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	<title>friedrich-engels &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/friedrich-engels/</link>
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	<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 03:21:26 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[November 28 in history]]></title>
<link>http://homepaddock.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/november-28-in-history/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 11:09:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>homepaddock</dc:creator>
<guid>http://homepaddock.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/november-28-in-history/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[On November 28: 1520 Three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reached]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>On November 28:</p>
<p>1520 Three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer <a title="Ferdinand Magellan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> reached the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.</p>
<p>1582 <a title="William Shakespeare" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare%27s_wife)" target="_blank">Anne Hathaway </a>paid a £40 bond for their marriage licence.</p>
<p>1628  <a title="John Bunyan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>, English cleric and author. was born.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Bunyan.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/John_Bunyan.jpg/200px-John_Bunyan.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="208" /></a></p>
<p>1632 <a title="Jean-Baptiste Lully" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, French composer, was born.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Lully_1.jpeg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jean-Baptiste_Lully_1.jpeg/220px-Jean-Baptiste_Lully_1.jpeg" alt="" width="220" height="320" /></a></p>
<p>1660 12 men, including <a title="Christopher Wren" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, <a title="Robert Boyle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, <a title="John Wilkins" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkins">John Wilkins</a>, and Sir <a title="Robert Moray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moray">Robert Moray</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham_College" target="_blank">Gresham College </a>decided to found what became the <a title="Royal Society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society">Royal Society</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoyalSocMace20040420CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/RoyalSocMace20040420CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg/200px-RoyalSocMace20040420CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="65" /></a> <a title="Ceremonial mace" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_mace"><em>Mace</em></a><em> of the Royal Society, granted by </em><a title="Charles II of England" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"><em>King Charles II</em></a><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>1757 – <a title="William Blake" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake">William Blake</a>, British poet, was born.</em></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Blake_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/William_Blake_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/200px-William_Blake_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="260" /></a></p>
<p>1814  <em><a title="The Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times">The Times</a></em> in <a title="London" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London">London</a> was for the first time printed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power" target="_blank">automatic, steam powered  </a> presses built by the German inventors <a title="Friedrich Koenig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Koenig">Friedrich Koenig</a> and <a title="Andreas Friedrich Bauer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Friedrich_Bauer">Andreas Friedrich Bauer</a>, signaling the beginning of the availability of newspapers to a mass audience.</p>
<p>1820 <a title="Friedrich Engels" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, German philosopher, was born.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engelss56fe1.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Engelss56fe1.jpg/200px-Engelss56fe1.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="246" /></a></p>
<p>1821<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" target="_blank"> Panama </a>separated from <a title="Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</a> and joined <a title="Gran Colombia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>.</p>
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<td align="center"><a title="Flag" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BanderaGranColombia.png"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BanderaGranColombia.png/125px-BanderaGranColombia.png" alt="Flag" width="125" height="83" /></a></td>
<td align="center"><a title="Coat of arms" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Gran_Colombia.png"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Gran_Colombia.png/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gran_Colombia.png" alt="Coat of arms" width="85" height="102" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<p>1829  <a title="Anton Rubinstein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a>, Russian composer, was born.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubinstein_repin.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/57/Rubinstein_repin.jpg/180px-Rubinstein_repin.jpg" alt="" width="180" height="243" /></a></p>
<p>1843 The <a title="Kingdom of Hawaii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a> was officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.</p>
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<td align="center"><a title="Flag" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" alt="Flag" width="125" height="63" /></a></td>
<td align="center"><a title="Coat of arms" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.svg.png" alt="Coat of arms" width="85" height="85" /></a></td>
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<p>1893 <a href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/timeline/28/11" target="_blank">Women voted in a general election </a>New Zealand for the first time.</p>
<p>1904  <a title="Nancy Mitford" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Mitford">Nancy Mitford</a>, British essayist, was born.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Mitford.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cc/Nancy_Mitford.jpg" alt="" width="189" height="293" /></a></p>
<p>1905  Irish nationalist <a title="Arthur Griffith" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a> founded <a title="History of Sinn Féin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sinn_F%C3%A9in">Sinn Féin</a> as a political party with the main aim of establishing a dual monarchy in <a title="Ireland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland">Ireland</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Griffith_(1871-1922).jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Arthur_Griffith_%281871-1922%29.jpg" alt="" width="119" height="149" /></a></p>
<p>1912  <a title="Albania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania">Albania</a> declared its independence from the <a title="Ottoman Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</p>
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<td align="center"><a title="Flag of Albania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/125px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" alt="" width="125" height="89" /></a></td>
<td align="center"><a title="Coat of arms of Albania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albania_state_emblem.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Albania_state_emblem.svg/85px-Albania_state_emblem.svg.png" alt="" width="85" height="128" /></a></td>
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<p>1919  <a title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor">Lady Astor</a> was elected as a Member of the <a title="Parliament of the United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. She was the first woman to sit in the <a title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom">House of Commons</a>.  (<a title="Constance Markiewicz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markiewicz">Countess Markiewicz</a>, the first to be elected, refused to sit).</p>
<p><a title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ladyastor.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ladyastor.jpg/225px-Ladyastor.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="333" /></a></p>
<p>1933  <a title="Hope Lange" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Lange">Hope Lange</a>, American actress, was born.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope_Lange_in_Death_Wish.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hope_Lange_in_Death_Wish.jpg/200px-Hope_Lange_in_Death_Wish.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="179" /></a></p>
<p>1948  <a title="Beeb Birtles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeb_Birtles">Beeb Birtles</a>, Dutch-Australian musician/singer-songwriter; co-founding member of <a title="Little River Band" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_River_Band">Little River Band</a>, was born.</p>
<p>1960  <a title="Mauritania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania">Mauritania</a> became independent of <a title="France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a>.</p>
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<td align="center"><a title="Flag of Mauritania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/125px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" alt="" width="125" height="83" /></a></td>
<td align="center"><a title="Coat of arms of Mauritania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MauritaniaSeal.png"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/MauritaniaSeal.png/85px-MauritaniaSeal.png" alt="" width="85" height="85" /></a></td>
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<p>1961 <a title="Martin Clunes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Clunes">Martin Clunes</a>, British actor, was born.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MartinClunes.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/MartinClunes.jpg" alt="" width="160" height="187" /></a></p>
<p>1962  <a title="Matt Cameron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cameron">Matt Cameron</a>, American drummer (<a title="Soundgarden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>, <a title="Pearl Jam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, was born.</p>
<p><a title="Matt Cameron drumming with Pearl Jam in Bologna, Italy on September 14, 2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matt_Cameron_Pearl_Jam.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Matt_Cameron_Pearl_Jam.jpg/220px-Matt_Cameron_Pearl_Jam.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="174" /></a></p>
<p>1964 <a title="NASA" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA">NASA</a> launched the <a title="Mariner 4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_4">Mariner 4</a> probe toward Mars.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariner_3_and_4.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mariner_3_and_4.jpg/200px-Mariner_3_and_4.jpg" alt="Mariner 3 and 4.jpg" width="200" height="119" /></a></p>
<p>1975 <a title="East Timor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor">East Timor</a> declared its independence from <a title="Portugal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal">Portugal</a>.</p>
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<td align="center"><a title="Flag of East Timor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/125px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" alt="" width="125" height="63" /></a></td>
<td align="center"><a title="Coat of arms of East Timor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_East_Timor.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Timor.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Timor.svg.png" alt="" width="85" height="84" /></a></td>
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<p>1977 <a title="Greg Somerville" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Somerville">Greg Somerville</a>, New Zealand rugby union footballer, was born.</p>
<p>1979  <a title="Air New Zealand Flight 901" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901">Air New Zealand Flight TE901</a>, a DC-10 operated sightseeing flight over <a title="Antarctica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, crashed into <a title="Mount Erebus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus">Mount Erebus</a>, killing all 257 people on board.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tail_of_Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901.jpg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Tail_of_Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901.jpg/260px-Tail_of_Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901.jpg" alt="" width="260" height="173" /></a></p>
<p>1987 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways_flight_295" target="_blank">South African Airways flight 295 </a>crashes into the <a title="Indian Ocean" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, killing all 159 people on-board.</p>
<p>1991  <a title="South Ossetia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> declared independence from <a title="Georgia (country)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)">Georgia</a>.</p>
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<td align="center"><a title="Flag of South Ossetia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/125px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" alt="" width="125" height="63" /></a></td>
<td align="center"><a title="Coat of arms of South Ossetia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Ossetia.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Ossetia.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" alt="" width="85" height="85" /></a></td>
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<p>2008 An <a href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/timeline/28/11" target="_blank">Air NZ Airbus A320 </a>crashed off the coast of France.</p>
<p><em>Sourced from NZ History Online &#38; Wikipedia.</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Addressing the Historical Context of "Our Lady of Fatima"]]></title>
<link>http://1phil4everyill.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/addressing-the-historical-context-of-our-lady-of-fatima/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 23:00:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Phil</dc:creator>
<guid>http://1phil4everyill.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/addressing-the-historical-context-of-our-lady-of-fatima/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[31To the Jews who had believed him, Jesus said, &#8220;If you hold to my teaching, you are really my]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[31To the Jews who had believed him, Jesus said, &#8220;If you hold to my teaching, you are really my]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[SHERLOCK HOLMES À FRANCESA]]></title>
<link>http://armonte.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/1710/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 18:10:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alfredomonte</dc:creator>
<guid>http://armonte.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/1710/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[LIVRARIA PORTO DAS LETRAS acesse: www.estantevirtual.com.br/acervo/livrariaportodasletras ANOTAÇÕES ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/comuna-de-paris.jpg"></a></p>
<p>LIVRARIA PORTO DAS LETRAS acesse: <a href="http://www.estantevirtual.com.br/acervo/livrariaportodasletras">www.estantevirtual.com.br/acervo/livrariaportodasletras</a></p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/gritodopovo1.jpg"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/lecaye.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1711" title="LECAYE" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/lecaye.jpg" alt="" width="431" height="660" /></a><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/sherlock-holmes-marx.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1712" title="sherlock holmes &#38; marx" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/sherlock-holmes-marx.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="322" /></a></p>
<p>ANOTAÇÕES FINAIS (dia 25.11.09, as anteriores encontram-se abaixo):</p>
<p><strong>&#8220;Já era tempo de botar para funcionar aquela massa cinzenta de que tanto me orgulhava e de que até então fizera tão pouco uso&#8221;.        </strong>(Alexis Lecaye, <strong><em>SHERLOCK HOLMES &#38; MARX</em></strong>)</p>
<p>   Holmes e Laura Lafargue, née Marx, iniciam um ardente romance em plena Paris sitiada.  Um dia ela desaparece misteriosamente. Em busca da mulher amada, ele  vai a Bordeaux, na qual  casal Lafargue reside, e descobre que teve em seus braços uma falsa Laura, pois conhece a verdadeira filha de Marx: <strong>&#8220;Era falsa a carta de Marx à sua filha que eu lera em Paris, falsas as boas novas. mais terrível ainda: falsa, a identidade da mulher que eu adorava e cuja doçura e entega haviam adormecido em mim todas as desconfianças, atenção e vigilãncia. Falso,  o rapto! Falsidade! Falsidade! Falsidade! Era tudo uma mistificação. Mas então quem era aquela mulher? O que ela pretendia? Quais eram seus motivos, seus interesses? &#8220;</strong></p>
<p>      Na verdade, a falsa Laura é o verdadeiro X, é ela quem pretende assassinar Marx (não vou revelar os motivos aqui). Para chegar a Londres e impedi-la (o que acontecerá, com Holmes assumindo a identidade do autor de <em>O capital</em><strong>,</strong> numa demonstração das suas habilidades no disfarce), Holmes, voltando a Paris, tem de sobreviver (e seus amigos também, e mais o pobre Rupelski, que era inocente) à invasão bárbara que a cidade sofre, e ao massacre dos seus habitantes, narrados de uma forma ao mesmo tempo concisa e eficiente por <strong>Lecaye.</strong> Na figura de X, a falsa Laura, vemos também uma alusão àquelas formidáveis e atraentes mentes criminosas femininas que tanto obsedaram o Holmes de Conan Doyle, embora nenhuma delas chegasse a ser tão destrutiva.</p>
<p>ANOTAÇÕES DO DIA 24.11.09</p>
<p><strong>&#8220;A diferença entre criminosos e inocntos não está na concepção, mas no poder e na força de transformação de um pensamento em ato. Se tivesse respeitado essa verdade eterna, infelizmente inacessível a um espírito de 23 anos, inexperiente, ainda imbuído de princípios rígidos, incapaz de imaginar uma passagem, uma passarela entre o mundo do Bem e o do Mal, a seqüência de minhas aventuras teria, uma vez mais, sido outra&#8221;</strong> (Alexis Lecaye, <strong><em>SHERLOCK HOLMES &#38; MARX, </em></strong>mas aí na esteira dessas reflexões, precisaria ter uma pitada de Freud na perspicácia sherloquiana).</p>
<p>(para o leitor se orientar: estou comentando o livro <strong><em>SHERLOCK HOLMES &#38; MARX</em></strong>, de Alexis Lecaye, mas utilizando como apoio dois textos de Marx da época da comuna de Paris de 1871: <em>A guerra civil na França &#38; Cartas a Kugelmann; </em>veja as anotações do dia anterior logo abaixo)</p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/comuna.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1724" title="comuna" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/comuna.jpg" alt="" width="330" height="247" /></a><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/comuna-de-paris.jpg"><img title="comuna de paris" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/comuna-de-paris.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="273" /></a></p>
<p><strong>&#8220;É um fato estranho. Apesar de tudo o que se falou e se escreveu, com tamanha profusão, durante os últimos 60 anos, a respeito da emancipação do trabalho, mal os operários, não importa onde, tomam o problema em suas mãos, logo recomeça a ressoar toda a fraseologia apologética dos porta-vozes da sociedade atual, com os seus dois pólos, o capital e a escravidão assalariada&#8230; como se a sociedade capitalista se achasse ainda em seu mais puro estado de inocência virginal, com seus antagonismos ainda em germe, com suas ilusões ainda encobertas, com suas prostituídas realidades ainda não desnudadas. A comuna, exclamam, pretende abolir a propriedade, base de toda civilização! Sim, cavalheiros, a comuna pretendia abolir essa propriedade de classe que converte o trabalho de muitos na dos expropriadores.  Queria fazr da propriedade individual e o capital, que hoje são fundamentalmente meios de escravização e exploração do trabalho, em simples instrumentos de trabalho livre e associado. Mas isso é comunismo, o <em>irrealizável</em> comunismo! &#8230; Se a produção cooperativa for algo mais que uma impostura e um ardil, se há de substituir o sistema capitalista; se as sociedades cooperativas unidas regularem a produção nacional segundo um plano comum, tomando-a sob seu controle e pondo fim à anarquia constante e às convulsões periódicas,  conseqüências inevitáveis da produçao capitalista, que será isso, cavalheiros, senão counismo, comunismo <em>realizável</em>? </strong></p>
<p><strong>      A classe operário não esperava da comuna nenhum milagre. Os operários não têm nenhuma utopia já pronta para introduzir, por vontade popular&#8230; Eles não têm que realizar nenhum ideal, mas simplesmente libertar os elementos da nova sociedade que a velha sociedade burguesa agonizante traz em seu bojo&#8230;&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>                      (Karl Marx, <em>A guerra civil na França</em>)</p>
<p>     Ontem, contei que no romance de <strong>Lecaye</strong>, Marx marca um encontro com o jovem Sherlock Holmes em 13 de abril de 1871. Querendo contratar os seus serviços, o informa de que, sob as ordens de Bismarck, um anarquista russo, &#8220;com status de desertor, um homem estranho, aristocrata arruinado, anti-semita e xenófobo&#8221; se prepara para assassiná-lo. Seu nome: Rupelski: <strong>&#8220;O que eu quero lhe pedir&#8230; procurar o assassino, desmascará-lo sem que ele suspeite de nada e fazê-lo desaparecer&#8230; Quando digo ´desaparecer´, entendo com isso esconder, dissimular, raptar se quiser, subtrair  à atenção e colocá-lo fora de circulação&#8230; O senhor o guardará durante algumas semanas, o tempo necessário para eu concluir um trabalho que me é caríssimo. Depois poderia soltá-lo&#8230;o importante é ele não me matar agora, o que representaria um golpe fatal para o movimento.&#8221;</strong> Que movimento? A Internacional dos trabalhadores. Marx fica espantado com o desinteresse e ignorância políticos de Holmes:  <strong>&#8220;Vocês, britânicos, são incríveis! Concedem asilo, quase irrefletidamene, ao cérebro de uma organização que, com ou sem razão, faz tremerem todos os burgueses e governos do continente, e não sabem sequer da sua existência&#8230;O senhor, jovem burguês briânico, inteligente e culto, não apenas não têm medo, o que concebo perfeitamente, como sequer tem conhecimento da nossa existência!&#8221;</strong> Numa carta de 27 de julho do mesmo ano a Kugelmann, Marx diz: <strong>&#8220;O trabalho da Internacional é imenso, e além disso Londres está abarrotada de refugiados, pelos quais tenho de olhar. Mas estou sobrecarregado por outras pessoas, jornalistas e gente de toda espécie, que querem ver o <em>monstro</em> com os próprios olhos. Acreditou-se até agora que o crescimento dos mitos cristãos durante o Império romano foí possível apenas porque a imprensa ainda não fora inventada. É precisamene o contrário. A imprensa diária e o telégrafo, que em um instante difundem invenções por todo o mundo fabricam mais mitos (o gado burguês acredita neles e aumenta com base neles) em um dia do que antes se fazia em um século.&#8221;</strong>. Numa preciosíssima  carta anterior (de 18 de junho), ele escreve: <strong>&#8220;Você sabe que durante o período da última revolução de Paris fui denunciado continuamente como o <em>grand chef</em> da Internacional, pelos jornais de Versalhes, e por extensão, pela imprensa aqui da Inglaterra&#8230; tenho a honra nesse momento de ser o mais bem caluniado e ameaçado homem de Londres. Isso faz um sujeito sentir-se bem, depois de um idílio entediante de 20 anos em seu antro&#8230;&#8221;</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/18-brumario.jpg"><img title="18 brumário" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/18-brumario.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="400" /></a></p>
<p>      Voltando ao romance, após algumas peripécias londrinas (inclusive, um atentado contra sua vida), Holmes aceita a proposta de Marx, que é a de viajar para Paris, onde Rupelski, ou X (porque não há certeza firme da sua identidade) está camuflado, nos meios anarquistas, <strong>&#8220;em pleno coração da Paris revolucionária. Hoje em dia é o melhor lugar para se esconder e se urdir complôs, no meio da desordem e da efervescência populares&#8221;</strong>. Holmes vai para o continente com um colaborador francês da Internacional,  Philibert Longuet, e depois de algumas aventuras pelo interior da França (há até um duelo, mas deixo os detalhes para o leitor do romance), entra disfarçado em Paris, através de túneis subterrâneos antiquíssimos. acompanhado pelo desdenhoso e intrigante Vigot. Entre os comparsas da viagem de Holmes está a família Gottlieb, e madame Gottlieb, contrariando o marido, diz a seguinte frase, que vem a propósito, quando pensamos na missão do detetive e nas palavras que Marx escreveu em suas missivas a Kugelmann: <strong>&#8220;Se perguntar aos operários parisienses, não encontrará muitos que sequer conheçam o nome do senhor Karl Marx&#8221;</strong>.</p>
<p>       Em Paris, Holmes refugia-se no apartamento de Vigot, conhecendo a irmã dele, Isabelle, uma pintora passional (e aqui podia-se temer que houvesse uma convencionalíssima aproximação amorosa, mas <strong>Lecaye</strong> se mostrou muito mais hábil do que se podia esperar, fazendo com que haja uma fixação por parte dele, enquanto os interesses dele irão por outros caminhos; ele a deixa indignado com sua &#8220;inocência&#8221; inglesa, não &#8220;entendendo&#8221; o que ela quer dele, e mantendo-se fleumático e racional: <strong>&#8220;Aquela desordem dos sentimentos, que nada seria capaz de explicar, bem diferente da apaixonante desordem de uma investigação criminal que esconde de fato elos secretos e encadeamentos rigorosos&#8230; <em>O que há de mais fascinante que isolar o fio vermelho do crime da meada incolor da vida?&#8221;; </em></strong>mais adiante, numa daquelas considerações que são típicas das narrativas retrospectivas, ele se auto-congratula pelas decisões que moldaram sua existência: <strong>&#8220;felicito-me a cada instante por ter sido capaz, à minha revelia talvez, mas é o resultado que conta, de evitar os escolhos da paixão para me ater ao conforto de uma sólida e viril amizade</strong>&#8220;, referindo-se aqui, é claro, à sua relação com o doutor Watson<em>).</em></p>
<p><em>      </em> Enquanto conhece melhor os irmãos (chega a posar para quadros de Isabelle, entre um e outro arrufo), ele perambula por Paris, tentando estabelecer contatos (que Marx forneceu) e localizar X/Rupelski. E ele consegue se introduzir num círculo de niilistas <strong>(&#8220;o senhor viu a cidade que se diverte, vai descobrir a cidade que pensa&#8221;</strong>), que se reúnem nas catacumbas da Igreja Santo Eustáquio,  e ouvir o discurso inflamado, visando diretamente a figura de Marx, do tal Rupelski, um exemplo cabal dos eternos derrotistas, daqueles que teorizam para não agir e para impedir os outros de agir: <strong>&#8220;Entre esses homens, há um particularmente cuja ação e palavra devem ser imperativamente refreadas, tal é a astúcia diabólica que mostra na apresentação de seu programa e de suas idéias: trata-se de Karl Marx, gênio mau de todos os que aspiram ao movimento livre e espontâneo da revolta&#8230; Seguia-se então uma longa enumeração dos vícios imperdoáveis do pensamento e da ação de Karl Marx, um catálogo em que se misturava confusamente tudo o que Rupelski podia recriminar ao revolucionário alemão, inclusive sua origem judaica e seua pretensa lascívia (&#8230;) Apesar do tom virulento de Rupelski, a despeito do silêncio religioso que acolhia cada palavra sua, tive a estranha impressão de ter assistido a um sermão dominical, em que o fato de estar presente e escutar bastava para garantir a consciência limpa e sustentar a fé de todos os participantes. Decerto não era ali que se elaboravam os complôs e as decisões irrevogáveis.&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>      E Holmes consegue capturar Rupelski e mantê-lo preso num porão abandonado do edifício em que moram os irmãos (Isabelle até se torna uma amiga do niilista russo). A missão estava completa? Holmes tem a sensaçao que não, sua intuição lhe diz que não aprisionou um tigre, mas um reles chacalzinho, astuto e escorregadio, porém inofensivo. Por isso, decide esperar instruções do próprio Marx&#8230;</p>
<p>      Holmes recebe, então, uma carta de Laura, a filha de Marx casada com o jornalista e colaborador da Internacional Paul Lafargue, dizendo que está em Paris e deseja encontrá-lo no Hotel de Bordeaux. Lá, ele sofre um &#8220;coup de foudre&#8221;: é amor à primeira vista, fica idiotizado, desajeitado, completamente tomado por aquela mulher (e a coisa pelo visto é recíproca): <strong>&#8220;sou incapaz de achar as palavras adequadas para explicar as razões daquela súbita e vergonhosa perda de autocontrole&#8221;</strong>). Mesmo embasbacado, há assuntos urgentes:  ela traz uma carta do pai, escrita no seu estilo característico (pitoresco e misturando palavras de vários línguas, uma das várias coisas que me fazem aproximar na minha cabeça, às vezes, as figuras de Marx e James Joyce). Nessa carta, ele diz que a missão realmente pode ser encerrada, pois ele não corre mais riscos. Holmes informa à Laura que capturou Rupelski (ela até chega a vê-lo no porão onde está trancafiado, embora tenha ficado desconfiada e mesmo em pânico quando Holmes a encaminhou até ali). De qualquer forma, Holmes está apaixonado, citando <em>Werther</em> e completamente indeciso quanto a voltar para a Inglaterra&#8230;</p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/laura_marx.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1730" title="Laura_Marx" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/laura_marx.jpg" alt="" width="409" height="503" /></a></p>
<p>ANOTAÇÕES DO DIA 23.11.09</p>
<p><strong>&#8220;O que há de mais mortal, mais destruidor que a ordem para o espírito curioso, para o olhar esquadrinhador, que encadeia elos aparentemente disparatados, mas na realidade profundamente complexos?&#8221;</strong> (Alexis Decaye, <strong><em>SHERLOCK HOLMES &#38; MARX</em></strong>).</p>
<p>       Em 1974, Nicholas Meyer engenhosamente imaginou um encontro entre Sherlock Holmes e Freud, em razão do vício do primeiro em cocaína, em <em>Uma solução sete por cento (A seven per-cent solution</em>, um dos três livros em que ele reinventou o detetive de Conan Doyle) , que depois seria, infelizmente,  adaptado por Herbert Ross, com sua habitual preguiça de criar qualquer coisa de pessoal ou marcante, num desperdício da inteligência do texto e também do maravilhoso elenco (Nicol Williamson, Robert Duvall, Alan Arkin, Laurence  Olivier, etc). O  filme virou por aqui <em>Visões de Sherlock Holmes </em>e lhe faz falta a  mistura da pena da galhofa &#38; da tinta da melancolia que o mestre Billy Wilder imprimiu a um filme contemporâneo: <em>A vida íntima de Sherlock Holmes</em>.</p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/amsel_sevenpercentsolution.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-1713" title="Amsel_SevenPercentSolution" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/amsel_sevenpercentsolution.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="252" /></a></p>
<p>        Em 1981, fo a vez de Marx. O autor francês <strong>Alexis Lecaye</strong> escreveu o imaginativo <strong><em>SHERLOCK HOLMES &#38; MARX</em></strong>, traduzido há alguns anos por André Telles e publicado numa interessante série da Zahar,  &#8220;Creme do Crime&#8221; (há outra aventura lecayana de Homes, <em>Sherlock Holmes &#38; Einstein</em>).</p>
<p>        <strong>Lecaye </strong>imagina Marx (que morou em Londres boa parte da sua vida) contratando os serviços de um muito jovem Holmes (aliás, ele comete uma ousadia: faz do detetive o próprio narrador das suas aventuras: <strong>&#8220;É a primeira vez, e muito provavelmente a última, que pego da pena, pelo menos no que se refere à redação de um capítulo das minhas Memórias. Outros se encarregaram disso por mim. Por que, então, esse súbito prurido de escrever, esta necessidade irreprimível de traçar eu próprio os contornos esmaecidos de um passado irrevogavelmente morto?&#8230; O caso que vou recordar aqui&#8230; exerceu, mais que qualquer outro, grande influência em minha mocidade. Essa influência chegou inclusive a se estender para além da minha pessoa. O episódio talvez tenha alterado toda a história européia deste fim de se´culo. Será que o próximo também sentirá o seu peso?&#8221;</strong>), na época da eclosão da comuna de Paris (em 1871), quando a capital francesa ficou sitiada por meses, após a derrota francesa na guerra com a Alemanha. Um assassino, a soldo de uma potência estrangeira, pretende eliminar Marx, e este envia Holmes à França durante esses meses revolucionários que o autor de <em>O Capital</em> descreverá com uma retórica majestosa (às  vezes muito exagerada, porém como foi escrito no calor do momento) nos seus panfletos que consituirão <strong><em>A GUERRA CIVIL NA FRANÇA</em></strong>. Dessa mesma época temos as cartas que ele escreveu para seu admirador , o ginecologista L. Kugelmann, <strong>&#8220;que tomou parte em sua juventude no movimento revolucionário de 1848 e por toda a sua vida se considerou um ardente seguidor de Marx&#8221; </strong>(trecho do prefácio de Lênin a essa correspondência).</p>
<p><strong>       </strong>Antes de mais nada: o romance de <strong>Lecaye</strong> é ótimo. Eu teria o maior prazer de indicá-lo (sem que isso represente uma diminuição ou visão paternalista) para jovens leitores: é uma aula de como abordar uma aventura histórica sem pedantismos e sem explicações inúteis, confiando apenas na narrativa e na curiosidade e inteligência do leitor.  Em 170 páginas consegue nos transmitir uma imagem perfeita da Londres vitoriana, dos dias da comuna, da paisagem francesa (que Holmes atravessa para poder chegar a Paris e cumprir sua missão), das querelas ideológicas daquele momento, e, sobretudo, da transformação de Holmes em.. Sherlock Holmes, com as características que o consagrara, através de um relato retrospectivo que é um pouco também um balanço de vida, uma espécie de &#8220;ilusões perdidas&#8221; ou &#8220;educação sentimental&#8221; do detetive inglês. Gostei muito e recomendo (depois teríamos um &#8220;jovem Sherlock Holmes&#8221; muito interessante, também, na visão de Chris Columbus que resultou no filme, para mim e para vários amigos, memorável, porém pouco apreciado pela crítica: <em>O enigma da pirâmide</em>, talvez por ter sido realizado por outro diretor tão bisonho e nulo quanto Herber Ross: Barry Levinson).</p>
<p>      E, por falar em &#8220;jovem&#8221; Sherlock Holmes, abaixo temos uma foto do &#8220;jovem&#8221; Marx, longe do estereótipo de velho barbudão, meio Jeová, consagrado pela posteridade:</p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/marx-jovem.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1716" title="marx jovem" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/marx-jovem.jpg" alt="" width="309" height="450" /></a></p>
<p>      <strong><em>A GUERRA CIVIL NA FRANÇA, </em></strong>fixando definitivamente o conceito de &#8220;luta de classes&#8221; vai tentar interpretar, mesmo no calor da hora, como afirmou Engels (num texto escrito vinte anos mais tarde), a <strong>&#8220;significação histórica da Comuna de Paris&#8221;</strong>: <strong>&#8220;A 28 de maio os últimos combatentes da comuna sucumbiam ante a superioridade de forças do inimigo&#8230; O desarmamento dos operários era considerado o primeiro dever para os burgueses que se achavam na frente do Estado&#8230; Era a primeira vez que a burguesia mostrava a que extremo de crueldade e vingança é capaz de chegar sempre o que o proletariado se atreve a defrontar-se com ela como uma classe independente, que tem seus próprios interesses e reivindicações&#8230; O Segundo Império fora o apelo do chauvinismo francês: a reivindicação das fronteiras do Primeiro Império, perdidas em 1814&#8230; isso implicava a necessidade de guerras periódicas e de ampliação de fronteiras&#8230; não havia extensão territorial que tanto deslumbrasse a fantasia dos chauvinistas franceses como as terras alemãs da margem esquerda do Reno&#8230; Defraudado em suas esperanças de  ´compensações territoriais´ por Bismarck e por sua própria política demasiado astuta e vacilante, não restava a Napoleão </strong>[não o original, bem entendido, e sim o seu desprezível arremedo]<strong> outra saída a não ser a guerra, que se deflagrou em 1870&#8230; A consequência inevitável foi a revolução de Paris de 4 de setembro de 1870. O Império desmoronou-se como um castelo de cartas e foi novamente proclamada a República&#8230;. A 25 de março foi eleita, e a 28, proclamada, a comuna de Paris&#8230; Como os membros da comuna eram todos, quase sem exceção, operários, ou representantes reconhecidos, as suas resoluções se distinguiam por um caráter marcadamente proletário. Uma parte de seus decretos eram reformas que a burguesia republicana não se atrevera a implantar por vil covardia e que lançavam os fundamentos indispensáveis para a livre atuação da classe operária, como por exemplo, a implantação do princípio de que, com relação ao Estado, a religião não é senão um problema de foro íntimo; outros tinham o objetivo de salvaguardar diretamente os interesses da classe operária, algumas vezes mesmo abrindo profundas brechas na velha ordem social. Mas tudo isso, numa cidade sitiada, não podia ir além de um início de realização&#8230; Paris estava submetida a incessante bombardeio e pelas mesmas pessoas que haviam estigmatizado como um sacrilégio o bombardeio da capital pelos prussianos&#8230; E então atingiu o seu ponto culminante aquela matança de homens desarmados, mulheres e crianças&#8230; Logo quando se viu que era impossível matar a todos, vieram as detenções em massa, iniciaram-se os fuzilamentos de vítimas arbitrariamente escolhidas entre as fileiras de prisioneiros e a transferência dos demais para grandes campos de concentração, onde aguardavam o comparecimento diante dos conselhos de guerra.&#8221;</strong> (utilizo aqui o texto constante nas <em>Obras Escolhidas, volume 2, </em>de Karl Marx &#38; Friedrich Engels, publicadas pela Alfa-Õmega; nã há indicação de tradutor).</p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/friedrich_engels.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-1719" title="friedrich_engels" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/friedrich_engels.jpg?w=218" alt="" width="218" height="300" /></a><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/obras-escolhidas-de-marx-e-engels.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1720" title="obras escolhidas de marx e engels" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/obras-escolhidas-de-marx-e-engels.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="312" /></a></p>
<p>         No primeiro dos onze capítulos de <strong><em>SHERLOCK HOLMES &#38; MARX</em></strong>, o detetive novato recebe uma carta de alguém que ele ignora completamente quem seja: Marx, marcando uma reunião no dia 13 de abril de 1871. O indivíduo que se apresenta, com cerca de 55 anos,  tinha <strong>&#8220;estatura ligeiramente inferior à média, vestido com um casacão escuro, um pouco puído, e levemente folgado nos ombros, como se seu proprietário o tivesse pego emprestado de um amigo mais gordo, ou então subitamente emagrecido. Sua tez amarelada, doentia, e as olheiras roxas me fizeram inclinar pela segunda hipótese. Colarinho branco e botinas reluzentes, o restante do seu traje era irrepreensível. Uma grande barba precocemente grisalha, muito na moda em alguns círculos do continente, nele bastante crespa e encimada por um bigode basto e negro, engolia-lhe a parte inferior do rosto, sem conseguir dissimular uma grande boca, de expressão irônica&#8221;</strong>. Holmes fica admirado diante das <strong>&#8220;incrível vitalidade de sua expressão&#8230; Acima de espessas sobrancelhas, erguia-se uma testa imensa e ossuda, com pequenas entradas. O enorme cérebro escondido por trás daquela fronte devia encerrar uma inteligência prodigiosa. O que quer que tivesse vindo me propor, certamente eu não estaria perdendo meu tempo em escutar&#8221;</strong>.</p>
<p>     Em 12 de abril de 1871, Marx escrevia a seu amigo Kugelmann, a respeito da sua saúde: <strong>&#8220;atualmente estou submetido ao tratamento do Dr. Matheson, o qual diz que meus pulmões estão em excelente estado e que a tosse é relacionada com bronquite, e pode afetar o fígado.&#8221;</strong> Ele informa seu correspondente também que, embora  genro (Lafargue) esteja em Paris, sua filha, Laura (guardem esse nome, terá grande importância neste post) não o acompanhou. Nesta carta lemos ainda: <strong>&#8220;Que elasticidade, que iniciativa histórica, que capacidade de sacrifício desses parisienses! Depois de seis meses de fome e ruína, causada mais pela traição que pelo inimigo externo, eles levantam-se por sobre as baionetas prussianas, como se nunca houvera uma guerra entre a França e a Alemanha  e o inimigo não estivesse às portas de Paris. A história não tem exemplo semelhante de tamanha grandeza&#8230;&#8221;<em> </em></strong>(utilizo a edição conjunta, publicada pela Paz &#38; Terra de <em>O 18 Brumário &#38; Cartas a Kugelmann, </em>estas últimas traduzidas por Renato Guimarães).</p>
<p><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/18-brumario.jpg"></a><a href="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/gritodopovo1.jpg"><img title="gritodopovo" src="http://armonte.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/gritodopovo1.jpg?w=1024" alt="" width="1024" height="501" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Tide is Turning Toward Catholicism Because The Pope of Christian Unity (Pope Benedict XVI) Is Gathering the Scattered Flocks Left Behind by Those Who Thought They Knew Better Than The Church]]></title>
<link>http://the-american-catholic.com/2009/11/22/the-tide-is-turning-toward-catholicism-because-the-pope-of-christian-unity-pope-benedict-xvi-is-gathering-the-scattered-flocks-left-behind-by-those-who-thought-they-knew-better-than-the-church/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:38:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dave Hartline</dc:creator>
<guid>http://the-american-catholic.com/2009/11/22/the-tide-is-turning-toward-catholicism-because-the-pope-of-christian-unity-pope-benedict-xvi-is-gathering-the-scattered-flocks-left-behind-by-those-who-thought-they-knew-better-than-the-church/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The Catholic Church has always had a bull’s-eye attached to it, and in truth many of us wouldn’t wan]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>The Catholic Church has always had a bull’s-eye attached to it, and in truth many of us wouldn’t want it any other way, for when we are almost universally loved, as has happened a few times in the last 40 years we have become “of the world,” instead of suffering for the world.”  Lately, during the pontificates of Pope John Paul II and now Pope Benedict XVI dark forces have gathered at the gates of truth attacking the Church for a variety of long held beliefs.  These beliefs can range from the theological to the social. However, following the US Election of 2008 a tidal wave seems to have inundated the Church from the mainstream media, the political realm and even the entertainment world. The Church’s 2,000 year old teachings and beliefs have been attacked in the United States and Western Europe from elected officials, the mainstream media and well known entertainment celebrities. Some of the faithful have become discouraged and questioned me as to how the thesis of my book, <a href="http://www.catholicreport.org/?id=206"><em>The Tide is Turning Toward Catholicism</em>,</a> could possibly be true in light of this news.</p>
<p>The truth of the matter is that against this troubling backdrop the Church continues to grow around the world, especially in African and Asia but even in North America, where much of the onslaught against the Church has emanated. Seminaries and Mother Houses often have no room for those pursuing a vocation and those young African and Asian men and women are often sent to the US or Europe to explore their vocation. Even in the US and pockets of Europe seminaries are experiencing a mini boom. One seminary rector told me that in the 40+ plus years of being affiliated with the Church, he has never seen a longer sustained period of top notch orthodox minded young men coming in and being ordained as he has seen in the last 10 years. Perhaps this is why the powers that be are so angry.</p>
<p>It seemed the US midterm Election of 2006 emboldened the cause of those militant liberals and secularists who have contempt for much of what orthodox minded Catholicism holds dear. Following the results of the Election of 2008, many pundits proclaimed the results as a sea change for America. Agnostics and atheists gleefully announced that a world where religion and especially conservative or orthodox minded Catholicism held sway was being replaced by a humanist brand of religion where age old teachings were replaced by the ideas of “enlightened” religious leaders, agnostic thinkers, and pop culture celebrities. It seemed this new brand of liberal thinker was less idealistic than their 1960s peers and displayed an anger and hostility that was a far cry from the utopian idealism displayed some 40 years ago. Yet, beneath the surface and below the radar screens of many news organizations, lies the hope of the Catholic faithful who hold on to the ideas  imparted by Christ, His Apostles, Popes, Bishops, Priests, Women Religious, Saints and holy laymen and laywomen throughout the centuries.<!--more--></p>
<p>Hope doesn’t merely rest on those being ordained or vowed, but also on those young people who attend Mass. Recent data shows that the 18-30 age group, who attend Mass regularly, are the most supportive of the Church’s teachings and the most pro life of any generation, including their grandparents. How can this be one might ask, aren’t these the same young people who have become pampered by a self absorbed reality show culture and who voted en masse for liberal candidates in the 2008 Election? Actually this particular group of young people has seen firsthand what has happened and is happening to their Catholic friends who have been mesmerized by the increasingly militant secular culture. They have seen their friends check out of regular participation in the Faith, to say nothing of their friends and acquaintances who have turned their existence into sad real life television reality show. Because of this troubling reality, many young people are embracing Eucharistic Adoration and the rosary as a peaceful weapon against the forces of hedonism, self absorption, doubt and fear. The Doubting Thomas’s need look no further than the Catholic blogosphere where orthodox minded sites run by young people run in the hundreds, while liberal leaning sites can almost be counted on one hand.</p>
<p>It always seems to start innocently enough with those hoping to change perceived wrongs. In 1517 the Church was full of too many corrupt and sinful leaders. Martin Luther may have had the best of intentions when he began his actions. Indeed, he could have been many of the Church’s greatest reformers. However, instead of trying to reform the institution as did St Bernard of Clairveaux or St Catherine of Sienna, Luther let his personal demons against authority and sin get the better of him, which sadly caused him to abolish the Sacrament of Confession and the hierarchy when he created his own church. He would become the leader (or so he thought) of the Reformation Church and sin would be all but forgotten.  Never mind what the Scriptures and Sacred Tradition said about authority, Martin Luther had been plagued by fear of authority and sin his entire life, and certainly he must have thought he wasn’t alone. As for Confession, even though it was the first thing Jesus instituted when he returned to the assembled Apostles on Easter Sunday night (John 20:19-23,) Martin Luther abolished it. Dutch Philosopher and frequent Church critic Erasmus and a future Catholic saint, Sir Thomas More both reached the same conclusion about Luther. They both voiced the opinion that he must be mad to think that 1,500 after the fact he knew better than the Church.</p>
<p>When some of Luther’s fellow leaders of the Protestant Reformation had a problem with the Church’s teaching on the Eucharist and Blessed Virgin Mary, which Luther largely didn’t have a problem with, Luther became enraged. At the Marburg Colloquy Luther was shown the door when he told his colleagues that he would rather drink blood with the pope then listen to their ramblings. They never met again but the damage had already been done and Pandora’s Box was wide open.   Luther thought everyone who disagreed with the Church would naturally follow him. It did not happen and some five hundred years later and some 40,000 denominations and independent churches later, here we are even though Christ specifically told us to be One with One Shepherd (John 10:16.)</p>
<p>During the French Revolution, some 40,000 Catholic clergy, laity and nobility were starved, beaten to death or beheaded. Some of the very nobility who helped to kick out the Jesuits a few years earlier thought the revolution might not be all bad, perhaps a good way to thumb their nose at the Church. However, some months later, one would think they might have had second thoughts while looking up at the guillotine. Before the Russian Revolution some of the very elites who would suffer the same grisly fate as the Romanovs actually helped fund the Bolsheviks, perhaps thinking they were showing their trendy side by funding the same cause that their western cousins found so exciting.</p>
<p>As you can see a construct began to emerge, talented, intelligent and often financially well to do people with a lot of time on their hands began to somehow believe they knew better than the Church. It is nothing new, as one could say it started in the Garden or even before when the “light bearer” was supposedly repulsed by the idea of the Incarnation and tried to take over heaven. St Michael the Archangel booted the Prince of Lies out and today he tries to assuage others, most often using the formula of the seven deadly sins in order to join him in his kingdom of horrors.  Unchecked egos can lead to our eternal downfall.</p>
<p>The 1960s set the stage for a tumultuous period in the Church. The times, as Bob Dylan reminded us, certainly were a changing. In 1961 some 500,000 people gathered in San Francisco’s City Park for a Rosary Rally, some six years later the same park was filled with what one would assume was a different crowd tripping out on LSD and espousing and practicing free love. Some liberals will tell you San Francisco was always liberal, obviously it wasn’t that liberal in 1961.</p>
<p>Vatican II, the transformational council which was called by Pope John XXIII, but had wanted to be called by Pope Pius XII before he fell ill, was in some ways the Church’s finest hour. However, activists within the Church would later twist the words of the Council and try to change the Church into something unrecognizable for many Catholics. The Council’s documents were as orthodox as anything coming out of Nicaea, Chalcedon, Ephesus etc. However, some twisted the words of the holy assembly and tried to make parish churches into something architecturally resembling a warehouse, not a holy place of worship. It didn’t stop there.</p>
<p>Some seemed to think that if the Byrds, Peter, Paul and Mary and Bob Dylan were popular on the radio, their sound might be popular at Mass. After all it wasn’t like they wanted these new found parish musical groups to do a cover version of Led Zeppelin’s Good Times Bad Times or Jimi Hendrix’s The Wind Cries Mary at Mass.  What would be the harm they thought? However, Francis Beckwith noted after returning to the Church some 25 years after leaving it, why would we want to hear a bad Bob Dylan cover band when we could hear the real thing on the stereo or in concert? Many parish musical groups were talented, reverent and joyous. Sadly, some parish musical groups sounded like an American Idol first round reject that incurred the wrath of Simon Cowell, rather than something holy, solemn or joyful.  Again, it didn’t stop</p>
<p>Some within the Church seemed to think that with the invention of the Birth Control Pill, if some young people were acting like rabbits, better to have them use the pill than to avoid it. Those who often felt this way seemed to think abortions were awash since it had to be a blob of tissue rather than a human being. Time and ultrasounds would prove this horrific conclusion wrong. In addition the birth control pill caused a demographic nightmare in the western world leaving the young to pay for the care of the old, who were much larger in number. Unfortunately, by the time many figured this out, millions had left the Church for something they felt was more tangible. Men in particular were turned off by homilies that had more in common with Alan Alda, David Gates &#38; Bread and Air Supply more than they did an exhortation coming from a priest whose very title meant in the person of Christ.</p>
<p>Church liberals felt happy because in a way they had chased out the very element they had disliked (conservative oriented males) while welcoming in those who had a more liberal view of life. Just when thought they were in the driver’ seat, as evidenced by the censured priest Father Hans Kung’s 1980s assertion that liberals were now in control of most dioceses, seminaries and parishes, they realized their hold on the Church was slipping away. In Germany&#8217;s famed seminary of Tubingen, gone were the days when the liberal intelligentsia snickered as their “old school” Professor Father Josef Ratzinger huffed and puffed his way around town on his bicycle, while the rebel cause célèbre Father Kung tooled about in his sporty Porsche. The waves he enlisted from his fellow liberal elites, who had plenty of time on their hands, must now look like some grainy black and white movetone video of days gone by.</p>
<p>Younger liberals might be forgiven if they mistakenly believed the canard told by their elder comrades that 1950s Catholic leaders and especially bishops were all right wing conservatives who had no patience for the ideas of liberals but possessed the patience of Job for fellow conservatives. In his memoirs published shortly after his death, the late Senator Edward Kennedy wrote that his famous father the former Ambassador to England Joseph P Kennedy would often socialize with Richard Cardinal Cushing of Boston.  Senator Kennedy wrote that his father always called the famous prelate by his first name.</p>
<p>In a revealing account the late Senator spoke of an incident in which brother Bobby, the future Senator from New York, heard a controversial conservative priest at a Boston lecture whose views about Protestant salvation were deemed very conservative. After Bobby’s father made a phone call to “Richard” the priest was promptly booted from the Archdiocese. Senator Edward Kennedy surmises that because of this incident, his brother Bobby unwittingly played a part in bringing about Vatican II. As one can clearly see from this example, the right wing Catholic hierarchy may not have existed as vividly as it did in some liberal’s imagination.</p>
<p>Because of bold action taken under the pontificates of Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, an extended period of younger more orthodox minded seminarians, priests and women religious have entered the Church. Recent bishop’s appointments have also skewed more orthodox or conservative in their political and social leanings. The orthodox nature of these two pontiffs’ theological views has brought admiration from an unlikely quarter, Evangelicals. Many Evangelicals look with alarm at their own denominations and see an ally in the Catholic Church. Enter Pope Benedict XVI, whose pontificate couldn’t have come at a better time. He truly is “The Pope of Christian Unity,” rallying the Christian faithful to the call of theological and social orthodoxy which is the only hope an increasingly secular world has of saving itself from itself.</p>
<p>From Stalin to Mao to the radicals behind the flaming barricades of 1968 Paris, as well as today’s militant secular activists in Europe and the US, the world has seen the sort of outcome freedom from religion brings; utter chaos, mayhem and worse yet unrelenting violence against those who disapprove of espousing a militant secular agenda. Against this nefarious and sinister backdrop the Holy Spirit saw to it that the “springtime” promised by Pope John Paul II would continue with the blossoming pontificate of Pope Benedict XVI. East and west, north and south the octogenarian pontiff travels to meet with other Christian leaders and propose better relations against a backdrop of increasing violence and hedonism which is paralyzing an already troubled world. When theologian Matthew Fox, who had penchant for polytheism, was censured by then Cardinal Ratzinger, the censured theologian took out a full page ad in the New York Times that read, &#8220;I Have Been Silenced.&#8221; The smoke of Satan that Pope Paul VI had lamented had entered the Vatican was being swept out by the pontificates of Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, but not before many choked on the fumes of self absoprtion emitted by Fox and many others.</p>
<p>Jesus warned us about the hired hands that would leave the flock when the wolves came, which is why he implored us to remain One (John 10:16.) These modern day religious hired hands were influenced by Marx, Engels, Freud and the latest pop culture bards more than they were by Scripture or Sacred Tradition. Whether inside the Church or in other Christian communities, they fled from the truth when it came. The world needed a man who would fight off the wolves and gather together the scattered and injured flock. The day the newly installed Pope Benedict XVI celebrated his Inauguration Mass he told the faithful assembled in St Peter’s Square to pray for him that he would not run when the wolves came. He has not and because of it he was ridiculed by many in the mainstream media, other Christian communities and even the Church itself. However, the discerning Christian faithful now see the picture more clearly.</p>
<p>The  sad reality of division is beginning to see it’s elixir is in the pontificate of the man from Bavaria, who has seen the worst of what life has to offer and thus he is making it his life’ work to make sure that this won’t happen again.  Pope Benedict XVI is reaching out to all Christian communities and asking them to join him in protecting the sacredness of all that binds Christianity as well as the sanctity that hold society together. The tide is turning thanks to Pope Benedict XVI, “The Pope of Christian Unity.”</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ch&aacute;vez convoca a 5&ordf; Internacional Socialista na Venezuela]]></title>
<link>http://edsonrodrigues.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/chvez-convoca-a-5-internacional-socialista-na-venezuela/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 13:55:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>edsonjrodrigues</dc:creator>
<guid>http://edsonrodrigues.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/chvez-convoca-a-5-internacional-socialista-na-venezuela/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#160; O presidente venezuelano, Hugo Chávez, convocou neste sábado (21) a 5ª Internacional Socialis]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h3>&#160;</h3>
<h6><font size="2" face="Arial"><em>O presidente venezuelano, Hugo Chávez, convocou neste sábado (21) a 5ª Internacional Socialista em um encontro com representantes de mais de 50 partidos de esquerda reunidos em um evento realizado em Caracas desde quinta-feira (19). &#34;Atrevo-me a convocar a 5ª Internacional para retomar a 1ª, a 2ª, a 3ª, a 4ª&#34;, disse Chávez, entre aplausos dos participantes.</em></font></h6>
<p><img style="display:block;float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" alt="Chávez" src="http://admin.paginaoficial1.tempsite.ws/admin/arquivos/biblioteca/quinta.jpg3026.jpg" /></p>
<p>Chávez e Evo Morales com representantes de partidos de esquerda reunidos em Caracas</p>
<p>Chávez recordou que passaram 145 anos da convocação de Karl Marx da 1ª Internacional; 120 anos da 2ª Internacional convocada por Friedrich Engels; 90 anos da convocação de Lenin da 3ª Internacional e 71 anos da convocação de Trotsky da 4ª Internacional.   <br />Na opinião do mandatário, o mundo novo, necessário e possível, nasceu só que o império estadunidense e seus aliados o querem liquidar antes de que cresça.</p>
<p>Manifestou que esse império velho, essa classe dominante de idéias retrógadas, racistas e fascistas anda cheio de ódio com a espada levantada tratando de cercear a esperança que nasceu.    <br />&#34;Acho que a 5ª Internacional é uma responsabilidade porque a crise a nível mundial se acelera&#34;, proclamou.    <br />&#34;Se fosse possível ao Partido Socialista Unido da Venezuela (PSUV) e outro partido deste mundo conformar o primeiro núcleo da 5ª Internacional, o faríamos&#34;, disse Chávez.</p>
<p>E acrescentou: &#34;estou certo de que se poderia contar com mais levando em conta que estão aqui reunidos 52 organizações partidárias de esquerda&#34;.    <br />O presidente venezuelano disse que as organizações partidárias presentes ao encontro devem refletir sobre a convocatória da 5ª Internacional e depois responder se é oportuna esta convocação.</p>
<p>Neste sábado, os representantes dos diversos partidos da izquierda internacional que assistem ao encontro que se realiza em Caracas discutem o documento final onde esperam condenar a instalação de bases militares norte-americanas em território colombiano, assim como o apoio a diversos movimentos revolucionários em várias partes do mundo.</p>
<p>Entre as principais propostas a serem incluídas no texto está a condenação enfática ao golpe de Estado en Honduras e à continuidade do bloqueio econômico imposto pelos EUA contra o povo cubano.    <br />Com informações da Prensa Latina</p>
<p>Fonte: Imprensa Latina</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Our treasured family values: scribbling like a mad potato like the one I saw in a run-down wet market filled with earthworms, screaming beggars, fighting vendors, and <i>siesta</i>-fanatics eager to forget the trauma caused by Ondoy and Pepeng who weren't even invited to attend Pacman's victory party over Pacmom's debut movie about happy families resembling one another but that every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way, only to realize that it was Tolstoy who said that in Anna Karenina (not the TV soap) just to prove that he's a prrrrrrrroud Rrrrrrrrrussian and that I'm not... but there's still sunshine left!]]></title>
<link>http://filipinoscribbles.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/our-treasured-family-values-scribbling-like-a-mad-potato-like-the-one-i-saw-in-a-run-down-wet-market-filled-with-earthworms-screaming-beggars-fighting-vendors-and-siesta-fanatics-eager-to-forget-t/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 02:05:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Pepe</dc:creator>
<guid>http://filipinoscribbles.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/our-treasured-family-values-scribbling-like-a-mad-potato-like-the-one-i-saw-in-a-run-down-wet-market-filled-with-earthworms-screaming-beggars-fighting-vendors-and-siesta-fanatics-eager-to-forget-t/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Like all the best families, we have our share of eccentricities, of impetuous and wayward youngsters]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><em>Like all the best families, we have our share of eccentricities, of impetuous and wayward youngsters and of family disagreements.</em> &#8211;Queen Elizabeth II&#8211;</p>
<p><em>The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation into a mere money relation. &#8211;Friedrich Engels</em>&#8211;</p>
<p><em>Call it a clan, call it a network, call it a tribe, call it a family:<br />
Whatever you call it, whoever you are, you need one.</em> &#8211;Jane Howard&#8211;</p>
<p><em>I just got to have a family.</em> &#8211;Pepe Alas&#8211;</p>
<p>*******</p>
<p><em><strong>Facebook: What&#8217;s on my mind?</strong></em></p>
<p><strong>Pepe Alas</strong> <em>Going through very difficult times again: still no nannies for our kids; no choice, can&#8217;t go to work; writer&#8217;s block; depression; frequent low blood pressure attacks; and worse, our rent-to-own house might be cancelled, and it&#8217;s not even our fault. Good grief&#8230; why us??? =( Thu at 6:52pm</em><br />
<strong>Pepe Alas</strong> I&#8217;d really appreciate it if anyone of you would take care two of our four kids for just a few days. Don&#8217;t worry: they&#8217;re polite and nice and loveable&#8230; exactly like their dad! And they&#8217;re fun to be with! They might even teach you some Spanish. Por favor, help us&#8230; Thu at 7:31pm<br />
<strong>Jaime Martinez del Rio</strong> Pepe, animo! Ojala pudiera ayudar y estoy seguro de que muchos amigos tuyos lo haran. Si de algo sirven mi apoyo moral y amistad eso lo tienes! Aun cuando nos cubren los nubarrones mas negros aun ahi hay esperanza, y siempre vienen los tiempos mejores. Dios nos ama, ya veras que todo estara mejor! Thu at 7:37pm<br />
<strong>Anmie Samson Martinez</strong> Relax lang. This too shall pass. Why will your &#8220;rent-to-own&#8221; contract be cancelled? What happened? Thu at 8:13pm<br />
<strong>Leslie Nobleza</strong> hay mdmi tlg may gnyang problema.. ngka2ubusan n ata ng yaya ah.. ako pwde, mga 100k/month.hihihi Thu at 8:30pm<br />
<strong>Arnaldo Arnáiz</strong> hang on there hombre, help is chopperin&#8217; down&#8230; Thu at 11:34pm<br />
<strong>Ragna Ivez</strong> pWdE b kO magAppLy, bUkoD s FrEe TuTpAsTe, sHampU at sAbOn..kLangAn mAy fRee mEaL, 2LuGan, dAILy gMik aLloWaNce (xMpRe pSyaL kMi ng mGa kIdoz) at ang rAte kO eh 3K a day wIth TutOriAL uN ah.. ahahha&#8230; kYa nYo yAn&#8230; sMiLe p rIn.. aJaaaaaaa!!! Thu at 11:46pm<br />
<strong>Joaquin Montenegro Pertierra</strong> galing ren ako diyan more than a week ago, hirap talaga! Yesterday at 1:52am<br />
<strong>Ann Cecil Evora</strong> kaya mo yan cuz! Yesterday at 1:56am<br />
<strong>Levi Landrito Soledad</strong> You&#8217;ll get past through this Panyero, steady lang. Yesterday at 6:52am<br />
<strong>Lian Gabrielle Santos</strong> Tado!! Este Pepe pala!!! Yakang yaka mo yan Peps!! Kaw pa! You&#8217;re no spanish speaking rep for nothing!!! Yesterday at 12:11pm<br />
<strong>Pepe Alas</strong> Thanks everyone, for the moral support. Being a depressive, I really need it. My wife couldn&#8217;t take the pressure. Partly, it&#8217;s my fault; I&#8217;ve been grouch, myself. Now she already left our home together with two of our youngest boys. Pacasalán co na lang daw yung mga pinagsúsusulat co. I shouldn&#8217;t be writing about this here in Facebook. Caso grabe ang samá ng loób co ngayón. Waláng macá-usap, eh. =( Yesterday at 4:58pm<br />
<strong>Ragna Ivez</strong> wKa n sAd JoMz&#8230; sUNdUin mO n cLa, ngHhNtay cLa s u.. b sTrOng.. bOth of U ni JenNy.. oKi?! kEeP oN rOckIn.. aJa&#8230; Yesterday at 5:09pm<br />
<strong>Ria Gee D</strong> hey cheer up its just one of those days..mahal ka non..alam na alam ko yun Yesterday at 6:16pm<br />
<strong>Leslie Nobleza</strong> sad.. espero q todo salga bien amigo. el Señor va a ayudarte. Today at 1:31pm<br />
<strong>Anthony Castillo</strong> nid lng ni yeyette ng time space warp, be patient.</p>
<p><strong>Pepe Alas</strong> <em>had an ugly fight with Yeyette. Might separate&#8230; =( Yesterday at 3:29pm</em><br />
<strong>Din Velilla</strong> =( kapatid&#8230; sad&#8230; i hope you can still fix it! Yesterday at 3:30pm<br />
<strong>Ann Michelle Tulod</strong> ;( Yesterday at 3:31pm<br />
<strong>Lilet Alas Fernandez</strong> AY SUS&#8230; LILIPAS DIN YAN!!LOVE NYO ISA&#8217;T ISA EH DI BA?? Yesterday at 4:25pm<br />
<strong>Nante Cole</strong> pare maayos din yan. dami nyo na pinag daanan eh. wala yan! kayo pa Yesterday at 4:26pm<br />
<strong>Lilet Alas Fernandez</strong> Pressured lang kyo kc wala kayong househelp&#8230; Yesterday at 4:27pm<br />
<strong>Buenafe DelMundo De Padua</strong> ssshh&#8230; pepe and yet, talk it over guys <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' />  Yesterday at 4:37pm<br />
<strong>Pepe Alas </strong>Too late. She already left the house with Jefe and Juanito. I was able to persuade her to leave Krystal and Momay. Krystal is still crying. What did I do to deserve this?&#8230; =( Yesterday at 4:55pm<br />
<strong>Buenafe DelMundo De Padua</strong> &#8230; it will be sorted out. however.. Yesterday at 4:59pm<br />
<strong>April Ordiales-Katigbak</strong> follow her and talk to her&#8230; =( Yesterday at 5:23pm<br />
<strong>Ai Ivy Chua</strong> aaww, if you really love each other and still want to work it out, go to her and talk it out when both of you cools down&#8230;.things will work out fine buddy, just have faith *hugs* Yesterday at 6:09pm<br />
<strong>Maureen Tiamsic-Dulay</strong> Anooo? panu na yung forever? Ikaw na lang magpakababa. I know you guys will be able to work it out. Yesterday at 7:06pm ·<br />
<strong>Pogi Nazaret</strong> jom, I hope you&#8217;re not pulling another jomar&#8230; You&#8217;ve been through so much already&#8230; Yesterday at 7:17pm ·<br />
<strong>Imee Rabang</strong> relax lang chong&#8230; baka nag-hahanap lang din si Yeyette ng space&#8230;am sure she loves you and your children that much, to give up your family will never be an option. Yesterday at 7:30pm<br />
<strong>Jose Alberto Afanador Herrera</strong> PEPITO.. TEN CONFIANZA EN DIOS DE QUE TODO TE SALDRÁ BIEN&#8230; NO EXISTE NINGÚN MATRIMONIO QUE NO DISCUTA, ASÍ QUE, PON TU FÉ EN JESÚS HIJO DE DIOS TODOPODEROSO Y VERÁS QUE LAS COSAS VOLVERÁN A SU CAUCE. TEN MUCHA PACIENCIA HERMANO, y SOBRETODO DIALOGA CON TU SEÑORA ESPOSA.. SÉ QUE NO DEBE SER FÁCIL PERO SÍ SE PUEDE. TE SALUDA TU HERMANO VENEZOLANO. UN ABRAZO PEPITO. Yesterday at 9:19pm<br />
<strong>George Madriaga</strong> chillax amigo !!!! Yesterday at 10:22pm<br />
<strong>Anthony Castillo</strong> hayz&#8230; Yesterday at 11:08pm<br />
<strong>Maria Rubia Alas</strong> are you serious this tym, Jomar? o biro2 lang? Today at 12:11am<br />
<strong>Cake Mendoza</strong> This IS a heartbreaking post. I hope you two work things out&#8230; :&#8217;( Today at 12:55am<br />
<strong>Jennifer Sanguir</strong> May gusto lang sabihin si Yeyette na hindi mo magets joms&#8230;importante pa din ang pag uusap. Today at 3:26am<br />
<strong>Myla Irene Penson</strong> i hope everything will be fine soon&#8230; Today at 3:45am<br />
<strong>Paolo Raphael Balicao</strong> kuya ayusin nio yan..wag pdalos dalos sa desisyon..goodluck Today at 8:59am<br />
<strong>Ryan B. Palisoc</strong>dude kmusta nsa marcelo nko nktira ano cell mo kita kits tyo minsan yngats and regards kay misis heres my no.09062700407 gb Today at 12:03pm<br />
<strong>Ryan B. Palisoc</strong> dude there are times na mahairap dmi nyo na pinagdaanan wg nio isuko ang laban &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.usap lng yan Today at 12:05pm<br />
<strong>Aileen Candido</strong> usap lang at magintindihan &#8230;mahirap ang iniisip mo Today at 1:02pm<br />
<strong>Jesse Soriano</strong> mzta na po 11 hours ago</p>
<p>*******</p>
<p><em><strong>Facebook: messages</strong></em></p>
<blockquote><p>Janis Santiago November 20 at 5:40pm </p>
<p>Hola de nuevo! I read your shout out.. what&#8217;s wrong??</p>
<p>Pepe, hayaan mo muna si Yeyette, para lang bumaba un tension between the 2 of you&#8230; at Para makapagisip kayong dalawa. You know, Yan ang scenario everyday, pagnaghiwalay kayo.. watak-watak un family nyo and your kids will be confused..<br />
Un mga days na di kayo magkasama, both of you will realize that. May be hindi pa today kc asar pa kayo sa isa&#8217;t-isa.. Pero, eventually, pagnawala na un inis, then reality will begin to sink in.. both of you will miss each other.. Sometimes, hiwalayan isn&#8217;t permanent. May be kaya sya umalis so she could breathe.</p>
<p>Maybe nag freak out lang kayo sa mga pressures ng pagkakataon lately like walang maid, bills to pay, di makapasok sa work etc. and napasukan ng inis. Pero nalampasan nyo naman un dati, so, i&#8217;m sure malalampasan nyo ulit to. Ito un time na dapat you pray hard. Ask help from God and healing from angel Raphael. Effective sya, promise. Sabihin mo sa kanya lahat ng problems mo, talk to him like as if he&#8217;s just your bestfriend.. Hindi beer ang solution, magdasal ka.<br />
Later, i&#8217;ll ask un maid ng neighbor ko na may kamag anak sa Laguna if meron silang alam na gustong mamasukan dyan. God Bless ü </p>
<p>4 na un mga anak ninyo, tsaka pa ba kayo maghihiwalay?? I mean, isipin nyo un mga anak ninyo kc kawawa naman sila if masisira un family nyo..</p></blockquote>
<p>Hi Janis.</p>
<p>You are right. <em>Ngayón pa nga lang nagpapalitan na camí ng </em>txt messages<em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Sobra, talagáng nag-</em>freak<em> out na camí parejo. Ang hirap ng apat ang anác, tapos walá namáng mag-aalagà. May pambayad namán camí, walá namáng mahanap. Tapos yung problema pa namin sa <a href="http://www.pagibigfund.gov.ph/">PAG-IBIG Fund</a> at <a href="http://www.chmigroup.com/subs_bay_hill_exclusive.html">CHMI</a>. Bacá bawiin yung bahay na binilí namin noóng isáng taón. Ang problema hindí sa aquin, eh &#8212; dun sa compañíang pinagtátrabahuhan co ngayón. Tapos yung </em>credit card debts <em>namin palaquí na ng palaquí. May pambayad din caso palaguí cong nacacalimutan &#8212; ewan co ba. Tapos yung mga dapat cong isulat, hindí co masimulán &#8212; dahil nahíhirapan na acóng magsulát. Ang paquiramdám co tulóy, ang bobo-bobo co ná. Casí hindí na talagá acó catulad ng dati: isáng upó lang, may verso na caagád acóng naiisip. Ngayón, tuyót na. Tapos nahihirapan camí sa mga gawáing bahay. Ayoco talagáng gumawà. Ang gusto co lang magsulát, magbasá, magsulát, magbasá&#8230;</em></p>
<p>We&#8217;ve been on our own since we eloped 10 years ago. <em>Talagáng waláng camág-anac na puede naming mahiñgán ng tulong.</em> We&#8217;ve been away from them ever since. <em>At isá pá, nacácahiya namáng mang-istorbo. Iláng taóng waláng balita sa amin, tapos magpáparamdam lang camí capág may cailañgang tulong.</em></p>
<p>You know, I&#8217;ve caused my wife so much hurt because of my odd behavior. They say it&#8217;s a &#8220;writer&#8217;s thing&#8221;, a chronicler&#8217;s eccentricity. I do not want to be disturbed whenever I ponder on some things that I need to scribble down. Whenever I do that, I tend to neglect so many things. Including my responsibilities to my family.</p>
<p>I don&#8217;t even know how to go further with this explanation (excuse? defense?). It&#8217;s so private, yet I tend to go public with it (by posting it here on <a href="http://filipinoscribbles.wordpress.com">FILIPINO eSCRIBBLES</a>. It&#8217;s stupid, just plain stupid. We should&#8217;ve just talked about my dilemma using our language, then post the conversation in <a href="http://alasfilipinas.blogspot.com">ALAS FILIPINAS</a>. But then again, nobody here in the silly Philies would understand us &#8212; fu©k the 1987 Constitution for that! Nobody&#8217;d understand me. I won&#8217;t be able to understand myself. And I want the whole world to understand me&#8230;</p>
<p>Yes, I&#8217;m begging for poignancy, <strong>and that&#8217;s just to keep my fu©k!ng unsharpened pen sharp</strong>, <em>matulis</em>, <em>con punta</em>, and with much life, enough to wake up sleeping trees bending gently with the breeze, and for sobbing statesmen with the same family problems &#8211;hidden from public scrutiny and entertainment&#8211; to sit up and orate extemporaneously about my being an out and out individualist, in love with humanities, in love with my psyche, frustrated with society, angry at so many things that I want to control but couldn&#8217;t, angry at my childhood, angry at the slipshod <em>masa</em>, angry at the lifestyles of the rich and boring, angry at the present, worried about the future, longing for what was then, all-mixed up, going crackers again&#8230;</p>
<p>Sorry Janis, my mind&#8217;s a vortex of an uncompounded rage as I write this&#8230;&#8230;. I couldn&#8217;t even ask for Archangel Raphael&#8217;s intercession right now. I still remember what my friend <a href="http://www.thespinaltap.com/">JB Lazarte</a> told me the last time we met in 2004. He said that when he heard the news that Yeyette and I had a child (Krystal, in 2000), he somehow felt compunctious over what would happen to me as a writer now that I&#8217;ll have other responsibilities. But I understood him perfectly well because <em>Señor</em> <a href="http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Guillermo_Gomez_Rivera">Guillermo Gómez Rivera</a> shared to me the same reaction months before.</p>
<p>&#8220;The main reason why my wife and I separated,&#8221; said he, &#8220;was because of all these.&#8221; And he pointed out to me the countless tomes of books scattered on his floor, stacked on his shelves, books and magazines under the bed, inside the washroom, within the kitchen walls. Yeah, it was then why I understood why Paciano Rizal and the other Freemasons kept José Rizal from being married to Leonor Rivera&#8230;</p>
<blockquote><p>He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. &#8211;Sir Francis Bacon (with ham, eggs, fried rice, and Tang orange juice)&#8211;</p></blockquote>
<p>Old man Gómez&#8217;s marriage was a failure. But he achieved so much it makes me want to puke with envy&#8230;</p>
<p><em>Pero normal namán talagá ang mga hindí pagcacá-unawaán sa familia. Minsan, mahirap talagáng maiwasan yun. Pero minsan, may mga away na mabigát. Catulad na lang ng nangyaring itó sa amin ni Yeyette cahapon. Sa tuwíng may mabigát na away, magháhamon ng hiwalayan (at gagatuñgan pa ng mga</em> in-laws<em>)</em>. Sometimes, I&#8217;d like to think that I&#8217;m single again, so that I could do the things that I really want without any hassle.</p>
<p>I&#8217;ve never had a bachelor&#8217;s life because I got married at a very young age (nineteen). But I&#8217;m not exactly after a swinging bachelor&#8217;s life. I&#8217;m just looking for a sense of freedom&#8230; For &#8216;man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains&#8217; (fu©k you for that, Rousseau). I yearn for liberty, but not exactly from matrimony. I&#8217;m refering to something else. And that something else is lurking behind the perpetually rainy mountains of Monte de Maquíling, in the forbidden forests of Mindanáo, in the ancient rivers of the Visayas&#8230; I want to embrace what no man has dared embrace before&#8230;</p>
<p>But I just couldn&#8217;t anymore.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s difficult to pretend what I am not. I just couldn&#8217;t think of myself without my Krystal, my Momay, my Jefe, my Juanito.</p>
<p>Life will seem to be difficult without Yeyette by my side. Life won&#8217;t even be life at all without her and our children.</p>
<p>Just observe what&#8217;s happening right now inside my mind while she&#8217;s away: deathly neurons exploding like heartache bits inside a microwave-like cerebral cortex &#8212; poppin&#8217; and poppin&#8217; and poppin&#8217; and Mary poppin&#8217;&#8230; I&#8217;d go crazy without my family. If I&#8217;ll ever lose them, expect to see me makin&#8217; love to a sexless <em>táong grasa</em> soon.</p>
<p>What about my, uh, responsibilities as a scribbler and &#8220;self-styled&#8221; defender of the national identity silently rumbling within the fabric of the Filipino cosmos? This is the price I have to pay. If I&#8217;m destined to have a life like this, then so be it. At the very least, I am not economically downtrodden. And I should be thankful for that.</p>
<p>The road to the truth has never been easy. Damn, I ain&#8217;t even a saint. Just who the fu©k am I? I&#8217;m just a piece of turd from an eternally swiveling galactic dust going nowhere for aeons.</p>
<p>Thus, I feel like the fictitious messiah of Martin Scorsese&#8217;s The Last Temptation of Christ. I tend to runaway from being crucified.</p>
<p>But that&#8217;s just the way it has to be.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, Janis, you made my day, my dear friend. We&#8217;re sending text messages now. Yeyette&#8217;s a very strong person; I am not. She&#8217;s only made weak whenever I scream at her out of my frustration about so many things in life. She&#8217;s been very patient with me, especially during my godless days.</p>
<p><em>Quisiera darte mi agradecimiento, por todo tu apoyo y consejo en estos tiempos malditos de cólera. Te quiero mucho como mi amiga, Janis. Que Dios te bendiga.</em> I&#8217;ll go see Yeyette in <a href="http://216.119.104.87/article/ayala_malls_atc">ATC</a> right now. With our children. For lunch. We&#8217;ll talk. About a lot of things. Let&#8217;s see what&#8217;ll happen. <em>Cacayanin namin itó, lalong lalo na&#8217;t alám namin na &#8216;di camí nag-íisa.</em></p>
<p>A todos nuestros amigos, gracias por la inquietud que teneis sobre nuestra situación.</p>
<p>¡Y gracias por vuestro amor!</em></p>
<p>Facebook alert: today is the feast day of Christ The King&#8230;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[From the archive of struggle, no.39: Trotsky in Glasgow special feature]]></title>
<link>http://poumista.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/from-the-archive-of-struggle-no-39-trotsky-in-glasgow-special-feature/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 17:15:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>antigerman</dc:creator>
<guid>http://poumista.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/from-the-archive-of-struggle-no-39-trotsky-in-glasgow-special-feature/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This week&#8217;s feature archive is the University of Glasgow&#8217;s Special Collections. Specific]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>This week&#8217;s feature archive is the <a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/index.html">University of Glasgow&#8217;s Special Collections</a>. Specifically, I will focus on the <strong><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/trotsky/">Leon Trotsky Virtual Exhibition</a></strong>. To be honest, it is not a particularly good example of an on-line exhibition in terms of informativeness (although their is a <a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/trotsky/chrono.html">chronology of the Old Man&#8217;s life</a>) or zip, but it has some great examples of cover art, and certainly <a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/trotsky/overview.html">lots of stuff </a>I&#8217;d like to look at. Here are some features. (<em>All hyperlinks in the text below and all text in square brackets added by me &#8211; Poumista</em>.)</p>
<p><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/F73.12%20copy.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/F73.12%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="163" /></a></p>
<p><strong><em>Cours nouveau</em></strong><br />
Paris: 1924<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky F73.12Edited and translated by Boris Souvarine, this is a French translation of <em>Novyi kurs (New course)</em>, a work which grew out of a series of articles in Pravda in December 1923. An English translation of this work did not appear until 1943.</p>
<p>[In <a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1923/newcourse/index.htm">this text</a>, Trotsky criticised the bureaucratisation of the Party, the violation of democracy and the failure to develop adequate economic planning. It marked the start of an open conflict with Stalin, prior to Lenin's death. For his support for Trostky, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Souvarine">Souvarine </a>was removed from his official roles within the PCF in early 1924, and was expelled by the Comintern in July. I am not sure whether this publication was before his expulsion or afterwards, nor who published it.]</p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" />
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/D88%20copy.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/D88.18.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="149" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><strong><em>Mijn leven</em></strong><em> [My Life]</em><br />
Amsterdam: Querido, 1930<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky D88.18. The first German, Russian, English and Dutch editions of Trotsky’s famous autobiography.</p>
<p><em>[<a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/index.htm">English text here</a> (or <a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/1930-lif.pdf">very large pdf here</a>). I like the modernist graphic style of this Dutch edition. -P.]</em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/F73.91tif%20copy.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/F73.91%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="162" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><a href="http://www.marxists.org/francais/trotsky/livres/revtrahie/frodcp.htm"><strong><em>La revolution Trahie</em></strong></a><br />
Traduit de Russe par Victor Serge. 13e Edition.<br />
Paris: Grasset, 1936<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky F73.91</p>
<p><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/S62.249.jpg"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/S62.249.jpg"> <img class="alignright" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/S62.253.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="144" /></a><a href="http://www.marxists.org/espanol/trotsky/1930s/rt/index.htm"><strong><em>La revolution traicionada</em></strong></a><br />
Version Castellana del autor.<br />
Buenos Aires: Claridad, 1938<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky S62.249<a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/revbet/index.htm"><em>The Revolution Betrayed</em></a>, Trotsky’s Marxist analysis of what happened to the Russian Revolution after the death of Lenin, translated into <a href="http://www.marxists.org/francais/trotsky/livres/revtrahie/frodcp.htm">French </a>and <a href="http://www.marxists.org/portugues/trotsky/1936/revolucaotraida/index.htm">Portugese</a>.</p>
<p>[<a href="http://www.marxists.org/catala/trotsky/1936/revtra/index.htm">Text in Catalan</a>.]</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/S62.213.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/S62.213%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="166" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><strong><em>Su moral y la nuestra</em></strong><br />
Mexico: Ediciones de Clave, 1939<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky S62.213The first Spanish edition of <em>Ikh moral I nasha (<a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/morals/morals.htm">Their morals and ours</a>)</em> [1938], perhaps the most striking statement by a Marxist on ethics.</p>
<p>[Buy <a href="http://articulo.mercadolibre.com.ar/MLA-60030961-su-moral-y-la-nuestra-leon-trotsky-_JM">here</a>!]</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><em><br />
</em><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/E64.129%20copy.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/E64.129copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="136" /></a><em><strong>A review and some perspectives</strong><br />
</em>Translated from the Russian by J. Fineberg<br />
Moscow: Communist International, 1921<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky E64.129 The first English edition of this work. Trotsky’s preface is dated 1919.<em> </em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>[Note:I think this is the text known as </em><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1931/tpr/index.htm">Results and Prospects</a><em> (1906), in which Trotsky develops the notion of "permanent revolution".</em> This edition was when Trotsky was very much part of the emerging Bolshevik/Communist orthodoxy.</p>
<p><strong><em>Joe Fineberg </em></strong><em>was a working class East Londoner active in the Social Democratic Federation/British Socialist Party, and its Bund-affiliated Jewish section before becoming part of the new CPGB, for whom he was a key connection to the Comintern. -P.]</em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/U72.11.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/U72.11%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="151" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em><br />
<strong>The Bolsheviki and world peace</strong><br />
</em>New York: Boni &#38; Liveright, 1918<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky U72.11<em>[As featured <a href="../../../../../2009/11/09/from-the-archive-of-struggle-no-38/">last week</a>. -P.]</em></p>
<p><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/BissetAdd2%20copy.jpg"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/BissetAdd2%20copy.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/BissetAdd2%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="161" /></a><strong><em>War or revolution </em></strong><br />
Glasgow: Socialist Labour Press, 1918<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky E64.174 Three editions (the last much abbreviated) of Trotsky’s statement of his anti-war policy. The US edition is said to have exerted a direct influence on President Wilson in the formulation of the Fourteen Points. <em>[This Scottish edition is published by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_%28UK,_1903%29">SLP</a>, the De Leonist group who were close to Bolshevism in 1918, but eventually chose to stay outside the CPGB. -P.]</em></p>
<p><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/F73.112%20copy.jpg"></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/F73.112%20copy.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/F73.112%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="134" /></a><strong><em>Mon exil</em></strong><br />
Brussels: Editions du Groupe Communiste d’Opposition Belge, 1929.<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky F73.112A French translation of <em>Chto I kak proizoshlo? (What and how it happened)</em>, explaining the circumstances of his exile from the Soviet Union.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>[Here for its cool modernist graphic style, as with the Dutch</em> Mijn leven<em> above (must be a </em><em>Benelux</em><em> thing). </em></p>
<p><em>According to the bookseller <a href="http://www.ilab.org/db/book830_H250.8.html">Bernard Quaritch</a>, who is selling a copy:</em></p>
<blockquote><p>Paris, Navarre, 1929. Small 8vo, pp. 83, [1] contents; a fine, clean copy in recent cloth, the original printed wrappers preserved. First edition of these six articles written ‘for the world bourgeois press’. After Lenin’s death in 1924, Trotsky’s (1879–1940) position weakened as Stalin’s grew stronger. He was removed as Commissar for War in 1925, sent to Alma Ata in 1928, and exiled to Turkey in 1929 after, according to this book, Stalin had arranged that Germany, where he wished to go, would not admit him. This collection reprints articles written for Western newspapers or journals (reports soon appeared in, i.a., the Daily Express, Die Aktion and Le Communiste) to explain his break with Stalin. Also included are two letters: the first addressed to the Central Committee shortly before his exile and the second dated 27  March 1929 from Constantinople, addressed to the workers of the USSR. The editorial preface states that the articles were written to substitute truth for the lies, sensationalism and calumny spread by Stalin.Throughout his life Trotsky was an indefatigable polemicist. He arrived in Constantinople in February 1929 moving into a house there in early March. The first article included here describes the distressing physical conditions of the transport which took him to exile and the circumstances of his arrival in Turkey.</p></blockquote>
<p><em>According to <a href="http://alphabeticon.stanford.edu/monikajosh.htm">Monica Greenleaf and Josh Walker of Stanford</a>:</em></p>
<blockquote><p>Lev Trotsky (1879-1940) wrote this anti-Stalin letter in lemon juice during his exile in Kazakhstan, December, 1928, in the margins of a favorite book: <em>The Diary of Aleksandr Blok, 1917-1921</em>. Blok (1880-1921) was a Symbolist whose famous poems The Scythians and The Twelve had ushered in the Revolution. The diary captured his hopes and aspirations for the new Soviet state as well as his eventual disillusionment and mental decline (he died of heart failure caused by malnutrition in Petrograd on August 7, 1921). Perhaps to further the sense that it was just a good book that he wanted to pass on, Trotsky demarked passages in red pencil. They successfully passed the scrutiny of the censors and mail-readers en route to a publisher in France where the pages were ironed and the words rendered visible for transcription and publication. The functions of the handwriting here are to convey a readable text (legibility being critical) and to confirm the writer&#8217;s identity (that it is Trotsky&#8217;s handwriting). Ironically, the treasured volume of Blok was reduced to a vehicle for the subversive manuscript; the printed words of the past offered a wall for the handwriting of the future. was first published in Russian in the pamphlet <em>Chto i kak proizoshlo?</em> (Paris, 1929), and in English in <em>The Militant</em> (April 1, 1929)]</p></blockquote>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/U72.173.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/U72.173%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="152" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><strong><em>The strategy of the world revolution</em></strong><br />
New York: Communist League of America, 1930<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky U72.173A critical commentary on the Draft programme [of the Communist International] drawn up by Bukharin and Stalin before the Sixth Congress of the Communist International. lt was sent to the Congress, but was never distributed to delegates or discussed. A copy, however, was secretly smuggled to the West by James Cannon and Maurice Spector. The German and first and second US editions are shown above. The US editions feature introductions from Cannon and Max Schachtman respectively.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/F73.174%20copy.jpg"></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/F73.174%20copy.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/F73.174copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="165" /></a><a href="http://www.marxists.org/francais/trotsky/livres/ical/300108_1.htm"><strong><em>La “troisième période” d’erreurs de I’Internationale Communiste</em></strong></a><br />
Paris: Libraire du Travail, 1930.<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky F73.174From the Bibiliothèqué de l’Opposition Communiste series. The Libraire du Travail imprint published several works by Trotsky, as well as others, including Victor Serge and Rosa Luxemburg.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/S62.247.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/S62.247.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="151" /></a><strong><em>De Octubre rojo a mi destierro: ensayos</em></strong>Madrid: Zeus, 1931<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky S62.247 An unauthorised compilation of four of Trotsky’s writings, translated by German Gomez de la Mata (i.e. Jorge Gorkin). The title is translated as <em>From Red October to my exile</em>.<em> </em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>[<a href="http://www.marxists.org/espanol/trotsky/1920s/1929_0327_0.htm">Extract here</a>. I am curious about this. Who is Jorge Gorkin? Any relation to Julián Gorkin? -P.]</em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/E64.238%20copy.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/E64.238%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="137" /></a><strong><em>Trotsky on the ILP</em></strong><em><br />
</em>Sp Coll Trotsky E64.238Typescript carbon of an interview with Trotsky conducted by ‘Robertson’ (E Bimey) in Norway, 1935, on the nature of the Independent Labour Party.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>[Robertson was actually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Birney">Earle Birney</a>, Canadian Trotskyist, then in the Marxist League. For details, see <a href="http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/upham/04upham.html">Martin Upham</a>. -P.]</em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><em><br />
</em><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/Trotsky1.jpg"> <img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/Trotsky1%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="152" /></a><em><strong>The case of Leon Trotsky: report of hearings on the charges made against him at the </strong></em><strong><em>Moscow</em></strong><strong><em> Trials</em></strong><em><br />
</em>London: Secker &#38; Warburg, 1937<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky 1The report of the commission set up to inquire into the charges made against Trotsky in the Moscow trials. It was headed by the American philosopher John Dewey and after nine months of deliberation, issued its findings, which established Trotsky’s innocence.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>[Secker and Warburg were important in this period for publishing the anti-Stalinist left, including Rudolf Rocker, George Orwell and </em><em>CLR</em><em> James. They were the main rival to the Stalinist fellow travellers at Victor Gollancz, who published the Left Book Club. -P.]</em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" /><img class="alignleft" style="border:1px solid black;margin:6px;" src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/TrotskyPersSerge%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="148" /><strong><em>De Lenine à Staline</em></strong><br />
Crapouiillot, Numéro spécial, January 1937<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky Pers<br />
A special edition of the French magazine, written by Victor Serge. It was also published as a book in English by <a href="http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=publisher%3A%22New%20York%2C%20Pioneer%20Publishers%22">Pioneer Publishers, New York</a> in the same year (Sp Coll Trotsky 119).</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><em>[The American edition was translated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Manheim">Ralph Manheim</a>.]</em></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr size="2" />
<hr size="2" />As well as all this Trotskyana, the Collections have a nice Book of the Month feature. Of interest there was <a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/mar2008.html">March 2008</a> <strong>Japanese Prints of the        Russo-Japanese War</strong> (Japan: 1903-1904) Sp Coll e159:</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<blockquote><p><img src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/month/e159/41i.jpg" border="0" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="380" height="216" /><br />
Battle of Port Arthur. The subtitle  noted Nishiki-e of the traditional technique. (plate 41, February 1904)</p></blockquote>
<p>And <a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/aug2006.html">August 2006</a> Francisco de        Goya y Lucientes Los Caprichos (Madrid:1799) Sp Coll S.M.        1946, part of a larger <a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/hispanica/hispanica.html">Hispanica </a>collection:</p>
<blockquote><p><img src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/month/SM1946/SM1946_plate43.jpg" border="0" alt="Capricho 43: “El sueño de la razon produce monstruos” (The sleep of reason produces monsters)  The author lies  asleep at his desk while monsters conjured from his dreams swirl around his head." hspace="6" vspace="6" width="191" height="283" /><br />
Capricho 43: “El sueño de la razon produce monstruos” (The      sleep of reason produces monsters)</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>Moving on:</strong></p>
<h2><strong>From the Archive of Struggle no.39.</strong></h2>
<p>As I have not done this for a while, Entdinlichung has done two of his <a href="http://entdinglichung.wordpress.com/category/sozialistika/">Sozialistika </a>posts in the meantime (1,<a href="http://entdinglichung.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/neues-aus-den-archiven-der-radikalen-und-nicht-so-radikalen-linken-10/">2</a>), so I&#8217;ve stolen from them.</p>
<p><a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/"><strong>La Bataille Socialiste</strong></a>:</p>
<p>* Simon Rubak: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/la-greve-des-services-publics-rubak-1946/">La grève des services publics</a> (1946)<br />
* Julius Martov: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/documents-historiques/1908-03-le-marxisme-en-russie-martov/">Le Marxisme en Russie</a> (1908)<br />
* Jules Guesde: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/guesde-le-livre-rouge-de-la-justice-rurale.pdf">Le livre rouge de la justice rurale</a> (1871, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Friedrich Engels: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/engels_de_l_autorite.pdf">De l’autorité</a> (1873, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Jules Guesde: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/guesde-collectivisme-et-revolution-1879.pdf">Collectivisme et Révolution</a> (1879, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Jules Guesde: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/guesde-services-publics-et-socialisme-1884.pdf">Services publics et socialisme</a> (1884, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Socialist Labor Party (SLP): <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/slp-nec-situationinnyc1899.pdf">The Situation in New York City</a> (1889, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Jules Guesde: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/guesde-en-garde-1911.pdf">En garde ! Contre les contrefaçons, les mirages et la fausse monnaie des réformes bourgeoises</a> (1911, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/iww_reply.pdf">Reply to the Red Trade Union International</a> (1911, pdf-Datei)<br />
* <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/bc01-1927.pdf">Bulletin communiste, 1/1927</a> (pdf-Datei)<br />
* <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/la-batalla-01-1932.pdf">La Batalla, N°75</a> (1932, pdf-Datei)<br />
* <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/la-batalla-09-1935.pdf">La Batalla, N°127</a> (1935, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Columna Durruti: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/militarizacion16-01-37.pdf">El problema de la militarización</a> (1937, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Grandizo Munis: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/munis-particularidades-y-errores-del-poum-1937.pdf">1937-02 Errores y particularidades del POUM</a> (1937, pdf-Datei)<br />
* <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/poum-ds_n_10_12-1959.pdf">Democracia socialista, N°10</a> (1959, pdf-Datei)<br />
* <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/poum-ds_n_11_01-1960.pdf">Democracia socialista, N°11</a> (1960, pdf-Datei)<br />
* <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/poum-ds_n_12_03-1960.pdf">Democracia socialista, N°12</a> (1960, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Madeleine Rébérioux: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/reberioux-guesdisme1976.pdf">Guesdisme et culture politique: recherches sur l’<em>Encyclopédie socialiste</em> de Compère-Morel</a> (1976, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Michel Dreyfus: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/dreyfus-socialisme-de-gauche-ms_112.pdf">Bureau de Paris et bureau de Londres: le socialisme de gauche en Europe entre les deux guerres</a> (1980, pdf-Datei)<br />
* Christian Delporte: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/delporte-js.pdf">Les jeunesses socialistes dans l’entre-deux-guerres</a> (1991, pdf-Datei)<br />
* World Socialist Party (USA): <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/wsp-us-the-ussr-and-leninism-this-is-not-socialism.pdf">The U.S.S.R. and Leninism: This Is Not Socialism,</a> (2003, pdf-Datei)</p>
<p>* Marceau Pivert: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/%c2%a1fascismo-o-socialismo-pivert-1937/">¡Fascismo o Socialismo!</a> (1937)<br />
* Marceau Pivert: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/deutsche-seiten/1944-03-frankreich-und-deutschland-morgen-pivert/">Frankreich und Deutschland – Morgen</a> (1944)<br />
* International Bureau for Revolutionary Socialist Unity: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/english-pages/1936-a-lead-to-word-socialisme/">A Lead to Word Socialism. On Spain, War, Fascism, Imperialism</a> (1936)<br />
* Rosa Luxemburg: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/limperialisme-francais-en-algerie-luxemburg-1913/">L’impérialisme français en Algérie</a> (1913)<br />
* <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/images-du-bund/">Images du Bund</a><br />
* Maurice Rajsfus: <a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/documents-historiques/2005-04-il-y-a-cent-ans-la-naissance-de-la-sfio-rajsfus/">Il y a cent ans, la naissance de la SFIO</a> (2005)</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/%c2%a1fascismo-o-socialismo-pivert-1937/"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/pivert-10-1937traducido.jpg?w=224&#038;h=362#38;h=362&#38;h=362" alt="" width="224" height="362" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/deutsche-seiten/1944-03-frankreich-und-deutschland-morgen-pivert/"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/piv44-1.jpg?w=246&#038;h=353#38;h=353&#38;h=353" alt="" width="246" height="353" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.marxists.org/"><strong>Marxists Internet Archive</strong></a> (MIA):</p>
<p>* Anton Pannekoek: <a href="http://marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1944/anthropogenesis.htm">Anthropogenesis – A Study of the Origin of Man</a> (1944)</p>
<p>* Max Shachtman: <a href="http://marxists.org/svenska/shachtman/1933/shachtman-vansteroppositionens_10_ar.html">Vänsteroppositionens tio år: Dess historia och principer</a> (1933)</p>
<p>* Pierre Broué:  <a href="http://marxists.org/espanol/broue/1980/trotskistas_en_la_urss.htm">Los   trotskistas en las URSS (1929 – 1938)</a> (1980)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.anarkismo.net/"><strong>Anarkismo</strong></a>:</p>
<p>* <a href="http://www.anarkismo.net/article/14992">El 15 de Noviembre de 1922 y el papel de los anarquistas en el seno de la clase obrera ecuatoriana</a></p>
<p><a href="http://libcom.org/"><strong>LibCom</strong></a>:</p>
<p>* London Anti-Fascist Action (AFA): <a href="http://libcom.org/library/filling-vacuum-london-afa">Filling The Vacuum</a> (1995)<br />
* Karl Korsch: <a href="http://libcom.org/library/some-fundamental-presuppositions-materialist-discussion-crisis-theory-karl-korsch">Some fundamental presuppositions for a materialist discussion of crisis theory</a> (1933)<br />
* Liz Willis: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/women-spanish-revolution-solidarity">Women in the Spanish revolution</a> (1975)<br />
* Black &#38; Red Detroit: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/wildcat-dodge-truck-june-1974">Wildcat: Dodge Truck June 1974</a> (1974?)<br />
* Gary Hill: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/anatomy-industrial-struggle-chrysler-factory-tonsley-park-adelaide-1976-1978">Anatomy of an Industrial Struggle: Chrysler Factory at Tonsley Park in Adelaide 1976-1978</a> (~ 1979)<br />
* Sergio Bologna: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/money-crisis-marx-correspondent-new-york-daily-tribune-1856-57-sergio-bologna">Money and Crisis: Marx as Correspondent of the New York Daily Tribune, 1856-57</a> (1973)<br />
* Solidarity: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/spartakism-national-bolshevism-kpd-1918-24-solidarity">Spartakism to National Bolshevism – the K.P.D. 1918-24</a> (1970)<br />
* Peter Rachleff: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/working-class-activity-councils-germany-1918%E2%80%911923-peter-rachleff">Working-class activity and councils – Germany 1918‑1923</a> (1976)<br />
* <a href="http://libcom.org/history/fredy-perlmans-views-situationists-membership-criteria">Fredy Perlman’s views on the Situationists’ membership criteria</a> (1989)<br />
* William Morris: <a href="http://libcom.org/library/useful-work-versus-useless-toil-william-morris">Useful Work versus Useless Toil</a> (1884)</p>
<p>* Dan Georgakas: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/young-detroit-radicals-1955-1965-dan-georgakas">Young Detroit Radicals 1955-1965</a> (1981)<br />
* TPTG: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/mexico-not-only-chiapas-nor-rebellion-chiapas-merely-mexican-affair">Mexico is not only Chiapas nor is the rebellion in Chiapas merely a Mexican affair</a> (1995)<br />
* Eddy Cherki/Michel Wieviorka: <a href="http://libcom.org/history/autoreduction-movements-turin-1974">Autoreduction movements in Turin, 1974</a> (1980)<br />
* Branko Pribićević: <a href="http://libcom.org/library/shop-stewards%E2%80%99-movement-workers%E2%80%99-control-1910-1922-branko-pribi%C4%87evi%C4%87">The Shop Stewards’ Movement and Workers’ Control 1910-1922</a> (1959)<br />
* J T Murphy: <a href="http://libcom.org/library/workers%E2%80%99-committee-outline-its-principles-structure-j-t-murphy">The Workers’ Committee An Outline of its Principles and Structure</a> (1917)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.workersliberty.org/"><strong>Workers’ Liberty</strong></a>:</p>
<p>* Sean Matgamna: <a href="http://www.workersliberty.org/workers-liberty-315-fall-european-stalinism">The fall of Stalinism in Eastern Europe</a> (1990-1992, neu ediert 2009)</p>
<p><a href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/"><strong>The Anarchist Library</strong></a>:</p>
<p>* Albert Lévy: <a href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/stirner-and-nietzsche"> Stirner and Nietzsche</a> (1904)<br />
*  Georges Bataille: <a href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/sacred-conspiracy"> The Sacred Conspiracy</a> (1936)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.themilitant.com/"><strong>The Militant</strong></a>:</p>
<p>* Farrell Dobbs: <a href="http://www.themilitant.com/2009/7345/734549.html">Fighting for a class-struggle course in the unions </a> (1973)</p>
<p><strong>Archive.org</strong>:</p>
<p>* Petr Kropotkin: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924059921381">The conquest of bread</a> (1907)<br />
* Friedrich Engels: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924063439735">Socialism, Utopian and Scientific</a> (1880/1908)<br />
* <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924030331940">Debs, his life, writings and speeches : with a department of appreciations</a> (1910)<br />
* Friedrich Engels: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924030355956">Landmarks of scientific socialism : „anti-Duehring“</a> (1877/78, englische Ausgabe von 1907)<br />
* Leo Trotzki: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924030320810">Dictatorship vs. democracy (Terrorism and communism) a reply to Karl Kautsky, by Leon Trotsky [pseud.] With a preface by H. N. Brailsford, and a foreword by Max Bedact</a> (1922)<br />
* <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924032460200">The socialism of to-day; a source-book of the present position and recent development of the socialist and labor parties in all countries, consisting mainly of original documents</a> (1916)<br />
* Upton Sinclair: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924032590394">The industrial republic; a study of the America of ten years hence</a> (1907)<br />
* Morris Hillquit/John Ryan: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924032589412">Socialism; promise or menace?</a> (1914)<br />
* Morris Hillquit: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924032589420">Socialism summed up</a> (1913)<br />
* Bertrand Russell: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924032565016">Proposed roads to freedom; socialism, anarchism, and syndicalism</a> (1919)</p>
<p><a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924059921381"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://ia311004.us.archive.org/2/items/cu31924059921381/cu31924059921381.gif?cnt=0" alt="" width="100" height="152" /></a>* Ernest Ames: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028368193">The revolution in the Baltic Provinces of Russia; a brief account of the activity of the Lettish Social democratic workers’ party, by an active member</a> (1907)<br />
* Petr Lavrov/S. Stepniak: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028106221">Underground Russia; revolutionary profiles and sketches from life</a> (1883)<br />
* Leo Trotzki/Moissaye Olgin : <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028357634">Our revolution; essays on working-class and international revolution, 1904-1917</a> (1918)<br />
* Maxim Litvinov: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028352114">The Bolshevik revolution: its rise and meaning</a> (1919)<br />
* Lewis Henry Berens: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924027974231">The Digger movement in the days of the Commonwealth, as revealed in the writings of Gerrard Winstanley, the Digger, mystic, and rationalist, communist and social reformer</a> (1906)<br />
* Bertram Wolfe: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/ThingsWeWantToKnow">Things we want to know</a> (1934)<br />
* Socialist Party of America (SPA): <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/ManifestoOfTheSocialistPartyAdoptedByNationalConventionMachinists">Manifesto of the Socialist Party; adopted by national convention, Machinists’ Hall, Chicago, September 4, 1919.</a> (1919)<br />
* Ernest Balfour Bax: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028285769">Reminiscences and reflexions of a mid and late Victorian</a> (1918)<br />
* Margaret Pease: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028223281">Jean Jaurès, socialist and humanitarian</a> (1917)<br />
* George Herbert Perris: <a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028378648">Russia in revolution</a> (1905)</p>
<p><a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028368193"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://ia341334.us.archive.org/0/items/cu31924028368193/cu31924028368193.gif?cnt=0" alt="" width="100" height="152" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www-tracey.archive.org/details/cu31924028106221"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://ia311025.us.archive.org/3/items/cu31924028106221/cu31924028106221.gif?cnt=0" alt="" width="100" height="152" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://rustbeltradical.wordpress.com/"><strong>Rustbelt Radical</strong></a>:</p>
<p>* James Connolly: <a href="http://rustbeltradical.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/we-only-want-the-earth/">We Only Want the Earth!</a> (1907)</p>
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<td width="175"><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/F73.91tif%20copy.jpg"> <img src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/F73.91%20copy.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="162" /></a></td>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> <span class="emphasis"><br />
La      revolution Trahie</span><br />
Traduit de Russe par Victor Serge. 13e Edition.<br />
</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Paris: Grasset,      1936<br />
Sp Coll Trotsky F73.91<br />
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="175"><a href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/LgeJpgs/S62.249.jpg"> <img src="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/exhibitions/trotsky/Jpegs/S62.253.jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="6" vspace="6" width="100" height="144" /></a></td>
<td valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> <span class="emphasis"><br />
La      revolution traicionada</span><br />
Version Castellana del autor.<br />
Buenos Aires: Claridad, 1938<br />
</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Sp Coll Trotsky      S62.249</span><span style="font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span class="emphasis">The      Revolution Betrayed</span>, Trotsky&#8217;s Marxist analysis      of what happened to the Russian Revolution after the death of Lenin,      translated into French and Portugese.</span></span></td>
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<title><![CDATA[International Socialist Review - Issue 68]]></title>
<link>http://rikowski.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/international-socialism-review/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2009 02:27:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>rikowski</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rikowski.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/international-socialism-review/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST REVIEW – ISSUE 68 International Socialist Review, Issue 68 is now out http:/]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong><a href="http://rikowski.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/isr.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-1662" title="ISR" src="http://rikowski.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/isr.jpg?w=112" alt="ISR" width="112" height="150" /></a>INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST REVIEW – ISSUE 68</strong></p>
<p><em>International Socialist Review</em>, Issue 68 is now out</p>
<p><a href="http://www.isreview.org/">http://www.isreview.org/</a></p>
<p>ISSUE 68:<br />
November-December 2009 TOO MANY PEOPLE?<br />
Population, hunger, and the environment</p>
<p>EDITORIAL</p>
<p>The business of health care reform</p>
<p>ANALYSIS IN BRIEF</p>
<p>Elizabeth Schulte: Why won’t they call it racism?</p>
<p>Eric Ruder interviews Gareth Porter: Obama’s Afghan Disaster</p>
<p>COLUMN</p>
<p>Phil Gasper • Critical Thinking: What ever happened to “Change we can believe in?”</p>
<p>Shaun Joseph: The coup in Honduras: Perspectives and prospects</p>
<p>INTERVIEWS</p>
<p>Cleve Jones: Getting back to our roots</p>
<p>Walden Bello: The G20 after the crash</p>
<p>FEATURES</p>
<p>John Pilger: Power, illusion, and American’s last taboo</p>
<p>Chris Williams: Are there too many people?</p>
<p>Rick Kuhn: Economic crisis and the responsibility of socialists</p>
<p>HISTORY</p>
<p>Rebekah Ward: Darwin: the reluctant revolutionary</p>
<p>John Riddell: Clara Zetkin’s strugggle for the united front</p>
<p>Sharon Smith: 1934: The strikes that led the way</p>
<p>REVIEWS</p>
<p>Chrisopher Phelps: The sexual revolution, A review of Sherry Wolf’s Sexuality and Socialism</p>
<p>Ian Angus: Two accounts of Engels’ revolutionary life</p>
<p>Phil Aliff on soldier’s resistance; David Florey on racism after Katrina; Sara Knopp and Mais Jasser on a teenager’s diary under occupation; Marlene Martin on Mumia Abu-Jamal’s Jailhouse Lawyers; Chris Williams on Monthly Review’s special issue on food</p>
<p>Posted here by Glenn Rikowski</p>
<p>The Flow of Ideas: <a href="http://www.flowideas.co.uk/">http://www.flowideas.co.uk</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[The New Religion]]></title>
<link>http://the-american-catholic.com/2009/11/03/the-new-religion/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 04 Nov 2009 04:40:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Joe Hargrave</dc:creator>
<guid>http://the-american-catholic.com/2009/11/03/the-new-religion/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This is from my personal blog &#8211; an exploration of what I think is the new secular religion. I ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://joeahargrave.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/the-new-religion/">This is from my personal blog</a> &#8211; an exploration of what I think is the new secular religion. I took the gloves off for this one, and I&#8217;m sure more than a few people will take offense.</p>
<p>But if <a href="http://the-american-catholic.com/2009/10/28/pray-for-larry-david-creator-of-seinfeld-and-curb-your-enthusiasm/">Larry David can pee on Jesus</a>, I don&#8217;t mind returning the favor for the new religion.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Guest Blog: Hannah Claydon's Diary of a Forever Manchester Student]]></title>
<link>http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/guest-blog-hannah-claydons-diary-of-a-forever-manchester-university/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2009 20:48:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>4evrmanchester</dc:creator>
<guid>http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/guest-blog-hannah-claydons-diary-of-a-forever-manchester-university/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Hannah Claydon is the guest blogger this week and guess what?  She&#8217;s Forever Manchester!    ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>Hannah Claydon is the guest blogger this week and guess what?  She&#8217;s Forever Manchester!    </strong></p>
<p><em>&#8220;Manchester changed the world’s politics: from vegetarianism to feminism to trade unionism to communism, every upstart notion that ever got ideas above its station, every snotty street-fighter of a radical philosophy, was fostered brawling in Manchester’s streets, mills, pubs, churches and debating halls.&#8221;</em> &#8211; Stuart Maconie</p>
<p>So, what made me decide to go to University in Manchester as a Mancunian who could have gone anywhere in the U.K.? Well, that’s easy! Whether it’s having a taster of the V.I.P. treatment at Sankeys, mingling with Liam Fray; frontman of Manchester band The Courteeners in 42nd Street, settling down for an acoustic set at Abode in Chorlton or simply having a long lunch and a gossip over tea and biscuits in Mr. Scruff inspired café ‘Cup’ in the Northern Quarter with the girls, there is no better place for me!</p>
<div id="attachment_344" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 197px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-344" href="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/guest-blog-hannah-claydons-diary-of-a-forever-manchester-university/univeristy/"><img class="size-full wp-image-344" title="univeristy" src="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/univeristy.jpg" alt="univeristy" width="187" height="166" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">University of Manchester</p></div>
<p>Not to mention the fact that Karl Marx and Fredreich Engels resided on the spot where Whitworth Park Halls of Residence now stand, or the fact that The University of Manchester is now third place nationally, behind only Cambridge and Oxford. What a proud position to be in as someone who is Mancunian born and bred.</p>
<p>During the past few weeks, I have been to see The Maccabees at the Student Union, a gig which eventually descended into chaos, at which point lead singer Orlando Weeks had to step in during his rendition of my personal favourite ‘Precious Time’ to calm things down. This was followed days later by a trip to the Apollo to see Newcastle band Maximo Park. As always, lead singer Paul Smith got the crowd going with energetic performances of ‘Books from Boxes’, ‘Our Velocity’ and ‘Acrobat’ to name but a few, accompanied by his now infamous high jumps and hip-wiggles.</p>
<p> Yes, having the beautiful John Rylands Library as a place to study admittedly makes revision and research times more bearable, as does much deserved afternoon trips to vintage stores in the Northern Quarter! Although I have to confess, the removal of the Morrissey montage on the side of Afflecks Palace is a little upsetting.</p>
<p>At the moment, I am studying Victorian Britain and to think that the industrial gem of the North was such a successful town for trade just shows why and how Manchester has reason to celebrate its reputation as a place in which business and creativity can coexist so easily; all these years after Manchester was established as the city which epitomised Victorian values of industry and merchantry.</p>
<p>One of my favourite things about being a student and growing up in Manchester is its diversity; from Oriental cuisine in China Town to authentic curries in Rusholme, Manchester has something for everyone. I have to tell you all that I’ve recently discovered Fruli, a continental beer on offer in many quirkier bars such as Odder and many in the Northern Quarter, as well as Trof in Fallowfield and The Deaf Institute; just off Oxford Road. It’s delicious!</p>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter"><a rel="attachment wp-att-351" href="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/guest-blog-hannah-claydons-diary-of-a-forever-manchester-university/ianbrown_5/"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-351" title="IanBrown_5" src="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/ianbrown_5.jpg" alt="IanBrown_5" width="423" height="225" /></a></div>
<p>During the summer, as always, I travelled to Leeds Festival. Of course, acts like Kings of Leon, Radiohead, Placebo and The Arctic Monkeys delivered great sets. But, for me, it was Stone Roses frontman and Mancunian legend Ian Brown who delivered the ultimate showstopper. He began his set exclaiming “right, let’s have some fun…Are you all gonna have a bop?” This was followed by his infamous swagger which accompanied classics such as F.E.A.R. and Fools Gold.</p>
<p> So, I think it’s easy to see why I chose to go to University in Manchester, despite the fact I grew up in this fantastic city. I just love everything it stands for. Essentially, I am Forever Manchester!</p>
<p>Hannah</p>
<p><strong>Blimey Hannah, when do you get chance to study?  Anyway, keep living the dream.  </strong></p>
<p><strong>Hannah has also contributed a poem that you can read on the Forever Manchester website: <a href="http://forevermanchester.com/supporters">http://forevermanchester.com/supporters</a></strong></p>
<p><strong>More ramblings from me to follow soon, in the meantime here is a pearl of wisdom from the bottom of Soap Street near the excellent This &#38; That Cafe (which is also Forever Manchester) in the Northern Quarter.</strong></p>
<p><strong><a rel="attachment wp-att-343" href="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/guest-blog-hannah-claydons-diary-of-a-forever-manchester-university/photo-0047/"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-343" title="Photo-0047" src="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/photo-0047.jpg" alt="Photo-0047" width="510" height="680" /></a></strong></p>
<p><strong>Chris</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Het Kraakverbod]]></title>
<link>http://nieuwerijnkrant.wordpress.com/2009/10/15/het-kraakverbod/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2009 19:02:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Matthijs Krul</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nieuwerijnkrant.wordpress.com/2009/10/15/het-kraakverbod/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Vandaag heeft de Tweede Kamer het daadwerkelijk verbod op kraken aangenomen met meerderheid van stem]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Vandaag heeft de Tweede Kamer het daadwerkelijk verbod op kraken aangenomen met meerderheid van stemmen. Ondanks de weerstand van coalitiepartner PvdA bleek het verbod mogelijk, dankzij de steun die geboden werd door de PVV van Geert Wilders. Deze laatste was in eerste instantie aarzelend geweest omdat zij strengere straffen beoogden voor het nieuwe misdrijf, maar ging uiteindelijk toch overstag, waardoor, als de Eerste Kamer zoals verwacht akkoord gaat, het kraakverbod een feit wordt.</p>
<p>Het is veelzeggend dat de PVV-woordvoerder sprak van een &#8220;grote overwinning van het eigendomsrecht&#8221;.(1) Precies hier wringt hem de schoen. Wat een overwinning is van het eigendomsrecht, is een verlies voor het volk en haar behoeften. Het is een algemeen geaccepteerd feit dat onderdak behoort tot een van de basisbehoeften van de mens, gelijk aan kleding, voedsel, warmte en zo voort. In een rijk maar dichtbevolkt land als Nederland is juist de woningnood een steeds weer terugkerend probleem, en dient daarom het voorzien van de bevolking in deze basisbehoefte een absolute prioriteit te zijn. Daarbij moet het niet alleen gaan om de kwantiteit beschikbare woningen, maar gegeven een vrije markt voor woningvoorziening moet ook de betaalbaarheid voor de meest woningbehoevende groepen een belangrijke rol spelen.</p>
<p>Het is niet voor niets dat de klaaglijke toestand van arbeiderswoningen een van de eerste evidente tekenen waren gedurende de 19e eeuw dat het met de Industriële Revolutie niet in de haak was, ondanks de grote &#8220;overwinning van het eigendomsrecht&#8221; die het zonder twijfel betekende. Friedrich Engels&#8217; fameuze werk over de toestand van de arbeidersklasse in het Verenigd Koninkrijk halverwege de 19e eeuw behandelt deze kwestie dan ook uitgebreid, en later kwam hij nog eens er op terug met een verhandeling over de woningproblematiek. Hier merkt hij zeer terecht op dat</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;de huiseigenaar in zijn functie als kapitalist niet alleen het recht heeft, maar, gezien de competitie, zelfs de plicht heeft zoveel mogelijk huur uit zijn huisbezit te halen als hij kan.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>Daarom is het vergeefs om te verwachten dat op een dergelijke basis &#8217;sociale woningbouw&#8217; voldoende compensatie kan bieden:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Wie dan ook verklaart dat de kapitalistische productiewijze, de &#8216;ijzeren wetten&#8217; van de hedendaagse burgerlijke maatschappij, onaantastbaar zijn, en tegelijkertijd graag hun onprettige gevolgen zou willen afschaffen, heeft dan geen ander middel meer dan om morele preken tegen de kapitalisten af te steken. Het effect van deze preken verdampt onmiddelijk onder de pressie van private belangen en, waar nodig, van competitie.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>(2)</p>
<p>Communisme en sociaal-democratie hebben daarom altijd van het beschikbaar maken van de noodzakelijke hoeveelheden betaalbare en acceptabele woningen een <em>point d&#8217;honneur</em> gemaakt. De weerstand van de linkse partijen in de Kamer is dan ook zonder meer terecht, en een hoopvol teken van verzet in de huidige tijden van vernieuwde liberale aanvallen.</p>
<p>Wat betekent nu in de praktijk de &#8220;overwinning van het eigendomsrecht&#8221;? Allereerst is het een overwinning van de speculatie. In Nederland is, omwille van de hoge huizenprijzen, een ware orgie van onroerend goedspeculatie gebruikelijk geworden, waarbij zelfs studenten met rijke ouders en buitenlandse gasten van onze universiteiten genadeloos worden afgeperst door zogenaamde &#8216;huisjesmelkers&#8217;. Er is geen enkele beperking op het bezit van grote hoeveelheden panden door enkele personen, hetgeen in tijden van woningnood noodzakelijkerwijs een uitsluiting van velen ten koste van één moet betekenen. De beperkingen van de huurprijzen en de sociale woningbouw staan nog overeind als pilaren van een sociale rantsoenering van woningvoorzieningen, maar ook hier wordt al de laatste tijd de bijl aan gezet, terwijl de derde pilaar, de dreiging van onvrijwillige huisonteigening door krakers in geval van langdurige leegstand, nu weggevallen is. Er bestaat geen enkel legitiem argument waarom langdurige leegstand geaccepteerd zou moeten worden wanneer er een voortdurende behoefte is aan woningen voor de onderste segmenten van de markt. Weliswaar zijn de huizenprijzen recent als gevolg van de crisis licht gedaald, maar dat is slechts een terugval naar iets van normaliteit volgend op een &#8216;marktbel&#8217;, waarbij juist deze nieuwe wetgeving dergelijke speculatieve cycli aanmoedigt door het makkelijker te maken langdurig panden ongebruikt te bezitten voor speculatieve doeleinden. Wat voor soort handelaren deze onroerend goeddealers zijn is wel gebleken uit het politiek fiasco van de &#8216;vastgoedjongens&#8217; evenals de vele liquidaties die in dit circuit hebben plaatsgevonden in de afgelopen jaren. Dat de PVV en VVD het voorstel steunen is niet verbazend, aangezien dergelijke types hun natuurlijke achterban vormen. Maar waarom zij de steun krijgen van andere partijen is hierbij een raadsel.</p>
<p>De crisis van hypotheken in de Verenigde Staten evenals de oplichterijschandelen omtrent de DSB-bank hier te lande maken duidelijk dat zelfs voor de middenklasse de panische strijd om huizenbezit een voortdurende sociaal ontregelende factor is. In plaats van dergelijke problematiek moedwillig te verergeren, zoals de Kamer heeft gedaan met haar beslissing, zou deze juist bestreden moeten worden door het bezit van meerdere panden door individuen tegen te gaan en speculatieve transacties te bestraffen in de vorm van belastingen of wetgeving. Uiteindelijk zou tenslotte het maatschappelijk doel van woningpolitiek moeten zijn om allen te voorzien van deze basisbehoefte zo ver als de maatschappelijke productie het dragen kan, en niet het in de zak steken van woekerwinsten door frauduleuze banken, huisjesmelkers en onroerend goedspeculanten. De Kamer is met haar beslissing daarom een geheel verkeerde koers gaan varen.</p>
<p>(1) &#8220;Tweede Kamer neemt antikraakwet aan&#8221;. <em>ANP</em> (15 Oct. 2009).<br />
(2) Friedrich Engels, &#8220;The Housing Question&#8221;. <em>Collected Works</em>, Vol. 23. Vert. Matthijs Krul.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Worker, Scarcity, &amp; Violence]]></title>
<link>http://themustardseed.wordpress.com/2009/10/10/the-worker-scarcity-violence/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2009 19:29:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Jack Stephens</dc:creator>
<guid>http://themustardseed.wordpress.com/2009/10/10/the-worker-scarcity-violence/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The mines of Serra Pelada by Sebastião Salgado. At The Excerpt Mill I quote Sartre: Engels was right]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_193" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 460px"><a href="http://mymill.wordpress.com/2009/10/10/the-worker-scarcity-violence/"><img class="size-full wp-image-193 " title="Serra Pelada" src="http://mymill.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/salgado_dispute-jpg.jpg" alt="The mines of Serra Pelada by Sebastião Salgado." width="450" height="296" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">The mines of Serra Pelada by Sebastião Salgado.</p></div>
<p>At <em>The Excerpt Mill</em> <a href="http://mymill.wordpress.com/2009/10/10/the-worker-scarcity-violence/" target="_blank">I quote Sartre</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>Engels was right to say that very often, when two groups engage in a series of contractual exchanges, one of them will end up expropriated, proletarianised and, often, exploited, while the other concentrates the wealth in its own hands.  <strong>This takes place <em>in violence</em>, but not <em>by</em> violence</strong>: and experiencing exchange as a duel in this way is characteristic of the man of scarcity.  Though the result is appropriated <em>in</em> violence by the dominant class, it is not foreseen by the individuals who compose it.</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[How We Used to Live [In Squalor]]]></title>
<link>http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/how-we-used-to-live-in-squalor/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 06:34:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>4evrmanchester</dc:creator>
<guid>http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/how-we-used-to-live-in-squalor/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[You can experience a bit of Manchester’s past this weekend, by visiting the archaeological excavatio]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>You can experience a bit of Manchester’s past this weekend, by visiting the archaeological excavations on the former car park on Dantzic Street, north of Miller Street.</p>
<p>This will be the site of the new headquarters building for The Co-operative. However, for the last nine weeks, in advance of building work commencing, a team of archaeologists have been exploring the history of the site.</p>
<p>The dig is coming to an end and there will be an open day on the site this Saturday, 10th October between 10.00 am – 4.00 pm to show the public what they have found. Oxford Archaeology has been doing the digging and will presumably be on hand to talk about their excavation and its finds.</p>
<div id="attachment_312" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 197px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-312" href="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/how-we-used-to-live-in-squalor/history-slumkids/"><img class="size-full wp-image-312" title="HISTORY-SlumKids" src="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/history-slumkids.jpg" alt="Angels with Manky Faces" width="187" height="159" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Angels with Manky Faces</p></div>
<p>What the archaeologists have uncovered in the dig are small back-to-back houses where the workers and their families would have lived, notably in tiny houses with single leaf brick walls.</p>
<p>You can read more about the excavations on the <a href="http://urbisblogs.org/return-to-miller-street-carpark/">Urbis blog </a>and there have been articles in <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/aug/28/archaeology-manchester-victorian-slums">The Guardian </a>and on the <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8232000/8232430.stm">BBC website</a> too, as work has progressed.</p>
<p>To add a bit of colour to your visit, you could refer to my favourite Manchester guide book; <a href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=63kCsdIphScC&#38;dq=condition+of+the+working+class+in+england&#38;printsec=frontcover&#38;source=bn&#38;hl=en&#38;ei=e4bNSu7zEJOTjAf30uiGBA&#38;sa=X&#38;oi=book_result&#38;ct=result&#38;resnum=4#v=onepage&#38;q=&#38;f=false">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a>, by Friedrich Engels written in 1844.</p>
<p>Engels came to Manchester in 1842 to work as a textile merchant. He visited the working class districts where he was horrified at the living conditions of ordinary people and indignant that their fellow human beings (those with the money) could tolerate allowing such suffering to continue.  I wonder what the mid-1840s David Cameron equivalent would have made of it? </p>
<p>“In one of these courts there stands directly at the entrance, at the end of a covered passage, a privy without a door, so dirty that the inhabitants can pass into and out of the court only by passing through foul pools of stagnant urine and excrement.”</p>
<p>When I do my guided tours I ask visitors to picture the opening sequence of Slumdog Millionaire, when the boys are at the latrines in Mumbai. I then tell them that that is what it was like here in Manchester 150 years ago which, judging by Engels’ descriptions, is not an exaggeration.</p>
<div id="attachment_313" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 150px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-313" href="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/how-we-used-to-live-in-squalor/slumpig/"><img class="size-full wp-image-313" title="Slumpig" src="http://4evrmanchester.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/slumpig.jpg" alt="King of the Slums" width="140" height="88" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">King of the Slums</p></div>
<p>Specifically about the area where on Saturday you can witness the archaeological dig Engels noted that landlords rented the houses to the working people and the land around the houses to “pork-raisers”.</p>
<p>The people lived side-by-side with the pigs. “The atmosphere is utterly corrupted by putrefying animal and vegetable substances&#8230; [with] &#8230; “a piggery repeated at every 20 paces.”</p>
<p>One of the other factors that he noted for this area was the cramped conditions with one family, and sometimes more than one family to each room, including the cellar.</p>
<p>“If anyone wishes to see how little space a human being can move on, how little air – and such air! – he can breathe, how little of civilization he may share and yet live, it is only necessary to travel hither.”</p>
<p>There are lots of other gems in Engels’ book – the description of the area where Spinningfields now stands, for example.</p>
<p>Engels’ observations on the conditions of the working class in Manchester, and the factors affecting them, led to the development of the political theory espoused in <a href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yhOOvF61XKgC&#38;printsec=frontcover&#38;dq=the+communist+manifesto#v=onepage&#38;q=&#38;f=false">The Communist Manifesto</a>, written with Karl Marx.  Some of the research for this book was undertaken in the Reading Room at Chetham&#8217;s Library &#8211; where you can sit at the same table used by Engels and Marx today.</p>
<p>Engels subsequently spent another 20 years living and working in Manchester. </p>
<p>Chris</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Warum die Homo-Ehe in den Sozialismus führt]]></title>
<link>http://gaywest.wordpress.com/2009/09/26/warum-die-homo-ehe-in-den-sozialismus-fuhrt/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 26 Sep 2009 16:00:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Damien</dc:creator>
<guid>http://gaywest.wordpress.com/2009/09/26/warum-die-homo-ehe-in-den-sozialismus-fuhrt/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Meine Güte, King, Sie haben wohl gar nichts verstanden: Der Republikaner Steve King erklärte in eine]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Meine Güte, <a href="http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=11101">King</a>, Sie haben wohl gar nichts verstanden:</p>
<blockquote><p>Der Republikaner Steve King erklärte in einem Interview, dass er die Öffnung der Ehe für Schwule und Lesben ablehne, weil das eine sozialistische Idee sei.</p></blockquote>
<p>Um mal ganz weit auszuholen, nein, olle Karl und Friedrich waren nicht so warme Brüder. Ganz im Gegenteil schrieb Engels an Marx:</p>
<blockquote><p>Das ist ja ein ganz kurioser Urning, den Du mir da geschickt hast. Das sind ja äußerst widernatürliche Enthüllungen.</p></blockquote>
<p>Mehr noch, die sozialistischen Granden hatten ganz privat Angst um ihren Arsch:<!--more--></p>
<blockquote><p>Es ist nur ein Glück, daß wir persönlich zu alt sind, als daß wir noch beim Sieg dieser Partei fürchten müssen, den Siegern körperlich Tribut zahlen zu müssen. Aber die junge Generation!</p></blockquote>
<p>Und jetzt, Stevie, glaubst Du echt, dass solche Jugendschützer die Homo-Ehe als ersten Schritt auf dem Weg in den Sozialismus wollen?</p>
<blockquote><p>King erklärte gegenüber einem christlichen Radiosender, dass bei einer Legalisierung der Homo-Ehe alle Schranken fallen würden, etwa das Inzest-Verbot. Dies werde von bestimmten Gruppen gefördert, die Amerika in ein sozialistisches Land verwandeln wollen.</p></blockquote>
<p>Sorry, aber das habe ich noch nie gehört, dass die Homo-Ehe das erste Ziel auf dem Weg sei, das Inzest-Verbot zu Fall zu bringen. Aber, wie man weiß, sind Schwule gerissen und sagt die Rosa Nostra niemals frei heraus, was sie will. Deshalb braucht es aufrechte <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">Paranoiker</span> Kämpfer wie King, auch wenn ihnen im Laufe der Argumentation einiges arg durcheinander gerät:</p>
<blockquote><p>Erst wenn die Ehe durch Homosexuelle zerstört sei, könnten Aktivisten den freien Markt vernichten, glaubt der 60-Jährige:</p></blockquote>
<p>Denn sind Inzest-Verbot und freier Markt nicht identisch? Nein, sind sie nicht? Mist, ist die Welt kompliziert.</p>
<blockquote><p>Am Ende gibt es einen Kampf für eine sozialistische Gesellschaft, in der die Grundlagen der individuellen Rechte und Freiheiten untergraben werden.</p></blockquote>
<p>Puh, das wird aber jetzt sehr anspruchsvoll. Der Kampf für das Recht eines Individuums, nämlich einen Angehörigen des von ihm bevorzugten Geschlechts zu ehelichen, soll auf Dauer in den Sozialismus führen? Wie das? King weiß die Antwort:</p>
<blockquote><p>Alle müssen in Planwirtschaft von Ressourcen aus einer Quelle leben</p></blockquote>
<p>- alle mit allen vögeln? Alle mit demselben? Hier wird King ein wenig unklar. Aber wir wissen jetzt, was dorthin führt:</p>
<blockquote><p>Einer der Wege, dieses Ziel zu erreichen, ist die Öffnung der Ehe.</p></blockquote>
<p>Und so, der Mann muß einfach irgendwo eine Ausbildung in dialektischer Weltanschauung bekommen haben, führt die Öffnung eines Instituts zu seiner Vernichtung:</p>
<blockquote><p>Wenn die Ehe vernichtet ist, erreichen sie ihr Ziel.</p></blockquote>
<p>Quo errat demonstrator:</p>
<blockquote><p>Die Homo-Ehe trage damit zur Gleichmacherei und zum Ende des Individualismus in den Vereinigten Staaten bei. Sie sei daher nicht nur eine &#8220;radikale soziale Idee&#8221;, sondern ein &#8220;sozialistisches Konzept&#8221;.</p></blockquote>
<p>Es hat sich schon mal jemand mehr Mühe gegeben, Unsinn beweisen zu wollen.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Friedrich Engels, femminista o sessista?]]></title>
<link>http://sottoosservazione.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/friedrich-engels-femminista-o-sessista/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 17:45:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sottoosservazione</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sottoosservazione.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/friedrich-engels-femminista-o-sessista/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[la biografia dello storico britannico Tristram Hunt «La forma più evidente di sfruttamento è la pros]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h2><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-6682" title="eng--140x180" src="http://sottoosservazione.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/eng-140x180.jpg" alt="eng--140x180" width="140" height="180" />la biografia dello storico britannico Tristram Hunt</h2>
<p>«La forma più evidente di sfruttamento è la prostituzione: questo è il modo in cui la borghesia attacca addirittura fisicamente il proletariato&#8230; La donna è sfruttata come oggetto della libidine maschile e come macchina per produrre figli». «Se avessi un reddito di 5mila franchi non farei altro che divertirmi con le donne, fino allo stremo. Senza le francesi la vita non avrebbe senso: ma finché ci saranno le <em>grisettes</em>, avanti tutta!». Parole dello stesso uomo, Friedrich Engels: perché nella nuova biografia scritta dallo storico britannico Tristram Hunt, <em>The Frock-coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels</em> («Il comunista azzimato: vita rivoluzionaria di Friedrich Engels») tra le tante contraddizioni dell’industriale tessile amante della bella vita che scrisse con Marx <em>Il Manifesto del Partito Comunista</em> c’è anche la differenza impressionante tra la teoria e la prassi del suo rapporto con le donne. <!--more--></p>
<p><strong>DONNE INDIPENDENTI </strong>- Perché è evidente, dimostra il documentatissimo prof. Hunt, che l’Engels filosofo sia tra i pionieri della rivendicazione dei diritti delle donne, architetto di una precisa teoria generale dell’emancipazione femminile. Ma il filosofo che scrive con passione &#8211; e mente modernissima &#8211; della donna doppiamente vittima di oppressione nella società è anche l’uomo che si lancia in appassionate odi ai lupanari, e che privatamente si trovò sempre a disagio in presenza di donne indipendenti (diremmo oggi: assertive) &#8211; lui trovava in realtà disdicevole che gli tenessero testa in una discussione. L’ennesima versione della solita vecchia storia, l’uomo che predica bene e razzola malissimo, progressista in tutto tranne quando si tratta di mettersi a stirare le camicie o stendere il bucato quando sta per cominciare la partita in tv? Ovviamente sì, ma non solo: certo i peccati personali di Engels sono, da una parte, così lontani, mentre la modernità delle sue teorie &#8211; almeno quelle sull’oppressione della donna &#8211; è ancora così (tristemente) attuale.</p>
<p><strong>TEORIA E PRATICA </strong>- Leggere il libro del professor Hunt, per un maschio, è però anche un test. Un modo per mettere alla prova i propri inevitabili pregiudizi personali: perché se il primo architetto della liberazione femminile assolveva i suoi comportamenti privati usando le posizioni pubbliche come salvacondotto, ciò non è evidentemente più possibile. Perché una peraltro giusta filippica perorata alla macchina del caffè, in ufficio o all’ora di cena, sulla mancanza di asili-nido, sulla cronica arretratezza delle pari opportunità italiane rispetto al nord Europa, sulle tante cose inammissibili all’estero che avvengono ogni giorno nei luoghi di lavoro italiani, non mette tuttavia nessun maschio al riparo dallo spettro che si aggira per l’Europa &#8211; e non solo &#8211; maschile e progressista: lo spettro del sessista illuminato, tanto orgoglioso delle proprie convinzioni egualitarie da specchiarsi più in esse che non nei propri comportamenti quotidiani.</p>
<p> Matteo Persivale</p>
<p><a href="http://www.corriere.it/cultura/09_settembre_25/engels_rapporto_donne_persivale_555d3070-a9f0-11de-93d1-00144f02aabc.shtml">http://www.corriere.it/cultura/09_settembre_25/engels_rapporto_donne_persivale_555d3070-a9f0-11de-93d1-00144f02aabc.shtml</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Friedrich Engels'in Karl Marks'ın mezarı başında yaptığı konuşma]]></title>
<link>http://hasanrua.wordpress.com/2009/09/24/friedrich-engelsin-karl-marksin-mezari-basinda-yaptigi-konusma/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2009 20:41:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>hasanrua</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hasanrua.wordpress.com/2009/09/24/friedrich-engelsin-karl-marksin-mezari-basinda-yaptigi-konusma/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Karl Marks&#8217;ın ömrünün sefaletle geçtiğini ve bir çocuğunu küçük yaşta açlık nedeniyle kaybetti]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Karl Marks&#8217;ın ömrünün sefaletle geçtiğini ve bir çocuğunu küçük yaşta açlık nedeniyle kaybetti]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Kasernenkommunismus]]></title>
<link>http://guentermayer.wordpress.com/2009/09/21/kasernenkommunismus/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 21 Sep 2009 08:52:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>guentermayer</dc:creator>
<guid>http://guentermayer.wordpress.com/2009/09/21/kasernenkommunismus/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Kasernenkommunismus &#8211; Druckversion in: Historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus, Hrsg. v]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a rel="attachment wp-att-78" href="http://guentermayer.wordpress.com/2009/09/21/kasernenkommunismus/kasernenkommunismus-hkwm-7-i-2/">Kasernenkommunismus &#8211; Druckversion</a></p>
<p>in: Historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus, Hrsg. von Wolfgang Fritz Haug, Frigga Haug u. Peter Jehle, Band 7/1, Hamburg 2008</p>
<p>Seiten 407-411</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Flickrfan: There, Where the Manifesto Began]]></title>
<link>http://flickrfanstan.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/flickrfan-there-where-the-manifesto-began/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2009 00:19:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sgarrett6</dc:creator>
<guid>http://flickrfanstan.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/flickrfan-there-where-the-manifesto-began/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Photographed by EricMagnuson Over 150 years ago at this reading desk in a quiet corner of Chetham]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p align="center"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/esm723/3572422759/"><img src="http://flickrfanstan.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/there-where-the-manifesto-began.jpg?w=333&#038;h=500" border="0" height="500" width="333" alt="There, Where the Manifesto Began, flickrfan, enclave, stained glass, bench, seat, desk, bureau, table, communism, karl marx, friedrich engels, chetham's library, great britain, b&#38;w, black and white, project 365, a photo a day, day 162, 162/365,photo by EricMagnuson on FlickrFan Stan's site licensed under Creative Commons"></a></p>
<p>Photographed by EricMagnuson</p>
<blockquote><p>Over 150 years ago at this reading desk in a quiet corner of Chetham&#8217;s Library at Chetham&#8217;s School of Music in Manchester, England, Karl Marx began to form his first theories of cummunism.  Although it is unproven, there, he, along with Friedrich Engels, may have even written the Communist Manifesto, a document that changed the course of history for nearly everyone in the world.</p>
<p>162/365</p></blockquote>
<p align="right">&#8211; <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/" rel="nofollow">License</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Lecture on Friedrich Engels at Milton Keynes central library]]></title>
<link>http://mkcommunists.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/lecture-on-friedrich-engels-at-milton-keynes-central-library/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 19:09:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mkcommunists</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mkcommunists.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/lecture-on-friedrich-engels-at-milton-keynes-central-library/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Milton Keynes Literary Lecture at Milton Keynes Central Library Wednesday 23 September 2009 7pm for ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><table style="height:400px;border:1px 0 0 1px solid #000033;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="503">
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<td style="width:450px;"><img style="float:right;" src="http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/library_services/images/Tristam%5FHunt%2Ejpg" alt="Library Services - Author Tristan Hunt" width="150" height="201" /> Milton Keynes Literary Lecture<br />
at <a title="Milton Keynes Central Library" href="http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/library%5Fservices/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=32498">Milton Keynes Central Library</a><br />
Wednesday 23 September 2009 7pm for 7.30pm</p>
<p><img style="float:left;" src="http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/library_services/images/book%2Ecover%2Ejpeg%2Ejpg" alt="Library Services - Book Cover The Frock Coated Communist" width="240" height="240" />Tristram Hunt, author of the new biography The Frock-coated Communist, will speak on:<br />
Friedrich Engels: His Life, Legacy and Relations with the Labour Movement.</p>
<p>There will be no charge for this event but to guarantee your place, please contact Rob or Liz Gifford on 01908 562025 for e-mail gifford11@aol.com subject Tristram Hunt<br />
Tickets available from 1 September.<br />
Event presented by Stony Stratford Labour Party in association with the Stony Stratford Literary Circle.</td>
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<title><![CDATA[Dipa Nusantara Aidit: Mengibarkan Bendera Merah (1)]]></title>
<link>http://sociopolitica.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/dipa-nusantara-aidit-mengibarkan-bendera-merah-1/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 00:12:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sociopolitica</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sociopolitica.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/dipa-nusantara-aidit-mengibarkan-bendera-merah-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;Bukan hanya peristiwa pemancungannya yang mengerikan, cerita tambahan yang beredar di masyara]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>&#8220;Bukan hanya peristiwa pemancungannya yang mengerikan, cerita tambahan yang beredar di masyarakat yang masih kuat tercengkeram tahyul pun tak kalah menimbulkan teror mengguncang hati, bahwa mereka yang dipancung arwahnya penasaran lalu gentayangan dengan wujud hantu tak berkepala&#8221;.</strong></p>
<p>SELAIN tentara –Angkatan Darat– ada sejumlah kekuatan politik lain yang menjadi penopang sebagai <em>partner</em> taktis Soekarno, terutama sejak diletakkannya titik dasar baru bagi kekuasaannya melalui Dekrit 5 Juli 1959. Setidaknya ada tiga kelompok kekuatan yang signifikan, yakni kelompok politik Islam yang terutama diwakili oleh Partai NU, kemudian PNI dan PKI, yang mewakili kelompok politik ideologi nasionalis (marhaenis) dan ideologi komunis. Ketiga-tiganya termasuk 4 besar Pemilihan Umum 1955 bersama Masjumi yang telah tersingkir setelah dinyatakan sebagai partai terlarang oleh Soekarno karena dianggap terlibat dan mendukung pemberontakan PRRI-Permesta sebagaimana pula nasib yang dialami PSI.</p>
<p>Di antara 4 kaki penopang kekuasaan Soekarno dalam penggalan masa itu, Tentara dan PKI bagaimana pun adalah yang paling fenomenal. Pusat kekuasaan yang sebenarnya pada masa 6 tahun itu ada di tangan Soekarno-Angkatan Darat-PKI. Realitas kekuasaan segitiga seperti ini yang ‘terikat’ dalam politik perimbangan yang dimainkan Soekarno, sekaligus menempatkan pula PKI dan Tentara ke dalam suatu persaingan kekuasaan yang berkepanjangan.</p>
<p>Hingga sedemikian jauh, tidak terlalu sulit bagi Soekarno memegang kendali <em>political game</em> kala itu, karena terdapatnya sejumlah faktor historis dan kondisi objektif krusial yang mewarnai hubungan tentara dengan PKI. Secara historis, tentara dan kaum komunis, kerap bersilang jalan dan bahkan harus berhadap-hadapan seperti misalnya pada Peristiwa Madiun 1948 dan beberapa insiden internal Angkatan Darat yang melibatkan perwira-perwira militer ‘berhaluan’ komunis sebagai <em>trouble makers</em>. Selain itu, pihak tentara mencatat berkali-kali dalam berbagai kesempatan PKI telah mencoba menyusupkan tangan ke tubuh Angkatan Darat. Sebaliknya, PKI pun mencatat adanya sikap antipati yang laten sejumlah perwira tentara kepada partai, terutama dalam kaitan ideologis disamping sejumlah pengalaman traumatis. ‘Kedekatan’ sejumlah perwira militer yang menjadi elite Angkatan Darat dengan Amerika Serikat menjadi pula catatan tersendiri bagi PKI. Tak kalah penting adalah ‘perseteruan’ berkepanjangan antara tentara dengan politisi sipil pada kancah percaturan politik dan kekuasaan, yang berurat berakar dan menjadi laten dalam sejarah sejak masa-masa awal kemerdekaan Indonesia.</p>
<p>PKI adalah salah satu kekuatan sipil yang paling berperilaku bagaikan duri dalam daging sejak awal kelahirannya dan melajur sepanjang kehidupan bernegara menurut sudut pandang dan ‘kesadaran nasional’ para elite Angkatan Darat. Itulah pula sebabnya, terutama ketika memiliki wewenang istimewa dengan berlakunya SOB (<em>Staat van Oorlog en Beleg</em>) sejak 1957, pimpinan Angkatan Darat yang terisi dengan perwira-perwira anti komunis dari waktu ke waktu, banyak menggunakan wewenang khususnya itu untuk membendung berkembangnya PKI di berbagai wilayah, bahkan bilamana perlu seperti yang terlihat dalam beberapa kasus, para penguasa militer tak segan-segan menindaki partai komunis itu, begitu ada alasan pembenar, sekecil apapun. Mulai dari tindakan-tindakan pembekuan pengurus PKI di berbagai daerah, pembreidelan organ pers PKI sampai kepada penangkapan-penangkapan atas tokoh-tokohnya di berbagai tingkat kepengurusan.</p>
<p><strong>Nasionalis beragama Islam dengan jalan pikiran Marxistis.</strong> Sebenarnya, sejak mula berdirinya Partai Komunis di Indonesia masih di zaman kolonial Belanda, partai itu tak pernah ada kedekatan ideologis dengan Soekarno, terkecuali bahwa Soekarno adalah seorang tokoh yang terpesona kepada ajaran Karl Marx dan Friedrich Engels. Soekarno pada dasarnya, bukan seorang komunis melainkan seorang nasionalis beragama Islam dengan jalan pikiran yang Marxistis. Persentuhan yang terjadi dengan kaum komunis, lebih personal, semisal dengan tokoh-tokoh komunis eks Sarekat Islam maupun Alimin dan Muso. Tetapi ketika lapisan generasi baru Aidit dan kawan-kawan menapak ke dalam pimpinan partai di tahun 1951-1952, terutama setelah menjadi 4 besar dalam Pemilihan Umum 1955, PKI bergerak mendekati Soekarno. Keberhasilan pendekatan yang signifikan terjadi ketika PKI di bawah Aidit, merubah sikap dari semula menolak rencana Presiden Soekarno untuk membubarkan konstituante –melalui dekrit– menjadi menerima dan mendukung rencana tersebut. Sedemikian tinggi kadar kedekatan yang terjadi, terutama setelah Dekrit 5 Juli 1959, sehingga timbul kesan bahwa Soekarno dalam banyak hal terpengaruh oleh PKI, dan kemudian menjadi salah satu indikator bagi Amerika Serikat yang sedang pada puncak semangat anti komunis –dalam kerangka perang dingin antara Blok Barat melawan Blok Timur– untuk menilai Indonesia di bawah Soekarno sedang bergerak menjadi suatu negara komunis.</p>
<p>Pemberontakan PRRI-Permesta, yang digerakkan unsur militer luar Jawa, di latar pemikirannya juga memasukkan faktor anti komunis sebagai salah satu alasan pemberontakan selain faktor kesenjangan kepentingan pusat-daerah. Bantuan-bantuan belakang layar Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara Barat lainnya terhadap pemberontakan di Sumatera dan Sulawesi itu juga terkait dengan kekuatiran berkembangnya komunisme di Indonesia itu. Tentang ini, Soekarno menggambarkan –dalam wawancara dengan Cindy Adams untuk buku biografinya– bahwa dalam tahap pertama sebelum pemberontakan terdengar teriakan dari pulau-pulau seberang “Kami minta pembangunan untuk daerah kami”. Tak lama kemudian, pada tahap berikutnya menurut Soekarno terdengar pekik-pekik baru “Persetan dengan pemerintah Jakarta. Gantung Soekarno dari pohon yang paling tinggi. Pemerintah Jakarta Komunis. Kami anti-Komunis”. Mengenai bantuan Amerika Serikat terhadap pemberontakan, ketika ia memanggil Duta Besar AS Howard Pallfrey Jones untuk menemuinya, Soekarno mempersoalkannya melalui peristiwa pilot AS Allan Pope yang membantu kaum pemberontak. “Orang tahu betul bahwa Amerika, Taiwan dan Inggeris secara aktif membantu pemberontak”, ujar Soekarno, yang lalu bertanya tentang Allan Pope yang melakukan pemboman di Indonesia dengan berbasiskan pangkalan AS Clark di Pilipina, “Katakan pada saya, mengapa. Mengapa dia melakukannya ?”. Sang Duta Besar menjawab “Oleh karena dia dengar tuan Komunis dan dia hendak menyumbangkan tenaga, dalam perjuangan melawan Komunisme”.</p>
<p>Wawancara dengan Cindy Adams itu dilakukan tahun 1963-1964 dalam masa puncak kekuasaan Soekarno, dan Soekarno menegaskan bahwa tuduhan tentang pengaruh komunis itu samasekali tidak benar. Lalu Soekarno memaparkan kisah menarik tentang sikap dan hubungannya dengan kaum komunis Indonesia. “Soekarno lah yang menghancurkan orang-orang Komunis di tahun 1948”. Yang dimaksud Soekarno di sini adalah Peristiwa Madiun 1948. “Pemberontakan Komunis yang pertama di Indonesia ini dinyalakan oleh bekas guruku di Surabaya yang memperkenalkanku kepada politik yaitu Alimin dan Muso, dan oleh seorang tokoh yang telah kuselamatkan jiwanya di jaman pendudukan Jepang, ialah Amir Sjarifuddin”. Soekarno juga secara tak langsung mengaitkan komunis dengan atheisme, “Aku tidak ingin membiarkan mereka atau orang lain meniadakan Tuhan di tanah-airku yang tercinta”. Dan “aku berdiri di depan corong radio untuk menyetop peperangan terkutuk itu”. Soekarno berseru, “Negara Republik Indonesia tidak mungkin memerangi dirinya sendiri. Pilih satu di antara dua. Soekarno-Hatta atau Partai Komunis yang membentuk pemerintahan Sovyet di bawah Alimin dan Muso”. Soekarno mengaku mengirim Divisi Siliwangi untuk memadamkan pemberontakan itu. “Jangan ada yang berkata bahwa Soekarno ragu-ragu untuk meremuk-remuk pemberontakan Komunis. Jangan ada orang yang berkata Soekarno seorang Komunis”.</p>
<p>Meskipun Soekarno menyebutkan Peristiwa Madiun, September 1948, sebagai pemberontakan komunis yang pertama, sebenarnya dengan tahun 1948, kaum komunis telah dua kali melakukan pemberontakan. Pemberontakan yang pertama adalah pada tahun 1926-1927 –tatkala PKI baru berusia 6 menuju 7 tahun sejak didirikannya pada 23 Mei 1920– namun untuk sebagian masih dikategorikan dalam konteks perlawanan terhadap kaum kolonial. Pemberontakan tahun 1926-1927 oleh kalangan perjuangan lainnya kala itu dianggap justru merugikan perlawanan terhadap kolonial secara keseluruhan karena suatu perlawanan seperti itu belum waktunya dilakukan dan hanya akan mengundang penindasan yang lebih besar dari penguasa kolonial Belanda. Bahkan di kalangan komunis Indonesia sendiri pemberontakan itu dikecam. Rencana dasar pemberontakan itu disusun oleh tiga orang tokoh Partai Komunis Indonesia, yakni Sardjono, Soegono dan Boedi Soetjitro.</p>
<p>Rancangan ini sesungguhnya tidak disepakati oleh banyak tokoh PKI lainnya, pun tak semua cabang partai menyetujuinya. Salah seorang tokoh terkemuka dari partai, Tan Malaka, amat meragukan keberhasilan suatu rencana pemberontakan seperti itu. “Saatnya belum tiba” ujar Tan Malaka, tak kurang kepada Alimin sendiri. Ia menganggap PKI tidak siap untuk satu rencana sebesar itu. Pengaruh PKI di tengah rakyat belum meresap secara mendalam. Menurut gambaran Tan Malaka, partai masih kecil dan ‘tak berkuku’. “Mana mungkin kita mampu menggerakkan massa rakyat secara besar-besaran”, demikian Tan Malaka mengingatkan rekan-rekannya di lapisan pimpinan partai.</p>
<p>Nyatanya, pemberontakan komunis itu toh pecah juga. Alimin dan kawan-kawan ternyata tidak mengurungkan niatnya, kendati begitu banyak pendapat internal mengingatkan agar jangan terburu-buru bertindak. Pemberontakan pertama pecah di Jakarta 13 Nopember 1926, yang merambat dalam bentuk tindakan kekerasan di berbagai tempat di Jawa Barat (Banten) dan Jawa Tengah. Pemberontakan terjadi pula tepat pada hari pertama tahun 1927 di Sumatera Barat. Apa yang dikatakan Tan Malaka bahwa partai belum siap, terbukti. Tanpa terlalu bersusah payah tentara kolonial Belanda berhasil memadamkan pemberontakan komunis itu. Belanda menangkap puluhan ribu anggota PKI, langsung memenjarakannya, dan membuang sebagian lainnya ke Tanah Merah (Boven Digul) dekat Merauke Irian (Papua) Barat yang terkenal sebagai sarang malaria.</p>
<p>Perlawanan-perlawanan insidental partisan PKI –yang sebenarnya lebih tepat dikatakan sebagai perburuan oleh tentara dan polisi Belanda– masih berlangsung beberapa lama, sebelum akhirnya Partai Komunis Indonesia dan organisasi sayap Sarekat Rakyat dinyatakan sebagai organisasi terlarang pada 23 Maret 1928. Bagi Tan Malaka, mereka yang mengobarkan pemberontakan tersebut tak lebih dari sekumpulan orang nekad karena pikirannya diracuni pemahaman ideologi secara dogmatis. Namun, tudingannya mengenai dogmatisme dalam memahami ideologi komunis ini, saat-saat berikutnya menjadi bahan serangan balik oleh sejumlah tokoh PKI yang lain. Tan Malaka dipersamakan dengan Trotsky –karena keduanya memang memiliki kesamaan, menganut kebebasan berpikir dalam mencerna dan memahami ideologi– yang dianggap pengkhianat dan penyeleweng dari ideologi komunis, dan belakangan dipersalahkan sebagai orang yang menyebabkan kegagalan revolusi komunis Indonesia tahun 1926-1927 itu.</p>
<p>Setelah kegagalan pemberontakan tahun 1926-1927, tokoh-tokoh PKI yang tidak tertangkap dan atau berhasil melarikan diri ke luar negeri, terpaksa bergerak di bawah tanah, namun tak ada hasil yang signifikan untuk kepentingan partai. Sejak pertengahan 1928 hingga  1930-an dan awal 1940-an praktis PKI menjadi partai bawah tanah dan baru kembali ke permukaan setelah Proklamasi. Di tahun 1935 Komintern (gerakan Komunis Internasional) mengutus Muso kembali ke Indonesia untuk menghidupkan lagi partai. Dengan bantuan beberapa tokoh komunis yang tersisa, Muso mencoba mengorganisir suatu pergerakan PKI illegal, untuk ‘meneruskan’ perjuangan, namun gagal dan tahun berikutnya ia terpaksa lari kembali ke luar negeri. Praktis, sejak waktu itu sampai masa pendudukan Jepang, tak ada sesuatu kegiatan berarti dari PKI yang terlarang itu. Segala kegiatan PKI kemudian disalurkan melalui Gerindo (Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia) yang dimotori oleh Amir Sjarifuddin.</p>
<p>Belajar dari pengalaman setelah kegagalan pemberontakan tahun 1926-1927, Amir Sjarifuddin menjalankan Gerindo dengan ‘damai’ dan bersikap hati-hati serta ‘berbaik-baik’ terhadap pemerintah kolonial Belanda. Satu dan lain hal karena itulah Amir sempat diyakini sangat bekerjasama dengan Belanda. Bahkan anggapan itu membuat Amir beberapa tahun kemudian hampir saja dihukum mati oleh tentara pendudukan Jepang. Amir selamat berkat bantuan Soekarno yang waktu itu punya hubungan amat baik dengan Jepang, sehingga bisa mencegah Jepang menghukum mati tokoh PKI itu.</p>
<p>Hukuman mati oleh tentara Jepang waktu itu berkonotasi amat mengerikan, karena selain dengan peluru, eksekusi juga kerap dilakukan dengan pancungan pedang samurai. Bukan hanya peristiwa pemancungannya yang mengerikan, cerita tambahan yang beredar di masyarakat yang masih kuat tercengkeram tahyul pun tak kalah menimbulkan teror mengguncang hati, bahwa mereka yang dipancung arwahnya penasaran lalu gentayangan dengan wujud hantu tak berkepala. Maka, tentara Jepang amat ditakuti lahir batin.</p>
<p><em><strong>Berlanjut ke Bagian 2</strong></em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Predstavitev Ponatisa Knjige Komunistični Manifest]]></title>
<link>http://mariborchan.com/2009/09/10/predstavitev-ponatisa-knjige-komunisticni-manifest/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mariborchan</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mariborchan.com/2009/09/10/predstavitev-ponatisa-knjige-komunisticni-manifest/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Glej tudi: vecer.com – Komunistični manifest spet na knjižne police 24ur.com – Komunistični manifest]]></description>
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</span></p>
<p><font size="1">Glej tudi:      <br />vecer.com – </font><a href="http://www.vecer.com/clanek2009091105467915"><font size="1">Komunistični manifest spet na knjižne police</font></a><font size="1">      <br />24ur.com – </font><a href="http://24ur.com/novice/slovenija/komunisticni-manifest-v-casu-kazino-kapitalizma.html"><font size="1">Komunistični manifest v času ‘kazino kapitalizma’</font></a><font size="1">      <br />dnevnik.si – </font><a href="http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/dnevnik/1042298088"><font size="1">Kritizirati le zato, da se nič ne bi spremenilo</font></a><font size="1">      <br />delo.si – </font><a href="http://www.delo.si/clanek/88019"><font size="1">Manifest kot uspešnica</font></a><font size="1">      <br />studio.delo.si – </font><a href="http://studio.delo.si/20090910_6271"><font size="1">Komunistični manifest v parku</font></a><font size="1">      <br />siol.net – </font><a href="http://www.siol.net/kultura/knjizni_molj/2009/09/komunisticni_manifest.aspx"><font size="1">Kaj lahko Komunistični manifest ponudi danes?</font></a><font size="1">      <br />vest.si – </font><a href="http://www.vest.si/2009/09/11/filozofi-z-zizkom-na-celu-ob-ponatisu-komunisticnega-manifesta/"><font size="1">Filozofi z Žižkom na čelu o Komunističnem manifestu</font></a><font size="1">      <br />Sanje.si – </font><a href="http://www.sanje.si/knjigarna/komunisticni-manifest.html"><font size="1">Komunistični manifest</font></a><font size="1"> in </font><a href="http://www.sanje.si/images/dela/manifest_uvodniki.pdf"><font size="1">Spremni zapisi k ponovni izdaji</font></a><font size="1">      <br />Božidar Debenjak (avtor prevoda) &#8211; </font><a href="http://wp.me/puom-ca"><font size="1">Dolgo Slovo Kapitalizma</font></a><font size="1"> (predavanje)</font></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Analizziamo la crisi: "Da Karl Marx alla crisi globale. E' la fine di un epoca."]]></title>
<link>http://unpodimondo.wordpress.com/2009/09/05/analizziamo-la-crisi-da-karl-marx-alla-crisi-globale-e-la-fine-di-un-epoca/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2009 08:51:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>unpodimondo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://unpodimondo.wordpress.com/2009/09/05/analizziamo-la-crisi-da-karl-marx-alla-crisi-globale-e-la-fine-di-un-epoca/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[foto &quot;Marx&quot; by AlphaTangoBravo / Adam Baker - flickr Nonostante che i mass media cerchino ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">
<div class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 344px"><img title="Marx" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3215/3482468105_ccb8c32ec4.jpg" alt="foto Marx by AlphaTangoBravo / Adam Baker - flickr" width="334" height="500" /><p class="wp-caption-text">foto &#34;Marx&#34; by AlphaTangoBravo / Adam Baker - flickr</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nonostante che i mass media cerchino di tranquillizzarci, dicendo che il peggio della crisi è passato e che la ripresa è &#8220;dietro l&#8217;angolo&#8221;, i segnali di crisi profonda, che arrivano dalla cronaca delle nostre città sono molto inquietanti. Fabbriche che chiudono, tagli di personale, anche nel mondo  della scuola, e altre notizie simili riempiono le pagine dei giornali di operai, impiegati e professori che si incatenano, salgono sui tetti e fanno lo sciopero della fame per difendere il proprio posto di lavoro.  Decine di migliaia di persone che, non essendo più tutelate da nessuno (partiti di sinistra e sindacati in primo luogo), cercano di difendere il posto di lavoro con l&#8217;unica cosa che gli è rimasta: la forza della disperazione.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Per capire la gravità della crisi e cosa ci aspetterà nei prossimi mesi, il settimanale <a href="http://www.carta.org/" target="_blank">Carta</a> ha pubblicato, nel mese di Agosto un numero speciale di 100 pagine chiamato &#8220;Carta Almanacco&#8221; che ha analizzato la crisi col contributo di alcuni studiosi. E&#8217; stata una lettura interessante (anche se ha un po&#8217; rovinato le ferie ai lettori, perché dipinge un futuro non proprio di &#8220;rose e fiori&#8221;) e perciò vi proporrò alcuni estratti degli articoli più significativi. Inizio con un sunto dell&#8217;articolo di <a href="http://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tonino_Perna" target="_blank">Tonino Perna</a>, docente di sociologia economica all&#8217;Università di Messina.</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Da Karl Marx alla crisi globale. E&#8217; la fine di un epoca.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[...] <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx" target="_blank">Marx</a> ha vissuto in Inghilterra, la patria della società industriale, un periodo storico di crisi ricorrenti che si manifestavano, ogni 10 anni, quasi fossero determinate da una legge matematica. Abbiamo, infatti, la crisi finanziaria del 1837, seguita da quella del 1847 [in coincidenza col fallimento dell'azienda pubblica Robinson&#38;Co.]. E ancora la crisi del 1857 che si tentò di spiegare con gli alti tassi d&#8217;interesse[10%], infine quella del 1866 che, secondo l&#8217;analisi di <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" target="_blank">Engels</a>, determinò una svolta nel peso della Borsa, e quindi della finanza, sull&#8217;economia reale.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Per <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx" target="_blank">Marx</a> le crisi sono connaturate con il modo capitalistico di produzione. <strong>Le cause che lui rintraccia erano essenzialmente legate a due fattori: la caduta tendenziale del saggio del profitto e la sovrapproduzione/sottoconsumo rispetto ai bisogni di valorizzazione del capitale.</strong> Su entrambe queste cause, nella teoria marxiana, esiste una sterminata letteratura. Per quasi un secolo le diverse correnti del marxismo si sono divise su questi aspetti, intimamente legati al grande tema del &#8220;crollo del capitalismo&#8221;. [...] Ancor prima della caduta del Muro di Berlino questo acceso dibattito è venuto meno, sia per il rapido declino dell&#8217;influenza del pensiero marxista, sia perchè il capitalismo, soprattutto in occidente nei famosi &#8220;trente gloireuses&#8221; &#8211; gli anni dal 1951 al 1981 &#8211; aveva dimostrato di saper controllare i meccanismi del ciclo economico, anche grazie all&#8217;intervento dello Stato, previsto dalla teoria keynesiana in funzione anticiclica. Per trent&#8217;anni l&#8217;Occidente ha vissuto un periodo di prosperità, anche a scapito dei popoli del sud del mondo, in cui salari-occupazione-crescita economica andavano a braccetto, e il compromesso socialdemocratico garantiva una relativa pace sociale. E&#8217; in questa fase storica che si è formata e cristallizzata la categoria della crescita economica infinita e la religione del <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pil" target="_blank">Pil.</a> [...]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Quella che stiamo attraversando è una crisi inedita, nella storia del capitalismo. Dal 1987 ad oggi abbiamo avuto sette crisi finanziarie, ma nessuna di questa portata e con questi effetti. Questa crisi è anche profondamente diversa da quella del &#8216;29. </strong>Non solo per le sue cause &#8211; un eccesso di indebitamento ed una crescita esponenziale di masse di dollari senza contropartite &#8211; ma anche per la sua dimensione: è la prima crisi nell&#8217;era della globalizzazione, che non risparmia nessuno. Le crisi precedenti, compresa la Grande Depressione degli anni trenta, avevano soprattutto colpito il mondo occidentale, con relativamente scarsi effetti sul resto del pianeta. Oggi, la crisi fa il giro del mondo come un qualunque virus in pochi mesi.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Questa crisi globale sta producendo [e produrrà] effetti inaspettati sul piano socio-politico. Chi si illude che la ripresa &#8220;sempre dietro l&#8217;angolo&#8221;, riporterà le cose a prima del 2007, si sbaglia di grosso. Quando l&#8217;economia-mondo avrà trovato un altro punto di equilibrio</strong>, sia pure temporaneo, il pianeta si sveglierà  con un quadro geopolitico molto diverso. Questo Marx, sia pure con parole diverse, l&#8217;aveva intuito: ogni crisi economico-finanziaria del capitalismo è una crisi di un determinato sistema di potere di classe e di territori.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In primis, la fine dell&#8217;egemonia del dollaro porterà alla costituzione di una moneta &#8220;neutra&#8221; di riserva internazionale, una Moneta Globale che sarà il frutto di una media ponderata delle più importanti valute [dollaro, euro, yen, yuan]. Questo cambiamento segna simbolicamente e concretamente la fine dell&#8217;impero a stelle e strisce che aveva dominato il XX secolo. La quota di ricchezza mondiale, in termini di produzione, si sposterà sempre più verso l&#8217;Asia [e in parte verso Africa e America Latina], che continuerà a crescere, sia pure a tassi meno sostenuti di quelli dell&#8217;ultimo decennio. <strong>L&#8217;Occidente, viceversa, dovrà confrontarsi con una lunga recessione-stagnazione, come quella che ha colpito il Giappone dopo la crisi finanziaria del &#8216;90</strong>. [...]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Emblematico è il caso del nostro paese. Con un pil che quest&#8217;anno cadrà di circa il 6 per cento, con un rapporto debito/pil che si sta avvicinando al 120 percento, gli spazi di manovra del governo [di qualunque governo] diventano ogni giorno più stretti. Ciò significa che il 10 percento dei disoccupati non verrà riassorbito, che migliaia di fabbriche non riapriranno più, ma che l&#8217;impoverimento della maggioranza della popolazione diventerà una realtà molto visibile, insieme al crollo della mobilità sociale: da ascendente, nel periodo 1951-1985, a stagnante, nella fase 1985-2005, a brutalmente discendente oggi. <strong>Alla democrazia parlamentare, al capitalismo socialmente temperato, verrà a mancare il mastice che ne aveva garantito la durata. Gli esiti sono imprevedibili. E i primi segnali che cogliamo sono veramente allarmanti. </strong>La perdita di status sociale, oltre che la perdita del lavoro, genera in tutte le classi sociali atteggiamenti rancorosi, che spingono ad attaccare i più deboli, gli ultimi della società. La decrescita viene vissuta come espropriazione di un benessere che si pensava di avere acquisito una volta per tutte, e questo può spingere il nostro paese, e l&#8217;insieme dell&#8217;Occidente, verso derive neonaziste, sicuramente razziste, e comunque estremamente pericolose. La decrescita non subìta, ma metabolizzata in forme sociali e politiche diverse, può diventare un&#8217;occasione per costruire un&#8217;altra società, più giusta, meno alienata e più rispettosa della natura e della vita in tutte le sue forme. Ma perché ciò avvenga bisogna che cresca un&#8217;altra economia che dia risposte concrete alle persone che questo sistema tratta come rifiuti.[...]</p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>Dall&#8217;articolo &#8220;Da Karl Marx alla crisi globale. E&#8217; la fine di un epoca.&#8221; di Tonino Perna pubblicato alle pagine 12 e 13 di &#8220;Carta Almanacco&#8221; Anno XI nr. 28 del 31 luglio 2009</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
</blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Dalam Kancah Politik Kekerasan (1)]]></title>
<link>http://sociopolitica.wordpress.com/2009/09/03/dalam-kancah-politik-kekerasan-1/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2009 03:57:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sociopolitica</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sociopolitica.wordpress.com/2009/09/03/dalam-kancah-politik-kekerasan-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[-Rum Aly* &#8220;Bakunin yang dianggap Marx sebagai maniak gila, mengajarkan kekerasan yang ekstrim ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>-Rum Aly*</p>
<p><strong>&#8220;Bakunin yang dianggap Marx sebagai maniak gila, mengajarkan kekerasan yang ekstrim sebagai alat utama kaum revolusioner, &#8230;&#8230;&#8221;. &#8220;Apakah PKI, &#8230;.. akan menampilkan fenomena yang sama dalam sejarah Indonesia?&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>SETIAP orang mungkin saja mengalami persentuhan sosial dan persentuhan politik yang berbeda-beda dengan PKI maupun dengan komunisme, tetapi berapapun kadarnya, merupakan fenomena di tahun 1960-1965 bahwa bagi mereka yang berada di luar pagar pengaruh ideologi itu, penampilan PKI cenderung mencemaskan bahkan menakutkan. Apalagi bila bercampur dengan pengetahuan mengenai situasi dunia yang kala itu dilanda suasana perang dingin antara blok Barat dan blok Timur. Kisah-kisah kekerasan Stalin di Rusia dalam menegakkan kekuasaan komunis secara totaliter di Rusia kemudian Eropah Timur ataupun pembunuhan-pembunuhan massal yang dilakukan Partai Komunis Cina di bawah Mao Zedong (dulu ditulis: Mao Tse-tung) dalam perebutan pengaruh dan kekuasaan di daratan Cina, menambah rasa takut itu. Apakah PKI, setelah keterlibatan mereka dalam pemberontakan berdarah di Madiun 1948, akan menampilkan fenomena yang sama dalam sejarah Indonesia?</p>
<p>Namun, jangankan bagi mereka yang di luar pagar, kecemasan atau rasa was-was bahkan bisa menghinggapi mereka yang ada di dalam pagar. Seorang pekerja yang menjadi anggota SOBSI di suatu propinsi luar Jawa di Indonesia Timur, Daeng Sila, pertengahan tahun 1965 pernah mengeluhkan perilaku yang terlalu revolusioner dari teman-teman separtainya di pulau Jawa. Salah satu keluhan yang dilontarkan anggota serikat buruh onderbouw PKI ini –yang di sore hari menjadi guru mengaji bagi anak-anak di sekitar rumahnya– adalah sikap PKI di pulau Jawa, yang menunjukkan permusuhan terhadap agama atau kaum beragama, selain berbagai tindak kekerasan lainnya sebagaimana yang terdengar melalui berita radio atau terbaca di suratkabar. Secara umum, sikap para pendukung PKI di propinsi itu sendiri, hingga tahun 1965, sebenarnya memang tidak seradikal, segarang dan seprovokatif dengan yang di Jawa atau beberapa propinsi lain seperti di Sumatera Utara atau Kalimantan Timur.</p>
<p>PKI di propinsi Indonesia Timur itu, Sulawesi Selatan –tempat kelahiran Jenderal Muhammad Jusuf dan Muhammad Jusuf Kalla– terlibat dalam persaingan politik sehari-hari yang sesungguhnya biasa-biasa saja. Tokoh-tokohnya pada umumnya memiliki kehidupan ekonomi yang bersahaja untuk tidak mengatakannya berada dalam tingkat kemiskinan yang ‘mengibakan’ hati –hidup dalam gubug tanpa perabot yang layak– dibandingkan dengan tokoh-tokoh partai lainnya. Berbeda dengan PNI misalnya yang pendukungnya adalah dari kalangan menengah, kaum bangsawan dan kaum elite di daerah itu. Begitu mengibakan hati, sehingga setelah Peristiwa 30 September 1965, tatkala terjadi aksi penyerbuan ke kantor-kantor PKI dan <em>onderbouw-onderbouw</em>nya serta rumah-rumah para tokohnya di Makassar, ada seorang mahasiswa aktivis dari Universitas Hasanuddin yang kemudian mengakui tidak tega dan hanya melihat dari kejauhan sewaktu menemukan rumah yang akan ‘diserbu’ itu hanyalah gubug reyot yang tanpa didobrakpun mungkin tak lama lagi akan rubuh.</p>
<p>Di propinsi ini, selain beberapa peristiwa berdarah di Tana Toraja, relatif tak tercatat aksi-aksi radikal dan kekerasan lainnya dari PKI yang berkadar tinggi seperti umpamanya yang terjadi di Bandar Betsi Sumatera Utara, di Buleleng Bali atau Peristiwa Jengkol dan Peristiwa Kanigoro di Kediri, Jawa Timur. Bagi Sulawesi Selatan yang bergolak sejak tahun 1950 hingga 1965, kekerasan penuh darah oleh DI-TII di satu pihak dan tentara di pihak yang lain dengan rakyat terjepit di tengah-tengahnya, bahkan lebih dominan mengisi ingatan setiap orang sebagai kenangan getir –seperti halnya pembunuhan massal atas ribuan rakyat oleh Kapten Raymond Westerling, perwira peranakan Belanda-Turki, dalam Peristiwa 11 Desember 1946. Sebagaimana pula ingatan lebih terisi oleh peristiwa penyerbuan tanpa belas kasihan terhadap rumah-rumah tokoh PNI Sulawesi Selatan –yang untuk sebagian besar adalah pengikut Hardi dan kawan-kawan yang berseberangan dengan Ali-Surachman– dan peristiwa rasial terhadap etnis Cina, tak lama setelah Peristiwa 30 September 1965, meski warga ‘keturunan’ ini tidak punya keterlibatan apapun terhadap peristiwa politik tersebut. Sungguh ironis bahwa aksi menghancurkan kehidupan orang lain itu, yang menumpas sampai garam-garam di dapur, terutama dilakukan justru oleh massa organisasi-organisasi ekstra mahasiswa dan pelajar yang baru saja lepas dari gelombang penganiayaan politik PKI di Pulau Jawa. Dan celakanya lagi, salah sasaran pembalasan.</p>
<p>Catatan di atas, mungkin merupakan satu kesaksian tentang ‘kebersahajaan’ hidup, kadar keterlibatan maupun posisi minor tokoh-tokoh komunis di daerah itu dalam pergolakan politik hingga tahun 1965. Mungkin esensinya tak berbeda jauh dengan semacam kesaksian, yang juga pernah dinyatakan oleh Soe Hok-gie almarhum yang mengaku sempat kagum terhadap idiom-idiom keadilan dan kemiskinan rakyat yang dilontarkan dan diperjuangkan PKI. Namun kesaksian untuk propinsi di wilayah Timur ini, samasekali tak berlaku untuk Pulau Jawa, karena dalam ruang waktu yang sama, sikap radikal, keras dan provokatif yang ditunjukkan dan dilahirkan dalam berbagai bentuk penganiayaan dan kekerasan politik di Pulau Jawa, telah mewakili citra PKI sebagai partai garang secara nasional dan mengakumulasi ketakutan sekaligus kebencian yang berlaku secara nasional pula. Dan dalam suatu arus balik, di bulan-bulan terakhir 1965, maka pembalasan pun berlangsung secara nasional, yang kedahsyatannya –terutama di Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Bali dan juga di Sumatera Utara– cenderung tak terbayangkan sebelumnya. Tapi terlepas dari itu, apa pun alasannya, situasi balas berbalas dalam kekerasan dan kekejaman adalah buruk. Katakanlah bahwa PKI di masa lampau menjalankan politik kekerasan dan kejahatan kemanusiaan, tetapi dalam sudut pandang kemanusiaan, bagaimanapun sebuah pembalasan massal dengan kekerasan berdarah dalam wujud kejahatan atas kemanusiaan yang menimpa mereka yang dikaitkan dengan PKI, tak dapat dibenarkan. Kenapa kejahatan harus dibalas dengan kejahatan?</p>
<p><strong>Berakar pada suatu ideologi totaliter</strong></p>
<p>Komunisme lahir sebagai salah satu dari tiga pecahan ideologi yang bersumber pada ajaran Karl Marx (1818-1883) dan Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). Dibandingkan dengan dua pecahan lain, yakni aliran sosial demokrat dan aliran demokratis sosialis, aliran komunis adalah yang paling keras, dalam artian tak memiliki samasekali aspek kompromi dan toleransi terhadap ajaran lain. Sebutan komunis sendiri sudah lebih dulu dikenal sejak Revolusi 1830 di Perancis, yaitu penamaan terhadap perkumpulan-perkumpulan rahasia kaum revolusioner, atau komune, yang kemudian juga punya pengertian kedua, yakni sebagai kepemilikan bersama.</p>
<p>Dalam bukunya, <em>Das Kapital </em>yang disusun berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap kehidupan masyarakat industri yang pincang di London dan sekitarnya, Marx menyimpulkan keharusan penyingkiran bentuk masyarakat kapitalistik. Pada masa hidup Marx, kapitalisme di Eropah memang sedang berada pada titik puncak dalam menampilkan berbagai bentuk ketidakadilan dalam masyarakat industri Eropah, saat kaum pekerja berada dalam penindasan ekonomi dengan keburukan yang tiada taranya sepanjang sejarah Eropah. Sehingga, Benyamin Disraeli menggambarkan Eropah memiliki hanya dua bangsa, yang hidup di dua kutub kehidupan yang amat berbeda, yakni kaum kaya yang memiliki dan menguasai segala-galanya di satu kutub dan kaum miskin yang hampir kehilangan segala-galanya pada kutub yang lain. Dalam <em>Communist Manifesto</em> yang dilontarkan Marx dan Engels 1848, disebutkan bahwa tujuan masyarakat adil hanya akan bisa dicapai dengan penyingkiran secara paksa seluruh tatanan sosial yang ada pada saat itu, dan dalam proses itu kaum proletar takkan kehilangan apapun kecuali belenggu mereka. Kaum proletar harus berjuang merebut seluruh dunia.</p>
<p>Komunisme di Rusia merupakan Marxisme yang mengalami pengembangan dan penajaman dalam aspek tertentu oleh Lenin –sehingga sering disebut Marxisme-Leninisme– yang kemudian mencapai bentuk paling ekstrim di tangan Joseph Stalin. Trotsky yang dianggap moderat dan lunak bahkan dicap reaksioner, disingkirkan. Dan dalam penerapannya di daratan Cina oleh Mao Zedong, komunisme mendapat bentuk yang tak kalah kerasnya. Dan seperti halnya dengan cara-cara Stalin dalam menegakkan kekuasaan komunisme di Rusia, komunis Cina di bawah Mao menghalalkan segala cara demi tujuan, tak terkecuali melakukan eliminasi atau pembunuhan-pembunuhan terhadap mereka yang menghalangi pencapaian tujuan itu.</p>
<p>Rusia yang bergolak karena kepincangan ekonomi yang membuat kaum pekerja hidup penuh kesengsaraan –seperti umumnya seluruh Eropah yang resah kala itu– merupakan peluang bagi tumbuh dan berkembangnya komunisme. Ketika Revolusi 1905 pecah di Rusia, Lenin (1870-1924) sendiri sebenarnya cukup kaget dan tak pernah menduganya, dan ia memang tak berperanan dalam proses menuju revolusi saat itu. Proses menuju Revolusi 1905, lebih banyak terinspirasi dan terdorong oleh Mikhail Bakunin yang untuk sebagian sempat hidup sezaman dengan Karl Marx, maupun oleh gerakan politik yang dikenal sebagai Partai Revolusioner Sosialis yang samasekali tidak menganut Marxisme. Bakunin adalah seorang bangsawan Rusia yang membelot, keluar dari Pasukan Pengawal Tzar karena tidak menyetujui oktokrasi kekaisaran Rusia, dan terlibat beberapa pemberontakan melawan kekuasaan otokrasi di Eropah selain otokrasi Rusia sendiri sampai akhirnya di buang ke Siberia.</p>
<p>Tatkala Bakunin yang rontok seluruh gigi depannya di Siberia, berhasil lolos di tahun 1861, ia melarikan diri ke London. Lima tahun kemudian sempat bergabung dengan kelompok Marxis namun kerap terlibat pertentangan pendapat dengan Karl Marx, sehingga akhirnya keluar dari kelompok itu. Bakunin yang dianggap Marx sebagai maniak gila, mengajarkan kekerasan yang ekstrim sebagai alat utama kaum revolusioner, karena menurutnya kekerasan adalah alat kreatif yang ampuh. Pada tahun 1890 ia sudah memiliki ribuan pengikut dari kalangan bawah yang digambarkannya sebagai ‘primitif’ yang bagaikan bah lumpur akan menggempur dan menghancurkan musuh, yakni kaum burjuis. Sementara itu Partai Revolusioner Sosialis yang muncul tahun 1900, yang untuk sebagian terinspirasi oleh jalan anarki dan kekerasan ala Bakunin, memilih teror dan kekerasan sebagai senjata perjuangan. Sejumlah gubernur, menteri dan tokoh-tokoh kekuasaan Kekaisaran Rusia menjadi korban pembunuhan yang berpuncak pada pemboman yang menewaskan pemimpin pemerintahan dari wangsa Romanov, Sergius Alexandrovitch Romanov. Pelaku pembunuhan, seorang muda yang bernama Kaliayev, dengan lantang menyebutkan dirinya di depan pengadilan sebagai &#8216;tangan pembalasan dendam rakyat&#8217;.</p>
<p><strong><em>Berlanjut ke Bagian 2</em></strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Darwin, Marx y las dedicatorias de El Capital]]></title>
<link>http://observadorjuvenil.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/darwin-marx-y-las-dedicatorias-de-el-capital/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 01:36:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Poeta Rojo.</dc:creator>
<guid>http://observadorjuvenil.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/darwin-marx-y-las-dedicatorias-de-el-capital/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Por  Salvador López Arnal. Observador Juvenil/Kaos en la Red. Para Jaume Josa Aquel que entienda al ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><!-- 		@page { margin: 2cm } 		P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --><em><strong><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-2988" title="111540_darwin_6" src="http://observadorjuvenil.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/111540_darwin_6.jpg" alt="" width="236" height="315" />Por  Salvador López Arnal.<br />
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<h4><strong> </strong><strong> </strong></h4>
<h4><strong> </strong><strong> </strong></h4>
<p><em><strong>Observador </strong></em><span style="color:#ff6600;"><em><strong>Juvenil</strong></em></span><em><strong>/</strong><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Kaos</span> </strong></em><strong>en la Red.</strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;">Para Jaume Josa </span></em></span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Aquel que entienda al babuino contribuirá a la metafísica más que John Locke</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">.<br />
Charles Darwin, cuaderno D, agosto de 1838. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Maestro, periodista, compañero y amigo de Marx, miembro del comité de correspondencia comunista de Bruselas entre 1846 y 1847 y de la oficina central de la Liga de los Comunistas, redactor de la </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Nueva Gaceta Renana</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> entre 1848 y 1849, emigrado a Suiza en 1849 y a Inglaterra en 1851, Wilhelm Friedrich Wolf falleció en 1864. <!--more-->Tres años más tarde, su amigo le dedicaba el libro I de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, la única parte que llegó a publicar en vida, con las siguientes palabras [1]: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Dedicado a mi inolvidable amigo, valiente, fiel, noble luchador adelantado del proletariado, Wilhelm Wolff. Nacido en Tarnau el 21 de junio de 1809. Muerto en el exilio en Manchester el 9 de mayo de 1864. </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El sentido texto de Marx nos conduce a una historia paralela sobre las dedicatorias de su gran clásico, historia en la que el autor de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, cuyo doble aniversario celebramos este año [2], está muy presente. Vale la pena recordarla en pocas líneas. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Norte de Londres, 17 de marzo. Marx había fallecido tres días antes. Su amigo, camarada y colaborador Friedrich Engels le despedía con un emotivo discurso en el cementerio de Highgate. Entre los asistentes, dos científicos naturales [3], el químico Schorlemmer, profesor en Manchester, un antiguo compañero político de Marx y Engels que había combatido en Baden en el levantamiento de la revolución de 1848, y el biólogo darwinista E. Ray Lankester [4]. El autor de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La situación de clase obrera en Inglaterra, </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">como en su día apuntara el gran marxista italiano Valentino Gerratana, unía probablemente por vez primera los nombres del amigo desaparecido y del científico británico: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">De la misma forma que Darwin ha descubierto las leyes del desarrollo de la naturaleza orgánica, Marx ha descubierto las leyes del desarrollo de la historia humana </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El paralelismo establecido [5] se convirtió tiempo después en un lugar común en la literatura marxista. Con incomprensiones que no deberían desdeñarse: Marx, se dijo y repitió, en paralelo al trabajo de Darwin en el ámbito de la biología y las ciencias naturales, es el creador del continente Historia. Sus “leyes”, categorías y conjeturas son equiparables a las de teoría de la evolución y la corroboración exitosa del materialismo histórico, así como sus aristas gnoseológicas, son similares. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El autor de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> no desconoció la gran obra de Darwin. Marx escribió a Engels, quien había sido uno de los mil ciudadanos privilegiados que había adquirido un ejemplar de la primera edición de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> en 1859, sobre este gran clásico en más de una ocasión. La siguiente carta está fechada el 18 de junio de 1862 y Marx habla en ella de relecturas de la obra: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">(&#8230;) En cuanto a Darwin, al que he releído otra vez, me divierte cuando pretende aplicar igualmente a la flora y a la fauna, la teoría de “Malthus”, como si la astucia del señor Malthus no residiera precisamente en el hecho de que no se aplica a las plantas y a los animales, sino sólo a los hombres –con la progresión geométrica– en oposición a lo que sucede con las plantas y los animales. Es curioso ver cómo Darwin descubre en las bestias y en los vegetales su sociedad inglesa, con la división del trabajo, la concurrencia, la apertura de nuevos mercados, las “invenciones” y la “lucha por la vida” de Malthus. Es el </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">bellum omnium contra omnes</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> [la guerra de todos contra todos] de Hobbes, y esto hace pensar en la </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Fenomenología</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> de Hegel, en la que la sociedad burguesa figura bajo el nombre de “reino animal intelectual” mientras que en Darwin es el reino animal el que presenta a la sociedad burguesa&#8230;</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> [6] </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Precisamente a esta carta de Marx se refiere Janet Browne [7] en los términos siguientes: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Resulta notable cómo Darwin redescubre entre las bestias y las plantas la esencia de la sociedad de Inglaterra, con su división del trabajo, la competición, la apertura de nuevos mercados, los inventos y la lucha maltusiana por la existencia”, comenta Karl Marx en una carta a Engels de 1862. Marx leyó </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">origen de las especies</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> poco después de su publicación y advirtió su “torpe estilo inglés”. El comprendió con más claridad que la mayoría la amenaza del </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Origen (lo he puesto en redondilla)</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> a los estándares tradicionales victorianos. “Aunque está desarrollado al tosco modo inglés, este es el libro que, en el campo de la historia natural, proporciona las bases para nuestros puntos de vista”, continuó dirigiéndose a Engels. Le repitió el mismo comentario exacto a Ferdinand Lassalle. “La obra de Darwin es de una gran importancia y sirve a mi propósito en cuanto que proporciona una base para la lucha histórica de clases en las ciencias naturales”. Marx se reía del temor de los británicos hacia los simios. “Desde que Darwin demostró que todos descendemos de los simios, apenas queda shock alguno que pueda perturbar el orgullo de nuestros ancestros”.</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">En el primer libro de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital,</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> Marx se refiere a Darwin en dos ocasiones cuanto menos, si bien de forma lateral en ambos casos. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La primera vez aparece en el capítulo XII de la sección IV. En una nota a pie de página (n. 31: OME 40, p. 368), a propósito del período manufacturero, que, apunta Marx, “simplifica, perfecciona y multiplica los instrumentos de trabajo mediante la adaptación de éstos a las funciones especiales exclusivas de los trabajadores parciales”, señala: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">En su obra que hace época, </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, Darwin observa lo siguiente respecto de los órganos naturales de las plantas y de los animales: “Mientras un mismo órgano tiene que ejecutar trabajos diferentes, es tal vez posible descubrir un motivo de su alterabilidad en el hecho de que la selección natural mantiene o suprime cualquier pequeña desviación de la forma menos cuidadosamente de lo que lo haría si ese mismo órgano estuviera destinado a un solo fin particular. Así, por ejemplo, los cuchillos, que están destinados a cortar cosas de todo tipo, pueden ser de formas que en conjuntos sean más o menos una, mientras que un instrumento destinado a un solo uso necesita también otra forma si ha de satisfacer otro uso.”</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La segunda referencia aparece en el capítulo XIII, en el apartado dedicado a la “Maquinaria y gran industria”. Refiriéndose a John Wyatt y su máquina de hilar, y a la revolución industrial del siglo XVIII, Marx señala que Wyatt no aludió al hecho de que “la hacía funcionar un asno, no un hombre”, pese a lo cual la función correspondió a un asno. Su programa hablaba de una máquina “para hilar sin dedos”, y en nota a pie (nota 89, OME 41, pp. 2-3), apunta: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Ya antes de él se habían utilizado máquinas para prehilar, aunque muy imperfectas, probablemente en Italia por vez primera. Una historia crítica de la tecnología documentaría en general lo escasamente que ninguna invención del siglo XVIII es cosa de un solo individuo. Por el momento no existe una historia así. Darwin ha orientado el interés a la historia de la tecnología natural, esto es, a la formación de los órganos vegetales y animales en cuanto instrumentos de producción para la vida de las plantas y de los animales. ¿No merece igual atención la historia de la constitución de los órganos productivos del ser humano social, base material de cada particular organización de la sociedad? ¿Y no sería, además, más fácil de conseguir, puesto que, como dice Vico, la historia humana se diferencia de la historia natural en que nosotros hemos hecho la una y no la otra?… </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">En 1978, durante el coloquio que siguió a una conferencia sobre “El trabajo científico de Marx y su noción de ciencia” [8], le preguntaron a Manuel Sacristán hasta qué punto conocía Marx la ciencia no social de su tiempo. Sacristán señaló que, como era natural, el filósofo y revolucionario comunista había seguido las ciencias cosmológicas con cierto retraso y con menor intensidad que las disciplinas sociales. Los conocimientos naturales que Marx atendió principalmente fueron los que le parecían imprescindibles para su propio trabajo de científico social con los pies y la mirada en la tierra: principalmente agrotecnia, agroquímica y, por prolongación, biología y química. En eso, apuntó Sacristán, había estado empujado por algunas manías suyas. </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La pasión por la ciencia alemana […] le hace leerse a [Justus von] Liebig de arriba a abajo por ejemplo, porque le parece que no sólo es un gran agrónomo, sino además un representante típico de ciencia alemana, integrada y global. </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">En el caso de la biología, proseguía el prologuista a la edición catalana de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, estaba la pasión por Darwin. Marx, erróneamente según Sacristán, veía en Darwin un apoyo teórico para sus propias teorías, de ahí que hubiese cultivado con insistencia la lectura del naturalista inglés</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">.</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La gran estudiosa de Darwin e historiadora de la ciencia Janet Browne [9] ha ratificado la afirmación de Sacristán: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Y es célebre la intriga despertada en Karl Marx por las tesis de Darwin, quien señaló en diversas ocasiones que en los trabajos de Darwin veía el sistema capitalista de la competencia y el liberalismo </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">.</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">No hay duda, pues, de la admiración inicial de Marx por la obra de Darwin, amortiguada, eso sí, con el paso de los años. Está contrastado históricamente que Marx leyó y releyó </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">en los años iniciales de la década de los sesenta del siglo XIX [10], movido seguramente por el deseo de encontrar bases científico-naturales consistentes con su concepción de la Historia y acaso no fuera incoherente para él el paralelismo entre el concepto de lucha de clases y sus derivadas conceptuales y la apelación darwiniana a la lucha por la supervivencia como motor de la evolución. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">De este modo, es comprensible que Marx, que cuando residió en Londres con su familia vivió en algún momento a apenas unos treinta kilómetros del domicilio de Darwin, le hiciera llegar a lo largo de 1873, en fecha no determinada, la segunda edición [11] de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> en alemán con una breve dedicatoria: “A Mr. Charles Darwin, de parte de su sincero admirador, Karl Marx” [12]. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El gran científico inglés, su admirado naturalista, que no ignoraba evidentemente que Marx era el coautor del </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Manifiesto Comunista</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, le contestó el 1º de octubre de 1873 agradeciéndole el detalle y con proximidad ilustrada: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Muy distinguido señor:</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Le doy gracias por el honor que me hace al enviarme su gran obra sobre </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">; pienso sinceramente que merecería en mayor medida su obsequio si yo entendiera algo más de ese profundo e importante tema de economía política. Aunque nuestros estudios sean tan distintos, creo que ambos deseamos ardientemente la difusión del saber y que a la larga eso servirá, con toda seguridad, para aumentar la felicidad del género humano.</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Queda, muy distinguido señor, suyo, afectísimo </span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Charles Darwin </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Según Janet Browne [13], editora de la correspondencia de Darwin, éste no llegó a leer, ni siquiera a abrir, el ejemplar que Marx le enviara. Permanece impoluto en la conservada y cuidada biblioteca de Darwin. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Pero durante mucho tiempo se creyó que no fue ésta la única carta que el naturalista inglés escribió a Marx, que no fue éste el único intercambio epistolar entre ambos. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Años después, en 1880, el creador de la teoría evolucionista, respondía a una carta previa desconocida, no localizada hasta entonces, en la que se le solicitada permiso para una dedicatoria y para realizar observaciones sobre su obra. </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Muy distinguido señor. </span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Le estoy muy agradecido por su cortés carta y por el contenido de la misma. La publicación, en la forma que sea, de sus observaciones sobre mis escritos no precisa en realidad de consentimiento alguno por mi parte, así es que no sería serio que yo diera un consentimiento del que no tiene ninguna necesidad. Prefería que no se me dedicara el tomo o el volumen (aunque le doy las gracias por el honor que quiere hacerme), puesto que eso implicaría en cierto modo mi aprobación de toda la publicación, sobre la cual no sé nada. </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Además, aunque soy un decidido defensor de la libertad de pensamiento en todos los campos, me parece –con razón o equivocadamente– que las argumentaciones en forma directa contra el cristianismo y el teísmo difícilmente producen algún efecto en el público</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. Pienso que la libertad de pensamiento se promueve mejor a través de la gradual iluminación de las mentes que se deriva del progreso de la ciencia. Puede que, sin embargo, yo me haya visto influido excesivamente por el disgusto que habrían sentido algunos miembros de mi familia si hubiera apoyado de algún modo ataque dirigidos contra la religión.</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Me disgusta rechazar su ofrecimiento, pero soy viejo, tengo muy pocas fuerzas y leer pruebas de imprenta –como sé por experiencia reciente </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">–</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> me cansa mucho</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Queda, muy distinguido señor, suyo, afectísimo, </span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Ch Darwin </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[La letra en redondilla es mía] </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">No cabe pasar por alto la penetrante intuición argumentativa y psicológica de Darwin sobre los efectos persuasivos de las argumentaciones directas contra las creencias religiosas. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">No es, en todo caso, el tema que nos ocupa. Cabe enfatizar aquí el breve paso en que Darwin parece apuntar –o, más bien, apunta claramente– al contenido de la obra enviada: </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[…] </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">las argumentaciones en forma directa contra el cristianismo y el teísmo difícilmente producen algún efecto en el público</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> […] </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Argumentaciones contra el cristianismo, contra el teísmo… No parece que la afirmación darwiniana señale de ningún modo a los contenidos centrales de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. Sin embargo… </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">En 1931, la revista soviética </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Bajo el estandarte del marxismo</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> publicó esta segunda carta de Darwin de octubre de 1880. La redacción de la revista soviética conjeturó, con riesgo especulativo, pero no de forma implausible, que el desconocido destinatario de la carta era Marx, Karl Marx. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Isaiah Berlin, en su aproximación a Marx de 1939 [14], señaló, basándose en esta carta, que el autor de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> quería dedicar a Darwin la edición alemana original. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Francis Wheen [15] ha comentado, en tono crítico, el descuido de Berlin, quien, en su opinión </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[...] pasó por alto completamente el hecho de que </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> –con su dedicatoria a Wilhelm Wolff– apareció en 1867, nada más y nada menos que trece años antes de que supuestamente Marx le ofreciese “el honor” a Darwin.</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">No es el caso: Berlin dedujo que Marx quería dedicar a Darwin el segundo volumen de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital, </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">no el primer libro editado ciertamente en 1867. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Después de la segunda guerra mundial, casi todos los autores que se aproximaron al asunto aceptaron, con matices y alguna vacilación, el rechazo por Darwin de la dedicatoria propuesta, difiriendo en el volumen que Marx pretendía dedicarle. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">McLellan [16], por ejemplo, con mucha más atención, señaló que Marx, en realidad, como ya había apuntado Berlin, deseaba dedicar a Darwin el segundo libro de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Gerratana [17], en su clásico estudio sobre “Marxismo y darwinismo” sostenía una posición similar si bien advertía, prudentemente, que “no se ha podido encontrar la carta de Marx, por lo que faltan algunos datos esenciales para aclarar por completo el significado de ese interesante episodio”, señalando una posible interpretación: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Muy probablemente el sondeo realizado por Marx tenía un objeto menos contingente: la posibilidad de establecer en el campo científico las relaciones entre darwinismo y socialismo, en el caso de que hubiera sido aceptada por Darwin, habría liquidado definitivamente la polémica bizantina que se estaba desarrollando durante aquellos años y que iba a continuar desarrollándose durante algunas décadas con igual superficialidad por parte de naturalistas y de socialistas </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Finalmente, Sholomo Avineri [18] sugirió que los recelos marxianos sobre la aplicación política del darwinismo hacían impensable una oferta sincera. La dedicatoria de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> a Darwin había sido, con seguridad, una mera broma. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Basándose en las investigaciones de la estudiosa de la obra de Darwin, Margaret A. Fay [19], de Ralph Colp, Jr. [20], quien ya habló en los setenta del mito de la creencia de que Marx deseaba dedicar alguna parte de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> a Darwin, y de Lewis S. Feuer [21], Wheen ha apuntado una explicación diferente. La siguiente: </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La segunda carta de Darwin no fue enviada a Marx sino a Edward B. Aveling, el compañero de Eleanor Marx, hija de Marx y Jenny von Westphalen. Aveling había publicado en 1881 </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">The Student’s Darwin</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. Fay descubrió entre los papeles de Darwin una carta de Aveling de 12 de octubre de 1880, unida a unos capítulos de muestra de su obra, en la que después de solicitar el apoyo o el consentimiento de Darwin a su trabajo, añadía: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Me propongo, dependiendo de nuevo de su aprobación, honrar a mi obra y a mí mismo dedicándosela a usted. </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">¿Por qué entonces la carta de Darwin a Aveling había terminado en el archivo de Karl Marx dando pie a la confusión sobre la dedicatoria de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital?</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> Porque Eleanor Marx y el propio Aveling, después del fallecimiento de Engels, habían sido los depositarios del legado marxiano, mezclándose por error los documentos de uno y otros. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Así, pues, la atribución de la citada carta a Karl Marx es falsa con toda probabilidad, pero la hipótesis sobre su autoría fue una razonable conjetura extendida y aceptada en tradiciones y publicaciones marxistas (y no marxistas), con algún descuido o falta de documentación en algún caso. Ni que decir tiene que la admiración de Marx por la obra de Darwin está confirmada y que la no lectura de Darwin del regalo enviado por Marx no apunta a ningún menosprecio por la obra de éste ni tan siquiera a cosmovisiones muy alejadas en uno y otro caso. El autor de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> vio que ambos aspiraban, desde sus respectos ámbitos, a la difusión del saber contrastado y al avance de la felicidad humana. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Janet Browne [22] ha explicado esta curiosa historia de la dedicatoria de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> en los términos siguientes: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[…] En una ocasión se creyó que Marx quiso dedicar </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> a Darwin, pero aquella impresión se basaba en un malentendido. En efecto, Marx mencionó </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> en su texto y envió a Darwin un ejemplar de presentación de la tercera edición de </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> en señal de aprecio. Todavía forma parte de la colección de libros de Darwin con una nota de Marx en su interior. La confusión nacía de un error de identificación de una carta dirigida a Darwin. La carta procedía en realidad de Edward Aveling, el filósofo político y yerno de Marx, que adoptó con entusiasmo los planteamientos seculares de Darwin. Aveling le preguntó a Darwin si le importaría que le dedicara uno de sus libros. Como no deseaba que la asociaran públicamente con el ateísmo de Aveling, Darwin denegó la petición.</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La actitud prudente de Darwin en este punto no fue obstáculo, por lo demás, para que recibiera a Aveling apenas un año después, en septiembre de 1881, cuando el compañero de la hija de Marx estaba asistiendo al Congreso Internacional de los Librepensadores. Janet Browne [23] cuenta así el encuentro: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Los dos filósofos sociales radicales [Aveling y Ludwig Buchner] se encontraban asistiendo al congreso de la Federación Internacional de Librepensadores en Londres. Buchner tenía una amplia reputación de ser el materialista más feroz de Europa; Aveling era un ateo declarado. Tan sólo unos pocos meses antes, Darwin había escrito para rechazar la petición de Aveling de que deseaba dedicarle </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">The Student’s Darwin</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> [24] diciendo que los fragmentos ateos llevaba sus opiniones “mucho más allá de lo que me parece a mí seguro” (Feuer 1975).</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Asimismo, el almuerzo que se celebró difícilmente pudo haber estado más fuera de lugar. Los Darwin habían invitado además de John Brodie Innes, su antiguo vicario, para tener apoyo moral. Sin embargo, la ocasión resultó agradable. Después de comer, los hombres [25] se retiraron al estudio de Darwin, y allí, “entre el humo de los cigarrillos, con sus libros que nos observan por encima de nuestras cabezas y sus plantas para los experimentos por allí cerca, nos dedicamos a charlar” (Aveling 1883). Aveling le pregunto enseguida a Darwin si era ateo. Él prefería la palabra “agnóstico”, respondió. “Agnóstico no es más que ateo con énfasis en la respetabilidad –respondió Aveling–, y ateo no es más que agnóstico con énfasis en la agresividad”. Los invitados presionaron a Darwin para que valorase su papel en la difusión del pensamiento libre: todo librepensador debería proclamar la verdad “¡a todas partes desde los tejados!”. Hacia el final todos se decidieron de un modo cordial por la insuficiencia del cristianismo “Yo no abandoné el cristianismo hasta los cuarenta años de edad –afirmó Darwin–. No tiene el respaldo de las pruebas.” </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Señala Browne que, muy impresionado por la evidente sinceridad de Darwin, Edward Aveling publicó “una descripción nerviosa” de la entrevista dos años más tarde, en 1883, tras la muerte de Darwin. La tituló </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">The Religious Views of Charles Darwin </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">(“Las opiniones religiosas de Charles Darwin”). </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Como era de esperar, el artículo del materialista radical Aveling no gustó a los miembros de la familia Darwin. No era ésa su lectura del legado filosófico ni de las consideraciones religiosas del autor de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. </span></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Addendum</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">: En un artículo reciente, Gonzalo Pontón [26], hacía referencia al profesor Jerry A. Coyne, quien acaba de publicar un libro titulado </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Why Evolution is True</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, en el que explica con pulcritud un argumento contra la, seamos gnoseológicamente generosos, teoría del diseño inteligente: “La imperfección es la marca de la evolución, no la del diseño consciente”. La evolución produce criaturas imperfectas, inacabadas: los mecanismos evolutivos han dotado al kiwi de unas alas sin función; la mayoría de las ballenas conservan vestigios de pelvis y huesos de las patas como recuerdo de su pasado de cuadrúpedos terrestres; los humanos contamos con músculos para accionar una cola ya desaparecida, erizar plumas de las que no disponemos (la “carne de gallina”) o mover cómicamente las orejas, recordaba Pontón. A veces la evolución puede producir resultados útiles para un individuo, pero perjudiciales para la especie en su conjunto. Pontón recordaba en su artículo un ejemplo fastuoso aportado por Forges: </span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[…] en el dibujo aparece un obispo o cardenal (¿Rouco? ¿Camino?) de gesto avinagrado que Darwin observa entre perplejo y azorado. ¿Por qué razón? Porque ve, como Forges y como yo, que aquí la selección natural no ha jugado en favor de la especie. Si la selección natural “apaga” los genes más perjudiciales y activa los más favorables, ¿por qué existen los eclesiásticos? </span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Los interrogantes del admirable editor de Crítica proseguían: ¿por qué sobreviven seres inmorales capaces de engañar a sabiendas a los más débiles y desvalidos de los humanos diciéndoles que los preservativos pueden aumentar el riesgo de contraer el sida? Desde Darwin, sugiere Pontón, puede explicarse la existencia de tales criaturas: deben de ser vestigios de nuestros antepasados los reptiles. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Se me perdonará entonces que, aprovechando que el Ebro pasa por Zaragoza y el Duero por Pisuerga, añada otras preguntas de las que no soy capaz de conjeturar hipótesis explicativas: ¿Cómo es posible, como encaja en la evolución de las especies y las sociedades humanas, que un gobierno de izquierdas tripartito lleve una ley al Parlament catalán, con el beneplácito de CiU y el apoyo sustantivo del PP menos en asuntos lingüísticos, agitatorios electoralmente, que amén de privatizaciones y apoyo a negocios privados “concertados”, permita que instituciones educativas en manos de clérigos fanáticos (y afines) que segregan a jóvenes estudiantes en función del sexo, y no sabemos si también con otros criterios, reciban ayuda pública para sus propósitos antievolucionistas? ¿Se explica en esas instituciones educativas el darwinismo o se hace en “justo” paralelo con la “teoría” el diseño inteligente? Una hipótesis apenas entrevista, que acaso sea razonable: la evolución de las sociedades humanas exige para su transformación, además de los mecanismos naturales señalados, coraje ciudadano, el luciferino </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">non serviam</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, y el gobierno catalán (¡ay!), hasta estos momentos, parece no andar sobrado de estos condimentos cívicos rebeldes. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">PS: Óscar Carpintero me señaló amablemente el artículo referenciado de S. Jay Gould, que yo desconocía hasta entonces. Manuel Talens ha revisado el artículo con cuidado, me ha señalado erratas y algún error, le ha dado forma y lo ha tratado con el mimo al que nos tiene acostumbrados. Gracias, muchas gracias a ambos. </span></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Notas </span></span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[1] Uso la traducción del primer libro de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> de Manuel Sacristán: OME (Obras de Marx y Engels) 40, 1976, Ediciones Grijalbo. Los siguientes volúmenes aparecieron en Crítica, la editorial que fundó en aquellos años un amigo y colaborador de Sacristán en Ediciones Ariel, Gonzalo Pontón. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[2] El 12 de febrero se cumplieron 200 años del nacimiento de Charles Darwin y el 24 de noviembre de 2009 se celebrará el 150 aniversario de la publicación de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. La teoría de Darwin ha sufrido en sí misma una evolución con el surgimiento del neodarwinismo, que sostiene a un tiempo el rigor de la idea primigenia de Darwin a la vez que se nutre de los estudios sobre herencia de Gregor Mendel. Han existido y existen, desde luego, “hijos de Darwin” que manipulando sus ideas defendieron y defienden la “ingeniería social”. Así, el “darwinismo social” basado en la eugenesia, propuesta por Francis Galton, primo de Darwin, y la posterior aportación de Spencer. No es impensable, como es sabido, que algunas de estas “teorías” influyeran en la cosmovisión del nazismo (y concepciones del mundo afines). </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[3] Valentino Gerratana, “Marxismo y darwinismo”, en </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Investigaciones sobre la historia del marxismo I</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. Hipótesis-Grijalbo, Barcelona, 1975, p. 99, traducción de Francisco Fernández Buey (esta colección inolvidable, en la que fueron publicados 17 ensayos, fue dirigida conjuntamente por Manuel Sacristán y por el propio Francisco Fernández Buey). Stephen Jay Gould, “El caballero darwinista en el funeral de Marx: resolviendo la pareja más extraña de la evolución”, en </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Acabo de llegar. El final de un principio en historia natural</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, Barcelona, Drakantos bolsillo, 2009 (pp. 153-174) –trabajo del que he tenido noticia gracias a Óscar Carpintero– señala como asistentes al entierro de Marx: Jenny, su mujer; una hija de Marx; sus dos yernos, Charles Longuet, Paul Lafargue; Wilhelm Liebknecht, Friedrich Lessner, G. Lochner y los dos científicos citados. S. Jay Gould olvida que la mujer de Marx había fallecido en 1881. Gould, por otra parte, señala igualmente que Engels se dio cuenta de la “anomalía” que representaba la presencia de los dos científicos naturales. En su informe oficial del funeral (publicado en </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Der Sozialdemokrat</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> de Zurich, 22 de marzo de 1883), apuntaba: “Las ciencias naturales estuvieron representadas por dos celebridades de primer rango, el profesor de Zoología Ray Lankester y el profesor de química Schorlemmer, ambos miembros de la Royal Society de Londres”. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[4] S. Jay Gould lo presenta en los siguientes términos: “[…] E. Ray Lankester (1847-1929), joven biólogo evolutivo inglés y principal discípulo de Darwin que ya entonces era famoso, pero más tarde se convertirá (en tanto que Profesor sir E Ray Lankester, K.C.B. [Caballero de la Orden del Baño], M.A. [el grado “obtenido” en Oxford o Cambridge]. D.Sc. [un grado honorífico posterior como doctor en ciencias], FRS [miembro de la Royal Society, la principal academia honoraria de la ciencia británica]), en prácticamente el más celebre, y el más chapado a la antigua,. De los científicos ingleses convencionales y socialmente prominentes” (</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">ed. cit</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">., pp. 156-157). </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[5] Un brevísimo paso de un discurso de despedida y recuerdo, en absoluto un pensado y documentado texto de reflexión político-filosófica. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[6] Gould señala en su artículo que “Marx siguió siendo un evolucionista convencido, desde luego, pero su interés por Darwin menguó claramente con el paso de los años” (p. 168). Margaret Fay manifiesta la siguiente opinión a este respecto (</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Ibidem</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, pp. 168-169): “Marx… aunque inicialmente se sintió excitado por la publicación de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Origen…</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> de Darwin, desarrolló una postura mucho más crítica hacia el darwinismo, y en su correspondencia de la década de 1860 se burlaba de manera suave de los prejuicios ideológicos de Darwin. Los apuntes etnológicos de Marx, compilados hacia 1879-1881, en los que sólo se cita una vez a Darwin, no proporcionan ninguna prueba de que retornara a su entusiasmo inicial”. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[7] Janet Browne, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Charles Darwin. El poder del lugar</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, Valencia, PUV, 2009, p. 246 (traducción de Julio Hermoso). </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[8] Véase: Manuel Sacristán, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Sobre Dialéctica</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. El Viejo Topo, Barcelona, 2009, pp. 147-164. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[9] Janet Browne, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La historia de </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> de Charles Darwin</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. Debate, Madrid, 2007, p. 111. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[10] Ralph Colp, Jr.: “The myth of the Darwin-Marx letter”. </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">History of Political Economy</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> 14:4, 1982, p. 461. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[11] Janet Browne habla de la tercera edición (</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">op. cit</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">., p.112). Creo que es una errata. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[12] Según Janet Browne, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">op. cit</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">., p. 112, todavía “forma parte de la colección de libros de Darwin con una nota de Marx en su interior”. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[13] Véase Janet Browne, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Charles Darwin. El poder del lugar, ed. cit. </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, p. 517 </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[14] I. Berlin, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Karl Marx. Su vida y su entorno</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. Alianza editorial, Madrid, 2000. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[15] Francis Wheen, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Karl Marx</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. Editorial Debate, Madrid 2000, p. 336. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[16] David McLellan, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Karl Marx. Su vida y sus ideas </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">ed. cit</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">., p. 488 </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[17] Valentino Gerratana, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Investigaciones sobre la historia del marxismo, ed. cit </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">., p. 123 </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[18] Sholomo Avineri, “The Marx-Darwin Question: Implications for the Critical Aspects of Marx&#8217;s Social&#8230; </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Warren International Sociology</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. 1987; 2: 251-269 . </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[19] Margaret Fay, “ Did Marx offer to dedicate </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Capital</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> to Darwin?: A Reassessment of the Evidence” </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">. Journal of the History of Ideas </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, Vol. 39, No. 1 Jan-Mar, 1978, pp. 133-146. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[20] Ralph Colp, Jr.: “The contacts between Charles Darwin and Karl Marx”. </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Journal of the History of Ideas</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> 35 (April-June 1974). </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[21] Lewis S. Feuer, “Is the “Darwin-Marx correspondence” authentic?”, Annals of Science, 32: 1-12. Gould señala en su artículo que Feuer y Fay trabajaban de forma independiente y simultánea. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[22] Janet Browne, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La historia de </span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El origen de las especies</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> de Charles Darwin</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">ed. cit</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">., pp. 111-112. Browne se muestra más comedida en su gran biografía de Darwin (</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">ed. cit</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">., pp. 517-518): “Hay escasas pruebas de la historia que afirma que Marx le pidió permiso a Darwin para dedicarle una futura edición de </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Capital e</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">n reconocimiento de la comprensión de la lucha en la naturaleza por parte del británico. Al contrario, es mucho más probable que fuese Edward Eveling quien le preguntarse a Darwin si podía dedicarle uno de sus libros, y que tal solicitud fuese rechazada”. Browne apunta, en conjetura parcialmente arriesgada, que la confusión irrumpió sólo tras la muerte de Darwin (y acaso, habría que añadir la de Marx), ya fuese a través del deseo de Aveling de relacionar el darwinismo con su ateísmo revolucionario, o porque los documentos de Marx y Aveling se mezclasen azarosamente tiempo después. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[23] Janet Browne</span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, Charles Darwin. El poder del lugar</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">ed. cit</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">., p. 623. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[24] El </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Darwin para el estudiante</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> de Aveling el segundo volumen de la Biblioteca Internacional de Ciencias y Librepensamiento. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[25] “Hombres” refiere en este caso, efectivamente, a hombres. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">[26] Gonzalo Pontón, “La perplejidad de Darwin”. </span></span><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El País</span></span></em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, 29 de marzo de 2009. </span></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Una versión anterior de este artículo apareció en </span></span></strong><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">El Viejo Topo</span></span></em><strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, julio-agosto de 2009. </span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Salvador López Arnal es colaborador de </span></span></strong><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Rebelión, El Viejo Topo, Papeles ecosociales </span></span></em><strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">y</span></span></strong><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;"> Sin permiso</span></span></em><strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, y autor de </span></span></strong><em><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">La destrucción de una esperanza. Manuel Sacristán y la primavera de Praga</span></span></em><strong><span style="font-family:Liberation Serif,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">, Akal, Madrid (En prensa). </span></span></strong></p>
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