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	<title>goffman &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/goffman/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "goffman"</description>
	<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 01:53:18 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Comme au théâtre]]></title>
<link>http://comtheories.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/comme-au-theatre/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 03:47:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>slestrat</dc:creator>
<guid>http://comtheories.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/comme-au-theatre/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[À partir d&#8217;une intuition somme toute assez banale — le monde est un théâtre —, le sociologue c]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><em>À partir d&#8217;une intuition somme toute assez banale — le monde est un théâtre —, le sociologue canadien <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" target="_blank">Erving Goffman</a> (1922-1982) a développé un savoir original sur les multiples interactions à travers lesquelles les individus se reconnaissent mutuellement et en permanence comme des êtres sociaux. Attentif aux petits signes grâce auxquels nous indiquons à notre public le <strong>personnage</strong> [la personne] que nous jouons [que nous sommes], il a notamment porté son regard sur nos échanges quotidiens (</em>La mise en scène de la vie quotidienne<em>, 1959) ou sur les relations entre les personnes dites «normales» et les personnes dites «handicapées» (</em>Stigmate<em>, 1963).</em></p>
<p><strong>I. L&#8217;ANALYSE DES INTERACTIONS QUOTIDIENNES<br />
</strong></p>
<p><span style="color:#333333;"><strong>A. Des interactions socialement déterminées</strong></span><br />
Les rapports sociaux reposent sur des simulacres : le patron interprète le rôle du <em>patron</em> face à un employé qui, feignant de voir en son interlocuteur un <em>patron</em>, joue son rôle d&#8217;<em>employé</em>.</p>
<p><span style="color:#333333;"><strong>B. L&#8217;exemple de la stigmatisation</strong></span><br />
C&#8217;est le <a href="http://www.prisme-asso.org/spip.php?article302" target="_blank">stigmatisé</a> qui porte seul la responsabilité du fonctionnement de l&#8217;interaction.</p>
<p><strong>II. SOUS SON MEILLEUR VISAGE</strong></p>
<p><span style="color:#333333;"><strong>A. La théorie des « faces »</strong></span><br />
Par sa tenue, son maintien, sa façon de parler, etc., chaque personne construit une <strong><em>face</em></strong> qui est représentation de soi sur la scène sociale.</p>
<p><span style="color:#333333;"><strong>B. Le maintien de l&#8217;ordre interactionnel</strong></span><a href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_hJQO3uE8KQA/RXxzEFgk0LI/AAAAAAAAAAc/BdE8K2vSRjs/s1600-h/goffman_viequot.jpg"><img style="float:right;cursor:pointer;margin:0 0 10px 10px;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_hJQO3uE8KQA/RXxzEFgk0LI/AAAAAAAAAAc/BdE8K2vSRjs/s200/goffman_viequot.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br />
Les partenaires de l&#8217;échange doivent coopérer pour qu&#8217;aucun d&#8217;eux ne perdent la face.</p>
<p><strong>III. DES ÉCHANGES FORTEMENT RITUALISÉS</strong></p>
<p><span style="color:#333333;"><strong>A. Le cérémonial des rencontres</strong></span><br />
De la nécessité d&#8217;un «consensus temporaire» sur la distribution des rôles.</p>
<p><span style="color:#333333;"><strong>B. L&#8217;aveuglement par délicatesse et autres rituels</strong></span><br />
Ces rituels (d&#8217;accès, de confirmation ou de réparation) sont destinés à mettre la relation à l&#8217;abri de conflits trop coûteux.</p>
<p><em>Pour ceux que la notion de </em>stigmate<em> intéresserait, une longue fiche de lecture du livre de Goffman (</em>Stigmate) peut être téléchargée au format PDF <a href="http://www.lesocial.fr/ecrits/affi_img.php3?image=a33&#38;annonce=32" target="_blank">à cette adresse</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ignite Toronto: Designing for Social Selvess]]></title>
<link>http://copernicusconsulting.net/2009/11/26/ignite-toronto-designing-for-social-selvess/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 13:59:07 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Sam Ladner</dc:creator>
<guid>http://copernicusconsulting.net/2009/11/26/ignite-toronto-designing-for-social-selvess/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[For those of you who caught my Ignite TO presentation, here are the slides. For those of you who mis]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>For those of you who caught my Ignite TO presentation, here are the slides. For those of you who missed it, below is a text summary that goes with the slides.</p>
<p><!-- SlideShare error: doc is missing or has illegal characters /[^-_a-zA-Z0-9]/ --></p>
<p>I&#8217;d like to give thanks to my teacher and friend, Dr. Karen Anderson, whose scholarly work underpins many of the ideas in this presentation.</p>
<p>Slide 1:</p>
<p>This presentation about is the self, that it is a social phenomenon not a biological one. Most theories of the self don’t give us a social angle but only a biological one. This has an impact for technology design.</p>
<p>Slide 2:The self is an uniquely human phenomenon. It is the internal private reality of the consciousness. It is not anatomical or physiological. It is not a body.It is only meaningful in social situations.</p>
<p>Slide 3: So we have this internal, private reality, this consciousness. Biological paradigms to explain it are inadequate. Bodies are the containers of selves, not the actual self. Containers matter. But they are not the only thing that matters.</p>
<p>Slide 4: Victor, was a “feral child” found in France. He would not wear clothes. Or Use a bed. He farted. He did not have a social self, but a biological one.His body functioned; his self did not.</p>
<p>Slide 5: HAL 9000 has a self. He is socially competent. Aware of his inner reality. He imagined that Dave and Frank were plotting against him. Victor had no inner reality but HAL did.  HAL understood the social.</p>
<p>Slide 6: All too often we think of the self as a piece of hardware, or an emotion chip. Unfortunately, most of our ideas about the self are really about our hardware.</p>
<p>Slide 7: For example, Sigmund Freud. Freud thought biological experiences created the self. In the form of ego and the superego. We learn about our anus and develop a self, but this doesn’t explain Victor or HAL’s development.</p>
<p>Slide 8: Even psychologist Piaget put biology first. Piaget’s theory of child development relies on sensory experiences. Not social experiences. For Piaget, learning starts with a bodily interaction, not social interaction.</p>
<p>Slide 9: Yet socially successful human beings must master the meaning of symbols. Symbols have fine nuances, depending on the context. Hand gestures are anatomically similar but mean different things at different times, in different places.</p>
<p>Slide 10: Social interaction is built upon symbols, not biological impulses. We are aware of our internal realities by interpreting social symbols. The degree of force in a gesture matters. Who gives it matters.</p>
<p>Slide 11: We interpret symbols, not react to them. We are not Pavlovian dogs who salivate at the sound of a bell. We are not somatically driven beings, but socially driven beings. Our bodies have influence over us but they are not the self.</p>
<p>Slide 12: George Herbert Mead offers us a theory of a social self. The “I” is what Victor has: a purely instinctual consciousness. The “me” is created through social interaction. “I should sit on a chair; it’s more socially appropriate.”</p>
<p>Slide 13: The “generalized other” is when we realize there is a whole world out there. That we then internalize into our own private reality. We begin to imagine what “others” might say about our actions. Our self imagines what other selves think of it.</p>
<p>Slide 14: Often we design technology to be USABLE, not to be SOCIAL. We don’t enable social selves to use technology without an awkwardness, or embarrassment.</p>
<p>Slide 15:  Google Street View. This technology has created a few embarrassing moments. Google’s face blurring does not solve our embarrassment of interpreting this image. Street View is functional, not social.</p>
<p>Slide 16: Facebook continually fails to sense what selves need. This self posted a picture of himself smoking. Unfortunately, his mom recognized the room. This is embarrassing.</p>
<p>Slide 17: If we design for selves, not bodies, we think of everyone’s internal private realities. Bodies need ergonomics, usability, accessibility. Selves need to be shielded from embarrassment, awkward situations, and social breaches.</p>
<p>Slide 18: Technology designed for bodies is like an awkward dinner party. The technology we design should provide a consistent, social lubricant. We must design technology like we design great parties. Where the right people sit in the right seats.</p>
<p>Slide 19: Socially meaningful symbols must be present. This can be discovered through contextual inquiry, Selves also require the ability to control their presentation to others. And finally, the social “place” of technology must be clearly demarcated.</p>
<p>Slide 20: In the end, we design our world for selves. Technology designed for bodies just gets in the way. If technology is designed for bodies, selves change to meet the needs of technology.</p>
<p>I would prefer that have technology adapt to selves.</p>
<p>Thank you</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Un ethnologue dans le métro 3 : The return of the acteur (in the) réseau]]></title>
<link>http://allocvirtuelle.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/un-ethnologue-dans-le-metro-3-the-return-of-the-acteur-reseau/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:03:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thesardsanslesou</dc:creator>
<guid>http://allocvirtuelle.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/un-ethnologue-dans-le-metro-3-the-return-of-the-acteur-reseau/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Longtemps, j&#8217;ai pris le métro à la même heure. Assez inédit dans la façon de me conduire dans ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-23" title="Bruno Latour-Maubourg, c'est où?" src="http://allocvirtuelle.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/plan-metro.gif?w=297" alt="Bruno Latour-Maubourg, c'est où?" width="297" height="300" /></p>
<p>Longtemps, j&#8217;ai pris le métro à la même heure.</p>
<p>Assez inédit dans la façon de me conduire dans ma vie, j&#8217;ai eu ces dernières semaines depuis le début de l&#8217;année une régularité inouïe. Bon, j&#8217;exagère peut-être un peu : je me souviens de m&#8217;avoir assis exactement face à la même dame pendant un bon moment où je prenais le train pour aller à mon lieu d&#8217;études ; mais cette fois c&#8217;est bien plus marrant.</p>
<p>Je croise presque tous les jours à la même heure, le même  monsieur, sans-domicile-fixe, qui demande un peu d&#8217;argent pour vivre. Or, le plus intéressant c&#8217;est qu&#8217;à chaque fois il fait <em>exactement le même discours</em>, <em>exactement de la même manière, avec exactement les mêmes gestes, regards, mouvements, sourires, déplacements</em>. Il a une telle maîtrise du rythme, du temps et de l&#8217;espace qu&#8217;il impressionne par son talent d&#8217;acteur. Je n&#8217;ai dis pas pour cela que sa demande soit moins <em>vraie</em>, de la même façon qu&#8217;il est évident qu&#8217;on est tous très <em>acteurs</em> dans la vie, Goffman, machin, etc. Mais lui c&#8217;est vraiment la conjonction complexe et parfaite d&#8217;une performance dix mille fois répétée (dans le sens de la répétition d&#8217;une scène de théâtre) et la nécessité la plus pure (je ne crois pas que ce soit juste un artiste contemporain qui s&#8217;amuse).</p>
<p>En plus, son texte est vraiment bon. Je ne dirais pas vraiment &#8220;touchant&#8221;, mais il est réussi à la fois en tant que demande de quelque chose de concret (&#8220;donnez-moi de l&#8217;argent pour manger, me loger, me laver&#8221;) et surtout comme petite pièce de quelque secondes, jouée de manière éphémère comme une sorte de lecture sauvage de poésie urbaine.</p>
<p>La preuve absolue de son succès et de la pertinence de son acte est qu&#8217;à chaque fois que je le vois, je ne peux m&#8217;empêcher de lui donner quelques pièces —si j&#8217;en ai dans mes poches. Pas tellement pour qu&#8217;il aille manger ; plutôt pour qu&#8217;il continue avec son art.</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-24" title="Pour la gratuité des transports en commun" src="http://allocvirtuelle.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/chirac_metro.jpg" alt="Pour la gratuité des transports en commun" width="330" height="500" /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Self Help &amp; Good Mental Health]]></title>
<link>http://sfburns.wordpress.com/2009/10/01/self-help-good-mental-health/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2009 05:33:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sfburns</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sfburns.wordpress.com/2009/10/01/self-help-good-mental-health/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Good mental health is the product of the realization that everyone is a fraud. The sooner this is re]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Good mental health is the product of the realization that everyone is a fraud. The sooner this is realized the sooner everyone can go on with a stable mind in the social environments we create called a perceived reality. There is no dynamic unconsciousness, only misspoken lines and stage fright. We spend our entire lives striving to play out the roles assigned to us.</p>
<p>My wife and I decided upon getting married that we would do our damnedest to not fall into the roles of &#8216;husband&#8217; and &#8216;wife&#8217;. Always aware of the role just waiting to be played, we refute. Can you guess what happened? It&#8217;s like we&#8217;re still dating. We&#8217;ve caught ourselves accidentally saying from time to time, &#8220;It doesn&#8217;t feel like we&#8217;re married, but I am still madly in love with you.&#8221;</p>
<p>I understand the &#8216;feeling&#8217; of love matures and there are hundreds of books of various authenticity as to what happens, but here we&#8217;re talking about roles setup for us to play by society. Come to terms, realize your a fraud, and I guarantee you&#8217;ll feel like you just opened your eyes for the first time.</p>
<p>What roles do we play for each other as Americans? What is the show we are expected to play? And are we playing it well or even aware of the fact we&#8217;re playing a role at all?</p>
<p>Even when alone, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> argues, there is no self, only socially constructed identity through roles created before we are aware we are playing them out.</p>
<p>What then is the liberation of a people? Is it the basic realization of this paradigm, or is it something more? Perhaps a redefinition of social roles is required and could spell anarchy if done in error. Or is the world in its current state of disarray due to the changing of social roles and many are still trying to play out the old ones?</p>
<p>Many publications have capitalized on the &#8216;can&#8217;t-miss&#8217; ways for Americans to keep their jobs. A large portion of this has ended up in the self help aisle. What percent of our market is driven by products claiming to provide fulfillment in the role we&#8217;re supposed to be playing?</p>
<p><em>&#8220;Society is an insane asylum run by the inmates.&#8221; &#8211; </em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman">Erving Goffman</a></p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-36" title="SelfHelp" src="http://sfburns.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/selfhelp.jpg?w=300" alt="SelfHelp" width="380" height="380" /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Korean Sociological Image #19: Gee, Gee, Gee...Using Girls' Generation to Study Gender Roles in Korean Advertising]]></title>
<link>http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/2009/09/26/girls-generation/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 26 Sep 2009 08:44:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>James Turnbull</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/2009/09/26/girls-generation/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As pointed out by Gwen at Sociological Images, pretty and/or sexually-available women are often pres]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/girls-generation-shinhan-card-commercial.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-9839" title="Girls' Generation Shinhan Card Commercial" src="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/girls-generation-shinhan-card-commercial.jpg?w=680" alt="Girls' Generation Shinhan Card Commercial" width="680" height="468" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">As pointed out by Gwen at <em>Sociological Images</em>, pretty and/or sexually-available women are often presented as the faces of <a href="http://contexts.org/socimages/2009/09/21/are-you-a-conservative/">political viewpoints</a> or <a href="http://contexts.org/socimages/2009/09/02/angry-green-girl-sexualizing-women-for-the-environment/">causes</a>, presumably to make them more popular among heterosexual men. One feels somewhat manipulative with the choice of <a href="http://www.allkpop.com/index.php/full_story/girls_generations_new_credit_card_cf/P50/">the following commercial</a> featuring the photogenic girl band <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%27_Generation">Girls&#8217; Generation</a> (소녀시대) as a subject of examination here then, let alone with those of other <a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/soju-advertisements-2/">recent</a> <a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/yu-in-yeong-bikini/">topics</a> on the blog, but I&#8217;d be hard-pressed to find something else which demonstrates quite so many aspects of contemporary Korean gender issues in a mere 15 seconds. It&#8217;s really quite bizarre.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">And in more ways than one: the more I watch it, the more unnatural, almost <em>disturbing</em> I find this commercial, and I&#8217;m not being facetious when I say that that it may make you squirm in your seat a little:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style="display:block;width:425px;margin:0 auto;"><embed src='http://widgets.vodpod.com/w/video_embed/ExternalVideo.889822' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' AllowScriptAccess='always' pluginspage='http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer' wmode='transparent' flashvars='' /> </span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">An exaggeration? If you think so, then you&#8217;re in good company, for I&#8217;ve shown the commercial to a number of my students this week to elicit their own first impressions and opinions of it, only to receive blank looks from most. But while I don&#8217;t mean to sound patronizing, one might surmise that in their case that is because most of their adult lives have been spent in an environment in which both <em>doumi</em> (도우미) or female “assistants” and scantily-clad “narrator models” (나레이터 머델) have <a href="http://metropolitician.blogs.com/scribblings_of_the_metrop/2005/07/woman_as_consum.html">become ubiquitous</a>, and gender issues as an academic discipline still <a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/2008/07/10/on-the-korean-language-of-sex/">somewhat lagging its development in Western countries,</a> let alone as a subject of popular discourse. So it&#8217;s natural that &#8211; yes &#8211; the mini-shorts in particular wouldn&#8217;t have triggered the same reaction that they would have in most Western viewers. Or to put it more simply, while your average Western viewer may well disagree that the advertisement is sexist, he or she is probably more likely to be aware of why others might think so.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Readers may well acknowledge the tendency towards exhibitionism and objectification inherent to the use of mini-shorts in advertising though, and yet still that feel my description of this particular commercial is an exaggeration. Moreover, members of Girls&#8217; Generation are actually <a href="http://popseoul.com/2009/09/20/why-girls-generation-hates-short-shorts/">notorious for wearing them</a> (as they are of jeans that are <a href="http://popseoul.com/2009/02/23/girls-generation-has-sausage-legs/">several sizes too small</a>), and in so doing have played no small part in popularizing them among young Korean women this summer, albeit very much building on <a href="http://www.feetmanseoul.com/2006/11/23/the-winter-miniskirt-is-baaaaack/">the preexisting popularity of mini-skirts</a> in the process. So it may seem misguided, almost disingenuous of me to single out this commercial in this regard.</p>
<h6 style="text-align:right;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-9892" title="Sooyoung Girls' Generation Viliv" src="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/sooyoung-girls-generation-viliv.jpg" alt="Sooyoung Girls' Generation Viliv" width="640" height="520" />( Source: <a href="http://blog.naver.com/zziixx/140066373947">Naver</a> )</h6>
<p style="text-align:left;">But then, I&#8217;m <em>not</em>. Forgive me for acknowledging my own male gaze here (I&#8217;ll try to keep it to a minimum), but not only do I<em> </em>happen to like<em> </em>mini-shorts on women, I also find most members of Girl&#8217;s Generation sexually attractive too, so by no means am I categorically against the use of either by advertisers. That doesn&#8217;t mean that there isn&#8217;t still much that is objectionable about this commercial though: the mini-shorts were merely a good starting-point because I feel confident that that&#8217;s where the majority of readers literally did start, and expected that I would also. But let&#8217;s move on from those by considering them as parts of entire <em>outfits</em> rather than in isolation.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Looked at from that perspective, what they are wearing strikes me as much more reminiscent of the hypersexual representations of women and girls prevailing in Japanese manga more than anything that you&#8217;d find ever in real life. Alternatively, perhaps women&#8217;s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a><em> </em>costumes of the 1880s to 1930s would be more appropriate, and I think it&#8217;s telling that the most similar costume I could find via a Google Image search was <a href="http://www.buycostumes.com/Formal-Tails-with-Body-Suit-Adult/19510/ProductDetail.aspx?REF=AFC-datafeed&#38;AID=10273928&#38;PID=2166201">this</a> one from <a href="http://www.asexycostume.com/costumes2.htm"><em>aSexyCostume.com</em></a>. True, this is the media we&#8217;re talking about, to which the public standards of fashion don&#8217;t (and usually shouldn&#8217;t) apply. But having established their novelty and their suggestiveness, what purposes do such outfits serve?</p>
<p><a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/busan-focus-18-september-2009-page-1.pdf"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-9909" title="Rare Objectification of Korean Men" src="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/rare-objectification-of-korean-men.jpg" alt="Rare Objectification of Korean Men" width="310" height="398" /></a>Well, consider what impression the commercial would have given if the men in it had also been wearing mini-shorts, assuming that they also had legs that the opposite sex would find attractive (well-muscled ones say). Intellectually, this probably sounds perfectly fine, but I suspect that if we were all to actually see such a commercial, that regardless of our feminist beliefs we&#8217;d probably find the result somewhat comical.</p>
<p>And yet it would not necessarily be a betrayal of those beliefs to do so: partially because, even in the US, &#8220;shorts suits&#8221; are still only <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/fashion/31shorts.html">on the fringes of respectability</a>, and hence we&#8217;re unused to them, but primarily because men and women use different criteria for judging sexual attractiveness, so it&#8217;s to be expected that <a href="http://contexts.org/socimages/2009/07/08/satirizing-sitcoms/">men often look absurd</a> in similar clothes and poses to what advertisers place women in. On top of that, recall that this is a commercial for a <em>bank</em>, so something akin to a curious blend of a traditional Vaudeville show and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippendales">Chippendales</a> wouldn&#8217;t exactly have conveyed the level-headiness consumers desire in such an institution.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">But then, does just having the women in mini-shorts either? Well, that&#8217;s the strange thing: in this particular commercial, it <em>does</em>. Let me explain, using what is actually being said in the commercial to do so:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">First, the text in blue box: &#8220;끝없이 &#8216;고객만족&#8217;을 생각하는 카드&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;padding-left:30px;"><strong><em>&#8220;The card that unceasingly thinks about customer satisfaction&#8221;.</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Then what the men are saying while that is visible: &#8220;생각, 생각, 생각, 생각&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;padding-left:30px;"><strong><em>&#8220;Think, think, think, think.&#8221;</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Next Girls&#8217; Generation, dancing with their shoulders while sitting on a bench: &#8220;어떡하면, 원하는걸, 다 이뤄줄수 있으까?&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;padding-left:30px;"><strong><em>&#8220;How shall [the card] achieve everything [the customer] wishes?&#8221;.</em></strong></p>
<h6 style="text-align:right;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-9878" title="Girls' Generation Shinhan Card Screenshot" src="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/girls-generation-shinhan-card-screenshot.jpg" alt="Girls' Generation Shinhan Card Screenshot" width="522" height="391" />( Source: <a href="http://blog.naver.com/paranzui/50071772550">Paranzui</a> )</h6>
<p style="text-align:left;">Then the men again, while the girls are do their leggy dance, then stand in a line with the men and supposedly sing along with them (but we only hear the men&#8217;s voices): &#8220;손잡고 힘을 모아 다 함께 생각 생각&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;padding-left:30px;"><strong><em>&#8220;Let&#8217;s cooperate [with the customer] and collect our energy together and think about all that&#8221;.</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Finally in the voiceover, with the men sitting in contemplative poses and the girls standing behind them clapping : &#8220;카드의 길을 생각하다&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;padding-left:30px;"><strong><em>&#8220;What is a card&#8217;s purpose? Let&#8217;s think about that&#8221;.</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">With this text in the blue box above them: &#8220;끝없는 제휴혜택으로 더 큰 고객만족을&#8221;.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;padding-left:30px;"><strong><em>&#8220;The card that can be used anywhere in order to increase customer satisfaction!&#8221;.</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Easy to miss on a single viewing, it emerges that <em>it is only the men that do the thinking</em> in this commercial, and by default, for the bank also. Yes, really: even when they all say &#8220;How shall [the card] achieve everything [the customer] wishes?,&#8221; if you look closely at roughly 0:08 into the commercial when the girls actually finish saying that (see above), they clearly turn to the men for an answer. Rest assured then, that if you invest your money in this bank, that it will be in the hands of those that take your concerns very seriously. They just won&#8217;t be women, that&#8217;s all.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Again, exaggeration? Hardly. Consider the facts: according to <a href="http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/09/123_52158.html">a recent report</a> in the <em>Korea Times</em>, there are no female CEOs in the entire financial industry here; there are only 2 women out of a total of 220 team managers in the Financial Supervisory Service (and no executives); there are no women with either position in the Bank of Korea. Moreover, one anonymous (male) government official in finance argued that this is <a href="http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/09/123_52158.html">somehow justified by</a> &#8220;the country&#8217;s financial bureaucrats [having] been overwhelmed with too &#8220;serious tasks&#8221; to pay attention to gender equality&#8221; (but referring to the period since the early 1960&#8217;s, not just recent events), and it&#8217;s telling that even <a href="http://blog.naver.com/snlee742">Rep. Lee Sung-nam</a> (이성남) of the Democratic Party, a woman and former worker at the FSS, feels that women&#8217;s weak point in finance is their &#8220;competitive edge.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gender-Advertisements-Erving-Goffman/dp/0060906332"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-3214" title="gender-advertisements-erving-goffman" src="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/gender-advertisements-erving-goffman.jpg" alt="gender-advertisements-erving-goffman" width="300" height="391" /></a>Granted, given that Korea has one of <a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/2009/02/05/for-every-birth-a-korean-career-dies/">the lowest women&#8217;s workforce participation rates in the OECD</a>, and that <a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/korean-feminist-reader-27th-april-2009/">Korea has a surprisingly low &#8220;Gender Empowerment Measure&#8221;</a> relative to its level of development, which is based on &#8220;factors such as the number of female legislators, the percentage of women in senior official and managerial positions, the percentage of women in professional and technical positions, and the income differential between men and women,&#8221; then it might seem unfair to single out the financial sector for criticism in this regard. But then if I&#8217;d wanted to highlight the lack of women there in particular, then I couldn&#8217;t have selected a better commercial to illustrate why that might be so.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Nor for explaining &#8220;function ranking&#8221; either, a common sexist motif in advertisements. A quick summary:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">Activities can also be expressive and symbolic &#8211; who is shown doing what in the image?  For example which gender is most likely to shown caring for children? Very commonly when persons in the image have functions, these functions are ranked, with the male carrying out the senior functions, the female the junior functions.  Men act, and women help men act.  Males are more likely to be shown in the executive or leadership role, with females in the supportive, assistant, or decorative accessory role (<a href="http://www.cabrillo.edu/~mmoore/imageswomen.html">source</a>).</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">That and other motifs were first outlined by the late sociologist <a href="http://www.sociologyprofessor.com/socialtheorists/ervinggoffman.php">Erving Goffman</a> in his 1979 work <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gender-Advertisements-Erving-Goffman/dp/0060906332">Gender Advertisements</a></em>, and which is <a href="http://www.sociology.org/content/vol002.001/smith.html">still</a> very much the framework by which sociologists study how gender roles are perpetuated in advertising; I offer it in the remainder of this post for those of you interested in a more systematic way of analyzing the commercial, and advertising in general. For instance, consider how poignant the following sounds in light of all the above:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">In our society where a man and a woman collaborate face to face in an undertaking, the man &#8211; it would seem &#8211; is likely to perform the executive role, providing only that one can be fashioned. This arrangement seems widely represented in advertisements, in part, no doubt, to facilitate interpretability at a glance (p.32).</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">And the next also, albeit if we reverse the sexes and the locations:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">&#8230;.Which raises the questions of how males are pictured when in the domains of the traditional authority and competence of females &#8211; the kitchen, the nursery, and the living room when it is being cleaned. One answer, borrowed from life and possibly underrepresented, is to picture the male engaged in no contributing role at all, in this way avoiding either subordination or contamination with a &#8220;female&#8221; task (p.36).</p>
<p>Another answer, I think, it so present the man as ludicrous or childlike, unrealistically so, as if perhaps in making him candidly unreal the competency image of real makes could be preserved (p. 36).</p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">And to introduce the next relevant motif, consider how a similarly strong gender binary is created by the following advertisement I came across last November, which also happened to be for a bank:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2008/11/erving-goffman-relative-size-busan-bank-advertisement-ebb680ec82b0ec9d80ed9689-eab491eab3a0.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-3645" title="erving-goffman-relative-size" src="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2008/11/erving-goffman-relative-size-busan-bank-advertisement-ebb680ec82b0ec9d80ed9689-eab491eab3a0.jpg?w=680" alt="erving-goffman-relative-size" width="680" height="906" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Here, it is largely the &#8220;relative sizes&#8221; of the sexes that makes it so problematic. See <a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/2008/11/03/why-size-matters-feminine-representations-of-men-in-korean-advertising/">here</a> for an in-depth discussion of this motif, but in sum:</p>
<blockquote><p>…when females and males are shown together, males are mostly shown as taller than females, even though if females and males were randomly paired together, in one in six pairs the woman would be taller.  However the tall female with the short male displays a relationship in which the female has power, according to conventional indicative codes, and so the reverse is preferred, since the cultural ideal is the the male “should wear the pants”.  Therefore the most common image is the taller male, and the shorter female. Exceptions occur where the male is weakened by sickness or old age, or is of lower social status (such as a servant) than the female. Height routinely symbolizes social rank (<a href="http://www.cabrillo.edu/~mmoore/imageswomen.html">source</a>).</p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">In light of this, one might point out that in opening image of the Shinhan Bank commercial the men and women are actually the same size &#8211; indeed, hilariously so because in fact many of the women are standing on wooden blocks &#8211; but I argue that this just makes the difference in their outfits all the more glaring.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Finally, the commercial doesn&#8217;t quite render irrelevant one of Goffman&#8217;s other motifs, that entitled “Ritualization of Subordination,” but it certainly <em>qualifies</em> it in the Korean context, as while he:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">…read that lying or sitting conveys a sense of sexual availability and lowering oneself physically indicates deference or admittance of inferiority.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">And which made sense given his full arguments and examples, as Nam Kyoungtae, Lee, Guiohk &#38; Hwang, Jang-Sunin in their 2007 paper <em>“Gender Role Stereotypes Depicted by Western and Korean Advertising Models in Korean Adolescent Girls’ Magazines“</em> (downloadable <a href="http://www.allacademic.com/one/www/www/index.php?cmd=www_search&#38;offset=0&#38;limit=5&#38;multi_search_search_mode=publication&#38;multi_search_publication_fulltext_mod=fulltext&#38;textfield_submit=true&#38;search_module=multi_search&#38;search=Search&#38;search_field=title_idx&#38;fulltext_search=Gender+Role+Stereotypes+Depicted+by+Western+and+Korean+Advertising+Models+in+Korean+Adolescent+Girls%92+Magazines">here)</a> explain, this:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">&#8230;may not be an accurate interpretation of Korean advertising. In a Korean culture which is accustomed to sitting on the floor, a seated person might have a higher status than people who are standing nearby because he takes a more relaxed and comfortable position.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="http://blog.naver.com/paranzui/50071772550"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-9938" title="Shinhan Bank Shinhan Credit Card Girl's Generation" src="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/shinhan-bank-shinhan-credit-card-girls-generation.jpg" alt="Shinhan Bank Shinhan Credit Card Girl's Generation" width="522" height="391" /></a>True, the men posed at 0:12 on the right (<a href="http://blog.naver.com/paranzui/50071772550">source</a>) are hardly &#8220;relaxed and comfortable,&#8221; but they&#8217;re easily of a more higher status than the women clapping behind them. Against that interpretation, there is the fact that in Korea, one often claps <em>oneself</em> or one&#8217;s group for achieving some feat, but there is little else in the commercial to suggest that the women are any more than passive members of the team that is thinking about &#8220;a card&#8217;s purpose&#8221; and so on. Or indeed, that overall, that any enhancement in the bank&#8217;s reputation gained by the commercial isn&#8217;t very much at the expense of women&#8217;s as a whole.</p>
<p>&#8230;And upon writing that note, my original intention was to move on to the 3 or 4 <em>other</em> &#8220;aspects of contemporary Korean gender issues&#8221; that I felt that the commercial demonstrated, but I&#8217;ll wisely stop there, hopefully having providing readers a new means by which to critically look at commercials and advertisements in the process, and not just Korean ones. But by all means feel free to point out anything you feel that I missed, or alternatively overemphasized: with having watched the commercial at least 50 times now, and now a raging flu to boot, then I concede that I may well have started missing the forest for the trees quite some time ago now!</p>
<h6 style="text-align:right;"><a href="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/girls-generation-girls-dreams-come-true.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-9933" title="Girls' Generation Girls' Dreams Come True" src="http://thegrandnarrative.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/girls-generation-girls-dreams-come-true.jpg?w=680" alt="Girls' Generation Girls' Dreams Come True" width="680" height="899" /></a>( Source: <a href="http://blog.naver.com/wldn0920/70070282801">Naver</a>)</h6>
<p><em>Update: See<a href="http://blog.naver.com/paranzui/50072269997"> here</a> for another recent commercial from Shinhan Bank with just the men for comparison. </em></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><em>(For all posts in my &#8220;Korean Sociological Images&#8221; series, see <a href="http://en.wordpress.com/tag/korean-sociological-images/">here</a>)</em></p>
<div id="_mcePaste" style="overflow:hidden;left:-10000px;width:1px;position:absolute;top:3333px;height:1px;"><strong><span style="font-family:Palatino;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:xx-small;">Activities can also be expressive and symbolic &#8211; who is shown doing what in the image?  For example which gender is most likely to shown caring for children?  Very commonly when persons in the image have functions, these functions are ranked, with the male carrying out the senior functions, the female the junior functions.  Men act, and women help men act.  Males are more likely to be shown in the executive or leadership role, with females in the supportive, assistant, or decorative accessory role.</span></span></span></strong></div>
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<title><![CDATA[FACEBOOK VE TOPLUMSAL PAYLAŞIM AĞLARI ÜZERİNE İLK KAPSAMLI ÇALIŞMA YAYINLANDI...]]></title>
<link>http://yenimedya.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/facebook-ve-toplumsal-paylasim-aglari-uzerine-ilk-kapsamli-calisma-yayinlandi/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 20:04:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>binark</dc:creator>
<guid>http://yenimedya.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/facebook-ve-toplumsal-paylasim-aglari-uzerine-ilk-kapsamli-calisma-yayinlandi/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[toplumsal paylaşım ağı facebook: &#8220;görülüyorum öyleyse varım!&#8221;   hazırlayan: kolektif üre]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong><span style="color:#800080;"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-148" title="facebook kitabı" src="http://yenimedya.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/facebook-kitabi.jpg" alt="facebook kitabı" width="450" height="337" />toplumsal paylaşım ağı facebook: &#8220;görülüyorum öyleyse varım!&#8221;</span></strong><br />
 <br />
<span style="color:#800080;"><strong>hazırlayan: </strong></span><span style="color:#800080;"><strong>kolektif üretim</strong><br />
ali toprak, ayşenur yıldırım, eser aygül, </span><span style="color:#800080;">mutlu binark,senem börekçi, tuğrul çomu</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#800080;">kapak tasarım: senem gökçe</span><br />
<span style="color:#800080;">yayınevi: kalkedon yayınları-2009<br />
</span><br />
<strong>içindekiler</strong><br />
 <br />
önsöz<br />
1.bölüm: toplumsal paylaşım ağlarında iletişimin yeni yüzü<br />
1.1. toplumsal paylaşım ağları<br />
            1.1.1. toplumsal paylaşım ağlarının tanımı ve kapsamı<br />
1.2. bir toplumsal paylaşım ağı olarak facebook<br />
            1.2.1. dünyada ve türkiye’de facebook kullanım örüntüleri         <br />
1.2.1.1. facebook’ta türkiye’den kullanıcılara özgü uygulama örnekleri<br />
1.3. facebook üzerine mevcut alanyazın ve değerlendirmesi<br />
 <br />
2.bölüm: facebook’a dalmak<br />
2.1. facebook hesabı açmak-araştırmanın yöntemi ve araştırmanın temel soruları<br />
2.2. facebook’da kimlik temsilleri:profiller ve performanslar<br />
2.2.1. sorarak facebook<br />
2.2.2. görerek facebook<br />
2.3. mahremin kamusallaşmasından röntgencilik, gözetim ve teşhirciliğe facebook<br />
2.3.1. bireylik ve mahrem<br />
2.3.2. mahremiyetin ihlali: gözetim     <br />
2.3.3. toplumsal paylaşım ağlarında ilişkilenme halleri<br />
2.3.4. toplumsal paylaşım ağlarında anonimlikten bilinirliğe<br />
2.3.5. toplumsal paylaşım ağlarında açıktan gözetleme, bile isteye ya da öyle ya  da böyle gözetlenme pratiği<br />
2.3.6.   toplumsal paylaşım ağlarında iktidarın gözü<br />
 <br />
3. bölüm: facebook’da toplumsal örgütlenmeler: çevrimiçinden çevrim dışına kolektif eylemin olasılıkları ve dinamikleri<br />
3.1. facebook’daki toplumsal örgütlenme türleri<br />
3.1.1.siyasal örgütlenmeler<br />
3.1.2. facebook’da ırkçılık ve nefret söylemini yayan örgütlenmeler<br />
3.1.3. dini örgütlenmeler<br />
3.1.4. sendikal örgütlenmeler<br />
3.1.5. çeşitli nedenler ile facebook hesaplarını hacklemek için kurulan örgütlenmeler<br />
3.1.6. sivil toplum örgütlenmeleri<br />
3.1.7. kampanya içerikli örgütlenmeler<br />
3.2. facebook’da çevrimiçinden çevrim dışına kolektif eylemin olasılıkları ve dinamikleri: iki örnek olay<br />
3.2.1. facebook’da “münevver karabulut” hesabı ve “münevver’in katili bulunsun” kampanyası<br />
 3.2.2. “ankara’da her ilçeye bir kadın sığınmaevi açılsın” kampanyası<br />
 <br />
4.bölüm: anaakım geleneksel medyada facebook’un temsil pratikleri<br />
4.1. araştırmanın kapsamı<br />
4.2. araştırmanın bulgularının değerlendirilmesi<br />
genel değerlendirme</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;</p>
<p>&#8220;<span style="color:#800080;"><strong>Toplumsal Paylaşım Ağı Facebook: <em>“Görülüyorum Öyleyse Varım</em></strong><em>!”</em></span> adlı çalışmada,  Facebook kullanımına ve Facebook ortamına ilişkin iki farklı çerçeve çizdik. Facebook kullananların mahrem algısının değişmesi, kamusal alanda gözetim ve denetimi nasıl kavrayarak, uyum sağladıkları ile, Facebook vb. toplumsal paylaşım ağlarında gelişen iki yeni olgu: teşhircilik ve muhbircilik. Bu iki olgu, yeni medyanın gündelik yaşam rutini içerisindeki önemli rolünün de yansılarıdır, denilebilir. Yeni medya döneminde dolaşıma sokulan popüler kültür anlatılarında bireye haz veren artık görüntünün egemenliğidir. Görsel olanın egemenliği, beri yandan da sürekli görmeyi ve görülmeyi de doğal ve meşru hale getirmekte, bu iki edimin de birey tarafından kanıksanmasını sağlamaktadır. Görmek isteyen birey mikro iktidar düzleminde toplumsal paylaşım ağlarında eski ve/veya yeni arkadaşlarını gözetlemekte, makro iktidar düzleminde ise bu bireyin sanal uzamda bıraktığı tüm elektronik ayak izleri başta ulus-devletin emniyet güçleri olmak üzere tüm kapitalist örgütlenmeler tarafından da takip edilmektedir. Toplumsal paylaşım ağlarında tıklanan reklamlar, ziyaret edilen arkadaş hesapları sürekli ve düzenli olarak reklamcılık ve pazarlama şirketleri tarafından ayrıntılı olarak kayıtlanmakta ve kişiselleş(tiril)miş reklam kampanyası veya ürün tanıtımı için bu veri bankası kullanılmaktadır. Buradaki iz sürme edimi, Andrei Tarkovski’nin izsürücü <em>(Stalker)</em> metaforunda imlediği gibi, bireyin kendini tanımasını ve özgürleşmesini sağlayacak gizemli ve mistik bir yolculuk değildir. Tam da tersine, bireyin kendini tanıma ve geliştirme adına yapıp-ettiklerinin tüm elektronik kayıtlarını ya ulus-devletin denetimine sunmakta ya da bu kayıtları, tecimsel bir değere dönüştürmekte ve pazarda dolaşıma sokmaktadır: kullanıcı hesapları, profilleri, ilgileri, ilişkileri. Üstelik Facebook ve Twitter toplumsal ilişkilerimizi kurma ve devam ettirmenin giderek daha fazla temel alanı haline geldikçe, bu alanların mikro ve makro iktidar yapıları tarafından düzenlenmesi ve yönetilmesi konusundaki özen de artmaktadır.&#8221; <span style="color:#800080;">(Kolektif Üretim, 2009)</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="color:#800080;">Kitap ile ilgili bilgi için:</span></p>
<p>Hakan Tanıttıran</p>
<p><a href="mailto:kalkedonyayinlari@gmail.com">kalkedonyayinlari@gmail.com</a></p>
<p>veya</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Tuğrul Çomu</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><a href="mailto:tugrul.comu@gmail.com">tugrul.comu@gmail.com</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Tendance : le gonzo marketing]]></title>
<link>http://notrelienquotidien.com/2009/09/17/tendance-le-gonzo-marketing/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 11:28:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Jean</dc:creator>
<guid>http://notrelienquotidien.com/2009/09/17/tendance-le-gonzo-marketing/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Démocratisé dans les années 60 par le journaliste Hunter Thompson lors de la rédaction de Hell]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter" src="http://www.jahsonic.com/EasyRider.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" /></p>
<p>Démocratisé dans les années 60 par le journaliste Hunter Thompson lors de la rédaction de Hell&#8217;s Angels, la méthode <strong>gonzo </strong>se caractérise par une &#8220;ultra-subjectivité&#8221;, ie. le rédacteur s&#8217;immerge totalement dans le sujet de son travail (Hunter devint &#8220;motard de l&#8217;enfer&#8221; pour écrire son bouquin). Autres illustrations célèbres de gonzo journalisme : le film Las Vegas Parano ou les reportages du magazine Vice (excellent exemple <a href="http://www.viceland.com/fr/v3n6/htdocs/the-sapo-diaries-872.php" target="_blank">ICI</a>)</p>
<p>On visualise dans le gonzo une hérédité très claire avec les méthodes d<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_participante" target="_blank">&#8216;</a><strong><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_participante" target="_blank">observation participante</a></strong> des ethnologues du début du 20e siècle : Malinowski ou Layard. On se souvient par ailleurs de l&#8217;observation de Goffman parmi les fumeurs de marijuana dans les années 70&#8230;</p>
<p>Plus récemment, la pornographie a adopté le style gonzo, via des films où les acteurs sont également réalisateurs. Résultat : des films &#8220;caméra à l&#8217;épaule&#8221; totalement gerbants&#8230;</p>
<p>On avait parlé la semaine dernière du <a href="http://notrelienquotidien.com/2009/09/04/combien-les-marques-nous-volent/" target="_blank">type qui a réclamé aux marques de se faire rembourser</a> le temps qu&#8217;elles lui faisait perdre à travers une expérience de 6 semaines tweetée au jour le jour. On a vu récemment une marque australienne faire gagner un séjour de 3 jours à LA à ses clients en échange d&#8217;un tweeting intempestif (obligation de tweeter une fois par minute).</p>
<p>Deux types poussent la démarche gonzo sordido marketing encore un peu plus loin: Dustin Curtis et Alaska Miller se sont offert un pass de 30 jours de vols illimités &#8211; contre la modique somme de 600 dollars &#8211; sur la compagnie Jet Blue. Leur idée : étudier les moeurs des voyageurs en vol, dans les aéroports, durant les temps de latence, etc&#8230;</p>
<p>Les deux compères en sont actuellement à leur 9e jour d&#8217;étude, pour les suivre, ça se passe <a href="http://30dayflight.com/" target="_blank">ici</a>.</p>
<p>Apparemment, ils ne bossent pas directement pour la compagnie mais font ça pour le plaisir et la gloire en vue d&#8217;améliorer les conditions de vie des grands voyageurs&#8230; N&#8217;importe quoi.</p>
<p>Source : <a href="http://www.socialhallucinations.com/2009/09/secret-life-of-fliers.html" target="_blank">Social Hallucinations</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Privacy in the Virtual Front Region]]></title>
<link>http://cybersocialstructure.org/2009/09/06/privacy-in-the-virtual-front-region/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2009 18:49:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Bruce Caron</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cybersocialstructure.org/2009/09/06/privacy-in-the-virtual-front-region/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I recently listened to a talk by Miriam Metzger, Assoc. Prof. of Communication at UCSB on the topic ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-38" title="privacy" src="http://cybersocial.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/privacy.png?w=300" alt="privacy" width="300" height="225" /></p>
<p>I recently listened to a talk by Miriam Metzger, Assoc. Prof. of Communication at UCSB on the topic of privacy and Facebook. (Here is a news report of that talk: <a title="Metzger talk report" href="http://www.independent.com/news/2009/mar/17/ucsb-prof-lectures-facebook/" target="_blank">http://www.independent.com/news/2009/mar/17/ucsb-prof-lectures-facebook/</a>). Here too is a video of the talk: <a title="Metzger Talk video" href="http://cits.ucsb.edu/event/privacy-20-managing-privacy-social-networking-environments-312-12noon-esb-1001" target="_blank">http://cits.ucsb.edu/event/privacy-20-managing-privacy-social-networking-environments-312-12noon-esb-1001</a></p>
<p>Prof. Metzger’s starting point was the notion that Facebook users say they want privacy but act in ways that reveal their intimate lives. This “privacy paradox,” she noted, was in part due to our outdated understanding of that privacy is in the digital era. For these users and in this digital environment privacy must have other referents. Here I would submit that the “privacy paradox” on Facebook may actually be explainable without abandoning other notions of privacy.</p>
<p>The core activities on Facebook are “friending” (the user acquires friends whose information becomes visible and who can in return view the user’s information), microblogging one’s status, and photo sharing (Facebook is the largest photo sharing site on the planet with more than 6 billion photos). Facebook is a social network the primary purpose of which is publicity. Users join Facebook to show themselves. This is probably why the service is not called “Hide-Your-Facebook.” There are scores of additional services and third-party applications that add to a growing suite of features. Almost all of these services and applications promote the sharing of information.</p>
<p>Asking users about privacy on Facebook is a bit like asking diners at a banquet about fasting (or members of a nudist colony about fashion, etc.). Presumably, some of them will mention their desire to fast, but the fact that they are eating while they answer questions about fasting is not necessarily a paradox. Similarly, asking Facebook users as a cohort about privacy will reveal a wide range of practices better described as self-publicity, and these practices will be simultaneous with answers that reflect a felt need for privacy.  As we shall see, this is less a paradox and more a balancing act.</p>
<p>Many of the privacy problems associated with Facebook involve the rights that the application owners claim for the users’ information; and the fact that Facebook’s internal roles (and the access rules they enable) are inadequate to match the roles of everyday social life. The marketing of user-contributed information as a part of Facebook’s business plan has created waves of ill-will between the company and its software users. Facebook has finally opened up its core user agreements for user-community input. This still does not solve the inadequacies of Facebook’s software in the area of information hiding. Hiding is the other side of sharing. Facebook’s features are so geared to promote sharing that they fail to support hiding.</p>
<p>Students may regularly hide information from their parents and teachers even when they reveal the same information to their friends. Workers hide information from bosses. Bosses hid information from workers. Parishioners hide information from their priests. In the non-digital world people have multiple ways to hide what they do not want someone to know.<br />
But what happens when a parent or teacher becomes a friend (or a friend of a friend) on Facebook? What happens when your boss wants to be your friend? The founding data model for Facebook cannot handle this type of mundane social complexity. So the real issue in Facebook is not a privacy paradox, but a lack of control over the hiding of information. How do you share intimate, fun, often embarrassing moments with your best friends (who seem more than willing to share theirs with you), while controlling what information casual- and non-friends can see?</p>
<p>Facebook is the Geek God’s gift to sociologists. Not only is almost half of the information on Facebook&#8211;the entire profiles of nearly 70 million people&#8211;open to anyone who can data-mine this, but users are consciously making choices that can be surveyed. Facebook is a conscious, decision-driven social activity. The work of scientists such as Dr. Metzger will help to guide our understanding of how users negotiate their identities within the digisphere.</p>
<p>Another avenue of possible research here would explore “regionality.” This is a notion developed fifty years ago by sociologist Erving Goffman. Goffman’s front regions are spaces where people pay attention to their self presentation, while back regions (bedrooms, bathrooms, locker rooms, back stages, etc.) are places where the constraints on self presentation are relaxed. Up to today, physical regions, places, and behaviors translate poorly into digital social networking services. In some ways, the act of “friending” someone may signal access to one’s personal back region. Certainly, from the photos aggregated at many (most?) profiles, back region behavior is in evidence (think duck tape and bottles of tequila). In non-digital activities, privacy is still managed through control of physical back regions. People still lock their doors.</p>
<p>It is certainly interesting to see how Facebook activities intrude on these private back spaces. The problem of privacy extends to friends with cell-phone cameras in bars and bathrooms. Facebook becomes a destination for publicizing these violations of physical privacy. For many, Facebook has become an archive of their backstage follies managed mostly beyond their control. I’ve been working with a large group of later-career scientists and technicians The great majority of them (perhaps 80%) consider Facebook an unwelcome opportunity. They would rather keep their privacy by the simple act of avoiding Facebook.</p>
<p>The dilemma for Facebook users is that the enjoyment they have to view intimate photos of their friends is measured against the chagrin of their being tagged in embarrassing situations. The act of removing a tag from a friend’s picture signals a remoteness, a lack to trust. Friends pay attention. The answer to the “privacy paradox” on Facebook is likely to arrive when the Facebook  owners or their successors turn the lens around and do their own sociology. Someone is going to figure out a data model that is flexible enough to allow people to have better control over just who they will allow into their digital back-regions and the ability (and social backing) to eliminate evidence collected without permission from physical back regions.</p>
<p>Photo Credit: The Doctr on Flickr used with CC license</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Fundamental Theory: The dramaturgical perspective (and how it relates to Facebook and Friendfeed)]]></title>
<link>http://renditionblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/11/fundamental-theory-the-dramaturgical-perspective-and-how-it-relates-to-facebook-and-friendfeed/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2009 09:51:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sofiagk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://renditionblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/11/fundamental-theory-the-dramaturgical-perspective-and-how-it-relates-to-facebook-and-friendfeed/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Multiple Personalities Originally uploaded by moostang78 Anything new crops up and we think that we ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/moostng/3086441927/"><img style="border:solid 2px #000000;" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3063/3086441927_713e4d3e9c_m.jpg" alt="" /></a><span style="font-size:.9em;margin-top:0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/moostng/3086441927/"><br />
Multiple Personalities</a></span><br />
Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/moostng/">moostang78</a></p>
<p>Anything new crops up and we think that we are inventing the world all over again. In my experience we don&#8217;t. We are just re-discovering things that others have said a lot better (and researched a lot more diligently) than us. I have a number of theories in mind but the recent acquisition of <a href="http://www.friendfeed.com/" target="_blank">friendfeed </a>by <a href="http://www.facebook.com" target="_blank">facebook </a>reminded me of the dramaturgical perspective.</p>
<p>I use the various tools on the web differently. Facebook for me is a closed network, used for friends and family (I certainly don&#8217;t want my boss to know what I did over the weekend). Friendfeed is a public lifestream, sure I meet people, we jest, we chat, we share likes and interests. I don&#8217;t need to know them. Here is a fundamental difference. I will publish a picture of me and my sweetheart in a tender hug on Facebook &#8211; people who know me will see it. I will NOT publish a picture like that on Friendfeed. People who don&#8217;t know me will make assumptions. I don&#8217;t like it.</p>
<p>Why do I do that? Because I act. I create characters every day. Sofia as a member of staff, Sofia as a student, Sofia as a daughter, Sofia as a lover. They are different facets of the same woman but people don&#8217;t see the whole. They see <strong>1)</strong> what I want to show and <strong>2) </strong>what is relevant to the relationship and the situation. This might sound a bit weird but we all do it &#8211; as <strong>Erving Goffman</strong> has so eloquently discussed in his lovely book <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Presentation-Self-Everyday-Life/dp/0140135715" target="_blank">The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</a>.</p>
<blockquote><p>Goffman&#8217;s greatest contribution to social theory is his formulation of symbolic interaction as <strong>dramaturgical perspective</strong> in his 1956 book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, which begins with an epigraph by George Santayana about masks. Largely working within the tradition of symbolic interactionist, he greatly elaborated on its central concepts and application. For Goffman, society is not homogeneous. We must act differently in different settings. The context we have to judge is not society at large, but the specific context. Goffman suggests that life is a sort of theater, but we also need a parking lot and a cloak room: there is a wider context lying beyond the face-to-face symbolic interaction.<br />
(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman">via Wikipedia</a>)</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>According to Goffman, the social actor has the ability to choose his stage and props, as well as the costume he would put on in front of a specific audience. The actor&#8217;s main goal is to keep his coherence, and adjust to the different settings offered him.<br />
(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life">via Wikipedia</a>)</p></blockquote>
<p>Allow me to (clumsily) transpose the theory onto the web. Sofia Gkiousou on Facebook is <strong>different </strong>than Sofia Gkiousou on LinkedIn and once again <strong>different </strong>sofiagk on friendfeed. In the same way that this blog is more about work and my academic blog is more about university. Why do we do this?</p>
<p><strong>People don&#8217;t know us</strong><br />
Why would the whole world be interested in every single thing I do? If you are into academia you&#8217;ll go to the other blog. If you are into comms you&#8217;ll stay here (well, hopefully). If you are my mother you want to see the picture from my birthday party on Facebook. If you are an acquaintance you want to see my bookmarks on Friendfeed. Sure perhaps I&#8217;ll also publish a pic of the cake but not the one with all of my friends.</p>
<p><strong>People don&#8217;t need to know us </strong><br />
You don&#8217;t need to know me as a person. You only need to get the information you require. In the same way that my colleague doesn&#8217;t need to see a funny picture on Facebook but they might be interested in an interesting bookmark on friendfeed. If we get friendly in the process even better. But that can&#8217;t happen with everyone.</p>
<p><strong>Our identity determines the use of the tool</strong><br />
By having clear barriers in mind it becomes easier to use each tool according to <strong>your </strong>needs. If you want to keep some things personal Facebook is ideal (apart from, well, some glitches here and there). If you want to share some things with the world you go onto other platforms. Sure, you may want to use complicated lists, permissions and grouping on Facebook. I find that tiring (which again, is part of my identity)</p>
<p><strong>The tool guides our identity</strong><br />
Take my picture for example. It&#8217;s that same across all platforms except on LinkedIn. I wear a suit in that one. I look straight on. It&#8217;s my office pic. It says different things about me and so it should.</p>
<p><strong>Other actors know the rules too!</strong><br />
As Goffman puts it we socially have a definition in any given interaction (this offers coherency). Hence most actors understand how I use Facebook and how I use LinkedIn. Granted, some times I need to explain but that&#8217;s because the platforms are not as old as other &#8216;places&#8217; like for example how one behaves at a family function.</p>
<p>Misunderstanding this fundamental function and operation of social action/ representation may lead onto designing tools and platforms that bring all of our identities under one umbrella. I suspect that people will be reluctant to flatten out all of their interactions.</p>
<p>What do you think?</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<br />
<strong>Hat Tip</strong><br />
<a href="http://friendfeed.com/lucid00">Hugh Isaacs II</a> for the chat on a <a href="http://friendfeed.com/scobleizer/764eded6/facebook-is-unusable-that-what-i-m-reading-here">Robert Scoble friendfeed update</a></p>
<p><strong>Read On:</strong><br />
<a href="http://blog.friendfeed.com/2009/08/friendfeed-accepts-facebook-friend.html">FriendFeed accepts Facebook friend request</a> by Bret Taylor on friendblog<br />
<a href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/08/10/facebook-acquires-friendfeed/">Facebook Acquires FriendFeed (Updated)</a> by Jason Kinkaid on TechCrunch<br />
<a href="http://mashable.com/2009/08/10/facebook-acquires-friendfeed/">Facebook Acquires FriendFeed </a>by Adam Ostrow on Mashable<br />
<a href="http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/facebook_users_-_heres_what_friendfeed_brings_to_t.php">Facebook Users: Here&#8217;s What FriendFeed Brings to the Family</a> by Marshall Kirkpatrick on Read Write Web<br />
<a href="http://scobleizer.com/2009/08/10/facebook-friendfeed/">Oh, FriendFeed is now Facebook’s “official” R&#38;D department!</a> by Robert Scoble on Scobleizer</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<br />
<em>Following a database meltdown (long live the server move processes) this post and any comments were uploaded again manually. </em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Aprendiendo a hablar como un hombre (sobre el concepto goffmaniano de <em>fachada</em>)]]></title>
<link>http://gatoyfelpudo.wordpress.com/2009/07/31/aprendiendo-a-hablar-como-un-hombre-sobre-el-concepto-goffmaniano-de-fachada/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2009 13:59:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Luis</dc:creator>
<guid>http://gatoyfelpudo.wordpress.com/2009/07/31/aprendiendo-a-hablar-como-un-hombre-sobre-el-concepto-goffmaniano-de-fachada/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Mirando Gran Torino, la última película de Clint Eastwood, encontré una escena que es un ejemplo per]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Mirando <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1205489/">Gran Torino</a>, la última película de <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>, encontré una escena que es un ejemplo perfecto del concepto de <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> de <em>fachada</em>. Se sabe, Goffman propuso como modelo de la acción social a la actuación dramática (algo más que una mera metáfora, para él). Ante la incapacidad de definir identidades por vía de la la esencia distintiva, los actores necesitamos dotarnos de signos que indiquen quiénes somos y qué intenciones tenemos en cada interacción.</p>
<p>En el film, que es recomendable por mucho más que la existencia de un fragmento de utilidad didáctica, Walt Kowalski (Eastwood), un veterano de la Guerra de Corea viejo y gruñón se relaciona con su vecino Thao, un adolescente oriental necesitado de una figura paterna. La película es una interesantísima indagación acerca de los prejuicios, la intolerancia y la construcción de la masculinidad, pero también -finalmente- sobre la amistad. No digo más: véanla, que vale la pena.</p>
<p>Ahora bien, en un momento Walt (parte de esa clase obrera norteamericana asediada, culto al trabajo manual y la masculinidad incluidos) decide ayudar a Thao a conseguir un trabajo, pero antes debe &#8220;enseñarle a hablar como un hombre&#8221;. Esa es la escena en que me quiero centrar (y que aquí dejo).</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/M3Tj2TmHAh8&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/M3Tj2TmHAh8&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p><!--more-->¿Qué quiere decir &#8220;hablar como un hombre&#8221;? Implica adquirir una fachada determinada, con algunos componentes particulares. Es un modo de hablar grosero y descalificante, pero aquí hay un potencial inconveniente: descalificar a otra persona puede derivar en la agresión, y lo que Thao debe aprender es cómo integrarse a un grupo, no cómo ser rechazado por él. ¿La clave? &#8220;No insultes al tipo, sólo habla sobre personas que no están en la sala&#8221;. Bateson diría que se trata de desarrollar una conducta que denote el tipo de conducta que aquí no está presente.</p>
<p>De lo que se trata es de los <em>modales </em>apropiados: ya de por sí Thao tiene un handicap negativo (es oriental y además prácticamente un adolescente) que debe compensar con un trato amable hacia las personas con las que habla (Goffman diría que debe demostrar que sus intenciones no incluyen la agresión hacia su interlocutor; &#8220;sé educado, pero no un lamebotas&#8221; le aconseja Martin, el peluquero convocado por Walt para ayudarlo) y una simulación de agresividad dirigida a personas ausentes. Más adelante -cuando llegue a un nivel de igualdad- podrá simular la agresividad hacia su interlocutor directo, pero siempre haciendo un uso hábil de los contextos. Como ejemplo de esto último, luego de dirigirse a Martin como &#8220;imbécil italiano&#8221;, &#8220;judío ladrón&#8221;, etc. (tratamiento que es totalmente admisible en la relación igualitaria que tiene con Martin), Walt debe solicitar una disculpa ritual por involucrar al peluquero en una tarea que puede exeder su relación, así que aprovecha la salida de Thao de la escena para dirigirle un más que respetuoso &#8220;Lamento mucho esto&#8221;, a lo que Martin responde -también ritualmente- &#8220;No hay problema&#8221;.</p>
<p>Realizado su aprendizaje, en la escena siguiente Thao se entrevista con el capataz de la obra. Antes de ingresar, Walt le da algunos últimos consejos (mirar a los ojos, dar la mano de modo firme) y complementa su <em>apariencia</em> con un detalle: le da un par de guantes de trabajo y le dice &#8220;Tomá, ponételos en el bolsillo de atrás&#8221;.</p>
<p>La entrevista trata de eso: del escrutinio del capataz Tim para averiguar si está frente a una persona que pueda asumir la identidad &#8220;trabajador de la construcción&#8221;, indagación que no se realiza sobre las habilidades del aspirante como operario, sino, justamente, sobre su fachada.</p>
<p>Thao pasa la prueba, ha aprendido su lección. Clint Eastwood, por su parte, nos ha dado una nueva lección a nosotros.</p>
<p>Algunos links:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://modosdevagancia.wordpress.com/2009/04/24/teorico-4-goffman-la-situacion-de-interaccion/">Un teórico sobre Goffman de la materia <em>Modos de la comunicación social</em></a></li>
<li><a href="http://wwws.la.warnerbros.com/grantorino/">Sitio oficial de Gran Torino</a></li>
<li><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman">Sección de Erving Goffman en Infoamérica</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/polis/cont/20002/pr/pr14.pdf">&#8220;El enfoque dramatúrgico de Erving Goffman&#8221; (un artículo introductorio de Aquiles Chihu Amparán y Alejandro López Gallegos)</a></li>
</ul>
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<title><![CDATA[The Importance of Symbols: doctors and their (dirty) lab coats]]></title>
<link>http://copernicusconsulting.net/2009/07/26/the-importance-of-symbols-doctors-and-their-dirty-lab-coats/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2009 17:31:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Sam Ladner</dc:creator>
<guid>http://copernicusconsulting.net/2009/07/26/the-importance-of-symbols-doctors-and-their-dirty-lab-coats/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The New York Times reports that the American Medical Association is considering doing away with the ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>The New York Times <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/26/weekinreview/26vinciguerra.html?ref=weekinreview">reports</a> that the American Medical Association is considering doing away with the venerable symbol of the physician: the lab coat. There&#8217;s a very good reason to get rid of lab coats: they&#8217;re dirty. But the symbol of the lab coat is far more important. The New York Times reports the empirical flaw in wearing lab coats:</p>
<blockquote><p>The group’s Council on Science and Public Health is looking at the role clothing plays in transmitting bacteria and other microbes and is expected to announce its findings next year.</p></blockquote>
<p>This empirical finding shouldn&#8217;t be surprsing. We also know, for example, that <a href="The group’s Council on Science and Public Health is looking at the role clothing plays in transmitting bacteria and other microbes and is expected to announce its findings next year.">male physician&#8217;s ties are wearable petri dishes</a>. The verdict ought to be clear, therefore that we should get rid of lab coats. Not so fast, say physicians.</p>
<p>Getting rid of the lab coat is getting rid of one of the most important symbols of a physician&#8217;s identity. Dr. Richard Cohen told the New York Times how important that lab coat is:</p>
<blockquote><p>“When a patient shares intimacies with you and you examine them in a manner that no one else does, you’d better look like a physician — not a guy who works at Starbuck’s.”</p></blockquote>
<p>Here is the lesson for designers: empirical &#8220;fact&#8221; is not the whole story. What role any particular symbol plays in social life is just as critical. What&#8217;s fascinating about this story is that physicians are now trained in &#8220;evidence-based medicine,&#8221; meaning they are trained to diagnose and treat based on more &#8220;rigourous&#8221; science (<a href="http://www.amazon.ca/How-Doctors-Think-Jerome-Groopman/dp/0618610030">I have my doubts about that rigour</a>, but that&#8217;s another blog post).</p>
<p>Yet here is a clearly &#8220;scientific&#8221; reality about the danger of treating patients while wearing a bacteria-infested lab coat and/or tie, and physicians continue to wear them. For all their protestations of &#8220;evidence,&#8221; physicians too are social beings, embedded in a social world. They too must convey an identity, even if the symbols used for doing so compromise their ability to complete their stated vocational mission.</p>
<p>The symbol is powerful. Designers who base their decisions on so-called &#8220;evidence&#8221; ought to pay attention to other kinds of evidence, such as the enduring patterns of social interactions. We should pay attention to any enduring patterns of social behaviour but *especially* those which fly in the face of supposed &#8220;logic.&#8221;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Garder la face coûte que croûte]]></title>
<link>http://isajones.com/2009/07/03/garder-la-face-coute-que-croute/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2009 16:35:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Isa Jones</dc:creator>
<guid>http://isajones.com/2009/07/03/garder-la-face-coute-que-croute/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[La semaine dernière je vous détaillais par le menu et avec force détails mon programme choc pour avo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[La semaine dernière je vous détaillais par le menu et avec force détails mon programme choc pour avo]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Groupthink as a Political Mental Illness (Part II)]]></title>
<link>http://lastfreevoice.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/groupthink-as-a-political-mental-illness-part-ii/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 17:56:10 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Rhys M. Blavier</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lastfreevoice.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/groupthink-as-a-political-mental-illness-part-ii/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[From the studied literature on groupthink, there are a few points which merit mention here.  Smith a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[From the studied literature on groupthink, there are a few points which merit mention here.  Smith a]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Bühnen des Handelns im technologisierten 21. Jahrhundert.  Die Soziologie als Theaterwissenschaft]]></title>
<link>http://homosociologicus.de/2009/06/29/buhnen-des-handelns-im-technologisierten-21-jahrhundert-die-soziologie-als-theaterwissenschaft/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2009 10:53:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Martin</dc:creator>
<guid>http://homosociologicus.de/2009/06/29/buhnen-des-handelns-im-technologisierten-21-jahrhundert-die-soziologie-als-theaterwissenschaft/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Soziologie 2050 &#8211; Wie sieht die Soziologie der Zukunft aus? Wir haben unsere Leser gefragt und]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><em>Soziologie 2050 &#8211; Wie sieht die Soziologie der Zukunft aus? Wir haben unsere Leser gefragt und veröffentlichen nun jeden Montag einen Beitrag aus unserem Essay-Wettbewerb. Diese Woche: Sebastian Knecht untersucht neue Interaktionsformen, wie sie unser Leben verändern werden, und wie die Soziologie darauf reagieren wird. </em></p>
<div id="attachment_1417" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 268px"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamar_levine/3233631798/"><img class="size-full wp-image-1417" title="Robot" src="http://homosociologicus.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/robot.jpg" alt="Broken Robot Girl" width="258" height="324" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Broken Robot Girl / creative commons licence by Tamar Levine and Rob Sheridan, some rights reserved</p></div>
<p>Als Erving Goffman seinen soziologischen Klassiker <em>Wir alle spielen Theater – Die Selbstdarstellung im Alltag</em> schrieb (Originaltitel: The presentation of self in everyday life [Goffman 1959]), war der erste Internetanschluss noch etwa 30 Jahre entfernt. Das Individuum schuf sich der Konzeption Goffmans zufolge in der realen Welt eine eigene, über die Wirklichkeit hinaus facettenreich ausgeschmückte Identität und strebte danach, sie sozialer Bestätigung zuzuführen: Am Strand, im Fahrstuhl, auf dem Abschlussball oder in der Selbsthilfegruppe. Der Mensch war kein bloßer Sklave gesellschaftlicher Werte und Normen, dem es einzig danach verlangte, die Erwartungen seiner Bezugsgruppen zu erfüllen, um Interaktion vorhersehbar und erwartbar zu machen. Das hat sich bis heute nicht geändert. Nie ist er nur bloßer Rollenspieler. Soziale Rollen bieten Platz für Interpretation und Ausgestaltung. Das Individuum ist Schauspieler und das Leben seine Bühne. Sei es die Tränendrüse, auf die man drückt, um in einer wichtigen Situation noch einmal geradeso davon zu kommen oder sei es übertriebenes Gerede vom allzu stressigen Arbeitsleben und im Alltag, um auf der Höhe, beschäftigt und wichtig zu wirken.</p>
<p>Das alles kann echt sein, muss es aber nicht: <!--more-->„Auf der Bühne stellt sich ein Schauspieler in der Verkleidung eines Charakters vor anderen Charakteren dar, die wiederum von Schauspielern gespielt werden“. [Goffman 2000: 3] Es geht darum, wie viel davon tatsächlich dem Empfinden des Akteurs entstammt und wie viel darüber hinaus in die Handlung hineinimprovisiert wird, um eine bestimmte Wirkung bei sozialen Interaktionspartnern zu erreichen. Jene Mechanismen dienen dazu, die eigene Identität zu behaupten genauso wie dazu, Reaktionen auf das eigene Handeln und die Selbstdarstellung zu beeinflussen. Es handelt sich um ein eigens gewähltes, konstruiertes Selbstbild, das seine Schatten auf das Handeln des Akteurs vorauswirft. Selbstbehauptung wird in diesem Moment zum Selbstzweck – trotz und oftmals auch gegen jedes rationale Kosten-Nutzen-Kalkül und gegen jede gängige Norm. Wichtiger ist es, sein Gesicht nicht zu verlieren.</p>
<p>Die Welt 100 Jahre nach Goffman lässt sich aber nicht mehr auf die eine eingleisige Bühne des realen Lebens reduzieren. Zwei neue Bühnen werden das Individuum und sein Handeln im Jahr 2050 zusätzlich prägen, ihn vor neue Herausforderungen stellen, ihn aber auch mit anderen Voraussetzungen konfrontieren.</p>
<p>Ihr Bühnenbild befindet sich bereits in unseren Tagen im Aufbau. Die eine Bühne, das Internet, ermöglicht dem Individuum schon heute, eine zweite neu geschaffene Identität vergleichsweise schnell und ohne großen Aufwand sozialer Bestätigung zuzuführen. Diese Identität wird sich in Zukunft manifestieren; ihre Selbstverständlichkeit beruht derweil auf brüchigen Grundlagen. Auf der zweiten Bühne, auf der Individuen mit unter dem Begriff <em>Sozionik</em> subsummierter lernfähiger künstlicher Intelligenz interagieren werden, wird gegenwärtig noch Zukunftsmusik gespielt. Die Noten sind derweil schon geschrieben. Das Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung wird ein Identitätsdreieck aus realer, virtueller und sozionischer Selbstdarstellung sein, in welchem die leibliche Persönlichkeit sogar zurückstehen könnte. Ist Erving Goffman deshalb plötzlich obsolet geworden? Ganz im Gegenteil. Er trägt einen wichtigen Teil dazu bei, um zu erklären, was den Reiz der Selbstdarstellung in einer technologisierten Welt ausmacht. Sein Modell kann und muss um diese Aspekte modifiziert werden.</p>
<p>1989, als der erste Internetanschluss gelegt wurde, begann eine Revolution. Bekanntschaften ließen sich plötzlich bequem aus dem Wohnzimmer heraus pflegen. Vielmehr noch: Chatrooms, Foren und wenig später <em>soziale</em> Onlinenetzwerke ermöglichten es, völlig fremde Menschen in völlig entlegenen Gegenden der Erde kennenzulernen und zu Freunden zu machen. Was das <em>Freundsein</em> an diesen Freundschaften ausmachte, ist bis heute unklar. Klar ist nur, dass der Reiz des Neuen stark war. Im realen Leben kann sich ein Rentner schwerlich als pubertierender Jüngling verkaufen. Auch reichen manche Verkleidungskünste nicht aus, um aus einer Frau einen Mann zu machen. Das Internet aber hat nicht weniger als das Offensichtliche aufgehoben und gewisse Gesetzmäßigkeiten zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen außer Kraft gesetzt. Im Internet heißt man plötzlich <em>surferboy1987</em>, obwohl man Bierbauch und Glatze trägt, gibt gerne vor, abends die große Weltliteratur bei einem Glas Chatêau Montrose zu lesen und in SecondLife transvestieren sich täglich, wie bezeichnend, ganze Massen. In virtuellen Netzwerken wie Facebook und StudiVZ ist die Selbstbestätigung über die Zahl der Bekanntschaften wichtiger als die Anerkennung der eigenen Persönlichkeit geworden. Und ohnehin viel einfacher zu erhaschen. Nur Weniges davon ist echt. Vor allem aber ist vieles in dem Augenblick, in dem Wahrheit und Illusion verschmelzen, sogar höchst gefährlich. Sein wollen, was man nie war, nicht ist und wohl auch nie sein wird. Die Fantasie siegt über den Verstand und Träume müssen nicht mehr nur Träume sein.</p>
<p>Der Kampf um einen möglichst großen virtuellen Bekanntenkreis ist eine Sucht geworden. Bescheiden könnte man das als Netzwerken bezeichnen, tatsächlich jedoch ist es eine Krankheit. Sie hat sich verselbstständigt und macht für das leibliche Individuum durchaus Sinn. Denn die Präsenz im World Wide Web sorgt an und für sich für soziale Bestätigung der realen Person. Man ergibt sich seiner Angst, etwas zu verpassen, der Zeit und der Entwicklung hinterher zu hängen, und legt sich deshalb auch noch auf dem x-ten neuen Onlinenetzwerk ein Profil an, um ja nicht die nächste Partyankündigung zu versäumen. Es gilt, dabei und auf dem neuesten Stand zu sein. Das ist ein gesellschaftlicher Wert an sich geworden. Egal, welchen realen Wert die Information hat. Mit Fortschritt hat das wenig zu tun. Vielmehr ist es eine Entwicklung weg vom menschlichen Grundbedürfnis nach Sozialität (und muss genau deshalb unweigerlich wieder dorthin zurückführen), welches die oberflächlichen Kommunikationsstrukturen der virtuellen Welt nicht wettmachen können. Vom <em>Goffmenschen</em> [Hitzler 1992] lässt sich lernen: Das Individuum will seine Identität bewahren. Damit ist aber definitiv das reale Ich gemeint. Die soziale Bestätigung dessen, was man nicht ist, wird auf Dauer unbefriedigend sein.</p>
<p>Globale virtuelle Communities sind in 40 Jahren in allen Zeit- und Raumdimensionen allgegenwärtig. Die moderne Technik wird es uns erlauben, 24 Stunden am Tag mit dem Internet verbunden zu sein – möglicherweise ist als einziges dann der Off-Knopf passé. Wir sind dann rund um die Uhr anrufbar, aufrufbar, abrufbar und stehen damit potenziell immer und überall im Blickfeld weltweiter sozialer Bezugsgruppen. Was bedeutet das für ein Individuum, dass sich präsentieren möchte und um soziale Anerkennung kämpft? Es bedeutet Mehrarbeit. Doppelte Arbeit. Denn das Individuum stellt sich außer in den Rollen seines normalen Lebens auch noch in seinen virtuellen Rollen dar. Und beide Ebenen sind keineswegs deckungsgleich. Das verlangt Koordination, Ausdauer und Erinnerungsvermögen. Die besten Lügner sind jene Menschen mit einem guten Gedächtnis: Sie vergessen nicht, wem sie was vorspielen. Das Individuum kann sich dem nicht entziehen. Auch und gerade weil 2050 Facebook und StudiVZ der Vergangenheit angehören werden und stattdessen alle Menschen einer einzigen virtuellen Global Community angehören. Der Mensch wird aufgehen in der Masse und spät merken, dass er eigentlich untergegangen ist.</p>
<p>Es ist an der Soziologie, die Gefahren und Nachteile virtueller sozialer Netzwerke in nachhaltiger Perspektive zu analysieren und den Menschen anschließend in Fragen der Alltagsgestaltung, Lebensführung sowie des Zeit- und Kommunikationsmanagements in einer von Arbeitswut, Überbeanspruchung und ewigem Fortschrittsglauben gezeichneten Welt ein Stück weit an die Hand zu nehmen. Eine wichtige Frage spielt dabei angesichts der Allgegenwart virtueller Beobachter das Potenzial privater Rückzugsräume. Soziale Bestätigung wird das Individuum darüber hinaus wieder in engen persönlichen Netzwerken, unter Freunden und in der Familie, in Vereinen, Lesekreisen oder dem politischen Kreisverband suchen müssen, wenn die fiktive virtuelle Identität nicht lebensbestimmend sein soll. Die Freisetzung und damit Auflösung alles Privaten, die Durchdringung selbst intimster Sphären durch Staat, Politik, Wirtschaft, Medien und Internet wird auch durch das ewige Zurschaustellen des Individuums im virtuellen Raum vorangetrieben. Infolge totaler Entäußerung ist der <em>gläserne Mensch</em> Wirklichkeit geworden. Das Individuum ist stets und überall Betrachtungsobjekt wider Willen und infolgedessen gezwungen, stets und überall schauspielerische Qualitäten an den Tag zu legen.</p>
<p>Es ist wiederum dieser technologische Fortschritt, der über Goffman hinaus langsam, aber fortschreitend eine dritte Bühne für Individuen errichtet. Die <em>Sozionik</em> ist eine Wissenschaft, die versucht, Maschinen zur Sozialität zu befähigen. Sie werden lernfähig sein und situationsbestimmt reagieren, möglicherweise sogar agieren, statt rein nach standardisierten Anweisungen zu verfahren. Praxis ohne Theorie ist blind, Theorie ohne Praxis wirkungslos. Und mit der Praxis wächst die Bedeutung und Notwendigkeit theoretischer Betrachtung. Obwohl es entsprechende Arbeiten über künstliche Intelligenz, ferner über deren Sozialität, bereits seit gut zwei Jahrzehnten gibt [Vgl. Woolgar 1985, Brent 1988, Carley 1996], wird doch erst die praktische massenhafte Konfrontation des Menschen mit künstlichen Interaktionspartnern die Soziologie auf den Plan rufen. Im Grunde sollte sie es schon viel früher tun. Dabei wird es weniger darum gehen, die potentiellen Formen menschlich-maschineller Interaktionsformen zu organisieren, sondern die Konsequenzen dessen zu untersuchen und entsprechend zu kontrollieren.</p>
<p>Was ist die Folge, wenn dauerhafte Interaktionspartner gekaufte, austauschbare und zu keinen Emotionen oder Gefühlsausdrücken fähige Computer sind? Mehr eine Mikrowelle, die ankündigt, dass das Essen in 2:30 Minuten auf dem Tisch stehen wird als ein guter Freund, mit dem man Gedanken und Gefühle austauschen möchte. Wie viel Wert werden wir ihnen beimessen? Wenn soziale Interaktion durch künstliche Kommunikationspartner erweitert wird, und infolge der doch immer noch beschränkten Fähigkeiten eines Menschen im Vergleich zu einem menschlichen Widersacher abflacht, steht in der soziologischen Grundlagenforschung nicht weniger als erneut die soziale Interaktion auf dem Prüfstand. Man denke nur einmal, rein hypothetisch, an die Zunahme von Fällen der Objektophilie, der Liebe zu Gegenständen. Max Webers Definition einer sozialen Beziehung, wonach jenes „ein seinem Sinngehalt nach aufeinander gegenseitig eingestelltes und dadurch orientiertes Sichverhalten mehrerer“ sei [Weber 1980: 35], wird ins Wanken geraten und so nicht mehr aufrecht erhalten werden können. Ist maschinelles Sichverhalten wirklich dem eines Menschen vergleichbar?</p>
<p>Was aber bedeutet das für die Sozialität und seine teilnehmenden Akteure? Und was für den <em>Goffmenschen</em>, einem talentierten Schauspieler? Die relative Wertlosigkeit eines maschinellen Interaktionspartners infolge seiner Austauschbarkeit wird das Individuum dazu veranlassen, ihm nicht mehr Wert beizumessen als notwendig. Der Mensch ist Herr über die Lage, kann der sozialen Intelligenz seinen Willen diktieren sowie Willkür und Doppel-Standards walten lassen, selbst wenn die Maschine lernfähig und rational argumentierend überlegen sein sollte. Denn sowohl der Handlungsrahmen als auch die Möglichkeiten der Sanktionierung durch eine Maschine sind stark eingeschränkt, sofern überhaupt vorhanden. Das Individuum wird in dieser Form von Sozialität die Chance ergreifen, seine im Gespräch mit menschlichen Interaktionspartnern aufrechterhaltene Maskerade fallen zu lassen und mit künstlicher Intelligenz nach Belieben zu interagieren. Das eigene Handeln auf die Erwartbarkeit des Handelns Anderer und ihre soziale Bestätigung hin auszulegen und hierfür schauspielernd tätig zu werden, wird nicht mehr nötig sein.</p>
<p>Es besteht die Gefahr, dass Individuen die saloppe Interaktion mit maschinellen Handlungspartnern auch auf den Umgang zwischen realen Individuen übertragen. Sie vergegenständlichen möglicherweise die Interaktion und sind unfähig, Handlungsspielräume und -wirkungen sowie die Bedeutung zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen richtig einzuschätzen. Sie befinden sich in einem Wiedererkennungs- und Kommunikationschaos zwischen allen drei Identitäten, die der Koordination bedürfen. Im Gegensatz zu Maschinen sind Familie, Freunde und Bekannte nicht einfach austauschbar. Jeder Verlust bringt emotionale Wunden und tiefe Einschnitte mit sich. Der Mensch muss sich stets darüber im Klaren sein, dass soziale Interaktion auf bestimmten, beiderseitig gültigen Regeln beruht und nicht mit Willkür bestimmt werden kann. Das Menschsein genauso wie das Zwischenmenschliche darf nicht entwertet werden, indem wir die Einfachheit menschlich-maschineller Kommunikation als das neue Dogma von Sozialität annehmen. Die Soziologie 2050: Eine Theaterwissenschaft im Kampf um gesellschaftliche Werte, Individualität, Identität und Sozialität.</p>
<p><strong>Literaturverzeichnis</strong></p>
<p>Brent, Edward (1988): Is There a Role for Articficial Intelligence in<br />
Sociological Theorizing?, in: The American Sociologist, Summer, S. 158-166</p>
<p>Carley, Kathleen (1996): Artificial Intelligence within Sociology, in: Sociological Methods Research, Vol. 25, No. 1, August, S. 3-30</p>
<p>Goffman, Erving (2000): Wir alle spielen Theater – Die Selbstdarstellung im Alltag, 8. Auflage, Februar, München: Piper</p>
<p>Hitzler, Ronald (1992): Der Goffmensch, in: Soziale Welt 43, 449-461</p>
<p>Weber, Max (1980): Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriß der Verstehenden Soziologie. 5. Auflage (Studienausgabe), hrsg. von Johannes Winckelmann, J.C. Mohr: Tübingen</p>
<p>Woolgar, Steve (1985): Why not a Sociology of Machines? The Case of Sociology and Artificial Intelligence, in: Sociology, Vol. 19, No. 4, in: Sociology, Vol. 19, No. 4, S. 557-572</p>
<p><strong>Sebastian Knecht &#124; Student der Politikwissenschaften an der Freien Universität Berlin sowie der Soziologie an der FernUniversität Hagen &#124; 09/2008 – 05/2009 im Auslandsstudium am Institut d´Études Politiques de Lyon, Frankreich</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[our digital culture of narcissism]]></title>
<link>http://sociologycompass.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/our-digital-culture-of-narcissism/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2009 05:08:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nathanjurgenson</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sociologycompass.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/our-digital-culture-of-narcissism/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[by nathan jurgenson For many (especially youths and young adults), attempting to quit or never start]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>by <a href="http://nathanjurgenson.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">nathan jurgenson</a></p>
<p><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-3247" title="Web_2_image" src="http://sociologycompass.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/web_2_image.png?w=128" alt="Web_2_image" width="150" height="75" />For many (especially youths and young adults), attempting to quit or never start <a href="http://www.facebook.com" target="_blank">Facebook </a>is a difficult challenge. We are compelled to document ourselves and our lives online partly because services like Facebook have many benefits, such as <a href="http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/relationships/articles/2009/06/20/social_media_how_twitter_facebook_and_others_are___surprise___strengthening_friendships/" target="_blank">keeping up with friends</a>, scheduling gatherings (e.g., <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?ref=weekinreview" target="_blank">protests</a>) and so on. Additionally, and to the point of this post, the digital documentation of ourselves also means that we <em>exist</em>. There is a common adage that if something is not on Google, it does not exist. As the world is increasingly digital, this becomes increasingly true. Especially for individuals. One adolescent <a href="http://headrush.typepad.com/creating_passionate_users/2006/03/ultrafast_relea.html" target="_blank">told her mother</a>, “If you’re not on MySpace, you don’t exist.”</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" target="_blank">Christopher Lasch’s <em>Culture of Narcissism</em></a> argues that we are increasingly afraid of being nothing or unimportant so we develop narcissistic impulses to become real. The explosion of new ways to document ourselves online allows new outlets for importance, existence and perhaps even immortality that living only in the material world does not permit. The simple logic is that increased digital documentation of ourselves means increased digital existence. More than just social networking sites, we document ourselves on <a href="http://www.twitter.com" target="_blank">Twitter</a>, <a href="http://www.YouTube.com" target="_blank">YouTube</a>, <a href="http://www.Flickr.com" target="_blank">Flickr</a>, and even increasingly with services that track, geographically, where one is at all times, often via one&#8217;s smart phone (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopt" target="_blank">Loopt</a>, <a href="http://fireeagle.yahoo.net/" target="_blank">Fire Eagle</a>, <a href="http://www.google.com/latitude/intro.html" target="_blank">Google Latitude</a>, etc).</p>
<p>So what?</p>
<p><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-3248" title="Neon_Internet_Cafe_open_24_hours" src="http://sociologycompass.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/neon_internet_cafe_open_24_hours.jpg?w=72" alt="Neon_Internet_Cafe_open_24_hours" width="86" height="115" />In this world where we can document our lives endlessly, we might become fixated on our every behavior. How it will appear to others, how it will help us with our jobs, friends, relationships, etc. Simply, self-presentation is a strategic game. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" target="_blank">Erving Goffman</a> discussed this using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgy_(sociology)" target="_blank">dramaturgical </a>model where we are like actors on a stage performing ourselves. The new technologies described here mean that more and more areas of our life become part of this perforce because new parts of our lives are now able to be documented (e.g., our every-moment geographic locations). More and more areas of our life are lived subservient to the performance and identity we want to convey.</p>
<p>In this way, a hyper-fixatedness on our own subjectivity to create its own digital simulation (e.g., Facebook) can, to some degree, dictate how we live, becoming like characters on a “reality” show always performing for the camera, seduced by the importance and immortality that digital existence promises. ~nathan</p>
<p><a href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/04/where-are-you-show-em-with-google-latitude/" target="_blank"><img title="square-eye32" src="http://sociologycompass.wordpress.com/files/2008/11/square-eye32.png" alt="square-eye32" width="30" height="30" /></a> <a href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/04/where-are-you-show-em-with-google-latitude/" target="_blank">Where Are You? Show ‘Em With Google Latitude</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/sociology/article_view?highlight_query=prosumptio&#38;type=fuzzy&#38;slop=0&#38;fuzzy=0.5&#38;last_results=query%3Dprosumptio%26topics%3D%26content_types%3DALL%26submit%3DSearch&#38;parent=void&#38;sortby=relevance&#38;offset=0&#38;article_id=soco_articles_bpl112" target="_blank"><img title="square-eye32" src="http://sociologycompass.wordpress.com/files/2008/11/square-eye32.png" alt="square-eye32" width="30" height="30" /></a> <a href="http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/sociology/article_view?highlight_query=prosumptio&#38;type=fuzzy&#38;slop=0&#38;fuzzy=0.5&#38;last_results=query%3Dprosumptio%26topics%3D%26content_types%3DALL%26submit%3DSearch&#38;parent=void&#38;sortby=relevance&#38;offset=0&#38;article_id=soco_articles_bpl112"><img title="£1.99 - small" src="http://sociologycompass.wordpress.com/files/2009/05/1-99-small.jpg" alt="£1.99 - small" width="31" height="14" /></a> <a href="http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/sociology/article_view?highlight_query=prosumptio&#38;type=fuzzy&#38;slop=0&#38;fuzzy=0.5&#38;last_results=query%3Dprosumptio%26topics%3D%26content_types%3DALL%26submit%3DSearch&#38;parent=void&#38;sortby=relevance&#38;offset=0&#38;article_id=soco_articles_bpl112" target="_blank">The Intersecting Roles of Consumer and Producer: A Critical Perspective on Co-production, Co-creation and Prosumption</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[our digital culture of narcissism]]></title>
<link>http://nathanjurgenson.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/our-digital-culture-of-narcissism/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2009 15:34:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nathanjurgenson</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nathanjurgenson.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/our-digital-culture-of-narcissism/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[by nathan jurgenson For many (especially youths and young adults), attempting to quit or never start]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>by <a href="http://nathanjurgenson.googlepages.com/home" target="_blank">nathan jurgenson</a></p>
<p><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-138" title="Web_2_image" src="http://nathanjurgenson.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/web_2_image.png?w=150" alt="Web_2_image" width="150" height="75" />For many (especially youths and young adults), attempting to quit or never start <a href="http://www.facebook.com" target="_blank">Facebook </a>is a difficult challenge. We are compelled to document ourselves and our lives online partly because services like Facebook have many benefits, such as <a href="http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/relationships/articles/2009/06/20/social_media_how_twitter_facebook_and_others_are___surprise___strengthening_friendships/" target="_blank">keeping up with friends</a>, scheduling gatherings (e.g., <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?ref=weekinreview" target="_blank">protests</a>) and so on. Additionally, and to the point of this post, the digital documentation of ourselves also means that we <em>exist</em>. There is common adage that if something is not on Google, it does not exist. As the world is increasingly digital, this becomes increasingly true. Especially for individuals. One adolescent <a href="http://headrush.typepad.com/creating_passionate_users/2006/03/ultrafast_relea.html" target="_blank">told her mother</a>, “If you’re not on MySpace, you don’t exist.”</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" target="_blank">Christopher Lasch’s <em>Culture of Narcissism</em></a> argues that we are increasingly afraid of being nothing or unimportant so we develop narcissistic impulses to become real. The explosion of new ways to document ourselves online allows new outlets for importance, existence and perhaps even immortality that living only in the material world does not allow. The simple logic is that increased digital documentation of ourselves means increased digital existence. More than just social networking sites, we document ourselves on <a href="http://www.twitter.com" target="_blank">Twitter</a>, <a href="http://www.YouTube.com" target="_blank">YouTube</a>, <a href="http://www.Flickr.com" target="_blank">Flickr</a>, and even increasingly with services that track, geographically, where one is at all times, often via one&#8217;s smart phone (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopt" target="_blank">Loopt</a>, <a href="http://fireeagle.yahoo.net/" target="_blank">Fire Eagle</a>, <a href="http://www.google.com/latitude/intro.html" target="_blank">Google Latitude</a>, etc).</p>
<p>So what?</p>
<p><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-139" title="Neon_Internet_Cafe_open_24_hours" src="http://nathanjurgenson.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/neon_internet_cafe_open_24_hours.jpg?w=112" alt="Neon_Internet_Cafe_open_24_hours" width="101" height="135" />In this world where we can document our lives endlessly, we might become fixated on our every behavior. How it will appear to others, how it will help us with our jobs, friends, relationships, etc. Simply, self-presentation is a strategic game. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" target="_blank">Erving Goffman</a> discussed this using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgy_(sociology)" target="_blank">dramaturgical </a>model where we are like actors on a stage performing ourselves. The new technologies described here mean that more and more areas of our life become part of this perforce because new parts of our lives are now able to be documented (e.g., our every-moment geographic locations). More and more areas of our life are lived subservient to the performance and identity we want to convey.</p>
<p>In this way, a hyper-fixatedness on our own subjectivity to create its own digital simulation (e.g., Facebook) can, to some degree, dictate how we live, becoming like characters on a “reality” show always performing for the camera. With digital documentation technologies we can become increasingly subservient to subjectivity and identity via its documentation if we are seduced by the importance and immortality that digital existence promises. ~nathan</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Is this really a mask?]]></title>
<link>http://illuminationis.wordpress.com/2009/06/04/is-this-really-a-mask/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2009 22:42:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>illuminationis</dc:creator>
<guid>http://illuminationis.wordpress.com/2009/06/04/is-this-really-a-mask/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The idea that people play different roles in different situations (dramaturgy) is popularized by Erv]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[The idea that people play different roles in different situations (dramaturgy) is popularized by Erv]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Imposter phenomenon]]></title>
<link>http://thedukeofurl.wordpress.com/2009/06/03/imposter-phenomenon/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2009 10:30:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thedukeofurl</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thedukeofurl.wordpress.com/2009/06/03/imposter-phenomenon/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A pervasive phenomenon in which people feel that they can not meet expectations and that this will e]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>A pervasive phenomenon in which people feel that they can not meet expectations and that this will eventually become evident, at which time they will be &#8220;found out&#8221; has recently become part of a public debate, which is referred to as the imposter phenomenon. What has yet to be completely appreciated are the social and cultural roots of this phenomenon and that it is endemic to our society. The fault lies not in ourselves, but in the social and cultural framework, and could be viewed as a kind of social pathology.</p>
<p>If we look at our interaction with others in terms of Erving Goffman&#8217;s metaphor of the theater and our interactions with others as performances, this theory of the genesis and consequences of playing the role of &#8220;being an imposter&#8221; can I think shed some light on this quite debilitating state of affairs. According to Goffman and his predecessor Charles Horton Cooley, when we interact with others and with ourselves, we can not get away from playing a number of roles These roles fit into a social framework and are culturally defined (although such &#8220;definitions&#8221; allow for individual creativity). They frame expectations of those participating and they enable the situation to be &#8220;manipulated&#8221; to a certain extent. as well as enabling us to incorporate the reactions of others to what we say and do as &#8220;evidence&#8221; for our views of ourselves and others.</p>
<p>This is how Goffman put it in his <em>Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</em> (note the final sentence):</p>
<blockquote><p>Knowing that his audiences are capable of forming bad impressions of him, the individual may come to feel ashamed of a well-intentioned honest act merely because the context of its performance provides false impressions that are bad.  Feeling this unwarranted shame, he may feel that his feelings can be seen; he may feel that his appearance confirms these false conclusions concerning him. He may then add to the precariousness of his position by engaging in just those defensive maneuvers that he would employ were he really guilty. In this way it is possible for all of us to become fleetingly for ourselves the worst person we can imagine that others might imagine us to be (1959: 236).</p></blockquote>
<p>In the early part of the 20th century, Charles Horton Cooley pointed out that, without being aware of it, humans &#8220;live in the minds of others&#8221; &#8211; they serve as a kind of &#8220;looking-glass&#8221;. This means that what we think they think of us is part of our very being. This carries with it the inevitable consequence that what we think they think of us inevitably influences what we think of ourselves. Complementing Goffman’s picture, Cooley says this.</p>
<blockquote><p>As is the case with other feelings, we do not think much of it [that is, of social self-feeling] so long as it is moderately and regularly gratified. Many people of balanced mind and congenial activity scarcely know that they care what others think of them, and will deny, perhaps with indignation, that such care is an important factor in what they are and do. But this is illusion. If failure or disgrace arrives, if one suddenly finds that the faces of men [sic] show coldness or contempt instead of the kindliness and deference that he is used to, he will perceive from the shock, the fear, the sense of being an outcast and helpless, that he was living in the minds of others without knowing it, just as we daily walk the solid ground without thinking how it bears us up (1922: 208).</p></blockquote>
<p>Helen Block Lewis, in a landmark study of shame and guilt (<em>Shame and Guilt in Neurosis</em>), found that the root of many people’s “neuroses” was a deep sense of shame or guilt. It seems to me that shame and guilt lie at the root of the imposter phenomenon. Feelings of shame and guilt take place in a context of cultural expectations. It is these expectations and our “drive” to meet them and falling short that leads us to consider that we may not be as good as we hope we really are. This is reinforced by evaluating the performances of others in terms of these expectations, expectations which are guiding their performances. Since we only have the <em>appearance</em> of the performance to go on, we are unable to assess the degree to which others, in <em>reality</em>, fall short of these expectations, Unless we are willing to ascribe to others the view, in the absence of evidence, that the way they appear to be does not match the way they really are, we must come short. In general, we have more evidence about ourselves than we do of others.</p>
<p>Nature Netowrk has a post referring to this phenomenon. The responses to this post are enlightening and saddening. It can be found here -<a href="http://network.nature.com/groups/women_in_science/forum/topics/4693"> http://network.nature.com/groups/women_in_science/forum/topics/4693</a> (Imposter syndrome). I would like to incorporate a response to two of the comments into my discussion, one by Stephen Curry and the other by Anonymous.</p>
<p>These two comments suggest fit I think my approach to understanding this phenomenon . Anonymous has painted an incredibly poignant picture of how this syndrome might develop and wonders about its origins. And Stephen has pointed to an institutional feature that might foster it. I believe both ineluctably point to the origins of this phenomenon, the society in which we live and the cultural expectations that accompany it. While I am sure Stephen is right that the syndrome is related to failure, it seems to me to be more closely related to the <em>expectation</em> of failure and the reactions many people develop to such expectations.</p>
<p>The coordination of all this reflexive activity is &#8220;engineered&#8221; by our society and carried by our culture through which this value-laden expectational network is transmitted from generation to generation. That one of the most pervasive ways of looking at ourselves should be so negative and thereby psychologically, and possibly physically, debilitating seems to me to be a damning indictment of our society.</p>
<p>As Stephen has implied, the fault lies not in ourselves but in the social and cultural framework.  I view it as a kind of social pathology, a pathology that is deeply embedded in our social institutions and ways of thinking.</p>
<p>I would go further than Stephen and suggest that this phenomenon is widespread throughout the professions and the business sector at the very least. An indication that this may be so took place during <strong>The Apprentice</strong> last year. The winner admitted &#8220;exaggerating&#8221; his CV, elaborating that he did this because he felt inferior and that without making himself look a little &#8220;better than he was&#8221; he couldn&#8217;t compete with others.</p>
<p>In discussing what the candidate had done and how they should view it, Sugar and his colleagues admitted that they and many others had done something similar when starting out. The only reason they would feel forced to appear to be something that they aren&#8217;t yet but hope to be seems to be because the expectations they are encountering, or are being led to believe they are encountering, are pathologically unrealistic.</p>
<p>The psychological state described by the candidate doesn&#8217;t exactly fit the imposter phenomenon but it is closely related and, I would argue, is produced by the same social and cultural pressures which lead to feelings of shame and guilt that seem to me to be the engines of the imposter phenomenon. That so many people are made to unjustifiably feel this way about themselves, and in some cases make themselves ill as a consequence, should be unacceptable. It is as if the set of expectations that have developed have evolved to fit &#8220;products&#8221; of certain environments. That this may be so does not render it less pathological in its consequences.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Clive Thompson, journalist &amp; blogger]]></title>
<link>http://thedukeofurl.wordpress.com/2009/05/27/clive-thompson-journalist-blogger/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2009 11:51:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thedukeofurl</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thedukeofurl.wordpress.com/2009/05/27/clive-thompson-journalist-blogger/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[If you haven&#8217;t encountered Clive Thompson before, you have a treat in store. He is principally]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>If you haven&#8217;t encountered Clive Thompson before, you have a treat in store. He is principally a science, technology, and culture journalist for <em>NY Magazine</em>, <em>Wired</em> and other publications. His blogs can be found on my blogroll, but an interview from a little over a year ago can be watched via reportr.net: <a href="http://reportr.net/2008/02/19/video-clive-thompson-on-blogging/">http://reportr.net/2008/02/19/video-clive-thompson-on-blogging/</a>.  He has a number of interesting things to say about blogging and how it might aid in stimulating the creativity and organization of your thoughts.</p>
<p>Check him out if what he does and says seems of interest to you.</p>
<p>This is Thompson on Facebook &#38; Twitter &#8211; <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/magazine/07awareness-t.html?_r=3&#38;pagewanted=all">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/magazine/07awareness-t.html?_r=3&#38;pagewanted=all</a>.  However, I do not completely agree with his conclusion that the person you see most clearly is yourself.  I would characterize the situation rather this way: that the person you see most clearly is the person you have prepared others, including yourself, to see.</p>
<p>You might actually, as a consequence of incessant preparation, see yourself less clearly than before.  In a certain sense, you are programming yourself and others.  We do this throughout life, but this is highly intense and possibly more continuous.  Unless you take deliberate steps, you may have nowhere to hide, except perhaps from yourself.</p>
<p>Erving Goffman, the role theorist for whom social interaction was like theater, and Charles H. Cooley, devisor of the concept of the looking-glass self, might easily have seen Facebook and Twitter functioning simultaneously as a looking-glass by means of which you continually adjust your presentation and as the theater in which you are almost constantly &#8220;on show&#8221;.</p>
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<title><![CDATA["The Goffman Experience"]]></title>
<link>http://poeticborg.wordpress.com/2009/05/27/the-goffman-experience/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2009 17:05:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ilya</dc:creator>
<guid>http://poeticborg.wordpress.com/2009/05/27/the-goffman-experience/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[While in &#8220;Classic Works of Sociological Analysis&#8221; this 2 weeks, we had been fighting wit]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>While in &#8220;Classic Works of Sociological Analysis&#8221; this 2 weeks, we had been fighting with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>. We talked about his <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life">The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</a></em> last Tuesday, and yesterday we discussed <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frame-Analysis-Essay-Organization-Experience/dp/093035091X">Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience</a></em>. Actually the reading this week, the frame analysis approach, had an answer for my question in class last Tuesday: how about multiple stages, instead of unified one stage in the presentation of self when people interact one another? His conceptual tools repertoire, listing all the terms in <em>Frame Analysis</em> had answered &#8220;the plural / multiple / not one&#8221; problem: &#8220;primary framework&#8221;, &#8220;key/keying&#8221;, &#8220;fabrication&#8221;, etc.</p>
<p>And today&#8217;s reading made me resume reading a lot of related scholars&#8217; work: James-Shutz-Harold Garfinkel perception combo,  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, and in Goffman&#8217;s detailed exemplified full spectrum of kinds of fabrication, I had been thinking about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Debord">Guy Debord</a>. I am very exciting about re-linking them to expose the STS development in Taiwan. </p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Presentation of Self in Social Media]]></title>
<link>http://clickingandscreaming.com/2009/04/28/the-presentation-of-self-in-social-media/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 15:12:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Chris Nee</dc:creator>
<guid>http://clickingandscreaming.com/2009/04/28/the-presentation-of-self-in-social-media/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Mat wandered over earlier and we had a chat about a minor, but thought-provoking, incident on Twitte]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://mediaczar.com">Mat</a> wandered over earlier and we had a chat about a minor, but thought-provoking, incident on Twitter which occurred yesterday.</p>
<p>One of my followers, who shall remain nameless, said something unspeakably cock-eyed and stupid, throbbing with bias and paranoia, and just&#8230;wrong. I found this incredibly irritating, and began to tap out my angry response, complete with &#8216;@&#8217;, questioning the logic behind his verbal crime. But I didn&#8217;t hit enter, because I value my followers and my blog readers. In other words, I engaged in a small but not insignificant impression management operation.</p>
<p>Upon explaining this to Mat, his response was thus: <i>&#8220;Are normal people learning to conduct themselves in a public way online?&#8221;</i></p>
<p>According to my list of qualifications, I&#8217;m a sociologist &#8211; and I&#8217;ve long been fascinated by the work of Canadian sociologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>. Goffman&#8217;s best known work, <em>The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</em>, covered this very topic. He devised the dramaturgical analogy to frame the presentation of self and the division between public and private, or front and backstage.</p>
<p>The &#8216;front&#8217; is <a href="http://www.soc.duke.edu/~jmoody77/TheoryNotes/Goffman.htm">where we carry out a social performance</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;[The front is] that part of individual&#8217;s performance which regularly functions in a general and fixed fashion to define the situation for those who observe the performance.  Front, then, is the expressive equipment of a standard kind intentionally or unwittingly employed by the individual during his performance.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>It&#8217;s our <strong>public</strong> performance. More commonly associated with figures in the public eye, Goffman argues that we <em>all</em> portray ourselves differently in public, even if that public is just one person with whom one is ostensibly comfortable.</p>
<p>Right, that&#8217;s enough social theory. How does this map onto our social media lives?</p>
<p>Despite <a href="http://shankman.com/be-careful-what-you-post/">one</a> or <a href="http://bhc3.wordpress.com/2009/03/17/how-to-tweet-your-way-out-of-a-job/">two</a> or <a href="http://zeitgeist.the-world-in-focus.com/?p=1459">three</a> or <a href="http://www.twofootedtackle.com/2008/07/digital-idiocy.html">four</a> cases of utter stupidity, people are learning to put on a performance online. We&#8217;re increasingly being ourselves &#8211; or performances thereof &#8211; rather than talking monikers, but we&#8217;re still guarded about what we say. </p>
<p>As fits Goffman&#8217;s framework, this is partly down to a conscious approach. In the professional world, we know that we&#8217;re better off holding back on certain things. We should cut down on the swears, not say anything we wouldn&#8217;t say to or in front of a client and &#8211; as I&#8217;ve said a million times &#8211; just be careful. There is also the unconscious side, which affects our presentation of self in all walks of life.</p>
<h2>&#8216;Customer&#8217; relations?</h2>
<p>For bloggers &#8211; and by that I mean bloggers, like me, with an unrelated day job &#8211; there&#8217;s an added element. We have to watch our step not only on the grounds that we are responsible adults who could be sacked or embarrassed by a <em>faux-pas</em>, but also that we are, inherently, community managers/maintainers. And that was Mat&#8217;s point: normal people now have abnormal tasks.</p>
<p>Had I gone in all guns blazing on my foolish follower yesterday, fully committing to the battle with my opinion and my less-than-friendly way with words, I&#8217;d have lost him as a follower. I also happen to know that I&#8217;d have lost some other followers as a result and, probably, lost of a few readers of my <a href="http://www.twofootedtackle.com">blog</a>. And that&#8217;s even before he&#8217;d reacted, which could have resulted in my being &#8216;outed&#8217; by him on Twitter as a moody and thin-skinned blogger. I&#8217;d have been facing a mini-crisis.</p>
<p>We are <em>never</em> truly private, according to Goffman. But the way in which we behave publicly has evolved as a result of social media. Even within that sphere, different types of people have different social requirements and different approaches.</p>
<p>I&#8217;ve shown you mine &#8211; do you hold back online? Why?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Agency as interactive achievement]]></title>
<link>http://discoursology.net/2009/04/25/agency-as-an-interactive-achievement/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 25 Apr 2009 09:27:12 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>discoursology</dc:creator>
<guid>http://discoursology.net/2009/04/25/agency-as-an-interactive-achievement/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Linguists are doing excellent micro-analytic work demonstrating in detail how &#8216;agency&#8217; i]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Linguists are doing excellent micro-analytic work demonstrating in detail how &#8216;agency&#8217; is so often the doings of several people in interaction, rather than the preserve and action of one specific individual and an intrinsic part of her_his identity. I do wonder whether this strikes a chord in other parts of society. Are we witnissing a broader acceptance of the notion of the decentred subject?</p>
<p>New article: Najma Al Zidjaly (2009) Agency as an interactive achievement. In <em>Language in Society</em>, 38: 177-200.</p>
<blockquote><p>ABSTRACT</p>
<p>This study explores how agency emerges and is negotiated moment by moment in interaction by applying Erving Goffman’s notion of production format to an extended sequence of discourse that revolves around accomplishing a conjoint action: the rewriting of an official letter. Deconstructing the participants into the social roles they undertake in accomplishing this task illustrates what is involved in exercising agency: interactively negotiating production format roles and footing shifts through several linguistic strategies aimed at either claiming, ratifying, or rejecting the participants’ agency. These include providing options, negotiating production format roles, asking questions, speaking for another, questioning and asserting expertise, providing counter-arguments, and asserting past agentive selves. This study, thus, contributes to an understanding of agency as co-constructed, mediated, and continually negotiated, while also identifying specific linguistic strategies through which agency is negotiated in interaction.</p>
<p>(agency, disability, production format, social actor, conjoint action, linguistic strategies)</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Teórico 4: Goffman: la situación de interacción]]></title>
<link>http://modosdevagancia.wordpress.com/2009/04/24/teorico-4-goffman-la-situacion-de-interaccion/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2009 16:43:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Luis</dc:creator>
<guid>http://modosdevagancia.wordpress.com/2009/04/24/teorico-4-goffman-la-situacion-de-interaccion/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[por Luis Sandoval Algunas definiciones: Erving Goffman Situación social. Cualquier ambiente determin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><!-- 	 	 --></p>
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<p><strong>por </strong><a href="http://gatoyfelpudo.wordpress.com/data/"><strong>Luis Sandoval</strong></a></p>
<p>Algunas definiciones:</p>
<div id="attachment_56" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 240px"><a href="http://modosdevagancia.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/goffman4.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-56" style="margin:5px;" title="Erving Goffman" src="http://modosdevagancia.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/goffman4.jpg?w=288" alt="Erving Goffman" width="230" height="240" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Erving Goffman</p></div>
<p><strong>Situación social</strong>. Cualquier ambiente determinado por la posibilidad de un control recíproco tal que pueda prolongarse todo el tiempo que dos o más sujetos se encuentran en inmediata presencia física uno de otro y que se extiende a todo el espacio en el cual semejante control es posible.</p>
<p><strong>Ocasión social</strong>. Acontecimiento que se contempla antes y después como una unidad, un evento que sucede en un tiempo y un lugar específicos y que dicta el tono para aquello que sucede en su interior y durante su desarrollo.</p>
<p><strong>Encuentro social</strong>. Una ocasión de interacción cara-a-cara que comienza cuando los sujetos se dan cuenta de que han entrado en la presencia inmediata de otros y que acaba cuando ellos captan que han salido de esta situación de participación recíproca.<sup><a name="sdfootnote1anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Parece entonces apropiado definir a Erving Goffman como un sociólogo de la interacción. De hecho, esta peculiaridad le ha valido algunas críticas entre quienes le han demandado la incorporación a su trabajo de categorías relacionadas con macrosujetos como las clases sociales o la estratificación.</p>
<p>Goffman no desconoce la entidad de las categorías estructurales, sino que reinvindica la posibilidad de delimitar como área específica el microanálisis, a la vez que se muestra reacio a extrapolar la realidad microsociológica a las estructuras macrosociológicas. La articulación a gran escala de las interacciones cara a cara cristaliza en estructuras sociales, pero existe un hiato cuya explicación cae fuera de las pretensiones de su proyecto, que en cambio insiste en la relativa autonomía del orden interaccional.<sup><a name="sdfootnote2anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>¿Pero cómo define Goffman la interacción social?<!--more--></p>
<p>La interacción social puede definirse en sentido estricto como aquella que se da exclusivamente en las situaciones sociales, es decir en las que dos o más individuos se hallan en presencia de sus respuestas físicas respectivas.<sup><a name="sdfootnote3anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>A nosotros es justamente este ángulo en sus análisis lo que nos invita a incorporarlo en el hilo de este trabajo. Sus finos análisis de situaciones cotidianas, de la interacción cara a cara en el marco de la cotidianeidad, desnudan la cantidad de presupuestos y de normas que regulan estas situaciones en las que -desde el sentido común- nos abandonamos al espontaneísmo.</p>
<p>El sentido global del pensamiento de Goffman es [...] el de explicitar la naturaleza profundamente social de aquellos aspectos que normalmente consideramos como espacios libres de expresión de los sujetos, sus lados más espontáneos, menos sujetos a convencionalismos, a controles: a través de la elección de esas «ocasiones menores» del vivir social, el modelo goffmaniano saca a luz la invasión del control social informal, cómo se difunde la sociabilidad en lo «privado» y la naturaleza enormemente regulada de ese «privado».<sup><a name="sdfootnote4anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Goffman es un sociólogo de la conciencia práctica. El núcleo de confianza que las personas requieren como parte imprescindible de su ser en el mundo aparece desglosado en sus trabajos en una multitud de reglas a cumplir, en una ejemplificación extensiva del principio de los etcéteras garfinkeliano. La interacción cara a cara se constituye en un espacio y un tiempo y depende de la concentración y atención de los participantes.</p>
<p>Si la rutinización de la vida cotidiana es un elemento central de nuestra percepción del mundo que nos rodea, entonces necesitamos información acerca de quienes nos rodean que se basa en la misma mecánica del establecimiento de la confianza. Esta información es un insumo requerido para la definición de la situación. Dado que resulta imposible verificar la totalidad de la información que nos es suministrada por las demás personas acerca de sí mismas<sup><a name="sdfootnote5anc"></a></sup>, es necesario presuponer que cada uno aparenta ser lo que en realidad es. Por lo tanto ubicamos a una persona en nuestro marco cognitivo en el momento de su presentación, de que nos impacte.</p>
<p>La interacción posee un carácter &#8220;promisorio e indicativo&#8221;, ya que la participación de un individuo permite el escrutinio del resto, actividad además facilitada por la ritualización social &#8220;es decir la estandarización de la conducta corporal y vocal mediante la socialización, que confiere a tal conducta -o a tales gestos, si se prefiere- una función comunicativa especial&#8221;<sup><a name="sdfootnote6anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Así, un sujeto es caracterizado por lo demás en base a dos operaciones complementarias: una caracterización categórica, es decir la ubicación en una o más categorías sociales pre-definidas; y una caracterización individual, basada en los mecanismos de diferenciación personal.</p>
<p>Para posibilitar esta ubicación, cada uno debe actuar en forma tal de facilitar las cosas, dando suficientes señales acerca de su papel y de la forma en que espera ser tratado. Para posibilitar un normal desenvolvimiento de la interacción, es imprescindible contar con un marco (frame) que la defina. La idea de frame ha sido derivado por Goffman del concepto de &#8220;marco psicológico&#8221; de Bateson y alude a una determinada definición de los límites de la situación: un marco sirve para ponernos de acuerdo en dónde termina la pared y empieza el cuadro.</p>
<p>Bateson ya había encontrado que -entre los animales- las acciones que comprenden el juego son muy similares a las que se ejecutan en el combate, por lo que -como ya hemos visto- es necesario diferenciar niveles que posibiliten la metacomunicación tendiente a definir la situación. Goffman está interesado en cómo son definidas las situaciones sociales y cómo es percibido por el sujeto el tipo de situación en cuestión. Pongamos un par de ejemplos: la situación &#8220;caminar por el centro de la ciudad&#8221; no incluye entre sus elementos el que una persona vestida con traje corra a los gritos. Si esto sucede, los paseantes observarán con sorpresa y cavilarán acerca de las facultades mentales del insólito corredor. Si se les dice que la persona que corre persigue a un ratero, entonces todo encuentra una explicación: la situación ha dejado de ser la que era y ha pasado a ser &#8220;un robo&#8221;. Un <em>ejercicio</em> de salvamento implica la misma serie de pasos y acciones que un <em>operativo</em> de salvamento. Sin embargo, es posible diferenciar nítidamente entre ambos, porque poseen frames diferentes.</p>
<p>Cada frame implica una serie de roles y premisas a cumplir por los participantes, una serie de reglas a respetar para que la interacción discurra con normalidad. Definir un frame &#8220;significa identificar cooperativamente una cierta estructura de interacciones, expresiones, comportamientos, expectativas, valores, como adecuados a los sujetos en ese momento&#8221;<sup><a name="sdfootnote7anc"></a></sup>.</p>
<p>La definición del frame requiere estipular el significado del encuentro y las pretensiones y expectativas que cada uno de los interactuantes tiene de él. Esta definición se realiza de una manera cooperativa y negociada, lo que no descarta de ninguna manera que exista una lucha por la definición del mismo y que los marcos no sean nunca definitivos. Sin embargo</p>
<p>Por lo general las definiciones de la situación proyectadas por los diferentes participantes armonizan suficientemente entre sí como para que no se produzca una abierta contradicción [...] Juntos, los participantes contribuyen a una definición única y general de la situación que implica no tanto un verdadero acuerdo acerca de lo que es cuanto un efectivo acuerdo acerca de las pretensiones y los argumentos que se tomarán en consideración en un momento determinado.<sup><a name="sdfootnote8anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Estos marcos situacionales son en gran medida de carácter ritual, lo que quiere decir que están reglados por una serie de normas y suponen en desarrollo de una serie de pasos más o menos invariantes.<sup><a name="sdfootnote9anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Por ejemplo, cuando se pregunta la hora a alguien y generalmente se da esta corrientísima alternancia de intervenciones:</p>
<p>(1) A: &#8220;Perdone ¿sabe qué hora es?&#8221;</p>
<p>(2) B: &#8220;Sí, son las seis&#8221;</p>
<p>(3) A: &#8220;Gracias&#8221;</p>
<p>(4) B: &#8220;De nada&#8221;</p>
<p>A no solamente hace una pregunta, sino que al mismo tiempo presenta una &#8220;disculpa&#8221; para neutralizar el hecho de haberse dirigido a un extraño; B demuestra que acepta la jugada propuesta por A, quien a su vez, en (3),no sólo da las gracias por la información obtenida, sino también porque B no ha considerado como inoportuna su primera intervención; por fin, B demuestra con su &#8220;minimización&#8221; que considera que los participantes en este intercambio ritual han exhibido suficiente respeto y aceptación recíproca.<sup><a name="sdfootnote10anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>La extrema formalidad con que aparecen descriptas las acciones cotidianas puede inducir al lector a no sentirse retratado en ellas. Sin embargo, para constatar la veracidad del análisis basta con pensar en la incomodidad que genera quien no se adapta completamente a estas reglas, de quien decimos que es grosero o, más gráficamente, que su comportamiento es como el de &#8220;un elefante en un bazar&#8221;, con lo que demostramos cuán presentes tenemos estas reglas rituales de &#8220;cordialidad&#8221;, cuyo objetivo, remarca Goffman, es el normal mantenimiento de los canales de interacción.</p>
<p>En toda interacción, por lo tanto, asumimos papeles y estos son -en sus características fundamentales- repetitivos, por lo que podemos asimilarlos a las rutinas de los actores veteranos. Goffman define a la <strong>actuación</strong> como &#8220;toda actividad de un individuo que tiene lugar durante un período señalado pro su presencia continua ante un conjunto particular de observadores y posee cierta influencia sobre ellos&#8221;<sup><a name="sdfootnote11anc"></a></sup>.</p>
<p>La propia actitud del actor hacia su papel puede variar entre el convencimiento de que la representación constituye la verdadera realidad (actuante sincero) y la certeza de que no es otra cosa que una actuación (actuante cínico). No necesariamente el actuante cínico procede así en su propio beneficio; antes bien muchas veces se ve obligado a ello por las demás personas o por su propio sentido de lo que es correcto.</p>
<p>He sugerido dos extremos: un individuo puede creer en sus propios actos o ser escéptico acerca de ellos. Estos extremos son algo más que los simples cabos de un continuo. Cada uno de ellos coloca al sujeto en una posición que tiene sus propias seguridades y defensas particulares, de manera que aquellos que se han acercado a uno de estos polos tenderán a completar el viaje.<sup><a name="sdfootnote12anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>La vida social puede ser comparada a una escena donde los actores representan e interpretan papeles de acuerdo con la situación. Esta metáfora no implica que la vida social sea ficticia y que los actores sean necesariamente concientes de la representación; al contrario, están a menudo fuertemente implicados en su papel y lo sienten como espontáneo.</p>
<p>Definida así la actuación, Goffman define a la <strong>fachada</strong> como &#8220;la dotación expresiva de tipo corriente empleada intencional o inconscientemente por el individuo durante su actuación&#8221;. Digamos aquí que la alusión al inconsciente debería ser cambiada por una hacia la conciencia práctica, ya que es aquí en donde se localizan los componentes de la fachada. Esta última ha de dividirse entre medio y fachada personal, ya sea que nos refiramos a los componentes físicos de la estancia en donde tiene lugar la actuación (muebles, decorados, equipos, etc.) o a las dotaciones de signos de portabilidad personal. El medio tiende a permanecer fijo, en tanto que la facha personal es levada consigo por el actor. Esta última debe dividirse a su vez en apariencia y modales.</p>
<p>La «apariencia» se refiere a aquellos estímulos que funcionan en el momento de informarnos acerca del status social del actuante [...] Los «modales», por su parte, se refieren a aquellos estímulos que funcionan en el momento de advertirnos acerca del rol de interacción que el actuante esperará desempeñar en la situación que se avecina.<sup><a name="sdfootnote13anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Ahora bien, las fachadas no constituyen composiciones de papel realizadas en forma personal, sino que obedecen más bien a conductas estereotípicas atribuidas a determinados roles sociales y de interacción. El mejor ejemplo son las fachadas profesionales (las de los médicos, enfermeras, abogados, vendedores de seguros, mecánicos, etc.). No esperamos que determinadas características sean propias de un médico en particular, sino de <em>todos</em> los médicos.</p>
<p>La fachada debe proporcionar signos para marcar la totalidad de la actuación con las indicaciones del rol en cuestión. Sin embargo, dotar a la actuación del conjunto de elementos significantes que la señalen en forma favorable puede distraer -y de hecho lo hace muchas veces- la atención del actuante de las tareas que constituyen el «fondo» de su trabajo. «Parecer» puede constituirse en un obstáculo para «ser». Goffman cita a Sartre: &#8220;El alumno atento que desea <em>estar</em> atento, con sus ojos clavados en la maestra y sus oídos bien abiertos, se agota de tal modo representando el papel de atento que termina por no escuchar nada&#8221;<sup><a name="sdfootnote14anc"></a></sup>.</p>
<p>Una de las primeras funciones de todo <strong>encuentro social</strong> es la definición de la <strong>situación</strong>, que comporta una distribución de los roles y una cierta representación de la acción. Estos elementos pueden darse desde el principio (y resultar del contexto o de encuentros anteriores), pero pueden proceder de una negociación implícita en el seno mismo del encuentro, que da como resultado una especie de consenso temporal en la definición de la situación (así, un jefe que encuentra casualmente a su secretaria durante las vacaciones puede proponer, con su complicidad, una nueva definición de su encuentro como &#8220;amistoso&#8221;, poniendo momentáneamente entre paréntesis su relación jerárquica). Este consenso es necesario para que los actores puedan determinar con suficiente seguridad qué rol van a tener y que escenario mínimo guía sus interacciones.</p>
<p>Por otra parte, en una situación determinada, cada actor reivindica una cierta <strong>identidad</strong>. No obstante, no tiene el dominio exclusivo de esa identidad, ya que está definida y determinada en parte por la identidad manifestada por los otros actores (en una comida de trabajo, un directivo puede reivindicar una identidad de varón frente a una colega mujer, pero ésta puede rechazar esa identidad y querer limitar la interacción hacia una relación de colega a colega). Existe, pues, una complementariedad y una solidaridad de los actores en la representación.</p>
<p>La necesidad de la realización dramática y el hecho de que ésta distrae esfuerzos de la propia acción hace surgir un resquicio para la comunicación organizacional, aún cuando Goffman no la llame así: &#8220;Algunas organizaciones resuelven este dilema delegando oficialmente la función dramática en un especialista que pasará el tiempo expresando la significación de la tarea y no efectuándola en realidad&#8221;.<sup><a name="sdfootnote15anc"></a></sup></p>
<h3>La presentación de la persona en la vida cotidiana</h3>
<p>La cuestión es justamente la <em>presentación</em>, es decir que este trabajo se circunscribirá a las impresiones que la persona (el actor) quiere dar o da acerca de sí mismo. Estas impresiones deben distinguirse entre las que el actor da y las que emanan de él, y estas últimas son las más interesantes desde el punto de vista de Goffman.</p>
<p>Iniciar la interacción es un momento difícil:</p>
<p>Cuando un individuo desempeña un papel, solicita implícitamente a sus observadores que tomen en serio la impresión promovida ante ellos. Se les pide que crean que el sujeto que ven posee en realidad los atributos que aparenta poseer, que la tarea que realiza tendrá las consecuencias que en forma implícita pretende y que, en general, las cosas son como aparentan ser.<sup><a name="sdfootnote16anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Este es el punto de partida, el que será arrinconado en lo que sigue, en donde Goffman pondrá en duda la posibilidad de realidad más allá de la representación y en donde subrayará justamente que una parte fundamental de cada rol es la apariencia de que se puede desempeñar dicho rol, por lo que el asunto se vuelve irremediablemente recursivo (reflexivo, preferiría Giddens).</p>
<p>Nuevamente nos encontramos con que en Goffman el análisis de las unidades mínimas de interacción no es asunto trivial: se encuentra comprometido el mismo sostenimeinto del orden social:</p>
<p>La proyección inicial del individuo lo compromete con lo que él se propone ser y le exige dejar de lado toda pretensión de ser otra cosa.<sup><a name="sdfootnote17anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Con acierto Goffman enmarca estas características en el concepto de moral:</p>
<p>La propia actitud del actor hacia su papel puede variar entre el convencimiento de que la representación constituye la verdadera realidad (actuante sincero) y la certeza de que no es otra cosa que una actuación (actuante cínico). No necesariamente el actuante cínico procede así en su propio beneficio; antes bien muchas veces se ve obligado a ello por las demás personas o por su propio sentido de lo que es correcto.</p>
<p>He sugerido dos extremos: un individuo puede creer en sus propios actos o ser escéptico acerca de ellos. Estos extremos son algo más que los simples cabos de un continuo. Cada uno de ellos coloca al sujeto en una posición que tiene sus propias seguridades y defensas particulares, de manera que aquellos que se han acercado a uno de estos polos tenderán a completar el viaje.<sup><a name="sdfootnote18anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>La vida social puede ser comparada a una escena donde los actores representan e interpretan papeles de acuerdo con la situación. Esta metáfora no implica que la vida social sea ficticia y que los actores sean necesariamente concientes de la representación; al contrario, están a menudo fuertemente implicados en su papel y lo sienten como espontáneo.</p>
<p>En toda interacción, por lo tanto, asumimos papeles y estos son -en sus características fundamentales- repetitivos, por lo que podemos asimilarlos a las rutinas de los actores veteranos. La actividad que un individuo realiza en un encuentro, será así una <strong>actuación.</strong></p>
<p>En una actuación, el interactuante dispone de una <strong>fachada</strong>, es decir de un conjunto de señales o dotación expresiva de tipo habitual.</p>
<p>Una de las primeras funciones de todo <strong>encuentro social</strong> es la definición de la <strong>situación</strong>, que comporta una distribución de los roles y una cierta representación de la acción. Estos elementos pueden darse desde el principio (y resultar del contexto o de encuentros anteriores), pero pueden proceder de una negociación implícita en el seno mismo del encuentro, que da como resultado una especie de consenso temporal en la definición de la situación (así, un jefe que encuentra casualmente a su secretaria durante las vacaciones puede proponer, con su complicidad, una nueva definición de su encuentro como &#8220;amistoso&#8221;, poniendo momentáneamente entre paréntesis su relación jerárquica). Este consenso es necesario para que los actores puedan determinar con suficiente seguridad qué rol van a tener y que escenario mínimo guía sus interacciones.</p>
<p>Por otra parte, en una situación determinada, cada actor reivindica una cierta <strong>identidad</strong>. No obstante, no tiene el dominio exclusivo de esa identidad, ya que está definida y determinada en parte por la identidad manifestada por los otros actores (en una comida de trabajo, un directivo puede reivindicar una identidad de varón frente a una colega mujer, pero ésta puede rechazar esa identidad y querer limitar la interacción hacia una relación de colega a colega). Existe, pues, una complementariedad y una solidaridad de los actores en la representación.</p>
<p>Más allá del carácter único de cada actuación, ésta se basa en rutinas asumidas de modo corriente, y el conjunto de elementos significantes utilizados habitualmente por un actor en todas las actuaciones del mismo tipo es denominado <em>fachada</em>. En la fachada incluimos los componentes personales (sexo, edad, vestimenta, acento, ademanes, etc.), pero también los componentes del medio en donde tiene lugar la actuación (muebles, decorados, equipos, etc.). El medio tiende a permanecer fijo, en tanto que la fachada personal es llevada consigo por el actor. En la interacción cliente &#8211; abogado, por ejemplo, existen una serie de señales que le indican al cliente que su interlocutor es efectivamente un abogado: los modales y lenguaje de este último, su vestimenta, son componentes de esta fachada personal. Pero también son parte de su actuación el decorado de su oficina, los muebles que utiliza e incluso la ubicación geográfica de la misma.</p>
<p>A su vez, en la fachada personal pueden distinguirse la <em>apariencia</em> y los <em>modales</em>, mientras informa acerca del status social del interactuante, los otros advierten acerca del rol de interacción que el mismo propone para la interacción.</p>
<p>En conjunto, todos estos aspectos tenderán a complementarse en una actuación integral:</p>
<p>Además de la previsible compatibilidad entre apariencia y modales esperamos, como es natural, cierta coherencia entre medio, apariencia y modales. Dicha coherencia representa un tipo ideal que nos proporciona una forma de estimular nuestra atención respecto de las excepciones e interesarnos por ellas (37).</p>
<p>La coherencia esperable entre los distintos componentes de la actuación ponen límites a la pretensión idiosincrática de cada una de ellas, en beneficio de presentaciones más o menos estandarizadas. Actuaciones que se alejan demasiado de la norma escamotean la información acerca de la manera correcta de tipificarlas, y por lo tanto ponen en cuestionamiento la entidad de la realidad social compartida. Una sociedad donde cada uno no sea lo que parece, o parezca otra cosa de lo que reclama ser, sería debilitadora respecto a los sentimientos de seguridad ontológica de sus integrantes. En lo términos de Goffman, se socavaría ese acuerdo moral mediante el cual nos vinculamos unos a otros:</p>
<p>La sociedad está organizada sobre el principio de que todo individuo que posee ciertas características sociales tiene un derecho moral a esperar que lo valoren y lo traten de un modo apropiado. [...] Los otros descubren, entonces, que el individuo les ha informado acerca de lo que «es» y de lo que ellos <em>deberían</em> ver en ese «es».<sup><a name="sdfootnote19anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>La consecuencia es que los actores acudirán al repertorio de valores y signos dispuestos socialmente para arropar su actuación, y por lo tanto éstas tenderán a desarrollarse de manera idealizada, tendiendo a acomodarse a la norma esperada. &#8220;Los ejecutivos [por ejemplo] a menudo proyectan un aire de competencia y comprensión general de la situación, no advirtiendo ni dejando advertir que ocupan el puesto en parte porque parecen ejecutivos, y no porque pueden trabajar como tales&#8221; (58).</p>
<p>Sostener una actuación, que debe ajustarse entonces a estándares ideales, supone un importante esfuerzo para el actor, el que debe mantenerse a lo largo la duración de todo el acto. A este requerimiento Goffman lo llama <em>mantenimiento del control expresivo</em>, el que resulta en extremo exigente, ya que</p>
<p>El punto crucial no es que la efímera definición de la situación causada por un gesto impensado sea en sí misma tan censurable, sino más bien que es <em>diferente</em> de la definición proyectada en forma oficial (63).</p>
<p>Cualquier pequeño detalle (pérdida de control muscular y fallidos lingüísticos, exceso de ansiedad por la interacción, o falta de suficiente interés en la misma, fallas en el medio o en la apariencia, etc.) puede echar por tierra cualquier actuación, saboteando la definición de la situación que el actor intenta proyectar y pudiendo poner en duda la totalidad de la realidad socialmente construida. Como recuerda Giddens &#8220;Por el otro lado de lo que podrían parecer aspectos muy triviales de la acción y el discurso diarios acecha el caos&#8221; (Giddens, 1995b, p. 52).</p>
<p>De cualquier manera, en el desenvolvimiento <em>normal</em> de los acontecimientos, se utilizan una serie de prácticas defensivas para salvaguardar la imagen proyectada por el actor, pero, lo que resulta más singular, también de prácticas protectivas, es decir de <strong>tacto</strong>.</p>
<p>En conjunto, las prácticas defensivas y protectivas comprenden las técnicas empleadas para salvaguardar la impresión fomentada por un individuo durante su presencia ante otros. Se debería agregar que si bien podemos mostrarnos dispuestos a aceptar que ninguna impresión fomentada sobreviviría si no se empleasen las prácticas defensivas, estamos quizás menos dispuestos a ver cuán pocas impresiones sobrevivirían si aquellos que las reciben no lo hicieran con tacto.<sup><a name="sdfootnote20anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>Dado que la percepción debe entenderse de una manera activa (Giddens, 1995a), muchas de las fallas producidas en una actuación en concreto no llegan a ser percibidas por el público, o si lo son resultan inmediatamente minimizadas, en beneficio de la posibilidad de &#8220;salir adelante&#8221; con la interacción.</p>
<p>El modelo dramatúrgico goffmaniano abarca una amplia serie de categorías de análisis, todas muy útiles para la compresión de las interacciones de la vida cotidiana. Mencionaremos sólo un par más de ellas. La primera es el concepto de equipo, de fundamental importancia. Para Goffman la manera apropiada de conceptualizar las actuaciones es entendiéndolas como llevadas adelante por equipos de actuación, siendo los actores individuales las excepciones y no la norma<sup><a name="sdfootnote21anc"></a></sup>, entre los que ha de distinguirse básicamente un equipo de actores y uno que hace las veces de público. Si bien esta diferenciación no es absoluta -y debe considerarse que cada equipo realiza su actuación para el otro, y por lo tanto es alternativamente actor y público- en muchos casos resulta aplicable, si tomamos como parámetro la posibilidad de acceso y disposición del medio, y el consiguiente acceso a las regiones posteriores de la actuación, como veremos enseguida.</p>
<p>Los integrantes de un mismo equipo colaboran entre sí para establecer una definición única de la situación y desarrollan estrategias de ocultamiento de los aspectos que puedan dificultar esa definición. Son co-dependientes en esta tarea, al punto que Goffman utiliza el concepto de <em>familiaridad</em> para definir este lazo que los vincula, y que se construye a partir del dominio compartido de información que -de ser conocida- podría desdibujar la impresión que se fomenta. Esta información es de dos tipos, llamados por Goffman <em>secretos estratégicos</em> y <em>secretos muy profundos</em>. Los primeros abarcan información que debe ser ocultada por el equipo hasta que llegue el momento oportuno para hacerla pública, la segunda información que no debe ser conocida nunca, bajo ninguna circunstancia.</p>
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<p>El otro concepto goffmaniano que vale la pena destacar, es del <em>regiones de actuación</em>, entendiéndolas como espacios físicos delimitados por barreras a la percepción. Una interacción puede desarrollarse en la confluencia de series de regiones entrelazadas de bastante complejidad, pero para la mayoría de los casos es útil distinguir entre dos de ellas: la <em>región anterior</em>, que es aquella en la que tiene lugar la actuación y que es accesible para el público, y la <em>región posterior</em> que, a diferencia de la primera, se encuentra fuera del alcance del público y sirve para la preparación de la actuación y de las utilerías necesarias para la misma. Teatralmente, se trata de la diferencia entre el escenario/auditorio y las bambalinas. La distinción entre ambos tipos de regiones resulta de gran interés para la comprensión de la dinámica de la interacción: en la región posterior los actores pueden relajarse y dejar de lado la composición de sus personajes. Esto no quiere decir, sin embargo, que sea el lugar donde se permiten &#8220;ser ellos mismos&#8221;, sino más bien que allí asumen otro papel diferente, el que les permite oxigenar su puesta en escena más pública. Si bien este relajamiento es esperable, el acceso no planeado por parte del público a las regiones posteriores puede derivar, y de hecho así sucede muchas veces, en una merma considerable de la imagen de la actuación proyectada. Piénsese en lo que sucede cuando, en televisión, los conductores de un programa salen al aire de manera imprevista e inadvertida, y se los ve y escucha haciendo comentarios o gestos que no condicen con su imagen &#8220;habitual&#8221;. <sup><a name="sdfootnote22anc"></a></sup></p>
<p>El valor de este enfoque es resaltar las características por las cuales una comunicación lograda debe poner atención en toda una serie de detalles que complementan, reafirman o contradicen, el mensaje a comunicar. Los decorados del ambiente, la ropa de las personas, sus modales y su apariencia no son agregados superfluos; al contrario son una parte fundamental de la interacción. Debido a que nos resulta imposible asegurarnos de la competencia e idoneidad (más generalmente, de su autenticidad) de las personas con las cuales interactuamos echando mano a indicadores objetivos (por la inexistencia de éstos), nos guiamos por indicaciones externas y por apariencias. Ciertamente, el saber popular no está en este caso en lo cierto: el hábito <em>hace</em> al monje y nunca debemos descuidarlo.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote1sym"></a> Definiciones tomadas de Wolf, <em>Sociologías de la vida cotidiana</em></p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote2sym"></a> El mejor ejemplo de esta posición es su trabajo póstumo &#8220;El 	orden de la interacción&#8221; (su discurso en ocasión de asumir como 	presidente de la prestigiosa American Sociological Asociation), que 	es además un notable corolario en donde se evidencia la coherencia 	de toda su trayectoria.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote3sym"></a> GOFFMAN, Erving. &#8220;El orden de la interacción&#8221;, en GOFFMAN, E. 	<em>Los momentos y sus hombres</em>, Piados, Barcelona, 1991, pág. 	173.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote4sym"></a> WOLF, Mauro, <em>Sociologías de la vida cotidiana</em>, pág. 86.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote5sym"></a> Esto podría presentarse mejor diciendo que la confianza es una de 	las bases de la personalidad. Como analizan Erikkson y Winicott, 	perspectiva retomada por Giddens, la confianza se originaría en la 	aparición necesaria, en el niño, del convencimiento en que la 	ausencia del cuidador no implica su pérdida. Sea como sea, lo 	cierto es que las personas necesitan &#8220;poner entre paréntesis&#8221; 	una serie de cuestiones para poder enfrentar la vida cotidiana, es 	decir, necesitan tener confianza.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote6sym"></a> GOFFMAN, E. &#8220;El orden de la interacción&#8221;, pág. 176.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote7sym"></a> WOLF, Mauro. <em>Sociologías de la vida cotidiana</em>, Cátedra, 	1988, pág. 35.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote8sym"></a> GOFFMAN, Erving. <em>La presentación de la persona en la vida 	cotidiana</em>, Buenos Aires, Amorrortu, 1971.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote9sym"></a> Como veremos más adelante el concepto de <em>ritual</em> es una de 	las vinculaciones centrales entre el pensamiento de Goffman y la 	teoría de los actos de habla, aún con la limitante de que esta 	última reduzca sus análisis a los enunciados lingüísticos.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote10sym"></a> WOLF, M. op. cit., pág. 53.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote11sym"></a> Idem, pág. 33.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote12sym"></a> Idem, pág. 31. Cabría relacionar este concepto con el presupuesto 	de la teoría de la disonancia cognitiva de Festinger: una persona 	no puede mantener por mucho tiempo apreciaciones contradictorias y 	-por lo tanto- lo que puede iniciarse como una actuación cínica 	puede convertirse con el correr del tiempo en una actuación 	sincera.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote13sym"></a> Idem, pág. 36.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote14sym"></a> Idem, pág. 44.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote15sym"></a> Idem, pág. 45.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote16sym"></a> GOFFMAN, Erving. <em>La presentación de la persona en la 	vida cotidiana</em>, Amorrortu, Buenos Aires, 1981, pág. 29.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote17sym"></a> Idem, pág. 22.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote18sym"></a> Idem, pág. 31. Cabría relacionar este concepto con el presupuesto 	de la teoría de la disonancia cognitiva de Festinger: una persona 	no puede mantener por mucho tiempo apreciaciones contradictorias y 	-por lo tanto- lo que puede iniciarse como una actuación cínica 	puede convertirse con el correr del tiempo en una actuación 	sincera.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote19sym"></a> Idem, pág. 25.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote20sym"></a> Idem, pág. 25.</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote21sym"></a> Goffman sugiere que los casos de actuaciones individuales se 	comprenden mejor si se los considera &#8220;equipos unipersonales&#8221;</p>
<p><a name="sdfootnote22sym"></a> Ejemplo que también nos permite señalar que la delimitación de 	regiones anteriores y posteriores no se realiza exclusivamente con 	paredes de mampostería, sino con cualquier tipo de barrera 	antepuesta a la percepción, como la que implica la conexión o 	desconexión de salidas de audio e imagen en la televisión.</p>
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