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	<title>foucault &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/foucault/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "foucault"</description>
	<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 09:19:04 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Synopsis]]></title>
<link>http://senselogic.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/synopsis/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 14:38:07 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Cengiz Erdem</dc:creator>
<guid>http://senselogic.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/synopsis/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It is only in and through a position of non-mortality within and without mortal life at the same tim]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[It is only in and through a position of non-mortality within and without mortal life at the same tim]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Amor e sexo]]></title>
<link>http://ghiraldelli.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/amor-e-sexo/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 14:01:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Paulo Ghiraldelli Jr.</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ghiraldelli.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/amor-e-sexo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[“Amor é isto, sexo é aquilo”. Rita Lee acerta em cheio quando canta esse tipo de coisa. Amor é isto ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[“Amor é isto, sexo é aquilo”. Rita Lee acerta em cheio quando canta esse tipo de coisa. Amor é isto ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[27 novembre: L'epica, dall'antichità ai MUDs / Parte I.]]></title>
<link>http://dalpulpallanewepic.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/27-novembre-epica-antichita-muds/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 01:09:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Alessandro Raveggi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dalpulpallanewepic.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/27-novembre-epica-antichita-muds/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Venerdì 27 si terrà la prima di alcune lezioni preparatorie per l&#8217;incontro con la nebulosa del]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong><a href="http://dalpulpallanewepic.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/epictale.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-91" title="epictale" src="http://dalpulpallanewepic.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/epictale.jpg?w=106" alt="" width="106" height="150" /></a>Venerdì 27</strong> si terrà la <strong>prima</strong> di <strong>alcune lezioni preparatorie per l&#8217;incontro con la nebulosa della <a href="http://www.carmillaonline.com/archives/cat_new_italian_epic.html"><em>New Italian Epic</em></a></strong>. Una nebulosa a tratti criticabile, a tratti sintomatica della condizione dei tempi italiani, repressivi e censuranti, localisti e &#8220;tribali&#8221;, ma privi d&#8217;autenticità e visione del passato.</p>
<p>La proposta di <strong>Wu Ming</strong> è in sintesi quella di <strong>una ripresa dell&#8217;attitudine epico-collettiva</strong> nella narrativa italiana, un&#8217;attitudine <em>etica</em> scagliata contro il <em>pastiche</em> postmodernista, tesa a ritessere assieme memoria e storia in una concezione <em>corale</em> e <em>transmediale </em>della letteratura, che esalta dell&#8217;epica il ruolo dell&#8217;<strong>eroe</strong> <strong>come testimonianza anonima, </strong>un <em>nessuno-tutti</em>,<strong> </strong>forse più <em>jedi</em> che cavalier cortese, più Vikram alle prese col vampiro del <em>Baital Pachisi</em> indiano; ovvero più stereotipo atopico, a tratti fumettistico, che prototipo, e spesso protagonista di una storia collettiva. Un eroe-testimone che può rappresentare un vettore di valori per la <strong>collettività</strong>, per una <strong>comunità</strong> sempre più <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUD"><strong>MUD</strong></a> (<em>multi-user dungeon</em>), prigione segreta anarchica di utenti attivi e partecipanti, fondata sulla condivisione dei saperi, anche se in modo solo virtuale. <!--more--></p>
<p>In questo orizzonte mutato, <strong>l&#8217;epica <em>new</em> </strong>italiana si ammanta dell&#8217;utopia di un incontro tra condizioni di vita e d&#8217;arte -nel repentino scivolare del web 2.0 nella versione 4.0- attraverso la <strong>sparizione dell&#8217;Autore</strong> (già predetta da Foucault e Benjamin nel saggio <em>L&#8217;autore come produttore</em>), e grazie al  potere liberatorio del <em>medium.</em> Per iniziare però, ci proponiamo di fare un passo all&#8217;indietro, con molta cautela, e di <strong>spalancare il concetto di epica/epopea</strong> a partire dalla sua antichissima origine (v. l&#8217;<em>Epopea</em> di Gilgamesh) come atto <em>inaugurale</em> della storia di una comunità, ma anche atto <em>difensivo</em> (v. il <em>Shāhnāma</em> di Ferdowsi, scritto in difesa della lingua e cultura persiana). Ricorderemo poi parallelamente <strong>la valenza dialettica e rigenerante dell&#8217;epopea comica</strong>, della <em>mock</em> <em>fable</em>, dell&#8217;epopea medievale degli animali (v. il <em>Roman de Renart</em>), della Βατραχομυομαχία riproposta da Leopardi nei <em>Paralipomeni</em>, ovvero della <strong>parodia</strong> come travestimento burlesco dell&#8217;epica, e origine del romanzo moderno.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Nova Carteira de Identidade: Um Paradóxo Conspiratório]]></title>
<link>http://outremaquem.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/nova-carteira-de-identidade-um-paradoxo-conspiratorio/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 17:51:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>outremaquem</dc:creator>
<guid>http://outremaquem.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/nova-carteira-de-identidade-um-paradoxo-conspiratorio/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A esta altura do campeonato, todos já devem estar sabendo sobre a nova identidade dos brasileiros (p]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignleft" title="Cérebro" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_oByb0voSZvY/SqD9gWOEpwI/AAAAAAAAFdg/Bt0Orf2IKjI/mentecompu6.jpg" alt="" width="371" height="289" />A esta altura do campeonato, todos já devem estar sabendo sobre a nova identidade dos brasileiros (para os menos informados, segue <a href="http://www.google.com.br/url?sa=t&#38;source=web&#38;oi=video_result&#38;ct=res&#38;cd=1&#38;ved=0CAcQtwIwAA&#38;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMHb1zI0wk8M&#38;ei=g2sNS_HAJs2RuAfojN2ZBg&#38;usg=AFQjCNE87dgTNpkDkvScCKXtnm1gSkc6Lg">aqui</a> um vídeo sobre a mesma). Um único cartão contendo 1 ou 2 chips que concentrarão todas as informações e documentos do cidadão. A RIC, como é chamada, poderá controlar desde a passagem por uma catraca, até a troca de informações com a Receita Federal. Em primeira instância o documento parece ser uma inovação demsiadamente útil e interessante, afinal evitará muitos estelionatos, falsificações, e ajudará a reconhecer melhor os criminosos. Além disso, a RIC acabará, em tese, com os problemas relacionados a pessoas com nomes iguais, servindo para identificar melhor cada pessoa.</p>
<p>Até então está tudo muito bom, muito bonito, mas alguém já parou pra pensar nas consequências e nas portas que isto abre para o futuro? Para quem já viu os filmes recomendadíssimos <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Opsvq7vId3I&#38;feature=PlayList&#38;p=FBB01164359C4839&#38;index=0">Zeitgeist </a>e <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtIOl11GKdU&#38;NR=1">Zeitgeist Addeddum</a> sabe muito bem do que se trata. O filme relata, entre outras Teorias da Conspiração, a questão da Nova Ordem Mundial, e relacionada a isto, a implantação de chips de identificação nas pessoas, que em ultima instância, permitiriam até mesmo que estas fossem mortas pelo desligamento do chip. Pode parecer loucura, muito provavelmente seja de fato apenas uma teoria conspiratória, porém após o anúncio desta nova identidade está na hora de se parar pra pensar.</p>
<p>A nova identidade abre uma gigantesca gama de controle de massa, que possibilita ao governo ter acesso a todas as nossas ações (não que ainda não tenham, mas seria facilitado e mais útil para determinados fins). Para quem já leu <em>Microfísica do Poder</em> e/ou <em>Vigiar e Punir</em>, de <em>Foucault</em>, entende perfeitamente como são sucedidas as relações de poder na sociedade e sabe que a melhor forma de controlar uma população é vigiando-a, sem ela saber ou ter certeza de que está sendo vigiada.</p>
<p>Até então, esta teoria conspiratória se mostra correta, principalmente no tocante a aceitação desta forma de controle, as pessoas gostam, são convencidas de que será melhor (e de fato será em determinados pontos) e ficam cegas neste ponto.  De certa forma as pessoas tem medo de contestar as inovações e o medo é certamente a maneira mais eficaz de gerir as relações de poder e hierarquia da sociedade. É preciso que todos abram os olhos para estas tais &#8220;inovações&#8221;, reflitam e pesquisem sobre quais as verdadeiras vantagens e desvantagens. Entretanto até que realmente aconteça, não necessáriamente da forma como é prevista, isto não passa de Teoria da Conspiração, e pelo visto todos ficarão de braços cruzados esperando mórbidamente colocarem um chip no seu cérebro. Afinal de contas, assim somos, dóceis e úteis; alguns não tão dóceis, outros não necessáriamente úteis, mas todos incrivelmente medrosos.</p>
<p><em>Dedico este texto a meu grande professor do ensino médio Carlos Henrique Pereira Barbosa, pelos 3 anos de consciência crítica por ele lecionados, que colaboraram para ser quem sou hoje.<br />
</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em><strong>por Pedro Guilherme Ramos, 25/11/2009.</strong><br />
</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[M.acintosh]]></title>
<link>http://abcdeeffe.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/m-acintosh/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 14:07:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>abcdeeffe</dc:creator>
<guid>http://abcdeeffe.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/m-acintosh/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Sono un utente Mac, da quasi un anno. Non sono un grandissimo conoscitore dei segreti reconditi dell]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Sono un utente Mac, da quasi un anno. Non sono un grandissimo conoscitore dei segreti reconditi dell]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[WHAT IS ENLIGHTENMENT? A Diversion of Views Between Kant and Foucault]]></title>
<link>http://tomachfive.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/what-is-enlightenment-a-diversion-of-views-between-kant-and-foucault/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 14:05:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>tomachfive</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tomachfive.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/what-is-enlightenment-a-diversion-of-views-between-kant-and-foucault/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Kant&#8217;s Essay on Enlightenment Kant might have been only responding to a newspaper query in ans]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>Kant&#8217;s Essay on Enlightenment</strong></p>
<p>Kant might have been only responding to a newspaper query in answering the question, however, the views expressed therein might as well<br />
encapsulize the aspirations and ideals of the intellectual movements that have been acting proactively and reactively to combat the stifling forces of the socio-political systems of the eighteenth century.</p>
<p>He described the means to attain an aspect of humanization of the individual, to achieve one&#8217;s full potential as a thinking being, wherein one takes active part in the pursuit of knowledge, and to have sole responsibility in teaching oneself of the truths encountered in that pursuit, so as to arrive at a perspective independent of the prevailing institutions of the time. In short, to be one&#8217;s own man.</p>
<p>His statements appear deceptively innocuous and very carefully worded s far as political and military authorities were concerned, but totally uncharitable to religious views and their adherents. It might as well be so, writing in Prussia, one of the most powerful military states of the time, and the Unifier of the then highly fragmented German states.</p>
<p>Other philosophers and scientists might have been exercising more or less restraint in attacking the superstitions and the obduracy of the authorities when it comes to being pilloried, however, the implications of serving the creed of individual/self-determination, on how far freedom and reaction to the realizations of critical thinking could be obtained with lasting results were not lost on those who were under the yoke of colonial domination or any form of intellectual or political repression.</p>
<p>It it debatable whether Kant was arguing for a more radical form of exercising that freedom, of totally overthrowing the Guardians upon proven guilty of being hindrances to that &#8220;freedom from immaturity&#8221;, but cursory study of the events that suddenly were precipitated after or during Enlightenment, we could theorize with conviction that the peoples in nation-states touched by these concepts of which Kant is one of the spokespersons, had acted on these views to the fullest, if not, to the extreme.</p>
<p>Let us be clear that Kant&#8217;s Essay explicitated the necessity of disregarding religious authorities insofar as their guidance was flawed, while rulers/superiors that demand obedience were, by inference, tolerate no dissent leading to open rebellion. Thus, Kant had indicted oppressive governments/rulers and intolerant religious hierarchies as the adversaries of human individual and social progress and/or expansion of knowledge.</p>
<p>Thus, without stating it, it would follow, a reader could reason, that a confrontation or open conflict with these &#8220;adversaries&#8221; would be inevitable, in the pursuit of one&#8217;s reasoning and search for Truth.</p>
<p>It goes without saying that the sudden explosion of scientific discovery, social criticism, critical and satirical literature, and the great political upheavals in the French, British, and American Revolutions, especially the American Revolutionary War, had had their seeds planted during the Enlightenment, and that was followed by the Modern Era. On a local note, Jose Rizal&#8217;s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo novels recounting the abuses of the Spanish overlords and friars in the Philippines further inflamed the Filipinos to revolt from the Spanish Crown.</p>
<p>The importance of Kant&#8217;s assertions do not lie in whether he was directly responsible for influencing revolutionaries, anymore we can credit Nietschze of the superstition of Aryan racial superiority or Marx with the Communist Revolution, rather Kant had been a famous element in &#8220;internationalizing&#8221; liberalism, as was his French, British, and American counterparts, thus helping corroborate the universality of the individual reasoning and its social expression and actualization. Here, philosophers, scientists, and thinkers buttressed each others&#8217; conclusions and modes of thinking. We could perceive here an &#8220;underground international democratic movement&#8221; as far as the number of unforgiving military, political, and religious authorities were concerned.</p>
<p>The question now remains, &#8220;Is Kant&#8217;s call to &#8216;dare to know&#8217;, with its revolutionary undertones necessarily relevant in today&#8217;s society?&#8221; The answer to that would be taken up vigorously by Michel Foucault.</p>
<p><strong>Michel Foucault: What is Enlightenment?</strong></p>
<p>According to Foucault, the reasoning &#8220;component&#8221;, and thus, its published or publicly expressed intentions, of the Enlightenment, is but a part of the complex power relations and historical circumstances and factors that birthed the Modern Age, subsuming any philosopher, or their theories and convictions, into a greater whole, that Foucault seems to require laymen to comprehend from its totality to its minute machinery. So, any defintion of Enlightenment, in a few facts and explanations, would not suffice without contrasting it to other eras, and making anyone a scholar if one dares to match Foucault&#8217;s challenge.</p>
<p>As for his take on achieving enlightenment, one should be aware of one&#8217;s own capabilities, or even one&#8217;s attitude, and taking into account present reality, the lessons of history, before philosophizing and then undertaking the insinuated quixotic admonition of Kant, &#8220;aude sapere&#8221;, lest our collective or individual action following this misguided direction lead to the &#8220;return of the most dangerous traditions&#8221;.</p>
<p>This he adeptly illustrated by mentioning National Socialism and Stalism as humanisms, and that the Enlightenment nourished a plethora of humanisms enthusiatically making good &#8220;thinking without guidance from another&#8221;, thus pointing out the possibility of people/societies overstepping their &#8220;aude sapere&#8221;.</p>
<p>Thus, Foucault appears to advocate a more moderate approach to the concepts of enlightenment, one that is in accordance with modern sensibility and stability.</p>
<p>However, it seems ironic that Foucault, a Frenchman, faults the Enlightenment and propaganda/discursive formation, whereas his countrymen</p>
<p>aided the American cause in repudiating the Divine Right of Kings, an Enlightenment political contention, and radically enforcing &#8220;Give me liberty or give me death&#8221; against British Rule, the political &#8220;guardian&#8221; of the Colonies.</p>
<p>The victory of the American Revolutionaries could by no means be attributed to blind luck. American and French leaders were visionaries, as far of the reality aspects of the war and the confidence of securing victory, was concerned. They had Foucault&#8217;s view of Enlightenment in mind when they</p>
<p>utilized tactics, logistics, and knowledge of terrain to break British Hegemony of the Atlantic, and establishing the world&#8217;s largest democracy since the first democratic assembly was held in Athens, Greece.</p>
<p>Question to be asked of Foucault&#8217;s polemics on Kant&#8217;s assertions is: Is it absolutely necessary for Foucault to discredit Kant, whose views were absolutely IMMEDIATELY PERTINENT to the Enlightenment Era in general, and to the American Revolution and Nation-building in particular, or does his philosophizing beg the question? Furthermore, is he guilty of theorizing for theorization sake?</p>
<p>A follow up question would be: What realizations could a student attain in the analysis of the two essays?</p>
<p>For the former, Foucault should have had recognized Kant&#8217;s words value for its reflection on the dependency of the Guardians&#8217; (rulers, governments, church, or any other authority) mandate on the sufferance of their constituents, on the majority&#8217;s perception of their maintenance of civil liberties and rights, and the truth about each person being responsible for their learning and decision-making. His perambulation on Enlightenment, his own application of discursive formation, historicity of power relations, is nonetheless brilliant, yet, is far from what a layman would have time for, unlike Kant&#8217;s easily comprehensible text, the facility of which easily urges one to action. One could surmise that Foucault strove to be only understood by a few, while Kant was trying to reach a great number of people with his simple-worded text. For the latter, a student should realize: (a) Responsible to learn as much as possible not only to be good at one&#8217;s profession but to also uphold dignity and to be in the best position to protect one&#8217;s own rights; (b) institutions are established to serve the interests of the constituents. Failure to do so would invite censure, and the people should readily speak out against such abuses of power and advocate reforms; (c) radical liberal views, though attractive and seductive in their passionateness, should be critiqued in the light of today&#8217;s due process of law, primacy of social order, the best forums for the redress of grievances, proper expression of dissent, etc., just to name a few possible student responses.</p>
<p>The best definition of enlightenment remains in the hands of the individual, by how far and how purposeful one&#8217;s own desire to conscientiously advance oneself in knowledge, skill, and self-actualization and humanization, and in doing so, one would best serve the family and society.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Biopower - an effective philosophy of the body?]]></title>
<link>http://sanjurocommunity.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/biopower-an-effective-philosophy-of-the-body/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 11:13:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>yafflecat</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sanjurocommunity.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/biopower-an-effective-philosophy-of-the-body/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Biopower is a term invented by the French philosopher, Michel Foucault. It refers to the regulation ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Biopower</strong> is a term invented by the French philosopher, <strong><em>Michel Foucault.</em></strong> It refers to the regulation of subjects of any modern state, and more specifically, to our bodies subjugation through <em>&#8220;an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the control of populations&#8221;.</em> The term first appeared in <em>The Will to Knowledge</em>, Foucault&#8217;s first volume of <em>The History of Sexuality.</em></p>
<p>With the term <a title="More on this..." href="http://www.parrhesiajournal.org/parrhesia06/parrhesia06_crome.pdf" target="_blank"><strong>‘Biopower’</strong></a>, Foucault designates the set of mechanisms, techniques and technologies through which the basic biological features of the human species become the object of political strategies in modern Western societies.</p>
<p>It relates to the Government&#8217;s concern with fostering the life of the population and emphasises the protection of life rather than the threat of death, through the regulation of the body.</p>
<p>But this has resulted in us all being force-fed a check list of responsibilities. From improved eating habits, constant health warnings, ‘correct’ reproductive practices, to rather more ‘PC’ concepts of “<em>family</em>”, &#8220;<em>blood</em>&#8220;, and &#8220;<em>well-being</em>”. Apart from the fact that we might think we know what our bodies need better than the state does – there is an underlying danger in the idea of power serving the ‘<em>protection of the collective body</em>’.</p>
<p>When the state uses its power to protect the health of the population &#8211; when the stakes are life itself, <em>anything</em> can be justified. Groups identified as the threat to the existence of the life of the nation or of humanity can be eradicated with impunity. This is indeed a dark side to the notion that <strong>Biopower </strong>is an effective philosophy of the body.</p>
<p>As someone who is still learning about how my body functions most effectively, and how far I can push myself (and the consequences of burn-out) – I have acquired a better understanding in <strong>Sanjuro</strong> classes of my limitations, and how to manage my stamina, injuries and attitudes to my health, through an emphasis on the individual. Unlike the concept of Biopower, <strong><em>Sanjuro</em></strong> respects that each body, and each of our strengths and weaknesses can all be used, and can all be rendered effective and understood. We are all the sum of our parts, just as the populations ‘body’ is a constantly evolving thing, which should be not subjugated and tamed, but listened to, instead.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Panoptikonen praktiserad]]></title>
<link>http://emblasaga.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/panoptikonen-praktiserad/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 07:40:10 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>embla</dc:creator>
<guid>http://emblasaga.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/panoptikonen-praktiserad/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Den i övrigt ganska sympatiske sjuttonhundratalsfilosofen, utilitaristen, och upplysningstänkaren Je]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Den i övrigt ganska sympatiske sjuttonhundratalsfilosofen, utilitaristen, och upplysningstänkaren <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>s fängelsemodell <em>panoptikonen</em> används ofta inom samhälls-, beteende- och humanvetenskaper (läs: löjligt ofta, på gränsen till tjatigt) som en dystopisk metafor för en tilltagande tendens i det moderna, på optimistiska upplysningsideal, grundade samhället. </p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon">Panoptikonen,</a> som i korta drag är en fängelsemodell där fångarna hålls ordningssamma med minsta möjliga maktmedel, genom att de hela tiden är medvetna om att de <em>kan</em> vara sedda (samtidigt som de aldrig kan förutspå ifall de verkligen är det), användes först som en sociologisk metafor av fransmannen Foucault, filosof, historiker och sociolog. <a href="http://playrapport.se/video/1784587">Här</a> kan vi se ett uppenbart exempel på principen för panoptikonen i praktiskt arbete. Den helt uppenbara parallellen till panoptikon-problematiken nämns inte i ens några förenklade ordalag. </p>
<p>Att skolelever blir övervakade när de går på toaletten kanske i sig inte kan tyckas som något stort eller alarmerande problem, beroende på vad man har för utgångspunkter, men jag tycker det verkar vara ett i raden av många exempel på en samhällsutveckling som innehåller alltmer av denna typ av ordning genom övervakning. Samhällsmedborgarna ska sköta sig genom att dåligt uppförande omöjliggörs. Exemplen är många från gated communities, till upplysta öppna miljöer i stadsplaneringen, till stämpling av vissa grupper, men inte andra, vid passkontroller, och när blir när man pratar om IT-frågor så.. ska man helt enkelt inte tala om det (FRA kan ju lyssna, dessutom blir ämnet så omfattande). Nyckelfrågan i sammanhanget är om ett samhälle där folk faktiskt beter sig gott, men för att de är tvugna verkligen i sig är ett gott samhälle? </p>
<p>Pessimisten <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault">Foucault</a> mot, den mycket försiktige, optimisten <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jürgen_Habermas">Habermas</a>: 1-0. </p>
<p><em>(Och för er som inte hann se Rapportinslaget (för jag antar att det tas bort efter en tid) handlade det om en malmöitisk skola som infört elektroniska id-brickor som fungerar som nycklar (&#8220;nodis&#8221;, eller vad säger de i inslaget.. eh, va?) för att besöka toaletten. Vem som besöker toaletten registreras; vandaliseringen av toaletterna som tidigare förekom har upphört (och givetvis har nya möjligheter att trakassera och sätta dit obekväma personer uppkommit), men till vilket pris?) </em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Sobre a Moral e as Redes - O domínio dos interesses e a lógica da estratégia - como acontecem as conexões]]></title>
<link>http://iguanaweb.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/sobre-a-moral-e-as-redes-o-dominio-dos-interesses-e-a-logica-da-estrategia-como-acontecem-as-conexoes/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:39:50 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Cacau Freire</dc:creator>
<guid>http://iguanaweb.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/sobre-a-moral-e-as-redes-o-dominio-dos-interesses-e-a-logica-da-estrategia-como-acontecem-as-conexoes/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A moral como acordo em torno de um regime de veridição, proposta dentro de agenciamento coletivo da ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>A moral</strong> como acordo em torno de um regime de veridição, proposta dentro de agenciamento coletivo da enunciação.</p>
<p>“Cada formação histórica, enquanto singularidade, é um conatus coletivo cuja potência de autoconservação lhe é imanente, mas cuja força ou intensidade para conservar-se, tanto quanto para seu perecimento, depende das relações que mantém com outras forças: as da Natureza, as das outras sociedades e as de seus conflitos internos. Uma formação histórica singular possui uma historicidade própria que esse manifesta em seus usos, costumes, instituições, leis e relações com forças externas e internas.” (CHAUÍ, 1999, p. 84).</p>
<p>A história como um movimento constante de forças e relações não dadas. Sem modelo/sem chão. Biopolítica foi uma intervenção liberal na formulação de direitos que defendessem a economia e controlassem o estado e o cidadão.</p>
<p>&#8220;Tratar-se ia da genealogia de regimes veridicionais, isto é, da análide da constituição de certo direito da verdade a partir de uma situação de direito, com a relação direito/verdade encontrando sua manifestação privilegiada no discurso, o discurso em que se formula o direito  e em que se formula o que pode ser verdadeiro ou falso. De fato, o regime de veridição nã é uma certa lei da verdade, [mas sim] o conjunto de regras que permitem estabelecer, a propósito de um discurso dado, quais enunciados poderão ser caracterizados nele, como verdadeiros ou falsos.&#8221; (FOUCAULT, 2008, p. 49).</p>
<p>&#8220;(&#8230;) discursos que podem ser verdadeiros ou falsos de acordo com as regras que são as da medicina ou as da confissão ou as da psicologia, pouco importa, ou as da psicanálise. Em outras palavras, para que tenha um alcance político, a análise tem que visar não a gênese das verdades ou a memória dos erros. (&#8230;) A meu ver, o que tem uma importância política atual é determinar que regime de veridição foi instaurado num determinado momento (&#8230;)&#8221; (FOUCAULT, 2008, p. 50).</p>
<p><strong>Regime de veridição: </strong>seria como uma verdade emergente que sucumbe de acordo com os interesses. Política da veracidade.</p>
<p><strong>A Lógica da Dialética e a Lógica da Estratégia:</strong></p>
<p>&#8221; Pois bem, a lógica dialética é uma lógica que põe em jogo termos contraditórios num elemento do homogêneo. Proponho substituir essa lógica da dialética pelo que chamarei de lógica da estratégia. E uma lógica da estratégia, não faz valer termos contraditórios num elemento do homogêneo que promete sua resolução numa unidade. A lógica da estratégia tem por função estabelecer quais são as conexões possíveis entre termos díspares e que permanecem dispares. A lógica da estratégia é a lógica da conexão do heterogêneo, não é a lógica da homogeinização do contraditório. Rejeitemos portanto a lógica da dialética e procuremos ver (em todo o caso é o que procurarei lhes mostrar no curso) quais conexões puderam puderam manter unidos, puderam fazer conjugar-se a axiomática fundamental dos direitos do homeme e o cálculo utilitário da independência dos governados.&#8221; (FOUCAULT, 2008, p. 58).</p>
<p>Já em Espinosa, no Tratado Teológico Político:</p>
<p>&#8216;entre um imperium criado por uma população livre e aquele que se origina da conquista não há diferença essencial quanto à noção geral do direito civil, mas há entre elas uma enorme diferença quanto ao objetivo que procuram e quanto aos meios que dispõem para se manter.&#8217; (SPINOZA, TP,  5, parágrafo 6, G, III, p. 294, Pensadores, p. 323).” (CHAUÍ, 2003, p. 262).</p>
<p>Na multitudo temos o estabelecimento de um imperium legítimo.</p>
<p>A diferença entre imperiuns se dá pela legitimidade ou ilegitimidade dos acordos.</p>
<p>Sobre os interesses, as finalidades:</p>
<p>“(&#8230;) a finalidade destrói a liberdade divina e humana porque submete as ações de Deus e do homem no constrangimento externo dos fins, independente da qualidade que se lhes queira dar. O finalismo não é só ignorância das verdadeiras causas das ações, causas que lhes são sempre eficientes, mas também retira do agente a autonomia de seu agir, transformado-o em paciente, pois submetidos a algo externo, lançando-o na heteronomia porque os fins não forma postos por ele (no caos dos humanos) ou, se postos por ele, separaram-se dele (no caso de Deus).” (CHAUÍ, 1999, p. 83).</p>
<p>Referências:</p>
<p>CHAUÍ, Marilena. <em>Política em espinoza</em>. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2003.<br />
SPINOZA, Baruch de. <em>Tratado político.</em> Tradução Manuel Castro. São Paulo: Nova Cultural, 1996.<br />
CHAUÍ, Marilena de Souza. <em>Nervura do real:</em> imanência e liberdade em Espinosa. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1999. 941p.<br />
FOUCAULT, Michel. <em>Nascimento da biopolítica:</em> curso dado no Collège de France (1978-1979). Tradução: Eduardo Brandão. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2008.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[o que  conta é a novidade do próprio regime de enunciação]]></title>
<link>http://surveillanceme.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/o-que-conta-e-a-novidade-do-proprio-regime-de-enunciacao/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:33:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>surveillanceme</dc:creator>
<guid>http://surveillanceme.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/o-que-conta-e-a-novidade-do-proprio-regime-de-enunciacao/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Todo o dispositivo se define, pois, pelo que detém em novidade e criatividade, o qual marca, ao mesm]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote><p><em><strong>Todo o dispositivo<br />
se define, pois, pelo que detém em novidade e criatividade, o qual marca,<br />
ao mesmo tempo, sua capacidade de se transformar ou se fissurar em<br />
proveito de um dispositivo do futuro.</strong></em></p>
<p><em><strong></strong></em><br />
<strong><em>Pertencemos a certos dispositivos e neles agimos. A novidade de um<br />
dispositivo em relação aos anteriores é o que chamamos sua atualidade,<br />
nossa atualidade. O novo é o atual. O atual não é o que somos, mas aquilo<br />
em que vamos nos tornando, o que chegamos a ser, quer dizer, o outro,<br />
nossa diferente evolução. É necessário distinguir, em todo o dispositivo, o<br />
que somos (o que não seremos mais), e aquilo que somos em devir: a<br />
parte da história e a parte do atual. A história é o arquivo, é a configuração<br />
do que somos e deixamos de ser, enquanto o atual é o esboço daquilo em<br />
que vamos nos tornando. Sendo que a história e o arquivo são o que nos<br />
separa ainda de nós próprios, e o atual é esse outro com o qual já<br />
coincidimos.<br />
&#8230;<br />
Devemos separar em todo dispositivo as linhas do passado recente e as linhas do futuro<br />
próximo; a parte do arquivo e a do atual, a parte da história e a do devir, a<br />
parte da analítica e a do diagnóstico. &#8230;<br />
Não se trata de predizer, mas estar atento ao desconhecido que<br />
bate à nossa porta.<br />
&#8230;<br />
rompe o fio das teleologias transcendentais e aí onde<br />
o pensamento antropológico interrogava o ser do<br />
homem ou sua subjetividade, faz com que o outro e o<br />
externo se manifestem com evidência. &#8230;<br />
estabelece que somos diferença, que nossa razão é a<br />
diferença dos discursos, nossa história a diferença<br />
dos tempos, nosso eu a diferença das máscaras.<br />
&#8230;<br />
Se Foucault deu tanta importância às suas [performances públicas] até o fim<br />
da vida, em França e mais ainda no estrangeiro, não foi pelo gosto da<br />
entrevista, mas porque as linhas de atualização que traçava exigiam um<br />
outro modo de expressão diferente daquele próprio dos grandes livros. As<br />
[aparições] são [espécies de] diagnósticos.</em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em><a href="http://vsites.unb.br/fe/tef/filoesco/foucault/art14.html" target="_blank">#Deleuze + #Foucault</a><br />
</em></strong></p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[C'est la vie... part#01]]></title>
<link>http://surveillanceme.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/cest-la-vie-part01/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 22:31:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>surveillanceme</dc:creator>
<guid>http://surveillanceme.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/cest-la-vie-part01/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[sem tempo para blogs. minhas senhas foram hackeadas no inicio deste ano: minha vida re-trackeada. fa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>sem tempo para blogs.</p>
<p>minhas senhas foram hackeadas no inicio deste ano: minha vida re-trackeada.</p>
<p>fazer o que!?&#8230; se assim eles querem: tornar-me publica entre eles. eles: os vigilantes da &#8220;vida dos outros&#8221;.</p>
<p>&#8230;</p>
<p>dei-lhe a chance de escolher o melhor para si. ela escolheu.</p>
<p>este velho blog jah dizia: surveillanceme. faz parte de nossa sociedade disciplinar.</p>
<p>meu corpo foi esquadrinhado, desarticulado e serah recomposto para continuar a servi-los, para melhor servir.</p>
<p>assim, quem disse q me tornarei docil?&#8230; tentei lhe dizer, menina: adentrei aa academia para ser disciplinada [continuar a ser disciplinada], no te acordas?!&#8230; nos disseram: &#8220;um diamante bruto a ser lapidado&#8221;&#8230; e mesmo assim: tornar-me-ei docil?!&#8230;</p>
<p>&#8230;</p>
<p>sei o q virah em dez anos [ou menos]. vcs tentam fazer memoria, ego-memoria. gostam de julgar os outros, invejar-nos, mas se esquecem de que nós os pagamos. É o trabalho de nosso povo neste brasil que sustenta a sua rebeldia e seu sonho de revolução!&#8230; queria poder te sustentar sim, pq queria acreditar q vcs farão um mundo melhor. mas nestes poucos ultimos anos, vcs tem mostrado cada vez mais um ego-inflado, uma luta por existir midiaticamente, uma guerra de vaidades! Todos querem ser artistas! aurea! ouro.</p>
<p>querida, sabemos quem somos.</p>
<p>As escolhas foram feitas. A guerra jah estah iniciada. Iniciam-se as mortes, as quedas, os desaparecimentos e as desmemorias.</p>
<p>C&#8217;est la vie&#8230;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Public Sector, Foucault and "V For Vendetta"]]></title>
<link>http://ahayzer42.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/foucault-and-v-for-vendetta/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 21:48:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Anna Hayes</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ahayzer42.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/foucault-and-v-for-vendetta/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Keeping with the theme of people making a stand, which we have seen today in Ireland, with the publi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Keeping with the theme of people making a stand, which we have seen today in Ireland, with the public sector workers, I dug out an old essay I had written on <em>V For Vendetta</em>, a wonderful comic book and very good film based on the idea of what happens when a government pushes a people too far.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Let me make it clear that I am not airing my views, opinions or support for or against the striking public sector, I&#8217;m simply sticking with the theme that&#8217;s in the air at the moment, to blog this essay. It&#8217;s quite long, so get a cup of tea!</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><img class="alignnone" src="http://www.my-silvermac.com/wordpress/wp-content/images/vendetta.jpg" alt="" width="420" height="295" /></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>Examining Michel Foucault and Power and Surveillance in the Wachowski Brothers’ “V For Vendetta” (2006)</em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em><br />
</em></p>
<p>In this essay, I will examine some of Michel Foucault’s main theories and teachings regarding Power, Surveillance and Resistance, and apply to them to the 2006 movie, “V For Vendetta”.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>V For Vendetta </em>was originally written by Alan Moore as a comic book series in the 80’s. Interestingly, the comic book was set in a Thatcher-like state and was very much seen as a criticism of the British government at that time. The 2006 film leans more towards a criticism of the present Bush administration in the USA, which has expanded across the world, especially to Britain.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in 1979 and reigned for 11 years. Her government was most notably memorable for: reductions in tax; manipulations in money supply to reduce inflation; privatisation of public industry; reduction of trade union power; reduction of governments role in economy; and encouragement of people to save, work and buy property. She also oversaw the reduction of the Welfare state. Sir Charles Powell, the Foreign Affairs Private Secretary to the Prime Minister (1984-91, 96) described her style thus, &#8220;I&#8217;ve always thought there was something Leninist about Mrs. Thatcher […] there&#8217;s no doubt that in the 1980s, No.10 could beat the bushes of Whitehall pretty violently. They could go out and really confront people, lay down the law, bully a bit<strong>”<a href="#_ftn1"><strong>[1]</strong></a> </strong>However, it was argued that Thatcher’s monetary policies sacrificed Britain’s Social well-being, in favour of her economic policies. In 1983, Britain saw the worst unemployment numbers since 1923, due to Thatcher’s anti-inflationary policies. One of the worst examples of Thatcher’s governemt was an accusation made regarding the Miner’s Strike of 1984-1985, in which the power of Trade Union’s was severly weakened. There was an accusation by a former MI5 Chief Stella Rimington that Union Leaders phones had been tapped during the Miner’s strike. Similar situations and practices have also been recorded during the Reagan years in America.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>V For Vendetta</em> was released on the 17<sup>th</sup> of March  2006. The film was originally due for a July release in 2005 but the terrorists bombings in London forced the film-makers to delay the films release as it contains scenes of a terrorist nature that would have been far too relevant at the original time of release. The film is a dystopian story about a society ruled by its totalitarian government rather than the government being the voice of the people. The film draws large comparison’s with Orwell’s <em>1984</em> in the sense that the movie encompasses aspects of surveillance, discipline and power. The film was seen as being an Anti-Fascist and Anti-Holocaust story. The story revolves around the characters of Evey and V. Evey is a young media worker paralysed by her fear of the world around her until she meets V. V is the freedom fighter/terrorist and protagonist of the piece, whose plan is to blow up the Houses of Parliament on the 5<sup>th</sup> of November as a symbol depicting the state of the country. The rest of the film centres on the police investigation into V; the relationship between Evey and V; and Evey’s eventual abjection of the fear that has thus far crippled her life. As one of the main actors states, the film is, “A meditation on what happens when a government pushes people too far.”<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Firstly, I will briefly examine Foucault’s views on Power and Knowledge, and Resistance. Traditional ideas of power began with Francis Bacon who quoted, “Knowledge is Power.” Foucault however, linked Power and Knowledge as being one and the same, and believed that power was achieved through discourse. &#8220;In a society such as ours&#8230;there are manifold relations of power that permeate, characterize and constitute the social body, and these relations of power cannot themselves be established, consolidated nor implemented without the production, accumulation, circulation and functioning of a discourse.&#8221;<a href="#_ftn3">[3]</a> Foucault argues that power is achieved through discourse, and through social structures. “Without knowing it, we group distinguishable objects into unities and thus constitute our objects.”<a href="#_ftn4">[4]</a> In the most basic terms, discourse works through repetition of a statement, which said often enough, becomes true. “Discourse is not just a way of speaking or writing, but the whole “mental set” and ideology which encloses the thinking of all members of a given society.”<a href="#_ftn5">[5]</a> There are numerous elements of discourse in <em>V For </em>Vendetta, most notably through the character of Lewis Prothero, the “Voice of London”. Prothero preaches one phrase above all, “Strength through Unity, Unity through Faith”. He suggests that the present government is on a par with God, and “godlessness” will destroy the country. “The word “power” has a two fold meaning. One is the possession of power over somebody, the ability to dominate him; the other meaning is the possession of power to do something, to be able, to be potent. The latter has nothing to do with domination; it expresses mastery in the sense of ability.”<a href="#_ftn6">[6]</a> This is seen very clearly in <em>V For Vendetta</em>. The government has a dominating power over its people, but V and the rest of the people have the power to stop this. They have the power to resist.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>However, Foucault also argues that one of the most important aspects of power is Resistance. According to Foucault, there are no relations of power without the existence of resistance. He believed that power was far more complex, and insidious than the power of ideology or brute economic oppression and that without resistance, all instances of power fade. V believes that there is something very wrong with the country and appeals to the people to join him a year later for the blowing up of parliament. As V states: “People should not be afraid of their governments, governments should be afraid of their people.”  “We must make allowance for <em>the concept’s complex and unstable process whereby discourse can be both an instrument and an effect of power</em>, but also a hindrance, a stumbling block, a point of resistance and a starting point for an opposing strategy. Discourse transmits and produces power; it reinforces it, but also undermines and exposes it, renders it fragile and makes it possible to thwart it.”<a href="#_ftn7">[7]</a> This is seen in the film as we see V read his “manifesto” to the people, when he appeals to their sense of morality not to allow the misdeeds of the government to go unnoticed or unpunished. “His (Guy Fawkes) hope was to remind the world that fairness, justice, and freedom are more than words, they are perspectives. So if you&#8217;ve seen nothing, if the crimes of this government remain unknown to you then I would suggest you allow the fifth of November to pass unmarked.” It is in this instance that we see discourse working as a hindrance to its original perpetrator. V speaks in the language of the people. He appeals to their sense of morality and rather than order them to act, causes them to question themselves. In his work “<em>Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison”</em> Foucault identified how there had been a shift in the use of power from pre-modern to post-modern societies. There was a new reliance on self-discipline as opposed to punishment as a means of social control. The citizens of the film have slipped into a system of self-discipline as a manner of control.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>The biggest aspect of Foucault’s theories that we see in <em>V For Vendetta </em>is the Surveillance and Control. Surveillance, in Foucault’s thinking is an important means of controlling people and practices. The “gaze” is an expression of power, and the idea has been reiterated in many different areas, for example, George Orwell’s “<em>1984”</em>, from which the iconic phrase “Big Brother is watching” originated from. This idea is reiterated in <em>V For Vendetta.</em> The Chancellor (a term we would most commonly associate with Adolf Hitler.) Adam Sutler is seen only on a large TV screen as a powerful, forceful individual, until the end of the film when we meet him for the first and last time in the flesh, as a terrified, weeping little man. One of the main questions regarding surveillance is the line between safety and privacy. What are security CCTV camera’s intended to achieve? The answer to this question is control. Foucault viewed the body as a centre point for social control. In <em>V For Vendetta, </em>the Government is run in sections, with different names assigned to different aspects of policing. The Finger consists of a Gestapo like force that polices the streets, and issues immoral punishments as we see at the beginning when the two men attempt to rape Evey. The other sections are made up of the Ear, which is sound surveillance; the Eye, visual surveillance; and the mouth, which is the TV Company that partakes in pro-government propaganda. Foucault views institutions such as prisons, armies, schools, hospitals, etc, as institutions through which control can be implemented.  The aim of these institutions is the production of Docile and Useful bodies. These institutions therefore, acted as tools for shaping the identity of a person. There was a shift from bodily domination and control to patterns of self-regulation and discipline. In the film we learn of testing that is taking place on the patients. This is where the vendetta story begins. We learn that the patient in Cell Number Five, i.e. – V in Roman numerals, is not responding to any of the tests, while many others have died. From V’s blood, a virus is extracted, and a cure developed. This virus is later used by the government to inflict fear in the people of the country. The cure is “miraculously” discovered after the Norsefire government comes into power.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>One of the most interesting aspects of this film is the interpretation of identity. Evey begins the film as a media worker trying to live beneath the radar, not drawing attention to herself. We learn that her parents were killed during riots before Norsefire and she believes that her parents chose their political activism over her. She is afraid to speak out because she claims that every time she has seen the world change it has always been for the worse. We could go as far as to say that Evey is abjecting the idea of freedom at the beginning of the film. Evey’s “self” is one of fear, and the “other” is the idea of freedom. This is an interesting idea because we can also see aspects of Orientalism in the film, as we look at the people who are imprisoned in the detention/concentration camps. It is only after Evey meets V and faces her death that she loses her fear, and becomes free. It is a role reversal from the beginning of the film. When Evey pulls the lever at the end of the film, she is abjecting fear and embracing freedom.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>As previously mentioned, the comic book was very much a critique of the 1980’s Thatcher England. The movie adaptation moves towards a critique of the present Bush administration in America. While the original comic book was written during the era just before the end of the Cold War, the movie is released while the “War on Terrorism” is very much in full swing. The context of the story has changed since the 1980’s. While the comic book critiqued the Thatcher government in the 80’s, the 2006 film version very much solidifies the present political structures and issues that we, in the present day are affected by. It is interesting also then, to note, that the writer of the original comic book, Alan Moore demanded that his name would not be associated with the film adaptation. His comic book dealt with the happenings of the 80’s, whereas the film is very much an Americanisation of that story, even though it is set in Britain. By many, the film is seen as a critique on the Bush government, using an already constructed template. The theme of terrorism plays a huge part in the film, with V being described as a terrorist by the authorities. Also, the elements of surveillance seen in the film very much mirror the American psyche since 9/11. An intense feeling of paranoia surrounds the detective in the film, as; indeed it surrounds American society, and even the rest of the world. The fact of the film is, that even though it is fictional, the scariest fact is, that none of the incidents are terribly far from reality. None of the hideous crimes of the government in the film are so hideous, that they couldn’t possibly happen in present times.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>All in all, <em>V For Vendetta</em> shows a bleak outlook of a totalitarian future that is not too distant. Some may suggest that it is already upon us. Indeed when we look at how the comic book framed its view on the society and the context it was set in, it is almost scary to think that the film adaptation is doing the same thing, for the present day.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="1" /><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> <cite>Peter Hennessy </cite><cite><em>The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders since 1945</em></cite><cite>. Penguin 2001. p. 397  <strong> </strong></cite></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Stephen Rea; <em>Freedom! Forever! Making V For Vendetta</em>.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref3">[3]</a> http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory54.htm</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref4">[4]</a> http://www.california.com/~rathbone/foucau10.htm</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref5">[5]</a> Barry, Peter; <em>Beginning</em> <em>Theory</em></p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref6">[6]</a> Fromm, Erich; <em>The Fear of Freedom</em>, pp 139.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref7">[7]</a> http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory54.htm</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Digital Humanities]]></title>
<link>http://micahvandegrift.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/the-digital-humanities/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 21:31:33 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Micah Vandegrift</dc:creator>
<guid>http://micahvandegrift.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/the-digital-humanities/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As a student at FSU the past few years I have become more and more obsessed with technology and very]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[As a student at FSU the past few years I have become more and more obsessed with technology and very]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Tres abismos se interponen entre el dispositivo y el actor-red]]></title>
<link>http://network2matter.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/tres-abismos-se-interponen-entre-el-dispositivo-y-el-actor-red/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 11:05:10 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Francisco Tirado</dc:creator>
<guid>http://network2matter.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/tres-abismos-se-interponen-entre-el-dispositivo-y-el-actor-red/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Hace unos días se colgó un interesante post que mostraba el aire de familiaridad que existe entre la]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Hace unos días se colgó un interesante post que mostraba el aire de familiaridad que existe entre la]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Foucault on Literature]]></title>
<link>http://brytburken.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/foucault-on-literature/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 00:13:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>brytburken</dc:creator>
<guid>http://brytburken.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/foucault-on-literature/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[On page 114 of Foucault Live the French philosopher gives an example of the so-called schizophrenia ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>On page 114 of <em>Foucault Live</em> the French philosopher gives an example of the so-called schizophrenia of capitalism, its ability to integrate conflicting tendencies at its core, a process similar to what the situationists termed recuperation.</strong></p>
<blockquote><p>In the 19th century the university was the medium at the center of which  a literature said to be classic was constituted. This literature was by definition not a contemporary literature, and was valorized simultaneously as both the only base for contemporary literature and as its critique. Hence a very curious play in the 19th century between literature and the university, between the writer and the academic.</p>
<p>And then, little by little, the two institutions, which underneath their petty squabbles were in fact profoundly akin, tended to become completely undistinguishable. We know perfectly well that today the literature said to be avant-garde is only ever read by academics; that a writer over thirty has students around him who are doing their theses on his work; and that writers live for the most part by giving courses and being academics.</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>More than anything, this comment is valuable for our understanding of what literature is today.</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Going to Normal School]]></title>
<link>http://rantingoutloud.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/going-to-normal-school/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 22:46:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>rantingoutloud</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rantingoutloud.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/going-to-normal-school/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I had an interesting conversation the other day. I was talking to a colleague about this, that and t]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>I had an interesting conversation the other day.</p>
<p>I was talking to a colleague about this, that and the other and happened to mention that I was a bit bored now that I only have one job. Uhm, well… one job and a freelance thing and two other projects. The guy looks at me. And looks at me.</p>
<p>-You should take a course in how to be normal, he says.<br />
-The what with the who now? I answer intelligently.<br />
-Yeah. You should be sent to normal school.</p>
<p>He pauses. Considers.</p>
<p>-It would be the only course you ever failed, he says and chuckles at his own joke, being sort of lame like that.<br />
-Probably, I concede. “I’m fucked-up in about nine different ways.”</p>
<p>All true too.</p>
<p>I can’t really explain the many ways in which this is funny without going into how many people I know who have at some point told me how weird I am – while I on the other hand of course think I’m perfectly normal and sane and with all the shit I know about people (I have that kind of face, you know? people tell me shit) think that they’re all bonkers.</p>
<p>It’s really a sliding scale. It is. Normal … well, now, that’s one of those concepts that guys like Foucault get off on picking apart. It’s just what the general consensus has decided for the moment should be taken as the normative state. So I don’t really have a lot of confidence in the general principle behind the concept.</p>
<p>Here’s what you need to keep at the front of your frontal lobe – normal only means “normal to me”, as in “what I find normative due to societal consensus”.</p>
<p>Uhm. I guess pleading my case with the aid of French post-structuralists doesn’t really help, does it?</p>
<p>Anyway – Normal School. We probably all took that course.</p>
<p>Some of us just sat at the back and doodled in our notebooks, is all.</p>
<p>ROL</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Anguille sous roche]]></title>
<link>http://supersucker.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/anguille-sous-roche/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 21:56:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>joputa</dc:creator>
<guid>http://supersucker.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/anguille-sous-roche/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Mi pobre automóvil arranca con cierta dificultad, está un poco viejo, como mis tobillos. No hace dem]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/madridd.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-742" title="madridd" src="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/madridd.jpg" alt="" width="465" height="252" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/madridd.jpg"></a>Mi pobre automóvil arranca con cierta dificultad, está un poco viejo, como mis tobillos. No hace demasiado frío, a pesar de que es noviembre y de que el sol ha caído por detrás de las montañas demasiado pronto. Circulo por una calle de dos carriles, la avenida Complutense, paraíso de la generación Ni-Ni y del botellón del viernes por la noche. Un coche de policía me adelanta por la derecha pero, a unos metros de distancia, un autobús bloquea su trayectoria. Entonces yo acelero, me pongo a su altura, nos miramos, me sale una sonrisa cabrona,  freno para que caminemos exactamente en paralelo los de la gorrita y yo.  Cuando ellos llegan a la altura del autobús varado sobre su carril, encienden el intermitente de la izquierda, quieren salir del atolladero, pero yo aprovecho para frenar un poco más con el objetivo de que la fila que discurre detrás de mí se contraiga y deje a los servidores del bien parados, atrapados un ratito detrás del amable transporte público. No me gusta que nadie se cuele por la derecha. La existencia construye a la esencia, la precede. El ser humano pone un ladrillo tras otro, día a día, en su hijoputismo individual. El destino es una quimera, o una simple ensoñación, quién sabe.</p>
<p><a href="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/madrid-robert.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-743" title="madrid-robert" src="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/madrid-robert.jpg" alt="" width="255" height="255" /></a>Mi madre se marchó del pueblo hacia Madrid nada más acabar la guerra. Desde aquella colina alcarreña en que habitaban ahora se divisan a lo lejos, cuando la contaminación o la bruma lo permiten, las cuatro torres de La Castellana, los faros que marcan a los barcos dónde se encuentran los escollos de la ciudad dormida. Pero aquellos escasos cincuenta kilómetros de distancia eran entonces un mundo. En la urbe, primero vivieron en lúgubres habitaciones de huéspedes alquiladas en el barrio de Argüelles. Más tarde se trasladaron a un piso en la calle Galileo, donde sobrevivieron a los años del hambre y el estraperlo. La tuberculosis campaba a su antojo y la Penicilina se vendía a precio de caviar del Caspio. Mi abuelo, al que no tuve el gusto de conocer, purgó sus penas en diversas prisiones. Salió del trullo en 1946. Para entonces mi madre hacía ya muchos años que no iba a la escuela. Cuenta ella que, una mañana, durante el recreo, arrastró de los pelos por todo el patio a una niña que la había llamado paleta. La maestra castigó sus ímpetus justicieros pegándola con una regla de madera sobre la punta de las uñas de los dedos. Mi progenitora se indignó, cogió sus bártulos y nunca más volvió por el colegio. Aprendió a dibujar al revés las letras y los números, curioso auto didactismo, y luego me enseñó a mí a trazarlos de la misma supuestamente errónea manera. Siempre odié la caligrafía, me alegro cada vez que veo morir a ese estúpido arte bajo la dictadura del teclado. Me sacaban a la pizarra para ver cómo no se debía escribir. Hicieron de mí un maestro falsificador al tratar de amoldarme a su estilo, ahora domino ambos, del derecho y del revés. Conseguimos sacar dinero de la cuenta de mi tío muerto con mi firma. En el banco no detectaron nada, pero había un límite de dinero a retirar de seiscientos euros diarios. Propuse a mis ancestros supervivientes que esquilmásemos aquella guita poco a poco, sin que hacienda se enterase. Pero la edad trae el miedo, ellos no quisieron jugar ese juego, prefirieron no defraudar al erario público. No tienen miedo a las bombas, a esas se acostumbraron muy bien de chicos, pero sí a los  bancos. Mi madre ve en la tele por las mañanas la serie protagonizada por Chuck Norris, un <em>brain training</em> muy instructivo en los tiempos que corren; cuando el espectáculo de hostias termina, cambia de canal y se distrae con “La ruleta de la fortuna”.</p>
<p><a href="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bochini.jpg"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-744" title="bochini" src="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bochini.jpg" alt="" width="255" height="347" /></a>Durante un partido del mundial de fútbol de 1986, Maradona dijo al veterano mago Bochini, su ídolo de la infancia, cuando éste saltó al campo: “bienvenido, maestro”. Bochini solamente jugó tres escasos minutos durante aquel campeonato, pero de ese modo pudo saborear el honor de ganar la copa del mundo con Argentina. Sin embargo, el fino pasador porteño, leyenda de Independiente de Avellaneda, declaró días más tarde a los medios de comunicación que no se sentía campeón, que con esa escasa participación no era suficiente para formar parte de la historia.Dieguito el grande, el pelusa, barrilete cósmico, sintiéndose ofendido por tal gesto de su antiguo héroe, le contestó: “no se habrá sentido campeón, pero para cobrar acudió el primero”. En todas partes hay gato encerrado rondándole por las tripas a los humanos, o anguila bajo la roca, como dirían los franceses. Una anguila muy gorda corre bajo la roca del PP. Cobo llamó por teléfono a Gallardón y le declaró entre lágrimas, emulando a El Cordobés: “o esta tarde triunfo o llevarás luto por mí”. No se sabe si copió la lapidaria frase del mítico matador del salto de la rana o si lo hizo del infecto libro de Dominic Lapierre, pero el caso es que sacó la espada y la clavó en todo lo alto del lomo de Esperanza, hasta la bola. Dentro de ocho años, o de doce, cuando quede al fin un hueco vacante y surja la oportunidad de ser la primera hembra española presidenta, la señora Aguirre ya no tendrá edad de merecer en la arena de las vanidades políticas, será una tierna jubilada más dedicada a hacer calceta que a soltar discursos electorales absurdos, aunque la senectud se lleva mejor en el interior de un palacete, todo hay que decirlo. “¿Arde París?”, preguntó también vía telefónica Hitler al general Von Choltitz para asegurarse de que éste cumplía sus órdenes de prender fuego los Campos Eliseos al estilo de la Roma de Nerón. El Manzanares no es el Sena. Algo huele a podrido estos días en el poblachón manchego. Cuando los políticos madrileños hablan, su lenguaje se entiende menos que el de Zack de la Rocha entonando el “Bulls on parade”. Algo sucede cuando los bancos cierran sus sucursales. Hanna Arendt decía: “los procesos invisibles invaden las cosas”. El mes pasado echaron el cierre en La Caixa de enfrente de mi casa. No sentí pena. Sólo los chinos se atreven a abrir negocios ruinosos. A los viejos cañís nos quedan escasos rincones, quizás pronto solamente tendremos los bocadillos de voladores y tortilla en el Tiananmen de la Plaza Mayor o las bambas de nata de La Mallorquina. Incluso cerraron el mes pasado el Begin de Begin, echaremos de menos sus caipiriñas de garrafón.</p>
<p><a href="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/foucault.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-745" title="foucault" src="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/foucault.jpg" alt="" width="255" height="308" /></a>En otoño, Madrid se ve invadido por un cortante viento del oeste que se cuela sibilino bajando por el valle que forma la cuesta de Las Perdices, entre el cerro de Garabitas y el monte del Pardo. Cuando anochece, desde el cerro de Los Locos se divisan relucientes las llameantes luces de freno de miles de coches, máquinas infernales que trepan a contraviento por esa pendiente que une la urbe con esos pueblos, ahora ciudades pijas dormitorio, habitados por las clases altas de la región. El aire es frío y seco en las colinas del foro, lo que obliga a abrigarse hasta las orejas incluso a los gays que hacen cruising correteando entre pinos y encinas en la Casa de Campo. Una chica escuálida entra en mi clase y se sienta en un banco al lado mío, se frota las manos para combatir el incipiente frío matinal que yo nunca siento. La miro de reojo mientras saca un bocadillo y lo deglute como si nada más ocurriese en el mundo, ronchando blasfema la corteza del pan durante el acto litúrgico de la enseñanza, como si ella fuese el último habitante de la tierra y los demás sólo sordas sombras. A continuación, bebe de una pequeña botella de Solán de Cabras como una vaca en el abrevadero, emitiendo un grosero sonido gutural con la garganta. El miembro docente del grupo, la voz cantante, un auténtico y genuino doble de Carlos Latre, habla y se apasiona contando la vida y milagros del genio Foucault, gesticulando y viviendo cada segundo de ese sueño que vive en su relato. Cada día entiendo más la distancia generacional, ese color en los cristales que aplica el tiempo a cada lente, comprendo a los espejos del callejón del gato que reflejan a cada uno en su edad. Me siento teletransportado entre ellos, botando como una piedra lisa lanzada sobre el agua que no deja rastro por donde pasa, como si no formara parte de lo que vivo. Me imagino pegando saltos hasta el techo, enzarpado hasta las cejas, dentro de la película “After” (sois muy grandes, Alberto Rodríguez y Santiago Amadeo). Me integro mejor en la oscuridad que pinta Marc Recha en su “Petit indi”, o entre el desconcierto vital de los personajes de la eterna película de Ventura Pons, mucho más que atravesando vuestra realidad cotidiana, vuestras costumbres, vuestros valores y vuestros fines.</p>
<p><a href="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/madrid1.jpg"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-746" title="madrid1" src="http://supersucker.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/madrid1.jpg" alt="" width="255" height="243" /></a>A pesar de todo, doy gracias a Dios por darme dedos para tocar en la oscuridad de mi cubil “My Funny Valentine”. Algunas canciones sólo pueden entonarse por la noche en la profundidad de nuestras cuevas, cuando el silencio abriga como una manta zamorana, cuando los tubos de escape no gritan y los camiones de reparto dejan de rugir para alimentar a la ciudad hambrienta. En el reino de la oscuridad Madrid está desnuda y todo suena mucho mejor. En un lugar de la Ciudad de los Angeles el marido de Sánchez se acuesta a las diez, como un monje, y no la deja ver “Gran Hermano” ni “Granjero busca esposa” (mis dos delicatessen catódicas favoritas). Este moderno eremita se ha negado a instalar un televisor frente al catre de su cuarto, él prefiere relajarse escuchando musiquita y leyendo Dios sabe qué cosas. Ni en los interrogatorios más siniestros Sánchez ha conseguido sacarle información alguna a cerca de sus ligues del pasado, es un hombre muy discreto. Ella ve los <em>realitys</em> a escondidas. Se despierta de repente, recostada sobre el sillón con la tele encendida, a las tantas de la madrugada, cuando todo ha terminado y sólo ponen Teletienda en un bucle hipnótico infinito. Quita la tele y  se acuesta silenciosamente al lado de su hombre. A los tres segundos de ponerse en posición horizontal planchando la oreja (uno, dos, tres…acción…) su garganta ya emite rugidos ensordecedores, gruñidos parecidos a los de la leona Elsa en “Nacida libre”. Vivir, roncar, tal vez soñar. Mañana será otro día y, si amanecemos, ya veremos lo que haremos. <em>Born free, as free as the wind blowwwww…</em></p>
<p><em>&#60;A Sánchez &#8220;corazón de león&#8221;, la que nunca llega al último párrafo&#8230;&#62;</em></p>
<p><em><br />
<span style="font-style:normal;"><br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/UOEIQKczRPY&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/UOEIQKczRPY&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-style:normal;"><br />
</span></em></p>
<p><a href="mailto:gachas@excite.com">gachas@excite.com</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Y en a marre des Miss France !]]></title>
<link>http://maatsblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/y-en-a-marre-des-miss-france/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 16:43:10 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sam531</dc:creator>
<guid>http://maatsblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/y-en-a-marre-des-miss-france/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Y en a marre des Miss France ! Si on résume pour être miss France, il faut : Pour devenir Miss Franc]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Y en a marre des Miss France ! Si on résume pour être miss France, il faut : Pour devenir Miss Franc]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Antonio Negri İle Söyleşi -]]></title>
<link>http://ktunca.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/antonio-negri-ile-soylesi/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 12:07:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kutlu tunca</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ktunca.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/antonio-negri-ile-soylesi/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[GEÇMİŞ VE GELECEK ARASINDA FOUCAULT &#8211; Antonio NEGRİ (çeviri: Kutlu Tunca) Foucault&#8217;un çö]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>GEÇMİŞ VE GELECEK ARASINDA FOUCAULT &#8211; Antonio NEGRİ</strong></p>
<p>(çeviri: Kutlu Tunca)</p>
<p><em>Foucault&#8217;un çözümlemeleri varolan toplumsal dönüşümleri kavramakla  bağlantılı olan çalışmalar mıdır? Bu çözümlemelerin hangi alanlarda yenilenmesi, düzeltilmesi ya da geliştirilmesi gerektiğini düşünüyorsunuz?</em> </p>
<p>Foucault&#8217;un yapıtı acayip bir makinadır. Gerçekte tarihi yalnızca mevcudun (şimdi&#8217;nin) tarihi olarak düşünmeye elverir. Foucault&#8217;un yazmış olduğu metinlerin büyük kısmını, belki de tamamını (Deleuze&#8217;nin çok haklı olarak belirttiği gibi) bugün yeniden yazmak gerekir. Şaşırtıcı-ve etkileyici olan şu ki, o araştırmaktan asla vazgeçmedi: kestirimlerin sınanması, yapısöküm, fomülasyonlar, hipotezler, imgeleme, analojiler inşa etme, öyküleme, kavramları harekete geçirme, değiştirme ya da geri çekme. Foucault düşüncesi heybetli bir yaratıcılık şeklinde nitelendirilir. Ama asıl konu bu değil. Bana göre aslolan onun yöntemidir, çünkü bu bir ve aynı anda ona geçmişten bugüne ve bugünden geleceğe doğru bir hareketi tanımlama ve incelemeye olanak tanır. İçinde şimdiki zamanın merkezi temsil ettiği bir geçiş yöntemidir bu. Foucault oradadır, ne arkeolojisini yazdığı geçmişte, ne de imgesini arada bir-kumsala çizilen bir yüz gibi-kabataslak çizdiği gelecekte, tam olarak bu ikisinin arasında yeralır. Bu geçiş yöntemi mevcuttan başlayarak, diğer zamanları ayırtetmeyi olanaklı hale getirir. Foucault çoğu kez ortaya koyduğu dönemleştirmelerin bilimsel gayrimeşruluğıyla suçlandı. Tarihçilerin bunu niçin yapabildiğini anlayabiliriz, ama bunun gerçek bir sorun olmadığını söylemek isterim. Foucault daima kendi zamanınında ve gerçek sorgulamanın belirlendiği yerdedir.</p>
<p>Foucault&#8217;la birlikte tarihsel çözümleme bir eylem, bir soykütüğün-geçmişin bilgisi, bir tertibat ve bir oluş perspektifi haline gelir. 1960&#8242;ların Marksizminden (İkinci ve Üçüncü Enternasyonaller&#8217;in dogmatik karikatürelerinden değil) gelenler için Foucault&#8217;un bakış açısı doğal ve kesin biçimde meşrudur; hem olay ve mücadele algısıyla, hem de zorunluluklar ve önceden belirlenmiş bir teloloji dışında risk almaktan hoşlanma algısıyla örtüşür. Foucault düşüncesinde Marksizm, iktidar ilişkileri ya da tarihsel bir telolojinin, belirli bir pozitivizmin ya da tarihsiciliğin reddine dayalı bir görüş açısından bütünüyle sökülür, ama aynı zamanda da hareket ve mücadelelerin ya da başka bir deyişle bu mücadele ve hareketlerin öznelerinin bakış açsından yeniden biçimlendirilir ve yeniden icat edilir: çünkü bilmek, öznelliği üretmektir.</p>
<p>Ama daha öteye geçmeden, bir an için geriye dönmek istiyorum.Üç Foucault&#8217;u ayırtetmek alışılagelmiş bir haldir: 1960&#8242;ların sonuna kadar insan bilimleri söyleminin ortaya çıkışına ilişkin olarak, onun bilgi arkeolojisi ve onun ekonomisi olarak adlandırdığı ve episteme kavramı dolayımında üç yüzyıla yayılan Batı modernitesinin muazzam bir okumasını kapsayan bir çalışma. Daha sonra 70&#8242;lerde, kontrol ve biyoiktidar, norm ve biyopolitika disiplinlerinin ortaya çıkışıyla<a href="http://ktunca.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/biyopolitika-maurizio-lazzarato/"> (burayı tıklayın)</a> bilgi ve iktidar ilişkilerinin sorgulanması gelir. Başka bir deyişle hem genel bir iktidar çözümlemesi hem de politik düşüncede ortaya çıkışından bugüne kadar egemenlik kavramının tarihini yazmaya yönelik bir çalışma. Ve nihayet 80&#8242;lerde kendilikle estetik ilişki ve ötekiyle politik bir ilişki temelinde öznelleşme süreçlerinin çözümlenmesi başlar-ama şüphesiz gerçekte tek bir sorgulamayla ilgiliyiz: politik ilgi ve kendilik estetiğinin kesişmesi, aynı zamanda bizim etik dediğimiz hakikatir.</p>
<p>Bununla birlikte üç Foucault&#8217;u ve hatta ikisini bile ayırt edebileceğimizden emin değilim, çünkü <em>Collége de France</em>&#8216;deki dersler ve <em>Dits et Ecrits</em>&#8216;in yayınlanması öncesinde son Foucault&#8217;u tam olarak dikkate almayan bir eğilim vardı. Gerçekte bana öyle geliyorki Foucault&#8217;un üzerinde yoğunlaştığı üç izlek kusursuz bir süreklilik ve &#8211; bölünmez bir teorik üretimi şekillendirmeleri anlamında- tutarlılık içerir.</p>
<p>Değişmeler büyük olasılıkla Foucault&#8217;un karşı karşıya kaldığı ve mutlak biçimde onun ilgi alanlarını belirleyen tarihsel koşullar ve politik zorunlukları belirtmektedir. Bu görüş açısından Foucault’yan bir perspektif üstlenmek,- bunu sizlere, Foucault&#8217;un da kullanabileceğini düşündüğüm kendi sözcüklerimle söylüyorum-verili bir tarihsel durumla bağlantı içinde (mevcudun soykütüğü kapsamında, onun öznelliklerin üretiminden sözedereken öneçıkarttığı ve geliştirmekten asla vazgeçmediğini söyleyebileceğimiz) bir düşünce tarzını koymaktır. Bu verili tarihsel durum iktidar ilişkilerinin tarihsel gerçekliğidir. Focault arşiv tutkusundan ve varoluş fragmanlarını öyküleyen bu arşiv parçalarını okumanın onu nasıl bir duyguya sürüklediğinden sözettiğinde bunu çoğu kez tekrarlar: bu sararmış sayfaların sunduğu ya da gün ve gün deneyimlenen varoluş, geçmiş ya da bugün, daima iktidarla bir çarpışmadır-ve tekbaşına bu bile muazzam önemli bir şeydir.</p>
<p>Foucault 18.yüzyılın sonlarından 19 yüzyılın geçiş denemesine giriştiğinde, yani <em>Disiplin ve Ceza</em>&#8216; ile başlayan çalışmada, kendisini iktidar ilişkilerinin, iktidarı imleyen tertibat ve stratejilerin özgül bir boyutuyla karşı karşıya bulur. Fiilen bunun anlamı, Foucault&#8217;un tamamen kapitalizmin gelişimine eklemli bir iktidar ilişkileri tipiyle yüzleşmesidir. Bu süreç bir yanda bir işgücü oluşturma, diğer yanda üretimde karlılık gereksinmeleri doğrultusunda bir toplam yaşam yatırımına yolaçar. İktidar biyoiktidara dönüşür. İmdi, her ne kadar Foucault&#8217;un sonradan biyoiktidar modelini mevcutun eleştirel bir ontolojisini formüle etme ve sınamada kullanacağı doğruysa da, Refah Devleti&#8217;nden onun krizine, fordizmden postfordist iş örgütlenmesine, Keynesgil ilkelerden neo-liberal makro ekonomik ilkelere doğru geçişi belirlemeye ve kapitalizmin gelişimine tahsis edilmiş çözümlemeleri boşyere ararsınız. Ama 19. yüzyılın başlarında, disiplin rejiminden kontrol rejimine bu basit geçiş tanımlaması içinde postmodern&#8217;in zaten toplumsal emek üzerinde devlet hakimiyetinin bir gerilemesini temsil etmeyip, daha çok onun yaşam üzerindeki kontrolünün sağlanması olarak anlayabileceğimiz de gerçektir. Doğrudan hiç sözetmemiş olduğu halde, postendüstriyel döneme geçiş kendi düşüncesinin merkezinde yeralıyormuş gibi, Foucault&#8217;ta hemen her yerde bu gelişmiş önseziyi buluruz. 70&#8242;lerin başlangıcından itibaren tam olarak geçmişle kurduğu ilişkiyi biçimlendiren mevcudun soykütüğü projesi ve öznelliğin üretimi kavramı, yeni öznelliklerin yaratılmasının yanısıra iktidarın iç dünyasından başlayarak, onun işleyişinin engellenmesi ve değiştirilmesini gözönüne alır-Foucault&#8217;ın çalışmalarının bu iki ögesi, bu mevcudun ve onda cisimleşmiş geçişin maddi belirlenimi dışında düşünülemez. Modern politika tanımından biyopolitik postmodern bir tanıma geçiş, inanıyorum ki Foucaut&#8217;un olağanüstü sezi&#8217;siydi. Foucault&#8217;taki politika -ve biyopolitik bir bağlam içindeki eylem- kavramı, modern iktidar kavramların-Celsen, Schmitt vb- yanısıra, 19. yüzyıl epigonları ve Max Weber&#8217;in taslağını çizdiği çıkarsamalardan radikal biçimde farklıdır. Foucault belki bu tezlere açıktı-ama 68&#8242;den başlayarak çerçevenin radikal biçimde değiştiğini, Foucault&#8217;un bu terimleri artık dikkate alamayacağını düşünüyorum. Ona rağmen ve onun ötesinde Focault&#8217;tan yararlanmayı sürdüren bizler için, onun bize armağanı olağanüstü cömertliğiydi, çünkü -bu çok az vurgulanan bir gerçektir- Foucault paylaşımcı bir düşünce tarzıyla donatılıydı: onun kuramlaştırmalarında hiç bir şey yinelenmez ve düzeltilmez. Bu onun öznelliğin üretimi ve implikasyonları üzerindeki önsezilerini geliştirmek için fazlasıyla yeterlidir.</p>
<p>Örneğin 1970&#8242;lerde Foucault, Guattari ve Deleuze hapishane sorunu temelindeki mücadeleyi destekledikleri zaman, bilgi ve iktidar arasında yeni bir ilişki kurmuşlardı: bu ilişki basitçe hapishane içindeki somut durumla değil, ama aynı modele uygun biçimde, içinde özgürlük alanlarının geliştirilebileceği, iktidarı içerden buran küçük stratejilerle direnebileceğimiz, bireyin kendi bireysel ve kollektif kimliğini yeniden temellük edeceği, yeni yaşam ve mücadele topluluklarının oluşacağı-kısaca altüst etme diyeceğimiz durumlarla bağlantılıdır. Foucault önemli bir düşünürdür, ama yalnızca metodolojik açıklamalar ekseninde ortaya koyduğu çarpıcı iktidar çözümlemeleri ya da benzersiz anlamda felsefe, tarih ve mevcuda duyulan ilgiyi kaynaştırması dolayısıyla değil. O bizlere geçerliliği durmaksızın doğrulanan sezgiler bıraktığı gibi, özelde klasik Marksizm karşında devrimci özne tipini ve politik, sosyal mücadeleler alanını yeniden tanımladı: Foucault&#8217;a göre devrim -yalnızca- bir özgürlük umudu değil, bir özgürlük pratiğidir. Bu ise kapitalizmi içerden oyuna getirmektir.</p>
<p><em>Fransa&#8217;da toplumsal ve politik eleştiriyle ilgilenen akımların büyük kısmında Foucault&#8217;a karşı belirli bir reddin olduğunu düşünmüyor mususunz? Avrupa&#8217;nın kalanında ve Birleşik Devletler&#8217;de durum aynı mı?</em></p>
<p>Foucault&#8217;tan akademik çevrelerde nefret edilir. 1960&#8242;lardan itibaren giderek oyun çizgisinin kenarında bırakıldığını düşünüyorum, daha sonra <em>College de France</em>&#8216;ye terfisi, dahası -üniversite zaten entellektüelleri başarılarından dolayı asla affetmediği için- onu tecrit etmek vardı. Bourdieu türü sosyolojik pozitivizm entellektüel anlamda kesinlikle yaratıcıydı, ama Foucault’yan düşünceye yeterince duyarlı değildi ve onu daha çok öznelciliğin bir türü olarak reddetmeyi yeğliyordu. Ama açık ki, Foucault&#8217;ta öznelcilik yoktur. Bourdieu büyük olasılıkla son yıllarında bunu farketmişti.</p>
<p>Foucault&#8217;un yapıtlarında köşe bucak reddettiğ şey, öznel güç şebekeleri ve çatışmaları karşısında gerçeğin bütün belirlenimlerini oyuna sokmayı kabul etmeyen tarih felsefeleri ve aşkıncılıktır (<em>transendantalizm</em>). Aşkıncılık’la esas olarak toplumu dışsal ve otoriteryan bir görüş açısından değerlendirme ve manipüle etme yetisinde olduğunu savunan bütün toplum kavrayışları dizisini kastediyorum. Hayır, bu mümkün değildir. Toplumsala erişmemizi sağlayan biricik yöntem hem anlam üretimi hemde eylem tertibatlarının süreğen yaratımı ve mutlak içkinlik yöntemidir. Kendi kuşağının diğer önemli düşünürleri içinde geçerli olduğu gibi Foucault&#8217;da yapısalcılığı bütün anılarıyla-başka deyişle yapısalcılığın buyurduğu epistemolojik kategorilerin aşkın sabitlenişiyle hesaplaşır (bugün bu hata insan ve toplum bilimlerinde olduğu kadar, felsefede de doğalcılığın belirli bir yinelenişiyle yeniden üretiliyor).</p>
<p>Foucault Fransa&#8217;da reddedilir, çünkü eleştirenlerin görüş açısından o, cumhuriyetçi geleneğin mitolojilerine imza atmaz: hiç kimse jakoben türde bir egemencilikten, eşitlikçi olan tek taraflı bir sekülarizmden ya da özümsemeci olan gelenekçi bir aile kavramı ve onun yurtsever demografisinden vb. daha uzak değildir. Peki ama bu, Foucault&#8217;un metdolojisinin görecelikçi ve kuşkucu bir konuma, başka bir deyişle idealist bir tarih kavrayışına indirgemez mi? Bir kez daha hayır. Foucault düşüncesi modern ulus-devlet ve sosyalizm geleneğiyle tam bir ayrışım içinde bir altüst olanağını-sözcük bana ait, Foucault “direniş” derdi- temellendirmeyi amaçlar. Bu imgelem kuşkuculuk ya da görecelikçilik dışında bir şeydir. Tam tersine, modern&#8217;in totaliter diyalektiğiyle kötüye kullanılan ortak yeniden inşa ve ilerleme yanılsamalarına rağmen, <em>Aufklärung</em>&#8216;ı (Aydınlanmayı), insanı ve onun demokratik gücünü yeniden yaratmaya dayanır. Bir bütün olarak ele alındığında Foucault, genç Descartes&#8217;in özlü vecisesini üstlenebilirdi: <em>larvatus prodeo</em><a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a></p>
<p>Şunu bütünüyle itiraf etmemiz gerektiğini düşünüyorum: ulusal sosyalizm modern diyalektiğin ürünüdür. Kendimizi ondan kurtarmak daha ileriye gitmek demektir. Foucault bizlere, <em>Aufklärung</em>&#8216;un, aklın aydınlığının ütopyacı bir yüceltimi olmadığını anımsatır, tersine o bir disütopyadır, olay çevresinde günlük mücadele, poltikanın emansipasyon ve özgürlük izlekleriyle, ‘burada ve şimdi’nin sorunsallaştırılması temelinde inşası. Şimdi gerçekten de 1970&#8242;lerin başlangıcınd GIP&#8217;la birlikte yürüttüğü hapishaneler sorunu çevresindeki mücadelesinin görecelikçi ve kuşkucu olduğunu düşünebiliyor musunuz? Ya da İtalya&#8217;da tarihsel uzlaşmanın ve baskının en zorlu uğrağında İtalyan otonomlarını desteklemek için aldığı konumu?</p>
<p>Fransa&#8217;da Foucault, arkadaşları, öğrencileri ve işbirlikçilerinin gerçekleştirdiği bir okumanın mağduru oldu. Bu bakımdan anti-komünizm anahtar bir rol oynadı. Maddecilik ve kollektivizmle metodolojik kopuş neo liberal bireyciliğin bir haklılaştırılması gibi gösterildi. Diyalektik maddeciliğin kategorilerini yapısöküme tabi tuttuğu zaman Foucault pek değerdeydi, ama tarihsel maddeciliğin kategorilerini yeniden kurması hiç de iyi karşılanmadı. Ve tertibatların okunması, eleştirel bir mevcut ontolojisi üzerine yapılan çalışma ne zaman çoklukların özgürlüğünü, ortak yararın kuruluşunu ve neo liberalizme itaatsizliği adlandırsa, müritler hızla kaçar. Belki de Foucault doğru zamanda öldü.</p>
<p>İtalya&#8217;da, Birleşik Devletler&#8217;de, Almanya&#8217;da, İspanya&#8217;da, Latin Amerika&#8217;da ve şimdilerde giderek Büyük Britanya&#8217;da Foucault&#8217;u enellektüel sahnede marjinalleştirmeyi amaçlayan bu Paris&#8217;li oyunu tecrübe etmedik. Buralarda o, Fransız intelijensyasındaki ideolojik hırgürün öldürücü süzgecinden geçmedi: söyledileri kendi işlevselliği içinde okundu. 1970&#8242;lerin sonlarında Marksist düşünceyi yenileyen eğilimlerle analoji bir temel olarak dikkate alındı. Bu basit bir kronolojik rastlantı değildir. Daha çok Foucault’yan düşüncenin, partilere ve belirli bir tarih okumasıyla onun temeli olduğu öngörülen özneye yönelik şiddetli eleştirileri ima eder biçimde, epistemolojik kaygılarla etiko-politik perspektiflerin üstüste bindiği bütün bir -teorik ya da pratik- emansipasyon ve özgürlük çalışmaları dizilerinin ortasında anlaşılması gerektiği sezisidir. Örneğin, Avrupalı işçiçiler ve Amerikalı feministler, Foucault&#8217;ta, doğmakta olan bir dünya-ya da her koşulda doğmakta olan bir yüzyıla göre, kendi meta-dillerini bir genelliğe, belki de evrensele ve bir dile çevirmeyi mahmuzlayacak çok sayıda araştırma kulvarı buldu.</p>
<p><em>Siz Michael Hardth ile birlikte İmparatorluk’ta “yeni paradigmanın biyopolitik bağlamı tam olarak çözümlememizin merkezidir” diyorsunuz. Yeni emperyal iktidar formlarıyla biyoiktidar arasında hiç de doğrudan açık olmayan bağı açıklayabilir misiniz?</em></p>
<p><em>Michel Foucault&#8217;a olan borcunuzu çoğu kez belirtmenize rağmen, bu onu belirli bir eleştiriden muaf tutmak anlamına gelmiyor. Örneğin, “Foucault biyopolitik toplumda üretimin gerçek dinamiğini kavramayı başaramadı” diyorsunuz. Bununla neyi kastediyorsunuz?Foucault&#8217;un çözümlemesinin politik çıkmaz gibi bir duruma yolaçtığı sonucunu çıkartabilir miyiz?</em></p>
<p>Bu iki sorudan yola çıkarak, Michael Hardth ve benim İmparatorluk’ta Foucault&#8217;tan ödüç aldığımız ve daha çok eleştirmek zorunda hissettiğimiz şeyi aydınlığa kavuşturmak istiyorum. İmparatorluk’tan sözederken, biz yalnızca ulus-devlet form&#8217;undan farklılaşan yeni bir global egemenlik form&#8217;unu tanımlamaya çalışmadık: bu gelişmenin maddi, ekonomik ve politik nedenlerini kavramaya ve aynı anda zorunlu biçimde içinde barındırdığı yeni çelişkileri tanımlamaya çalıştık. Bizim için, Marksist bir bakışaçısından (aşırı gelişmiş bir global piyasa formunu da kapsar biçimde) kapitalizmin gelişimi emeğin sömürüsünden kaynaklı çelişkilerin eşlik ettiği dönüşümlere dayalıdır. Bu tam da işçi hareketlerinin politik kurumları ve sermayenin iktidar formlarını dönüştürmesidir. Emperyal iktidarın hegomanyasını doğrulanmaya götüren süreç olağanüstü değildir: 1968 sonrası, gelişmiş dünyada ücretli işçilerin ve üçüncü dünyadaki sömürge halkların muazzam ayaklanmaları sonrası, sermaye emek gücü akımlarını (hem askeri ve kültürel, hem de ekonomik ve parasal bir arazi üzerinde) artık ulus-devlet sınırları içinde kapsayamaz ve kontrol edemezdi. Yeni dünya düzeni iş dünyasında yeni bir düzen gereksinimine denk düşer. Kapitalizmin yanıtı farklı düzeylerde biçimlenir, ama emek süreçlerinin teknolojik örgütlenmesi esastır.</p>
<p>Gerçekte endüstrinin özerkleşmesi ve toplumun enformasyonuyla ilgiliyiz: sermayenin ekonomi politiği ve sömürünün örgütlenmesi giderek maddi olmayan emek aracılığıyla gelişmeye başlar; birikim, işin entellektüel ve bilgisel boyutları, mekansal akışkanlığı, dünyevi esnekliğiyle irtibatlanır. Bütün bir insan yaşamı ve toplum iktidar üzerinde temellenen yeni ilgi nesneleri haline gelir. Marks (<em>Grundrisse</em> ve <em>Kapital</em>&#8216;de) bu gelişmeyi kaydadeğer bir kesinlikle “sermeyenin etkisi altında toplumun gerçek içeriği&#8217; diye adlandırarak öngörmüştü. Foucault&#8217;un bu tarihsel geçişi, iktidarın yaşam (toplumsal yaşam kadar bireysel yaşam) yatırımının soykütüğünü irdelediği için kavradığını düşünüyorum. Ama sermayenin egemenliği altında toplumun gerçek içeriği sanabileceğimizden-özelde sermeyenin kendi inanışlarından ya da Marksist epigonların (örneğin Frankurt Okulu&#8217;nun) nesnelciliğinin kabul etmeyi isteyeceğinden çok daha kırılgandır.</p>
<p>Gerçekte toplumun (toplumsal emeğin) sermayenin etkisi altındaki gerçek içeriği, sömürünün reddini toplumun bütün düzeylerine genelleştirir, aynı şekilde biyoiktidarların genişlemesi toplumun biyopolitik karşı tepkisine yolaçar: Yaşam üzerindeki iktidarlara karşı bir yanıt olarak, yaşamın iktidarı. Özetle, gerçek içerik, öznelliklerin üretimi ve yeni mücadele form&#8217;larının yaratılmasına, özgürlüğün gelişmesine ve başkaldırıya yolaçar. Sermaye tüm yaşama yatırım yaptığı zaman, yaşam kendisini bizzat bir direniş olarak açığa vurur. İşte tam da bu nokta çevresinde Foucault’yan çözümleme, biyoiktidarları imparator&#8217;luğun oluşumu konusundaki çözümlememizi etkileyen biyopolitikaya doğru çevirir: bu oluşum kendini öznelliğin üretkenliğini olarak açığa vuran yeni iş ve mücadele formları maddi olanın maddi olmayan emeğe dönüşümüyle üretildiği zaman ortaya çıkar.</p>
<p>Bununla birlikte Foucault çözümlemelerimize tamamen katılır mıydı (öyle ummama rağmen) bilmiyorum, çünkü Michael Hardth&#8217;a ve bana göre öznelliğin üretimi kendisini komünizme açılan biyopolitik bir başkalaşım içinde bulur. Başka deyişle, içinde yaşadığımız yeni emperyal koşulun (dolayısıyla çalışmalarımızı, dilimizi ve o sebeple kendiliklerimizi inşa ettiğimiz sosyo- politik koşulların) biyoopolitik bağlamın merkezindeki <em>ortak </em>olarak adlandırdığımız şeyi ortaya koyduğunu düşünüyorum: özel ya da kamusal, bireysel ya da toplumsal değil, ama insanlığın kendini üretme ve yeniden üretme olanağını sağlayacak şekilde hepsini birarada inşa ettiğimizi. Bu ortak içinde, tekilliğimizi inşa eden hiçbir şey ne ertelenir ne de yokolur: tekillikler,-Deleuze&#8217;nin terimiyle- içinde her gücün [<em>puissance</em>] kendisini başkalarıyla çoğullaşarak bulduğu, her yaratımın dolaysız biçimde ötekilik olduğu- bir &#8216;toplam&#8217;ı sürdürmek için birbirleriyle eklemlenirler. Bu yüzden Marksizmin yaratıcı revizyonunu, Foucault&#8217;un devrimci biyopolitika ve çoksayıda öznelliğin üretimi kavramına bağlayan düşünsel diziye inanıyorum.</p>
<p><em>Foucault&#8217;un öznelleşme tarzları üzerine son iki çalışması sizi diğerlerinden daha az ilgilendiriyor gibi.. Bir etik’in ve yabancı yaşam biçimlerinin inşası ya da biyoiktidara karşı direniş sizin önerdiğiniz (komünist militan kişiliğinden) fazlasıyla uzağa düşmüyor mu? Ya da daha çok bizim algılamakta başarısız kaldığımız daha derin bir uzlaşmanın olanakları mı sözkonusu? </em></p>
<p>Foucault&#8217;un çalışmalarının benim üzerimde muazzam bir etkisi var ve zaten İmparatorluk’un bunu fazlasıyla gösterdiğini düşünüyorum. Size ilginç bir hikayeyi anlatmama izin verin: 70&#8242;lerin ortalarında, İtalya&#8217;da Foucault üzerine bir makale yazdım-bugün &#8216;birinci Foucault&#8217;, insan bilimleri arkeolojisinin Foucault&#8217;u diye adlandırılarak değerlendirilen Foucault üzerine. Bu makalede, böylesi bir incelemenin sınırlarını ve ayrıca öznelliğin üretimine daha güçlü bir vurgu yapmayı olası bir ileriye hareketi göstermeyi istiyordum. Kendim, bir Marksizm çıkışı deniyordum -ki bu, &#8216;Marks&#8217;ın Ötesinde bir Marks&#8217;ın düşünülüp düşünüleyemeyeceği sorusuna yolaçtığı için- teori alanında derin yenilikçiliğine rağmen, militan pratiğin arazisi üzerinde çok kötü hatalara yolaçma riskini taşıyordu. Demek istediğim, 1968&#8242;i izleyen tutkulu mücadele yıllarında, sağ iktidarların toplumsal hareketlerden hırsını çıkarttığı şiddetli baskı koşullarında, aramızdan çoğumuzun terörcü bir akıntıya sürüklenmesi ve ona karşı koyamamasıydı. Ama bu aşırılığın gerisinde daima iktidarın saf ve basit bir şey olduğu, biyoiktidar sol ve sağ kimliği kuruyorsa yalnızca partinin bizi kurtarabileceği-ve eğer parti yoksa, bu durumda ikinci dünya savaşının muazzam &#8216;partizanlar&#8217; geleneğinde olduğu gibi askeri bir görüntü içinde küçük partiler gibi yapılanmış silahlı öncülerin bunu gerçekleştireceği görüşü vardı. Bu askeri akıntının hareketlerin kendisini toparlayamamasından dolayı etkili olduğunu ve yalnızca insani olarak desteklenemez bir tercih olmayıp, politik bir intiharı teşkil edeceğini anladık. Deleuze ve Guattari&#8217;yle birlikte Foucault bu akıntıya karşı bizleri uyarır. Bu bakımdan onlar gerçek devrimcilerdi: Stalinizmi ve &#8216;reel sosyalizm&#8217; pratiklerini eleştirdiklerinde liberalizmin &#8216;yeni filozofları&#8217; gibi bunu öyle hipokratik ve ikiyüzlü anlamda yapmadılar. Kapitalizmin biyoiktidarına karşı proleteryanın yeni gücünü doğrulayacak bir yol aradılar.</p>
<p>O sebeple biyoiktidara karşı direniş ve yeni yaşam biçimlerinin inşası, eğer ataklığı ortak bir özgürlük pratiği ve komünizmi ortak’ın üretimi şeklinde anlıyorsak, komünist ataklıktan ayrı değildir. İmparatorluk’taki gibi komünist militan kişiliği eski modelden ödünç alınmış değildir. Aksine o emeğin özgürleşmesi ve daha adil bir topluma yönelik mücadelelerin (ontolojik ve öznel) üretimi temelinde, yani bir politik öznellik tipi olarak kendisini gösterir.</p>
<p>Bizler, ama aynı zamanda da bugünün toplumsal hareketleri için Foucault&#8217;un son dönem çalışmalarının önemi o sebeple olağanüstüdür. Onların içinde soykütük spekülatif niteliğini kaybederek politik bir hale gelir, epistemoloji &#8216;oluşumsal&#8217;dır ve etik &#8216;dönüştürücü&#8217; boyutlar üstlenir. Tanrı&#8217;nın ölümü sonrasında insan rönesansına tanıklık ediyoruz. Ama yeni bir hümanizmle ilgili değiliz; ya da daha kesin biçimiyle bu, yeni bir ontoloji içinde insanı yeniden yaratma sorunudur-onu, modern telolojinin harabeleri üzerinde ve maddeci bir <em>telos</em> ile geri kazanacağız.</p>
<p>Fransızca’dan İngilizce’ye çeviren, Alberto Toscano.</p>
<p>Kaynak: <a href="http://www.ephemeraweb.org/journal/6-1/6-1index.htm">ephemera theory&#38;politics in organization</a> şubat 2006 vol.6 no: 1</p>
<p>Gönderen: Kutlu Tunca</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="1" /><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> larvatus prodeo: maskemi parmağımla göstererek öne çıkıyorum.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Intro to Paper]]></title>
<link>http://joshuajkurz.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/intro-to-paper/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:49:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>joshua j. kurz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://joshuajkurz.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/intro-to-paper/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m working on a paper for a Comparative Studies course on Foucault. This is a (rough, rough) ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">I&#8217;m working on a paper for a <a href="http://comparativestudies.osu.edu/" target="_blank">Comparative Studies</a> course on Foucault. This is a (rough, rough) version of the introduction to the paper. Thoughts are welcome.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">*****</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“In short, I’d argue that the logic of intensification <em>is</em> Foucault’s primary mechanism for explaining historical change: the emergence of new modes of power happens through the lightening, saturation, becoming-more-efficient, and transversal linkage of existing practices.”<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Contemporary discussions of power almost always have to engage with the work of Michel Foucault in order to be taken seriously. No other philosopher (or theorist, or historian, or whatever Foucault chose to call himself that week) has had as much impact on the analysis of power in recent history. Arguably, he has had the greatest effect on the concept of power since the great theorists of sovereignty, such as Machiavelli. However, Foucault never intended to present a unified theory of power; instead he focused on the disjunctures, the changes that have developed in history by looking for power’s effects. He worked deductively, combing through archives until a pattern of effects emerged that he then turned into a paradigm. The example of the panopticon is probably the most famous paradigm to emerge from Foucault’s work, but there are others: his analyses of sovereign, disciplinary, and bio- powers, his engagement with sovereign power, and his articulation of governmentality being the others.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Foucault died in 1984, in the midst of a new direction in his work, a direction in which the subject was emerging as the central concern of his project. In fact, he goes so far as to say that his project had been deeply concerned with the subject throughout his entire career. (INSERT QUOTE). Many of Foucault’s interlocutors have begun to interpret this “ethical turn,” meaning the ethics or practices of the self upon the self, as a recognition that his previous modes of analysis, namely archaeology and disciplinary power, were insufficient and needed to be moved beyond.<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> But I am uncomfortable with this interpretation, and I do not believe that Foucault believed so based on his collected writings when all of the “periods” in his work are held side-by-side. In fact, Nealon makes this argument quite convincingly in <em>Foucault Beyond Foucault</em> and it needs little elaboration here. What is abundantly clear from Nealon’s book is that the historical changes that occur, which require new analytics of power based on the intensification of previous modes of power relations, are central to understanding power in Foucault. Therefore, I assert that he must be read through the lens of historical materialism: the analytics of power elaborated in Foucault are primarily historical phenomena that play a minor role in the present, mostly as nodes in the network of new intensifications of power relationships in the present.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Essentially, the abundance of writing which apply Foucault’s concepts, such as disciplinary power or biopower, to the present in order to affirm the disciplinarity of certain institutions (i.e. schools) or the effects of biopower operating on bodies (i.e. HIV/AIDS policies), while perhaps useful in some ways are in actuality missing the point. This is not to say that someone cannot do a historical analysis of a previously unexplored institution or phenomenon and use discipline as an analytical matrix. It is to say that if we take Foucault’s genealogy seriously in terms of it being able to intervene in the present, we must move beyond the constant reaffirmation of Foucault’s analytics of power to ones better suited to intervene 25 years after his death. What Foucault could only imagine, and what <em>The Birth of Biopolitics</em> only hinted at, are the extreme changes in the realm of the political since the mid-1980s. Without overblowing the significance of these things individually, the combination of these forces is significant and requires new interventions with new analytics of power: the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War; the end (or at least significant respite) of a serious, global challenge to capitalism, liberal democracy, and now neoliberalism; the rise of technology, especially the internet; the sharp increase in the fighting of civil wars leading to mass numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons not seen since World War II; the roaring comeback of sovereign power post-9/11; and more. These historical events cannot simply have Foucault’s analytics of power applied to them, as the historical conditions for, as an example, the re-emergence of sovereign power do not mirror the conditions of sovereign power in 15<sup>th</sup> century Europe. This particular paper will focus on finding and beginning to articulate an analytics of power which can be applied to the contemporary workings of the nation-state that intensifies Foucault’s own categories but moves beyond them.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Jeffrey T. Nealon, <em>Foucault Beyond Foucault</em> (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), 38.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> For a more complete critical summary of the “conventional wisdom” on Foucault’s shifts in project, see Nealon, <em>Foucault Beyond Foucault</em>, 24-38.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Discipline and Punish]]></title>
<link>http://comparativerhetoric.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/discipline-and-punish/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 20:39:16 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lanceelyot</dc:creator>
<guid>http://comparativerhetoric.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/discipline-and-punish/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Foucault, Michel. Discipline &amp; Punishment Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1977. P]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Foucault, Michel.  <em>Discipline &#38; Punishment</em> Trans. Alan Sheridan.  New York:  Vintage Books, 1977.</p>
<p><u><strong>Part I:  Torture</strong></u><br />
<strong>The Body of the Condemned</strong></p>
<p>Foucault examines in this chapter how the penal system has developed from a spectacle that targeted the body to a system that rehabilitates the soul.  Punishment enters &#8220;abstract consciousness&#8221; (9).  Overtime, punishment has slipped behind walls and out of sight.  Legal judgements are no longer a matter of simply knowing the crime, but:  &#8220;Knowledge of the offence, knowledge of the offender, knowledge of the law: these three conditions made it possible to ground a judgement in truth&#8221; (19).  This has spread out the expertise beyond the judge (18).  </p>
<p>Foucault gives us four rules, that may be considered a methodology:<br />
1.  Punishment must be considered a complex social action.<br />
2.  Punishment must be considered as political tactic.<br />
3.  The &#8220;technology of power&#8221; is the principle that structures social systems and knowledge.<br />
4.  The body itself is &#8220;invested with power relations.&#8221;<br />
(23-24)</p>
<p>The body is the focus in a field of power relations (25).  Foucault essentially describes this field or network of power relations much like energy; it cannot be contained, nor is it univocal.  It is constantly moving and can only be understood in bits and pieces (26-27).  </p>
<p>Does Pennington use such a &#8220;field and focus&#8221; approach?<br />
Is power as energy just another way of creating a non-discursive space to create a comparative lens?</p>
<p>The crux of Foucault:</p>
<blockquote><p>We should admit rather that power produces knowledge . . . that power and knowledge directly imply on another; that there is no power relation without the correlative constitution of a field of knowledge, nor any knowledge that does not presuppose and constitute at the same time power relations. (27)</p></blockquote>
<p>Foucault traces a duality back to Western Christianity and claims that the birth of the soul came about as a correlative to the monarch (29-30).</p>
<p>Foucault is not writing a &#8220;history of the past in terms of the present,&#8221; but &#8220;writing the history of the present&#8221; (31).  </p>
<p> <strong>The Spectacle of the Scaffold</strong><br />
Foucault defines torture as technique that measured, calculated, compared, and heirarchized (33).  He even uses the words ritual and liturgy to describe its action (34). The &#8220;legal ceremony&#8221; was constructed in secret, where the accused could not obtain knowledge of either his offence or the complex &#8220;arithmetic&#8221; that made up legal discourse.  This liturgy &#8220;reactivated&#8221; the power of the sovereign, bring the power back into &#8220;balance&#8221; (49).  &#8220;If torture was so strongly embedded in legal practice, it was because it revealed truth and showed the operation of power&#8221; (55).  Punishment is the effect of a &#8220;mechanism of power&#8221; (57).</p>
<p>I think I can still see some roots of structuralism:  &#8220;We shall see later that the truth-power relation remains at the heart of all mechanisms of punishment and that it is still to be found in contemporary penal practice&#8221; (55).</p>
<p>How much these premises behind classical tortured were structured by religion, i.e. the Western legalistic version of Christianity?  A ritual structured by myth?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Jorge Ramos do Ó - A Gênese da Escola Moderna (Séculos XVI - XIX)]]></title>
<link>http://ensaius.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/jorge-ramos-do-o-a-genese-da-escola-moderna-seculos-xvi-xix/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 13:25:35 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Marcos</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ensaius.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/jorge-ramos-do-o-a-genese-da-escola-moderna-seculos-xvi-xix/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O professor Jorge Ramos do Ó, da Universidade de Lisboa, ministrou um seminário na Faculdade de Educ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://ensaius.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/1forum-memoria230805.jpeg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1112" style="margin:5px;" title="1forum-memoria230805" src="http://ensaius.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/1forum-memoria230805.jpeg" alt="" width="300" height="225" /></a>O professor Jorge Ramos do Ó, da Universidade de Lisboa, ministrou um seminário na Faculdade de Educação da UFRGS que tinha como objetivo central discutir de maneira fundamentada a resposta à questão: de onde vêm as concepções educativas e as soluções organizacionais que aceitamos nos dias de hoje como naturais e que, por isso mesmo, passam por realidades inquestionáveis na paisagem escolar moderna.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Download das aulas em áudio:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[ <a href="http://www.estudiolivre.org/el-gallery_view.php?arquivoId=7536" target="_blank">1º dia</a> ] &#124; [ <a href="http://www.estudiolivre.org/el-gallery_view.php?arquivoId=7537" target="_blank">2º dia</a> ] &#124; [ <a href="http://www.estudiolivre.org/el-gallery_view.php?arquivoId=7538" target="_blank">3º dia</a> ]</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Zephyr 4.6 "A Tarantino Moment"]]></title>
<link>http://wereviking.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/zephyr-4-6-a-tarantino-moment/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 10:02:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>wereviking</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wereviking.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/zephyr-4-6-a-tarantino-moment/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[MY REVERIE EVAPORATES at the chirrup of the Zephyr phone. I snatch it quickly from my belt, but othe]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>MY REVERIE EVAPORATES at the chirrup of the Zephyr phone. I snatch it quickly from my belt, but otherwise remain defeated in my rickety office chair.<br />
            “What is it?”<br />
            “Is that Zephyr? It’s Hallory O’Hagan from MMI.”<br />
            “Oh, Hallory, Christ, hello. Sorry. I was expecting someone else,” I lie.<br />
            “That’s cool. Where are you now?” she asks in her ever-effervescent voice.<br />
            “I’m, uh, actually outside some bad guys’ lair right as we speak.” I grin, pained, the expression unpleasant. “Talk about a Tarantino moment.”<br />
            Hallory titters. “I guess it seems like a silly time to want to discuss figurines with you.”<br />
            “Hey, I get fanboys wanting to talk about my figurine all the time.”<br />
            “Well it’s definitely time we revamped your line. It’s been, what, ten years?”<br />
            “Sure.” I shrug. “Those plastic fuckers last forever.”<br />
            “Okay,” Hallory replies with enough trepidation that even I can discern it. “Did you manage to talk about the line of dolls with the other Sentinels?”<br />
            “New Sentinels,” I correct her. I’m pretty sure I blew the rights to the old team name in a poker game, though it is equally possible it was Mastodon who walked out with the winner, taking with him the keys to Omeganaut’s Omegamobile (which he later crashed and sank in the bottom of the Bay) and the rights to Aquanaut’s first-born child. Boy was that a night.<br />
            “Look,” I tell the hot redhead on the other end of the phone, “it’s still a little premature to discuss this. We haven’t actually finalised the team.”<br />
            “Really? I thought we were booking media for the launch next Friday?”<br />
            “Well, yeah. . . .”<br />
            “I might have some interesting feedback for you, then,” Miss O’Hagan continues unperturbed. “Focus groups have thrown up a few names you might want to consider.”<br />
            “For my . . . team?”<br />
            “Well for the action figures, but yeah I guess they need to be on the team too so we can licence them, right?” she responds.<br />
            “Okay,” I shrug, uncomfortable yet intrigued. “Who?”<br />
            “Shade, for starters.”<br />
            “Shade’s, like, British. From London.”<br />
            “We’re getting some very good numbers for her at the moment, and beside you’ll need ethnic diversity, right?”<br />
            “So they tell me.”<br />
            “What about Paragon and Jocelyn?”<br />
            “Jesus,” I hiss. “I don’t think so.”<br />
            “Why not?” Hallory asks. “Have you even <em>heard</em> the figures they’re talking for wedding pictures?”<br />
            “Let’s keep going down the list.”<br />
            “Cusp? I don’t even know who that is.”<br />
            “I’m working on it. Next?”<br />
            “Okay. Red Monolith.”<br />
            “He’s, uh . . . he’s dead.”<br />
            “Okay well that’s not happening then. Do you think we could acquire a licence from his estate? Sort of a, ‘friend of the New Sentinels’ angle?”<br />
            “Jesus, lady, I don’t know,” I stagger a sigh. “I’m beginning to think you could get a licence to kill if one really existed.”<br />
            “I’ll take that as a compliment,” she says and I can practically hear her purring down the phone. She is so mine.<br />
            “Do you actually have any suggestions I can use?” I ask.<br />
            “Okay. Well how about Nocturne? If you can’t go with Shade, Nocturne’s another good coloured option.”<br />
            “I don’t think we call them ‘coloured’ any more,” I remark.<br />
            “I’ve got another idea, not sure what you’ll think about it.”<br />
            I scratch at my mask and realise I am still not wearing one. “Go on.”<br />
            “The groups were indicating boys from eight all the way through to thirty-five were pretty keen on a modular, kind of transforming robot sort of guy,” Hallory says and barely drops pace as she continues on with the spiel. “I’ve had production mock up a few costumes and the copy guys have suggested a few names: Contraption Man? Mr Roboto? Rocketman?”<br />
            “But I don’t know any . . . transforming robots . . . I don’t think.”<br />
            “I guess that’s the point,” Hallory says. “You could think of it like meeting your obligations to equally represent minorities on the team. Have you asked yourself, do you have the machine world covered?”<br />
            “Honey, I don’t think the machines have a lobby group we need to worry about, unless they’re armed. . . .” I think briefly at this juncture about Think Tank. “Next thing you’ll be making suggestions for a fucking superhero with Down’s Syndrome or something. It’s not happening, okay?”<br />
            “Zephyr, the numbers are really good.”<br />
            “I’m sure they are,” I say.<br />
            She waits a beat. “Even for a disabled person, we’re getting feedback that there’s a lot of angles as far as accessories go, there’s even a synergy between the robot guy.”<br />
            “There <em>is</em> no robot guy!”<br />
            “Only because you’re being so negative about it.”<br />
            “Christ, Hallory,” I say, sounding spent. “You know I love you and everything, but you have to listen to what you’re saying here. The two members of my team you’re most interested in don’t exist, and maybe they’re having an affair together? The robot guy and the girl with mechanical legs?”<br />
            “It’s not a bad idea.”<br />
            “I’m hanging up now. I’ll fax you the final roster when I get the licences signed off.”<br />
            A gravid silence hangs between us. I don’t know if I’m sympathetic just because I want to get into her pants, but I feel guilty about chewing Hallory out and there’s nothing but embarrassed, possibly sullen vibes emanating back down the phone line.<br />
            “I’d green light the Red Monolith toy, though,” I say reluctantly. “He would’ve liked that.”<br />
            “Cool,” Miss O’Hagan comes back. “I’ll courier you over some new concept art. Where should I, uh, do that?”<br />
            “No concept art,” I snap. “He wore red and black, with yellow panels under his arms. And a motorbike helmet, <em>damn it</em>.”<br />
            I snap the phone shut and jam it back into its purse hard. I am fuming with anger and yet mostly I’m just annoyed at myself. I consider annihilating the TV and instead exercise just a modicum of control, giving it enough spark to power it on. The widescreen resolves into a picture of British actors picketing the skyscraper where the Union Jacks have their base. Seeker’s vanishing fortress is certainly a better deal than a headquarters where even a bunch of freakin’ thespianoids can manage to find you. As the small crowds wave their placards, Protector himself appears – the third British super to bear that name – and tries to settle the crowd with an inaudible speech that soon turns to violence. It’s not a good look as he jets through the crowd bowling women and policemen over, bottles smashing the glass façade of the building lobby. I reflect on an image of his teammate Lionheart, last time he was in Atlantic City, with a beard of puke dribbling from his chin into some stripper’s lap.<br />
            I glare at the screen throughout a twelve-minute commercial break, promos for <em>American Hero</em>, <em>Celebrity Heroes</em>, <em>Heroes: Where Are They Now</em>, <em>You Can Be A Hero</em>, <em>Heroes Unlimited</em>, <em>Arena Heroes</em>, <em>Down And Out In Atlantic City and London </em>and a cooking show with some raven-haired British bint who eyes the camera insouciantly and looks like she’s licking up cum as she devours a mess of chocolate cake and cream on a child’s-sized spoon.<br />
            A newsbreak live from the NBN chopper shows some ridiculously buff dude with black hair and a gold cape fucking around the top of the Silver Tower, seemingly inspecting the array of antennae and digital receivers. NBN splices in some of the free-to-air feed Chancel himself provides, giving a fish-eye lensed view of the stranger up close, a furrow to his otherwise fine, completely unfamiliar features.<br />
            It’s enough for me. I’m angry and already dressed. I press my mask into place and stomp through to the wallspace and the open window and basically throw myself out and plunge into the glimmering dusk.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>IT’S ONLY A couple of seconds across the city at the speed I’m travelling. Golden Boy hears me coming and turns as I use the concrete ledge as a brake and snarl, “Who the fuck are you?” as the news copter whirrs around for a new angle.&#124;<br />
            The other guy has about half-a-foot on me, which isn’t anything unusual as I’ve explained before, I’m just ordinary height. He has shoulders like a bull, black hair in a sort of Imperial Roman cast, a gold circlet around his brows matched by the cape and little sandals. His arms and legs are bare, the rest of him in a clinging reddish blouse, thick belt and trunks.&#124;<br />
            “<em>A spiritu fornicationis, Domine, libera nos,</em>” he chuckles. “This-a question, it is <em>rhetorica</em>, no?”<br />
            “What?”<br />
            The foreigner smiles and next thing I know there is immense pain in my chest as eye-beams lance through me. I lose all strength and drop from the air – not a good thing when we’re about forty floors from the ground – and it is only rebounding off the hard concrete ledge that jolts me back into awareness long enough to grab for a hand-hold. Meanwhile the dude in the cape gives a final once-over to the audio-visual apparatus on the outside of the tower, glances at me and then rockets heavenward.<br />
            I’m a ruin. I only just manage to roll onto the ledge and lay there for long seconds with the smell of my own cooked bacon filling the air, even with the competing cross-winds. The news helicopter turns around and a megaphoned voice booms my name a few times before I manage to sit up and, gasping, actually trying not to break into tears of embarrassed, pained frustration, I probe the wound to my chest in disbelief.<br />
            “Who the hell was that?”<br />
            The leather is scorched and peeling and basically destroyed. Likewise for the top-most layers of my skin and pectoral muscle. It hurts like a bastard and if it wasn’t for my own persistent physiognomy I’d be winging my way to the ER right now. All I know is I need to get somewhere private and strip down. Victim of my own adventures as I have been so many times these past years, I am a veteran at this routine and manage to get to my feet without much more than wincing. I remember once seeing a Canadian hero called Manowar do the same thing after a few of Cogito’s goons triple-teamed us with some of these industrial lasers he’d whipped into weapons. Poor bastard didn’t realise he’d been nearly cut in half by the beams and stood only to watch his intestines and liver pour onto the ground. I think somehow he lived, though he’s been institutionalised ever since. I guess you don’t adjust easy to seeing your insides in the dirt.<br />
            I give the chopper a little wave and a wan smile and shrug, <em>oh well</em>, for the cameras. I have to shake myself off a moment to ascertain that my powers haven’t deserted me completely and then I do the crouch thing and pretty much abscond from the whole disaster, avoiding the news loops for the next two days that show me getting my arse handed to me from pretty much every angle Amadeus Chancel could provide.<br />
            Everyone’s happy enough to lend their own little comments to my performance, but they don’t even think to ask who the hell was my opponent. The only time anyone even thinks to address the matter – and to add insult to injury, it’s Nightwind – the panellists just shrug their shoulders and move on to the next schmuck.<br />
            From my sickbed, with the wound healing nicely, I scrub Chancellor’s name from the ‘potentials’ list and work the phone, whittling down the final candidates via conference call as the big night comes ever closer.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Text as a turn in the conversation ]]></title>
<link>http://suzcalvery.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/text-as-a-turn-in-the-conversation/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 18:07:56 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>suzcalvery</dc:creator>
<guid>http://suzcalvery.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/text-as-a-turn-in-the-conversation/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Newkirk and McClure (1992) begin their discussion of how stories are related to literacy by introduc]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Newkirk and McClure (1992) begin their discussion of how stories are related to literacy by introducing the notion that discussions centering on texts must take into consideration the “openness of talk” (97). This openness means inviting the text into conversation with the conversants and allowing for digression or “bridge building” to associated topics of interest. They urge a review of how teachers conduct discussions about text and offer suggestions about understanding the text as another participant in the discussion, rather than the only topic of relevance. </p>
<p>While reading this article, I found myself repeatedly noting, “Yes!” in the margins. When a community comes together, they create culture amongst themselves. This culture influences how the community members experience the world around them. If we try to extract them from that culture in order to have “official discussions” about a text, we are limiting their ability to process and make meaning out of the text. Rather than adhering strictly to the text and direct topics evinced by it, we see the students in Pat’s class using the text as a trampoline from which they can reach new heights of understanding of their world. The story of the text offers a meaning, a classmate has another story to share, and then, as Newkirk and McClure write, “his story evokes mine, enables me to see mine” (99). Rather than dissecting cultural community, we can build it through discussion. These story discussions, and story telling experiences offer an opportunity to create and decide on a group-identity. And when we deny participants the chance to give their own voice to a story, we “turn a deaf ear to this culture” (100).  I think Rowe (1988) puts it most succinctly when she writes, “talk is not only a manifestation of participants’ beliefs and relationships, but also the medium through which these relationships and meanings are constructed” (160). </p>
<p>One of the most important aspects of my pedagogical philosophy is “make it relevant”. If I can’t make my subject (English literature) relevant to my students, then we’re setting ourselves up for hours of wasted time – and I think the same goes for any subject. This relevance means including the text as conversant just as our assigned texts this week specify. We start with the text, and then I try to offer connections to the world of my students, or to our world at large. And of course, I always ask for connections students make between the text and themselves. This can include themes/memories/concerns/fears, etc. I wish I had more time to do this sort of community-building. When we share culture, and make attempts to understand the how the text speaks to us, we become more like one another despite our differences – and that is a valuable use of time in this broken world. </p>
<p>This weeks’ articles, and Wells’ text, all remind me of some writing I did ages ago (2001) while reading Sartre’s The Words. Basically, I am pondering the necessity of interacting on a personal level with a text – you must allow the author to say his piece, and then you interact on a personal level to develop your meaning. </p>
<p>The interaction of reader/author/text just brought this to mind and I wanted to share it:</p>
<p>I looked down into the book I had opened. My mind delved deep, desiring to be on the level of the author behind the words. He peered laughingly out at me from behind his signs as he described people like me reading his book – reading him. My smile rose from inside as I realized I was desiring that very unveiling of which he spoke. To see him as he was – but from the fragments of what he wrote. How obtuse for me to believe that I could come any closer than my fingertips to ink. Brushing the surface of what is only a re-presentation in the first (or second) place. Nonetheless, I sought such an insight. </p>
<p>Was his life as mundane a child prodigy’s as he leads me to believe? The smirk in his words as he deems himself thus seems to reach out to me more than the words themselves. Foucault, Derrida herald the “death of the author”, yet they have never conversed with Sartre over his life as I have. Even so, this is the author/narrator, one removed from the person himself. A particular nervy objectivity rises in such a narration. His person does not quite shine through. It is more the focus on the author than the death of him. Just as he speaks of previous authors glancing at him, their reader, over the pages with familiarity – he does the same to his readers. But I do not know him. Jean Paul is not a person to me – a narrator, yes, but an intersubjective being, no. The distance of page and ink, though my sole connection to him, are also the barrier. I can bathe in his pictures, his verbal gestures, his self-mockery, but I cannot meet him. My preoccupation remains with the words themselves &#8211; the mirror distortion he has chosen to reflect of his life. </p>
<p>This mirror, however, is not prone to reflecting him but me – the reader. I choose which signs mean the most to me. I choose to laugh or to jeer. I am the one reflecting in the mirror he holds up, while telling me I will find him in it. So there he is – the man standing behind the mirror. He frames the glass, sometimes peering over it and murmuring to me what I should look for. I can see his hands on the rim, pointing. At me, at the glass, anywhere but back at the holder. So the author is not dead, but the necessary life behind my interpretation. Without his verbal mirage of a person, I could never enter the view of myself presented by his mirror. </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Prima linea]]></title>
<link>http://qubrick.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/prima-linea/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 13:59:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>qubriq</dc:creator>
<guid>http://qubrick.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/prima-linea/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Premessa: per me, Mario Adinolfi è uno stronzo viziato. Su Red Tv intervista Sergio d&#8217;Elia, di]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter" src="http://img52.imageshack.us/img52/8476/moroh.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Premessa: per me, <strong>Mario Adinolfi</strong> è uno stronzo viziato. Su Red Tv intervista <strong>Sergio d&#8217;Elia</strong>, dirigente di <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Linea">Prima Linea</a> (per quanto scritta in un inglese maccheronico, linko la pagina della wiki inglese perché contiene informazioni più complete rispetto a quella italiana), protagonista degli anni di piombo, dodici anni di pena scontati (credo otto di carcere, ma non trovo informazioni dettagliate).</p>
<p><a href="http://www.redtv.it/video/2154">Ecco</a>.</p>
<p>Guardatelo tutto. D&#8217;Elia dice cose profonde, comprese a sue spese. C&#8217;è la saggezza di Todorov mediata da Foucault, in quel suo &#8220;<strong>vittime e carnefici</strong>&#8220;; fa polpette di Totem e tabù; cerca, allarmato, di spiegare la storia e come si scrive la <strong>storia</strong>; agisce da protagonista, sa che è chiamato ad espiare tutte le volte, e pubblicamente, anche dopo che per il potere e la giustizia ha già espiato &#8211; tanto che si è ricavato uno spazio <strong>nel</strong> potere -, eppure ostenta un senso critico degli avvenimenti che è forse quanto di più vicino a me abbia mai ascoltato da parte di chi, in teoria, dovrebbe essere prevedibilmente parziale.</p>
<p>Perché ve lo propongo? La ragione è semplice: tutti i film che hanno parlato degli anni di piombo, ivi incluso quel capolavoro di <em>Buongiorno, notte</em>, anche quando <strong>problematizzavano</strong> i personaggi scarnificando l&#8217;ideologia e lasciando trapelare l&#8217;individualità, i sentimenti, le eterodossie, i dubbi e i ripensamenti, hanno costantemente commesso un <strong>errore</strong> esiziale: hanno ambientato i loro soggetti durante gli anni di piombo.</p>
<p>Forse non è ancora tempo, o non verrà mai il tempo, perché un soggetto filmico possa ricavarsi la potenza diegetica ed espressiva necessaria ad esprimere posizioni tanto complesse. Forse, oggi come ieri come sempre, <strong>manca uno spazio</strong> di ricezione ideologica; e forse la ricerca di una storia che sia narrabile rende di per se stesso impossibile far percepire le naturali, promiscue, quasi intime rivolte etiche, morali, politiche, pubbliche e personali, dell&#8217;uomo.  Forse, appunto, <strong>per capire</strong> possiamo soltanto fissarci ad un dibattito tra una persona piuttosto odiosa ed un&#8217;altra che protesta, si rivolta, capisce; ma commette a sua volta errori, come la totale negazione della &#8220;verità di regime&#8221;; errori che fanno capolino dalle pieghe del volto.</p>
<p>Finché qualcuno non mi smentirà con un film, un libro, un racconto orale, questo di Red tv resta un documento sui limiti della storia, del nostro narrare, e del cinema.</p>
<p><span class="alignright" style="font-size:xx-small;">(trovato <a href="http://malvino.ilcannocchiale.it/2009/11/17/mario_adinolfi_quello_stronzo.html">qui</a>)</span></p>
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