Following are the qualities to consider before buying this stock:

1. Management Quality
2. Net Assets
3. Cash Flow

Management Quality
The quality of management is measured by their achievements.  In Australia, Geodynamics Limited are one of the few Geothermal companies to drill wells close to 4km’s deep.

The company dedicates what they generate from capital raisings to invest into digging wells. 

The strong quality GDY management have is they mitigate the risk of failure of a well not working as expected.  GDY was recently successful in making a claim against a failed well.  This ensures shareholder funds are safe and secure from incompetent drilling companies.  It also points to strong management experience in the area of drilling and are likely to continue in this successful manner.

Net Assets
If Geodynamics were to liquidate tomorrow, there would be more cash available than what the current share price is worth.

As at the end of December 2011, Net Assets were estimated to be 19.4 cents per share.   This will diminish over time, due to GDY’s current negative cash flow position.

As at 28th of February, the GDY share price is 16 cents per share.

Cash Flow
Currently GDY has no income from generating power.  GDY requires $6,256,500 every year.  The cash flow, excluding capital raisings, is negative, therefore is the only blemish for this company.

GDY are planning to drill a fourth well and are planning to have a demonstration site set up within two years at the Habanero site.  This will mean they can generate cash flow to reduce the amount required for capital raisings.

Risks
There is one certainty with GDY, it will require capital in the future.  How much is anyone’s guess, however if further funds were invested in the company, you can be guaranteed a majority of the funds will be invested into generating geothermal power.

In the following link, find all financial information relating to the above figures:
Geodynamics Limited Financial and Ratio information

In conclusion, if Geodynamics were planning to liquidate tomorrow, it has positive net assets of approximately 3.4 cents per share.  With its strong management qualities and net asset position, this stock is recommended as a Speculative Long Term Buy.  You will need to ensure your invested capital is not required for a period of 5 to 7 years.  It will take this long before GDY to generate positive cash flow.

Written by Cameron Scharl
Disclaimer-and-copyright-section

The best part of geothermal energy is the fact that it works extremely well in all varying weather conditions. No matter if it’s cold or hot outdoors the geothermal heat pump technique always works (unlike solar power systems for example where you must have sunlight to shine for the cells to produce something). Geothermal systems have need of small servicing plus they are made to work for decades. They can be scaled depending on the desires. It’s really a perfect solution for either non commercial or industrial use.

But precisely what is geothermal energy anyway?

The term “geothermal” is of Ancient greek origin, meaning “heating in the soil”. We mainly identify two types of geothermal energy. One is geothermal heat which is produced out of the magma of the earth, thanks to nuclear reactions. In the heart of our planet conditions are so hot (~7200 °F or ~4000 °C) that stone becomes fluid which then bit by bit moves towards the top of the earth. Typically, the temperature goes up about 120 °F (~50 °C) with just about every mile (~1.6 km) in the direction of the heart of the earth. And the second kind of geothermal heat essentially originates from the sunshine. Sunshine heats up the initial few meters of the surface of our Planet and this may also be utilized.

Well what is actually in it for me?

Geothermal energy is normally used in warming or cooling. It can generate warmth during wintertime and cooling is possible with it during summer. Additionally , it can help satisfy warm water needs of a home. Obviously there are good and bad points of geothermal energy, however the benefits usually outweigh the cons.

Conclusion

There is more and more talk about global warming and the seek out renewable energy hasn’t ever been such a hot topic as at present. With geothermal heat pump devices getting more affordable, more effective, and more reliable geothermal energy is probably the most brought up green solutions available. Although setting up a geothermal heat pump system is often more expensive than a regular system, the initial investment is probably going to pay off in a few years period.

The Homestake Gold mine in Lead SD, discovered in 1876, produced 40 million ounces of gold and 9 million ounces of silver. At the time of its closure in 2002, the mine was more than 8000 feet below the surface   Based on Tucker’s formula, the temperature at the 8000 foot level would be around 180F unless cooling air was introduced. .  At one time, one of my relatives (by marriage) was the engineer responsible for keeping the temperature in the mine at a level that would allow people to work.  And his description of what was needed to do that was pretty impressive.

Tucker goes on to say: “At 80 miles down we hit the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, discovered by Yugoslav seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic in 1909. At this point the temperature reaches 900^o C and rock turns to liquid “magma.” At 1500 miles deep the temperature rises to 3700^o C and another discontinuity – the Gutenberg – marks the place where molten rock becomes pure iron and nickel. Below that tremendous pressures turn the iron core solid once again and temperatures reaching 7,000^o C – hotter than the surface of the sun.”

He explains that the source of this heat energy as follows: “Some of it is due to gravitational forces. As the earth is pulled inward, some of this force is translated into heat. Another portion is residual heat from the earth’s formation. According to the commonly accepted theory, originally proposed by Immanuel Kant, the solar system precipitated out of a huge swirling dust cloud, where particles kept colliding with each other until they agglomerated into the sun and the planets.

In the later stages, this involved huge collisions among very large objects. These impacts generate large amounts of heat, some of which still remains in the earth’s core. Together gravitational forces and residual heat probably account for about 40 percent of the earth’s temperature – the exact figure has still not been determined.

The other half of the earth’s heat, however, comes from a remarkable diminutive source – the slow breakdown of two of the 90 elements, uranium and thorium. With 92 protons, uranium is the largest natural atom, while thorium (90) is the third largest. Because of their size, they are unstable, meaning they are “radioactive.”

The internal “binding energy” that overrides the mutual repulsion among positively charged protons is occasionally overcome itself. This releases large quantities of energy, which sets subatomic particles in motion, creating large amounts of heat. Incredibly, the slow breakdown of these two radioactive elements, uranium and thorium, is enough to raise the earth’s internal temperature beyond the level of the surface of the sun.”

Tucker draws some conclusions from this when he says: “Why don’t we just take the source of that heat – the uranium or thorium – bring it to the surface, and reproduce or even accelerate the process that produces this heat in a controlled environment?

This is what we do in a “nuclear reactor.”  “A nuclear reactor is nothing more than terrestrial energy brought to the surface. There is nothing sinful or diabolical about it. We are not defying the laws of nature. Rather, we are working with a process that already takes place in nature.”

h/t Master Resource

cbdakota

http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-01-22/geothermal-power/52702158/1

Enhanced Geothermal Systems.

“The new frontier is places…” Could use an Enhanced Editing System at USA Today.

“Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) use the constant temperature of the earth as the exchange medium instead of the outside air temperature. This allows the system to reach fairly high efficiencies (300%-600%) on the coldest of winter nights, compared to 175%-250% for air-source heat pumps on cool days.”

http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12640

The following link is from the Philippine Department of Energy and provides information about their future plans regarding renewable energy sources. It is encouraging to see that other countries are taking steps to improve their energy needs:

“Based on current projections of the Department of Energy (DOE), renewable energy is foreseen to provide up to 40 percent of the country’s primary energy requirements over the ten-year period beginning in 2003.”

http://www.doe.gov.ph/er/renenergy.htm

“By beginning to use more natural and renewable energy sources as part of our day to day lives, we will be doing our part in helping to curb the impacts of climate change whilst improving the quality of our surrounding environment and the air we breathe. Although many other issues need to be addressed, making this switch is a large step forward in the fight for a healthier world.”

http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/

From this website I started exploring and found a link to the U.S. Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy home page. Here’s a link to the home page:

http://www.eere.energy.gov/

On the right side of this page are more links to information about the different types of renewable energy including solar, wind, water, biomass, geothermal, and hydrogen & fuel cells. When you click on a link, for example the solar link, it takes you to that page where you can find programs and initiatives currently involving solar energy, information on how homeowners and builders can incorporate solar energy, and various pictures of how solar energy is being utilized throughout the United States.

Newberry Volcano Caldera (Image with permission under creative commons, by Craig Elliot, Flickr user Tjflex2)

How is a volcano going to create electricity, you ask?  By pumping 24 million gallons of water deep into its side and capturing the hot water and steam generated, whereupon it will be sent through turbines at the surface to create electrical power.  This process is commonly known as geothermal energy, a renewable resource which developers hope – by adding this volcano element – will be made economically competitive with the cheap (and booming) natural gas industry.

The companies conducting the study will be pumping 24 million gallons of water over 10,000 feet below the surface on the side of the volcano.  Here, the cold water injected into the ground can be heated by the hot rock which, in turn, is heated by an underlying magma chamber (only 2-5 km deep).  When this water is heated, the steam is recovered to produce electricity (as explained above).

In order to efficiently heat the water, you can’t just drill a hole straight down and pump water into the ground.  This is where a process called hydroshearing comes in.  Hydroshearing is a technique in which water is injected into the boring under high pressure in order to induce and enhance fractures within the rock.  Once these fractures are in place, the cold water is injected into a newly created “reservoir” composed of this fracture network within the hot rocks.  Now, hot water and steam can quickly and easily be recovered.

Does this process sound familiar?  It should: it’s nearly identical to hydraulic fracturing.  You say po-ta-to, I say po-tah-to.  The name change is (in my opinion) a political thing.  There’s too much bad press floating around the term “fracking”, so they change the name to “shearing” and it’s automatically more environmentally friendly.  To be clear, hydroshearing is safer for the environment. The big difference here is that hydrofracking injects a large number of chemicals into the ground and hydroshearing doesn’t.

If you’re one of those worried about earthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing, well then you should feel free to worry about these geothermal projects, too.  However, you can read a previous post on hydrofracking to hear my stance on that issue.

In the end, it seems odd to me that nobody thought of this before.  The exploitation of geothermal energy has been around for over a century, why wouldn’t we go to a location where a heat source exists much closer to the surface, thereby making it easier and cheaper to utilize.  Regardless, it seems the government and private sectors are interested in the project, investing over $40 million.    I’m looking forward to seeing the results!

I know some of you who read this live in this region of the country and therefore will be much more directly affected by this than myself.  What are your thoughts/concerns?

Thanks to my colleague, Jeff, for giving me a little inspiration for a new post by leaving this article on my desk this morning!  Please take the time to read it through a get some more details on the geothermal project at Newberry Volcano.

By Daily Mail Reporter

Last updated at 5:31 PM on 15th January 2012

Engineers are set to pour 24 million gallons of water into a dormant volcano in Oregon to test whether it can create a renewable source of energy that does not rely on the weather.

Water will be pumped into the Newberry volcano – 20 miles south of Bend, Oregon – to pick up heat from fractures in the base of the rock. The heated water then turns to steam, generating power.

But the project, which will start this summer, has sparked concerns that pumping water deep into the belly of a volcano could lead to an earthquake – as similar projects have in the past.

Getting ready: Newberry Crater project drilling manager Fred Wilson at the site in May 2008. This summer, engineers will pump water into the volcano to see if they can generate electricity from the earth’s heat

Using the earth’s heat to generate power, known as geothermal energy, is an alternative to other renewable energy sources, such as turbines or solar panels.

These processes rely on stiff breezes and regular sunshine to generate enough power, yet the geothermal technology can provide a consistent source of energy.

But as well as quake fears, there are also concerns it is hard to create a reservoir big enough to run a commercial power plant.

Despite these worries, the federal government, Google and other investors are interested enough to bet $43 million on the Oregon project.

Together with AltaRock Energy, Inc. from Seattle and Davenport Newberry Holdings LLC from Stamford, Connecticut, they will test whether the new level in geothermal power can work.

‘We know the heat is there,’ Susan Petty, president of AltaRock, told the Associated Press. ‘The big issue is can we circulate enough water through the system to make it economic.’

Site: The Newberry Volcano, which has not erupted in 1,300 years, is 20 miles south of Bend, Oregon. Geothermal developers are interested in extracting heat from hot rocks beneath the surface

Distance: Developers say it is far enough from an urban area that damage is unlikely if there is an quake

In geothermal energy, hot water or steam that bubbles near the surface is used to turn a turbine creating electricity. But most viable areas have been exploited.

Now engineers are in search of places with hot rocks that are not cracked, using a new technology called Enhanced Geothermal Systems.

‘To build geothermal in a big way beyond where it is now requires new technology, and that is where EGS comes in,’ Steve Hickman, a research geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, told the AP.

Wells are drilled deep into the rock and water is pumped in, creating tiny fractures in the rock, a process known as hydroshearing. Cold water is then pumped down wells into the reservoir, and steam is drawn out.

Over three weeks, AltaRock will pour 800 gallons of water per minute into the 10,600-foot test well.

The process will produce a reservoir of cracks starting about 6,000 feet below the surface, and reaching down to 11,000 feet. It would be about 3,300 feet in diameter.

How it works: The graphic shows how water will be pumped under the surface and generate power

Thanks to worries about earthquakes and space constraints, progress in the technology has been slow so far.

There are two small plants in France and Germany. A project in Australia has had drilling problems, while a plant in Basel, Switzerland, was shut down after earthquake complaints.

An international protocol comes out at the end of this month that urges EGS developers to keep projects out of urban areas to avoid quake damage.

It is believed that the danger of a major earthquake at Newberry is low as it has no significant fault lines. It is also far enough from populated areas that property damage would be unlikely.

But the Department of Energy will be monitoring the project and any significant quakes would shut it down temporarily.

‘That’s the $64,000 question,’ Ernie Majer, a seismologist with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, said. ‘What’s the biggest earthquake we can have from induced seismicity that the public can worry about.’

The U.S. Department of Energy has given the project $21.5 million, which has been matched by private investors, among them Google with $6.3 million.

Process: Cold water will be pumped below the surface, cracking rocks and extracting heat. When the water is pumped back to the surface, it escapes as steam that can be used to generate power through a turbine

The U.S. Bureau of Land Management released an environmental assessment of the Newberry project last month that does not foresee any problems that would stop it, the AP reported. The agency is taking public comments before making a final decision about the project’s future.

No power plant is proposed, but one could be operating in about 10 years, Doug Perry, president and CEO of Davenport Newberry, told the AP.

If successful, the results could be significant.

An assessment in 2008 found EGS throughout the West, where hot rocks are closer to the surface than in the East, could produce half the country’s electricity.

‘The important question we need to answer now,’ said Colin Williams, a geophysicist who compiled the assessment, ‘is how geothermal fits into the renewable energy picture, and how EGS fits. How much it is going to cost, and how much is available.’

Although the volcano has not erupted in 1,300 years, hot rocks close to the surface drew exploratory wells in the 1980s.

Geothermal energy developers plan to pump 24 million gallons of water into the side of the dormant Central Oregon volcano this summer to demonstrate new technology they hope will give a boost to a green energy sector that has yet to live up to its promise. – AP Photo/Don Ryan

Geothermal energy developers plan to pump 24 million gallons (91 million liters) of water into the side of a dormant volcano in Central Oregon this summer to demonstrate new technology they hope will give a boost to a green energy sector that has yet to live up to its promise.

They hope the water comes back to the surface fast enough and hot enough to create cheap, clean electricity that isn’t dependent on sunny skies or stiff breezes _ without shaking the earth and rattling the nerves of nearby residents.

Renewable energy has been held back by cheap natural gas, weak demand for power and waning political concern over global warming. Efforts to use the earth’s heat to generate power, known as geothermal energy, have been further hampered by technical problems and worries that tapping it can cause earthquakes.

Even so, the federal government, Google and other investors are interested enough to bet $43 million on the Oregon project. They are helping AltaRock Energy, Inc. of Seattle and Davenport Newberry Holdings LLC of Stamford, Connecticut, demonstrate whether the next level in geothermal power development can work on the flanks of Newberry Volcano, located about 20 miles (30 kilometers) south of Bend, Oregon.

‘‘We know the heat is there,’’ said Susan Petty, president of AltaRock. ‘‘The big issue is can we circulate enough water through the system to make it economic.’’

The heat in the earth’s crust has been used to generate power for more than a century. Engineers gather hot water or steam that bubbles near the surface and use it to spin a turbine that creates electricity. Most of those areas have been exploited. The new frontier is places with hot rocks, but no cracks in the rocks or water to deliver the steam.

To tap that heat _ and grow geothermal energy from a tiny niche into an important source of green energy _ engineers are working on a new technology called Enhanced Geothermal Systems.

‘‘To build geothermal in a big way beyond where it is now requires new technology, and that is where EGS comes in,’’ said Steve Hickman, a research geophysicist with the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California.

Wells are drilled deep into the rock and water is pumped in, creating tiny fractures in the rock, a process known as hydroshearing.

Cold water is pumped down production wells into the reservoir, and the steam is drawn out.

Hydroshearing is similar to the process known as hydraulic fracturing, used to free natural gas from shale formations. But fracking uses chemical-laden fluids, and creates huge fractures. Pumping fracking wastewater deep underground for disposal likely led to recent earthquakes in Arkansas and Ohio.

Fears persist that cracking rock deep underground through hydroshearing can also lead to damaging quakes. EGS has other problems. It is hard to create a reservoir big enough to run a commercial power plant.

Progress has been slow. Two small plants are online in France and Germany. A third in downtown Basel, Switzerland, was shut down over earthquake complaints. A project in Australia has had drilling problems.

A new international protocol is coming out at the end of this month that urges EGS developers to keep projects out of urban areas, the so-called ‘‘sanity test,’’ said Ernie Majer, a seismologist with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. It also urges developers to be upfront with local residents so they know exactly what is going on.

AltaRock hopes to demonstrate a new technology for creating bigger reservoirs that is based on the plastic polymers used to make biodegradable cups.

It worked in existing geothermal fields. Newberry will show if it works in a brand new EGS field, and in a different kind of geology, volcanic rock, said Colin Williams, a USGS geophysicist also in Menlo Park.

The U.S. Department of Energy has given the project $21.5 million in stimulus funds. That has been matched by private investors, among them Google with $6.3 million.

Majer said the danger of a major quake at Newbery is very low. The area is a kind of seismic dead zone, with no significant faults. It is far enough from population centers to make property damage unlikely. And the layers of volcanic ash built up over millennia dampen any shaking.

But the Department of Energy will be keeping a close eye on the project, and any significant quakes would shut it down at least temporarily, he said. The agency is also monitoring EGS projects at existing geothermal fields in California, Nevada and Idaho.
“That’s the $64,000 question,” Majer said. “What’s the biggest earthquake we can have from induced seismicity that the public can worry about.”

Geologists believe Newberry Volcano was once one of the tallest peaks in the Cascades, reaching an elevation of 10,000 feet and a diameter of 20 miles. It blew its top before the last Ice Age, leaving a caldera studded with towering lava flows, two lakes, and 400 cinder cones, some 400 feet tall.

Although the volcano has not erupted in 1,300 years, hot rocks close to the surface drew exploratory wells in the 1980s.

Over 21 days, AltaRock will pour 800 gallons of water per minute into the 10,600-foot test well, already drilled, for a total of 24 million gallons. According to plan, the cold water cracks the rock. The tiny plastic particles pumped down the well seal off the cracks. Then more cold water goes in, bypassing the first tier, and cracking the rock deeper in the well. That tier is sealed off, and cold water cracks a third section. Later, the plastic melts away.

Seismic sensors produce detailed maps of the fracturing, expected to produce a reservoir of cracks starting about 6,000 feet below the surface, and extending to 11,000 feet. It would be about 3,300 feet in diameter.

The U.S. Bureau of Land Management released an environmental assessment of the Newberry project last month that does not foresee any problems that would stop it. The agency is taking public comments before making a final decision in coming months.

No power plant is proposed, but one could be operating in about 10 years, said Doug Perry, president and CEO of Davenport Newberry.

EGS is attractive because it vastly expands the potential for geothermal power, which, unlike wind and solar, produces power around the clock in any weather.

Natural geothermal resources account for about 0.3 percent of US electricity production, but a 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology report projected EGS could bump that to 10 percent within 50 years, at prices competitive with fossil-fuels.

Few people expect that kind of timetable now. Electricity prices have fallen sharply because of low natural gas prices and weak demand brought about by the Great Recession and state efficiency programs.

But the resource is vast. A 2008 USGS assessment found EGS throughout the West, where hot rocks are closer to the surface than in the East, has the potential to produce half the country’s electricity.

“The important question we need to answer now,” said Williams, the USGS geophysicist who compiled the assessment, “is how geothermal fits into the renewable energy picture, and how EGS fits. How much it is going to cost, and how much is available.”

Geothermal is a Technology, that I firmly believe, will be one of the key sources of base load electric power in the future because of its ability to harness nature to produce heat. Key capabilities of Geothermal are:

1. Generating Power
2. Generating Heating & Cooling for buildings
3. Generating Hot Water for industrial/domestic use

Before we can determine whether to invest in a company, three elements need to be investigated.  They are:

1. Whether the company management is capable of delivering base load power, based on recent actions
2. Whether the company has sufficient capital to carry out its objectives.  This will also include whether it has the funding
3. Are they able to generate product that will compete with current industries?

Firstly, we need to determine whether a company is capable of delivering base load power.  For this to become a reality, companies need to be drilling for heat sources and investing money in this process.

The stages of developement for generating power  are:

1. Drill a hole in the ground to determine feasibility of heat source
2. Drill two holes in the ground, an Injection Well and Production Well
3. Fracture rock with chemicals to enable injection well will work, pump in water to the hot rock and generate steam
4. Confirm PSI output of Production Well.  Is this sufficient to generate a turbine? Aim for 5 Mw per Production Well, then a series of turbines will then be built up to 100Mw.  Additional 20 Production Wells required.
5. Operate power plant, earn income and re-invest in new power plants

Step 1, to Drill a Hole in the ground.  There are four companies across all organisations that have successfully drilled a hole in the ground.  These are Geodynamics Limited, Green Rock Energy Limited, Panax Geothermal Limited and Petratherm Limited.

Other companies have had capital available to drill holes for testing but have not achieved due to various limitations, lack of capital raised, government regulations, market to raise capital does not exist, etc.  These are largely excuses as you can see there have been four organisations that have been able to achieve an initial goal of drilling holes.

Step 2, to drill Production and an Injection Wells.  Geodynamics Limited is the only company that has achieved this goal too date.  Geodynamics Limited are planning to drill a fourth well and are planning to have a demonstration site set up within two years at the Habanero site.

Steps 3 to 5 have not been met by any company.  Geodynamics Limited is the only company that will generate power within the next two years.

Secondly, we need to look at the financials of a company to determine whether they have sufficient capital or at least assets to enable them to drill wells.

The companies on the ASX and the key financial measures are in the attached PDF document:
Geothermal Financial Measures

With government subsidies, power generating will be partly subsidised by funds provided from the Energy Technology Innovation Strategy (ETIS).  Again the four companies identified above are the only ones that are eligible to receive Government funding.  Government funding is restricted to those that have spent money already on drilling programs.

In brief, the only organisation that comes close to having the capital to achieve the next stage is Geodynamics Limited.  There are also a number of companies listed here that raise sufficient capital to pay for salaries only every year.  Some of these companies are starting to issue shares in lieu of cash payments to directors and also are not raising all the capital to do this either.  Both of these elements are not healthy signs for long term shareholder growth, nor long term company survival.

Finally, as it stands there is no certainty in what final income can be earned for each company.  The one company that clearly has this in mind is Panax Geothermal Limited.  They have estimated that the cost per Mw at $57 for a Production Well to generate a 5Mw Power Generator.

Looking at the industry, the companies are struggling from a number of factors and are not justified placing into a medium risk investment portfolio at this stage.  If you were looking to invest in this industry for returns in 5 years, maybe 10, then the company to consider would be Geodynamics Limited (ASX: GDY) on a Speculative Buy basis.  This is based on the company being the closest to producing power, having the financial capacity and drilling assets to meet their objectives.  Also, at the current share price, net assets are 122% of the market capitalisation, therefore some safety of margin.  The only issue is that the return on investment is unable to be determined at this stage due to no earnings.

An alternative to consider on a Speculative Buy basis would be Panax Geothermal Limited (ASX: PAX), as it is measuring income that it will generate and is looking for higher returns in Indonesia.  This will lead to higher returns and also the possibility of survival of the long term.

Written by Cameron Scharl
Disclaimer-and-copyright-section

In 2008, Dominica spent $49.1 million on diesel import for the purpose of energy generation. In 2009 the figure was $63.1 million and in the first half of 2010 38.9 million.

It will be interesting to see how Domlec embrace Geothermal energy which Dominicans hope will lower their energy costs. At the present time excess solar energy can be given back to to domlec but no payment is recerived.

An interesting web site to read about the pros and cons of geothermal energy is http://www.energy-consumers-edge.com/pros_and_cons_of_geothermal_energy.html