
<p>However, after meeting and subsequently marrying someone with a love of religion and literature (and, to a degree, a continental philosophical belief system) my hard materialism metamorphosed into something else.  I&#8217;m not sure what to call it&#8211;maybe soft-materialism, agnostic materialism, or religious naturalism.</p>
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<p><strong><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-238" title="when god is gone" src="http://wordsandnumbers.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/when-god-is-gone1.jpg?w=194" alt="when god is gone" width="136" height="210" /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/When-God-Gone-Everything-Holy/dp/1933495138">When God is Gone, Everything is Holy: The Making of a Religious Naturalist</a> by <a href="http://www.sciencemusings.com/blog/">Chet Raymo</a></strong><strong>:</strong><br />
After embracing materialism I found that its redeeming feature is a Carl Sagan-esque awe of the universe.  Raymo not only captures this awe but goes beyond it.  Yes, Raymo is a materialist, but somehow he&#8217;s more.  He has managed to appropriate the language of Catholic mystics and writers to explain his experience of nature.  Raymo is a scientific materialist while experiencing the world as a mystic&#8211;a feat I would like to accomplish.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Impossibility of the Possible]]></title>
<link>http://kiwilowdown.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/impossibility-of-the-possible/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2009 20:25:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>JimmyNZ</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kiwilowdown.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/impossibility-of-the-possible/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I just had a refresher on Derrida&#8217;s aporetics concerning the impossibility of the possible. Wa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">I just had a refresher on Derrida&#8217;s aporetics concerning the impossibility of the possible.  Was interesting to consider once again the structure of thought that various topics are subjected to in this way.  Hence for example the gift.  The grounds for its possibility &#8211; as something that is given &#8211; is grounded in its impossibility.  To be succinct, Derrida would argue that the gift can only be a gift in the truest sense if the receiver is not aware of where the gift comes from, and that the giver does not know they are giving.  To give a gift to someone and have them say &#8216;thank you&#8217; in return would be to defeat the nature of the gift.  As would any thoughts or motivations that took any sense of gratitude or feeling that falls outside of altruism in the giving of the gift. He applies this same idea to hospitality as the host must accept all without preference, yet, at the same time he must maintain his authority as the host, lest hospitality be taken over by hostee&#8217;s and reduced to something other than hospitality.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Prolegomeni alla fine della storia: Kojève sul desiderio (di Antonio Lucci)]]></title>
<link>http://desiderioefilosofia.com/2009/11/12/prolegomeni-alla-fine-della-storia-kojeve-sul-desiderio-di-antonio-lucci/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 11:03:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>luciano de fiore</dc:creator>
<guid>http://desiderioefilosofia.com/2009/11/12/prolegomeni-alla-fine-della-storia-kojeve-sul-desiderio-di-antonio-lucci/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Alexandre Kojève Il 27 gennaio 1968 Jacques Derrida iniziava quella che forse è la sua conferenza pi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_133" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 228px"><img class="size-full wp-image-133" title="Kojève1" src="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/kojeve11.jpg" alt="Kojève1" width="218" height="314" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Alexandre Kojève</p></div>
<p>Il 27 gennaio 1968 Jacques Derrida iniziava quella che forse è la sua conferenza più famosa, <em>La différance</em>, con queste parole: “Parlerò, dunque, di una lettera.”<a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftn1">[1]</a><br />
Pochi mesi dopo, a giugno, moriva <strong>Alexandre Kojève</strong>. Moriva dopo aver scritto una nota a quello che risulterà uno dei libri più importanti mai scritti su Hegel, e più controversi: l’<em>Introduzione alla lettura di Hegel</em><a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftn2">[2]</a>.<br />
In realtà Kojève non lo scrisse. Il libro fu la raccolta delle lezioni che Kojève tenne all’École Pratique des Hautes Études tra il 1933 e il 1939, messa insieme da Raimond Quenau, suo allievo, diventato poi uno dei più grandi scrittori francesi, autore, fra gli altri, de <em>I fiori blu</em> e di <em>Zazie nel metro</em>. Kojève dette l’imprimatur, corresse le bozze, ed aggiunse delle note.<br />
Una di queste  note, o meglio, due di queste note, rappresentano probabilmente ciò che di più interessante il filosofo russo-francese abbia scritto. Ed è importante rilevare come siano state scritte appositamente da Kojève per l’edizione a stampa del suo lavoro su Hegel. Perché Kojève scriverà raramente per la pubblicazione a stampa. Scriverà quasi sempre per sé. Centinaia di pagine che non pubblicherà e che tutt’ora sono per lo più inedite, anche in Italia<a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftn3">[3]</a>.</p>
<p>Il richiamo iniziale a Derrida è tutt’altro che estemporaneo. Innanzitutto perché a mio avviso tutta l’interpretazione derridiana di Hegel è filtrata dalla lettura di Kojève. In secondo luogo perché il filosofo franco-algerino ha sempre dato in tutta la sua opera un’importanza decisiva alla scrittura al margine, alla scrittura dei margini, ai margini della scrittura. Facendo anche abili decostruzioni dell’impianto testuale, scrivendo su due colonne, parallele, orizzontali, verticali. Dunque a partire da questo pensatore l’importanza data ad una nota può essere compresa ancor più adeguatamente. Da ultimo perché, proprio nel testo citato in apertura, che non a caso si intitola <em>Margini</em>, la conferenza <em>La différance</em>, viene immediatamente seguita da quella intitolata <em>Ousia e grammé. Nota su una nota di Sein und Zeit</em><a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftn1">[4]</a>.<br />
Dunque è a partire dalla dignità filosofica di una nota e dalla sua rivendicazione che partiamo. Anche questa, come quella di Derrida, sarà una discussione su una nota dunque.<br />
La nota in questione è quella a pagina 541 dell’edizione italiana dell’<em>Introduzione</em>.<br />
Cercheremo di condurre un commentario fedele al testo, una glossa, una nota al margine (di una nota). Solo comprendendo appieno il concetto kojèviano di post-storia è possibile comprendere l’orizzonte entro cui si situano, ad esempio, Bataille e Lacan, pensatori cardine per comprendere l’ermeneutica e la fenomenologia del desiderio.<br />
Siamo all’interno del  VI corso, l’ultimo, quello del 1938-39. L’interpretazione che Kojève dà di Hegel è complessa, stratificata, articolata.<br />
<img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-136" title="hegel ALLA gROUCHO mARX" src="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/hegel-alla-groucho-marx.jpg" alt="hegel ALLA gROUCHO mARX" width="310" height="427" />Kojève parla com’è noto della <em>Fenomenologia dello Spirito</em> di Hegel. La sua interpretazione si basa su una particolarissima lettura del IV capitolo di questo testo decisivo per il pensiero filosofico occidentale, quello dedicato all’Autocoscienza. Kojève reinterpreterà tutta l’opera hegeliana a partire da questo capitolo, facendo un’operazione di “alta macelleria” filosofica, per usare una pregnante definizione di Antonio Gnoli. Ossia isolerà le tematiche di questo capitolo, o meglio, una tematica che ci interesserà da vicinissimo, e, alla luce di questa, stravolgerà l’intero impianto discorsivo hegeliano. Tutto verrà reinterpretato alla luce di un concetto presente nel IV capitolo della <em>Fenomenologia:</em> il concetto di riconoscimento. O, ancor meglio, di desiderio di riconoscimento.<br />
Ricapitoliamo il percorso hegeliano, leggendolo “kojèvianamente”.<br />
Nei capitoli iniziali della <em>Fenomenologia dello spirito</em> Hegel descrive il percorso della coscienza. Potremmo dire della percezione ingenua, quasi-animale del mondo. Quella che vede soggetto e oggetto come separati, un io che sta di fronte alle cose, che le guarda dal proprio punto di vista privato, e che le consuma.<br />
Nel capitolo successivo a quelli in cui viene descritta da Hegel questa dinamica di rapporto al mondo di tipo “coscienziale” accade qualcosa di decisivo, secondo Kojève. Infatti qui il soggetto, che prima agiva in maniera del tutto simile a quella degli animali, ora prende coscienza di sé. <em>Selbstbewusstsein</em> dice Hegel, appunto. Comprende che la separazione soggetto/oggetto è del tutto illusoria, figlia di una visione ingenua del mondo. Capisce che ogni coscienza, anche quella dell’oggettualità, è coscienza di sé. È una rappresentazione di oggettualità, non un ente separato ed avulso dal soggetto.<br />
Ma come giunge a questa comprensione?  È qui il punto su cui le analisi di Kojève si imperniano ed inscrivono in modo così profondo da rendere quasi indistinguibile la lettera hegeliana dal commentario kojèviano.<br />
L’essere umano si eleva dal proprio status animale attraverso una lotta a morte per il riconoscimento. Cosa si intende, per Hegel e Kojève, con  quest’espressione?<br />
Immaginiamo due esseri umani, in un’ipotetica “scena originaria”. L’uno di fronte all’altro. Ciò che li unisce, ci dicono il filosofo tedesco e quello russo-francese, non è l’interesse, l’amore, il bisogno, la curiosità. Ciò che unisce questi due proto-uomini è il desiderio.<br />
Un desiderio forte, terribile, sradicante: una “passione triste”, per dirla con Remo Bodei e Baruch Spinoza. Il desiderio che li unisce infatti non è un desiderio qualsiasi, ma ha un preciso oggetto. Questo oggetto è il riconoscimento. Ciascuno dei due uomini, mentre guarda l’altro, desidera di essere riconosciuto, di essere stimato, come essere umano. Desidera che l’altro riconosca ciò che egli è, nella sua umanità. E lo vuole ferocemente. I due uomini si scontrano, si affrontano. Ognuno non è disposto a cedere sul suo proprio desiderio (Lacan, amico e allievo di Kojève, farà di questa frase, “Non bisogna cedere sul proprio desiderio”, uno degli asserti più importanti delle proprie teorie. Si presti attenzione, sul proprio desiderio e non al proprio desiderio).</p>
<p>A questo punto possono verificarsi tre condizioni. O uno dei due uccide l’altro, ed allora non c’è riconoscimento, perché un morto non può riconoscere nulla. O muoiono entrambi, e siamo nella stessa situazione. Oppure uno dei due vince, sottomette l’altro, o meglio, l’altro decide di sottomettersi, e diventa servo del primo.<br />
Ci dicono Hegel e Kojève,  che quando uno dei due si sottomette, e diventa Servo, lo fa perché, di fronte alla minaccia, al desiderio devastante dell’altro, ha paura. Trema. Teme per la propria vita. E considera la propria vita il valore più grande, da anteporre a tutto. Anche al proprio desiderio di essere riconosciuto. Ed in questo, per Hegel, non è ancora del tutto degno di essere riconosciuto umano. Perché troppo legato alla propria biologia. Mentre l’altro uomo, quello che ferocemente ha messo davanti a tutto il proprio desiderio, anche di fronte alla possibilità di perdere per questo la propria vita, è divenuto il Signore. Per designare Servo (<em>Knecht</em>: servo e non schiavo, è importante tenerlo a mente. Il servo è tale per un libero atto decisionale, lo schiavo ha perso la libertà per un atto di costrizione altrui, contro la propria volontà) e Signore (<em>Herr</em>) si usano le maiuscole perché queste, sia in Hegel che in Kojève, rappresentano figure archetipiche della storia dell’umanità. Dunque non un servo ed un signore qualsiasi. Neanche, a mio parere (ma contro, ad esempio una tradizione ben salda di studi hegeliani), servi e signori di un determinato periodo storico. Ma Servi e Signori paradigmatici, figure emblematiche della storia dell’umanità. Di ogni umanità, e di ogni soggetto umano.<br />
Dunque un Signore, colui che ha messo il proprio desiderio di essere riconosciuto prima di tutto, e un Servo, colui che ha tremato di fronte alla morte, che ha ceduto sul proprio desiderio. Il Signore è il primo Uomo, con la “U” maiuscola, perché non è più un “animale della specie homo sapiens”, bensì un essere che è in grado di emanciparsi dalla propria contingenza biologica per un fine del tutto astratto, non-naturale. Per il puro prestigio dirà Hegel-Kojève.<br />
Per questo, in Kojève, si parlerà di desiderio antropogeno: il desiderio è ciò che genera l’Uomo in quanto tale, che separerà l’umanità dall’animalità schiacciata dall’imperativo della conservazione biologica.<br />
Il desiderio di essere riconosciuti, dunque, è il desiderio propriamente umano. Non solo, addirittura questo è il desiderio che crea l’uomo dall’animale che egli è, attaccato ai soli desideri (o meglio, dovremmo dire, bisogni) di oggetti determinati. Qui l’oggetto non è un ente determinato, ma un altro desiderio, non-oggetto per eccellenza, come abbiamo spesso visto durante il corso.<br />
Secondo Hegel, però, in questo seguito da Marx e da Kojève, la Storia sarà dei Servi.<br />
Il Servo sarà costretto a lavorare per il Signore. A trasformare il dato naturale per creare ciò che al Signore, suo padrone, è necessario. E facendo ciò, pian piano, imparerà a plasmare il mondo. A creare le cose che al Signore diverranno indispensabili, e che egli non sarà capace di produrre. Il Servo rovescerà il Signore, incapace di fare più nulla per affermare quell’umanità che gli aveva dato una posizione iniziale di preminenza.<img class="alignright size-full wp-image-134" title="NapoleonBike" src="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/napoleonbike.jpg" alt="NapoleonBike" width="500" height="568" /><br />
La Storia, il Fare, con le maiuscole, proseguiranno, senza i Signori. I Servi si prenderanno il mondo, che, fattualmente, già appartiene loro. Ci sarà la Rivoluzione Francese. È questo l’evento cardine secondo l’interpretazione kojèviana di Hegel. La Rivoluzione, che crea soldati-cittadini che hanno fatto propria l’Idea di Libertà per la prima volta nella Storia, e che, con Napoleone, la esportano con le armi nel resto d’Europa, rappresentano per Hegel, secondo l’interpretazione kojèviana, l’inizio della fine della Storia.<br />
In fondo, chi perde (cioè il Signore), perde perché resta ancorato alla dinamica dei bisogni. Chi vince (Il Servo ormai Signore di se stesso, perché conosce il proprio limite), dà vita ad una nuova dinamica, quella dei desideri: di un nuovo mondo, dove regni la libertà per ognuno. La dinamica dei bisogni è il vecchio, la dinamica dei desideri è il nuovo che avanza. Non nel senso che incede, ma nel senso che eccede: avanza eccedendo il dato, facendo spazio alla libertà ed al Saggio che la interpreta nella Storia fino alla Fine di questa. Cosa intendiamo con questa definizione?<br />
Hegel è a Jena, sta finendo di scrivere la <em>Fenomenologia</em>. Sente i cannoni di Napoleone, che sta sbaragliando l’esercito prussiano. E capisce che quello è un momento epocale della storia dell’umanità. Un’idea, anzi L’Idea, quella della Libertà, si sta facendo largo, a colpi di baionetta e di cannone, per tutta l’Europa.<br />
Per questo, vedendo, poco dopo, Napoleone cavalcare trionfante per le strade di Jena, Hegel potrà dire: “Oggi ho visto lo spirito del mondo a cavallo.”<br />
Dopo quell’evento, vale a dire la prima incarnazione dell’Idea di Libertà nella Storia, la Storia propriamente detta non ha più nulla di nuovo da aggiungere. Passerà del tempo prima che quest’Idea si diffonda a quelle che Kojève chiamerà ironicamente le province dell’Impero, il resto del mondo e dell’umanità. Eppure l’Essenziale è stabilito, annunciato, ed in quest’annuncio, concluso. Ovviamente, in un impianto finalistico, da filosofia della storia, quale l’hegeliano.<br />
L’Agire umano propriamente detto, il desiderio di riconoscimento applicato al genere umano, incarnato nell’Idea di Libertà, è compiuto. Nessun agire potrà cambiare più questa acquisizione. Perché nessun riconoscimento ulteriore può essere desiderato. Non c’è più nulla di antropogeno da desiderare.<br />
Ed è qui la questione. Se scompare l’Unico Vero oggetto del desiderio, il riconoscimento, scompare anche il desiderio? È questo l’interrogativo che, prepotentemente, si pone a Kojève. Per comprenderne la portata andremo adesso a leggere, e a commentare, la nota <a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftn2">[5]</a> di Kojève, spiegandone ogni singolo capoverso.</p>
<hr size="1" /><a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref1">[1]</a> J. Derrida, <em>Margini della filosofia</em>, pp. 59-104</p>
<p><a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref2">[2]</a> A. Kojève, <em>Introduzione alla lettura di Hegel</em>, op. cit., pp. 541-546. (Tutte le citazioni a seguire saranno tratte da questa nota).</p>
<p><a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref1">[3]</a> J. Derrida, <em>Margini della filosofia</em>, Einaudi, Torino, 1997, p. 29</p>
<p><a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref2">[4]</a> A. Kojève, <em>Introduzione alla lettura di Hegel</em>, Adelphi, Milano, 1996</p>
<p><a href="http://desiderioefilosofia.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#_ftnref3">[5]</a> Marco Filoni, autore dell’unica monografia su Kojève presente nel nostro paese, si sta occupando del lascito kojèviano, occupandosi di tradurre e curare le opere inedite del grande maestro russo-francese.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Bliżej wciąż sięgając ręką, dalej wciąż nie mogąc uchwycić.]]></title>
<link>http://grunniens.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/blizej-wciaz-siegajac-reka-dalej-wciaz-nie-mogac-uchwycic/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 23:56:10 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>grunniens</dc:creator>
<guid>http://grunniens.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/blizej-wciaz-siegajac-reka-dalej-wciaz-nie-mogac-uchwycic/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Semantyka słów potrafi zachwycić. Cały wór znaczeń kryjący się za kilkoma literami. Można czytać gru]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Semantyka słów potrafi zachwycić. Cały wór znaczeń kryjący się za kilkoma literami. Można czytać gru]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Derrida &amp; Bejamin: The Force of Law &amp; The Critique of Violence]]></title>
<link>http://politicsofsport.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/derrida-bejamin-the-force-of-law-the-critique-of-violence/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 16:03:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jenniferjanehardes</dc:creator>
<guid>http://politicsofsport.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/derrida-bejamin-the-force-of-law-the-critique-of-violence/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ The task undertaken by Derrida in The Force of Law is to examine the possibility of justice by ques]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p> The task undertaken by Derrida in <em>The Force of Law</em> is to examine the possibility of justice by questioning the very foundation of law per se. The first half of the text considers the topics of law, justice, and deconstruction, and the latter lends itself to a critique of Benjamin’s <em>Critique of Violence</em>. Using Benjamin’s work as a point of departure, Derrida asserts that common conceptions of law and justice derive from an understanding that law is concerned with means and ends. Hence, as Benjamin explains, “the most elementary relationship within any legal system is that of ends to means” (p.236). Benjamin’s text, however, questions this assumption which is inscribed in the two conceptions of law: natural and positive; the former being a justification of means based on ends and the latter a justification of ends based on means. Yet, as Derrida explains, the central feature to his own, and Benjamin’s “critique” (meant in the Kantian rather than reviling sense), is the question of what actually founds this justification of a focus on means and ends (natural and positive law), suggesting that Benjamin endeavours to “exceed the two traditions and no longer to arise simply from the sphere of law and the internal interpretation of the juridical institution. It belongs to what he calls in a rather singular sense a ‘philosophy of history’” (p.33).</p>
<p>Derrida, too, it appears, is concerned, not with the difference between means and ends and natural and positive law, so much as with the foundation of law per se. Where does law come from? What separates law from justice? How does force play a part in this? In asking these questions, Derrida formulates a deconstructive argument in which, after questioning the “idiomatic expression” of the “enforcement of law” followed by consideration of Montaigne’s “mystical foundation of the authority of laws (p. 12) in addition to Pascal’s suggestion that law has “performative” and “interpretive” forces (p.13), he proposes that we should differentiate between law and justice. In doing so, Derrida posits that, whilst law is deconstructable due to the fact that it was previously constructed (hence, law is something that is textual and actually inscribed in society), justice is undeconstructable. According to Derrida, justice is deconstruction, or deconstruction is justice, yet justice cannot be deconstructed. Yet, while Derrida suggests that justice in itself cannot exist “outside or beyond law” (p. 14), his conception of justice also implies that it lacks any formation of spatialization. It is as though justice exists on a horizon; we each understand that justice “exists”, and we also understand that without a conception of justice there could be no basis for law, yet justice cannot be considered to be based on universal maxims, which is the mark of its distinction. For example, Derrida suggests that the classic emancipatory ideal is outdated based on the problematic nature of a reliance on the universalisation of rules (p.28). From the deconstructive perspective, rules and laws are problematic in that they fail to account for singularity. Instead, Derrida’s “system of justice”—to put it crudely—would be better understood as one which accepts law as an overarching framework from which to act, yet also adheres to the realisation that in order for us to comprehend justice we must necessarily reinterpret and constantly modify law in order to effectively deal with singular cases requiring such adaptation.</p>
<p>In terms of Derrida’s discussion of Benjamin’s <em>Critique of Violence</em>, an important focus is on Benjamin’s reliance on Sorel’s distinction between the political and proletarian strikes. For Benjamin, this distinction explicates his own dichotomy between what he terms “mythic” as opposed to “divine” violence (which he argues are antithetical to one another). For Benjamin, mythic violence is law making, whilst divine violence is law destroying. Derrida appears to read the law destroying nature of divine violence as problematic, likening it to the Nazism of thinkers such as Schmitt who famously envisaged a “state of exception” which we know from our readings that Agamben claimed to be the modern day “camp”. This, for Derrida is problematic and leads him to accuse Benjamin of allowing/ tolerating the “final solution” (p.59). It might be asked, however, whether this is a fair reading of Benjamin. Arguably, not only does Derrida interpret Benjamin literally when he speaks of the bloodshed (p.52) which is attributed to the divine violence Benjamin defends, it is also possible that he is unfair to Benjamin’s argument regarding the distinction between political and proletarian strikes. For example, it appears from a reading of Benjamin’s text, that he believes the violence of the proletarian strike, which completely overrides law (as opposed to the political which merely attempts to grant workers more rights without giving up the state’s strength (p.246)) is in effect non-violent. Thus, he claims that in the sense that it is pure means, it non-violent (p.246). * Is this because it is outside of law? Hence, because it is “deep, moral, and genuinely revolutionary…no objection can stand that seeks…to brand such a general strike as violent” (p. 246). Derrida’s opposition to this, is explained in the statement: “Benjamin does not exclude the possibility of non-violence. But the thought of non violence must exceed the order of the public droit. Union without violence…is possible everywhere that the culture of the heart gives men pure means with accord…in view” (p.48).</p>
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<p><strong>Themes/ Questions:</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Universality versus singularity— justice is something that is beyond the universal—it is a singular conception that can never be realised (temporal?) yet can be realised in the future (contingent)? Derrida clearly does not want to abandon law (as Benjamin appears to) so much as reconstitute justice as something that is, in its essence, a future vision to which we should aspire which is unrealizable within a rule-based or formalistic framework.</li>
<li>The separation of justice, law, right, and droit is confusing. Does Derrida use droit as the juxtaposition of law and right? Or, is droit something else?</li>
<li>Freedom— Is Derrida questioning rule following as impinging on freedom and suggesting that when we speak of justice we can only ever say that an action or judgment that followed the law was right, not just (i.e. droit?).</li>
<li>Does Derrida critique Benjamin too harshly? Could we argue that Benjamin provides a figurative interpretation of divine violence as “bloody”, yet Derrida somewhat ostensibly accuses Benjamin of being literal?</li>
<li>Is there a link between Benjamin’s ideal conflict resolution without violence and Foucault’s notion of power? Would Foucault argue that even if we can escape a society without law, we would still see power dynamics shape and mould society which may overtake law as another state of violence?</li>
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<title><![CDATA[Membongkar Mafia Hukum]]></title>
<link>http://wahyudidjafar.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/membongkar-mafia-hukum/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 05:07:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>wahyudidjafar</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wahyudidjafar.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/membongkar-mafia-hukum/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Give me good judges, good supervisory judges, good prosecutors, and good police officers, I can have]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><em>Give me good judges, good supervisory judges, good prosecutors, and good police officers, I can have good law enforcement, although with a poor criminal code. (Profesor Taverne)</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://wahyudidjafar.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/1101841015_400.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-622" title="1101841015_400" src="http://wahyudidjafar.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/1101841015_400.jpg?w=227" alt="1101841015_400" width="182" height="240" /></a>Mungkin kita telah melupakan penuturan dari almarhum Dr. Yap Tian Him, tentang suatu kejadian di tahun 1950-an, pada Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat. Seorang hakim, Lie Oen Hock, sempat membuat geger pengadilan. Sendirian ia mengejar-ngejar seorang advokat, hingga ke jalan Gadjah Mada. Ternyata apa yang terjadi? Hakim Lie Oen Hock marah, dan bermaksud menempeleng advokat tersebut, akibat kelakukan sang advokat yang berupaya menyuap hakim, atas perkara yang ditanganinya. Cerita ini memperlihatkan, betapa tingginya integritas dan moral penegak hukum kita, di kala itu.<br />
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Namun, apa yang terjadi sekarang? Mafia peradilan telah menjadi praktik lumrah, dalam setiap berperkara di pengadilan. Parahnya, praktik ini melibatkan hampir semua unsur penegak hukum, baik polisi, jaksa, advokat, maupun hakim sekalipun. Elemen lain yang tak kalah penting, dalam menjalankan praktik mafia peradilan adalah para makelar kasus, atau lebih dikenal dengan ‘markus&#8217;. Para ‘markus&#8217; inilah yang seringkali menjadi penghubung antar unsur penegak hukum, dalam memuluskan pratik mafianya. Pemutaran rekaman pembicaraan, antara Anggodo Widjojo dengan sejumlah aparatus penegak hukum, di depan sidang Mahkamah Konstitusi kian membuktikan, betapa bobroknya dunia hukum kita. Aparat penegak hukum, yang seharusnya ‘menegakkan hukum&#8217;, justru dengan mudahnya dikendalikan, oleh ‘pemilik modal&#8217;, yang kebetulan sedang terjerat persoalan hukum.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Bermula dari ‘Pohon Beringin&#8217;</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dalam catatan Daniel S. Lev (1990: 77), kritik pedas terhadap dunia hukum kita, dimulai semenjak 1960, ketika kemerosotan keadilan mulai terjadi, pasca-berakhirnya revolusi fisik. Di tahun 1960 inilah simbolisasi hukum kita berubah. Dari ‘dewi keadilan berpenutup mata, dengan neraca di tangannya&#8217;, berubah menjadi ‘pohon beringin&#8217; dengan tambahan kata ‘pengayoman&#8217; di bawahnya (perlindungan dan pertolongan).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lambang ‘pohon beringin&#8217; mengandung makna, dahulu kala pada masa kerajaan-kerajaan Jawa, seseorang yang ingin memohon keadilan kepada rajanya, ia cukup duduk di bawah pohon beringin di depan keraton. Laku duduk di bawah beringin, dapat menjadi instrumen pemaksa bagi raja, agar memerhatikan keadilan yang dimohonkan sang hamba. Akan tetapi, pada praktiknya di kemudian hari, ‘pohon beringin&#8217; justru ditafsirkan sebagai relasi patternalistik, antara patron dengan kliennya. Sebuah relasi yang tidak menuntut adanya pertimbangan objektif, dalam mengambil suatu tindakan atau keputusan (Lev, 1990: 108).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hubungan patrimonialistik inilah yang menjadi akar bagi suburnya praktik mafia peradilan di Indonesia. Korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme dalam dunia penegakkan hukum, hadir akibat hubungan penghambaan, antara para hamba-penegak hukum-dengan juragan-para pemilik modal. Hukum tidak lagi ditegakkan, rasa keadilan dimatikan oleh pertimbangan-pertimbangan hukum subjektif, yang dianggap paling menguntungkan relasi patron-client.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Gebrakan Pemerintahan Baru</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Entah berapa banyak jumlahnya ‘Peradilan Socrates&#8217; berlangsung di negeri ini. Dimana seseorang di hukum bukan karena dia melanggar hukum, atau ketidaksalehannya terhadap negara dan hukum. Tetapi karena sebuah rekayasa aparatus penegak hukum dengan ‘para juragan&#8217;, yang menginginkan dihukumnnya seseorang, sebab tindak tanduknya yang dianggap menggangu ‘para juragan&#8217;.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Menanggapi maraknya praktik mafia hukum, khususnya pasca-pemutaran rekaman dugaan rekayasa kriminalisasi pimpinan KPK, Presiden Yudhoyono menempatkan ‘pemberantasan mafia hukum&#8217; sebagi program seratus hari pemerintahannya. Akan tetapi, mungkinkah mafia hukum yang telah mengurat-syaraf dalam dunia peradilan kita, dapat diperbaiki dalam waktu seratus hari? Sebagai langkah awal, mungkin kita patut memberi apresiasi, atas niat baik dan kemaun politik Presiden. Namun, tanpa kerja keras, dan kerjasama semua pihak, program ini tentu akan sekedar berakhir dengan kemandulan.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lalu, tindakan nyata apa yang seharusnya dilakukan Presiden Yudhoyono, dalam rangka pembersihan? Sekedar menerima pengaduan dari masyarakat saja tentunya tidak cukup. Karena tidak ada ubahnya dengan yang dilakukan oleh Komisi Yudisial, Komisi Kejaksaan, dan Komisi Kepolisian, yang hasilnya belum cukup signifikan bagi pemberantasan mafia hukum. Melihat kuatnya cengkraman mafia hukum, sekiranya perlu langkah radikal dari Presiden, jika berkehendak untuk membersihkan itu semua. Meminjam istilah seorang intelektual Perancis, Jacques Derrida, Presiden perlu melakukan ‘dekonstruksi&#8217; terhadap institusi penegak hukum. Dekonstruksi merupakan sebuah hasrat dan cita-cita untuk membongkar bangunan yang sudah mapan, mempreteli sebuah konstruksi, untuk kemudian dibangun kembali dengan konstruksi yang baru (Derrida, 1976).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Butuh Langkah Nyata</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sejalan dengan pemikiran Derrida, memerhatikan buruknya institusi penegak hukum di Indonesia, Daniel S. Lev pernah mengusulkan untuk memecat seluruh hakim dan jaksa, lalu menggantikannya dengan orang-orang baru. Namun, usulan ini dianggap memiliki risiko politik terlalu besar, mengingat banyaknya jumlah hakim dan jaksa (Danang Widoyoko, 2002: vi). Tetapi melihat kondisi kekinian, usulan Lev tampaknya layak untuk dipertimbangkan. Khususnya penggantian sejumlah pejabat teras, di lingkungan kepolisian dan kejaksaan. Dengan kekuasaan yang dimilikinya, sudah seharusnya Presiden melakukan tindakan politik nyata, terhadap institusi penegak hukum yang berada di bawah kendalinya.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Selain langkah penggantian, penguatan sistem dan fungsi pengawasan internal di tiap-tiap institusi juga perlu dilakukan. Agar fungsi pengawasan internal tidak sekedar menjadi prosedur formal yuridis semata, yang tidak memiliki daya tekan apapun. Keberadaan komisi-komisi negara pengawas juga musti dikuatkan dan diefektifkan, tidak hanya menjadi pelengkap penderita dari lembaga yang diawasi. Kewenangannya tidak cukup memberikan pertimbangan dan rekomendasi, tetapi juga perlu dilengkapi dengan kewenangan penindakan, bilamana terjadi pelanggaran dalam pelaksanaan tugas penegakkan hukum.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Pelaporan langsung tindakan mafia hukum pada presiden, hanyalah langkah permulaan, dalam mengurai benang kusut penegakkan hukum. Pembongkaran yang sesungguhnya ialah tindakan nyata Presiden, baik yang sifatnya politik maupun hukum. Langkah nyata Presiden, sekiranya dapat memperbesar harapan masyarakat, akan terwujudnya penegakkan hukum yang jujur, adil, bersih dan efektif.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Jurnal Nasional, 11 November 2009</p>
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