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<channel>
	<title>icmp &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/icmp/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "icmp"</description>
	<pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:25:07 +0000</pubDate>

	<generator>http://en.wordpress.com/tags/</generator>
	<language>en</language>

<item>
<title><![CDATA[ICMP Filtering]]></title>
<link>http://enablesecret.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/icmp-filtering/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 21:46:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Rockwell Stockton</dc:creator>
<guid>http://enablesecret.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/icmp-filtering/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A. These icmp types are nice to allow: # echo reply inbound: # echo request: B. You really need to a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>A. These icmp types are nice to allow:</p>
<p># echo reply inbound:<br />
# echo request:</p>
<p>B. You really need to allow these or else your network is not rfc-compliant and is quite broken and prone to mysterious problems that manifest themselves in strange, hard to troubleshoot ways like path mtu discovery. As a side note if you have hanging TCP connections, the old cultprit used to be ICMP filtering and path mtu blackholes, but unrelated problems withtcp window scaling and firewalls that filter these options on ip packets with tcp connection setup may be at fault.</p>
<p>http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/vpndevc/ps2030/products_tech_note09186a0080742d6e.shtml</p>
<p>From the doc:</p>
<p>dropped TCP connections [are] caused by some versions of PIX software not<br />
supporting the TCP Window Scaling option. This causes it to have a much<br />
smaller TCP window than the endpoints actually have. This causes the Cisco<br />
PIX to drop packets that it believes are outside the TCP window, but which<br />
really are not.</p>
<p># Inbound can&#8217;t fragment, among other messages:<br />
# ttl exceeded:<br />
# general parameter problem:</p>
<p>C.  icmp which works quite well. You could translate this to whatever firewall OS you use.</p>
<p># echo reply inbound:<br />
print qx{$FW -t filter -A INPUT -p icmp &#8211;icmp-type 0 -j ACCEPT};</p>
<p># Inbound can&#8217;t fragment, among other messages:<br />
print qx{$FW -t filter -A INPUT -p icmp &#8211;icmp-type 3 -j ACCEPT};</p>
<p># Inbound Sourch quench &#8211; no longer needed 2007/12/31:<br />
# print qx{$FW -t filter -A INPUT -p icmp &#8211;icmp-type 4 -j ACCEPT};</p>
<p># echo request:<br />
print qx{$FW -t filter -A INPUT -p icmp &#8211;icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT};</p>
<p># ttl exceeded:<br />
print qx{$FW -t filter -A INPUT -p icmp &#8211;icmp-type 11 -j ACCEPT};</p>
<p># general parameter problem:<br />
print qx{$FW -t filter -A INPUT -p icmp &#8211;icmp-type 12 -j ACCEPT};</p>
<p># drop all other icmp:<br />
print qx{$FW -t filter -A INPUT -p icmp -j DROP};</p>
<p>Here is a proper ruleset and config for a Cisco ASA firewall:</p>
<p>access-list inet_in extended permit icmp any any time-exceeded<br />
access-list inet_in extended permit icmp any any unreachable<br />
access-list inet_in extended permit icmp any any echo-reply<br />
access-list inet_in extended permit icmp any any echo</p>
<p>policy-map global_policy<br />
 class inspection_default<br />
  inspect icmp</p>
<p>access-group inet_in in interface outside</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[RFC 792 - Internet Control Message Protocol]]></title>
<link>http://tonucatien.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/rfc-792-internet-control-message-protocol/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 08:36:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>tonucatien</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tonucatien.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/rfc-792-internet-control-message-protocol/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Network Working Group J. Postel Request for Comments: 792 ISI September 1981 Updates: RFCs 777, 760 ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Network Working Group J. Postel Request for Comments: 792 ISI September 1981 Updates: RFCs 777, 760 ]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[A story about Ping]]></title>
<link>http://tonucatien.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/a-story-about-ping/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 04 Nov 2009 04:40:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>tonucatien</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tonucatien.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/a-story-about-ping/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[By Marjorie Flack and Kurt Wiese Vietnamese Translation by godbmw Ngày xửa ngày xưa, có một cô bé vị]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[By Marjorie Flack and Kurt Wiese Vietnamese Translation by godbmw Ngày xửa ngày xưa, có một cô bé vị]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Bagaimana Kerja Ping]]></title>
<link>http://toelisan.wordpress.com/2009/10/28/bagaimana-kerja-ping/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2009 04:23:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>JakaPrasetya</dc:creator>
<guid>http://toelisan.wordpress.com/2009/10/28/bagaimana-kerja-ping/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[TCPIP and OSI models Ping merupakan program Internet dasar yang paling sering kita gunakan sekarang ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[TCPIP and OSI models Ping merupakan program Internet dasar yang paling sering kita gunakan sekarang ]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Troubleshooting with the Ping Command]]></title>
<link>http://ccnablog.globalknowledge.com/2009/09/30/troubleshooting-with-the-ping-command/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2009 14:27:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>gkmktgjll</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ccnablog.globalknowledge.com/2009/09/30/troubleshooting-with-the-ping-command/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the acronym identifying a suite or stack]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the acronym identifying a suite or stack of protocols developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1970s to support the construction of worldwide internetworks. TCP/IP are the two best-known protocols in the suite.</p>
<p>The TCP/IP stack also includes the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) that is designed to help an administrator manage and control the operation of a TCP/IP network. Every now and then a gateway device, such as a router, or possibly the destination host, will communicate with a source host to report an error in datagram processing. As a tool in the troubleshooting process, ICMP is used.</p>
<p>ICMP is sometimes called an <strong>umbrella protocol</strong> because it contains many sub-protocols and provides a wide variety of information about a network’s health and operational status. Unique ICMP messages are sent in several situations such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>when a datagram cannot reach its destination</li>
<li>when the gateway does not have the buffering capacity to store and then forward a datagram</li>
<li>when the gateway can redirect the host to send traffic through a more optimal route</li>
</ul>
<p><!--more-->IP is not able to provide reliable delivery on its own; some datagrams may be undelivered without any report of their loss back to the sending device. The higher level protocols that use IP must implement their own reliability procedures if reliable communication is required. For instance, many upper-layer protocols, such as HTTP, require the use of a TCP header containing acknowledged sequence numbers to provide reliable delivery. Other higher-level protocols, such as Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), contain code that provides reliable delivery by the application itself.</p>
<p>It is important to understand that the purpose of ICMP control messages is to provide feedback about problems in the communication environment, not to make IP reliable. With ICMP, there are still no guarantees that a datagram will be delivered or a control message will be returned. The ICMP messages typically report errors in the processing of datagrams. And, fortunately, to avoid an infinite regress of messages about messages etc., no ICMP messages are sent about ICMP messages.</p>
<p>ICMP, which is documented in RFC 792, is a required protocol that is tightly integrated with IP. ICMP messages, delivered in IP packets, are used for out-of-band messages related to network operation. As a paradox, since ICMP uses IP, ICMP packet delivery is, in itself, considered unreliable. As a result, hosts cannot always count on receiving ICMP packets for all network problems. Some of ICMP&#8217;s functions are to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Announce network errors</li>
<li>Announce network congestion</li>
<li>Assist troubleshooting</li>
<li>Announce timeouts</li>
</ul>
<p>One of these functions, Assisting Troubleshooting, is referred to as a <strong>ping</strong>. ICMP provides an Echo function, which sends a packet on a round-trip between two hosts. The ICMP Ping function transmits a series of packets to a destination device and measures the average round-trip times and computes loss of packet percentages. (As an aside, the ICMP ping function is also commonly referred to as the <em>Packet Internet Groper</em>.)</p>
<p>As some of you may have guessed, ping was named after the pulses of sound made by a sonar device, since its operation is analogous to active sonar in submarines. With a sonar system, an operator issues a pulse of energy toward a target – a ping &#8211; which then bounces back from the target and is received by the operator. As the name implies, the pulse of energy in sonar is analogous to a network packet in a ping message.</p>
<p>The ping function was developed in December 1983, as a tool for troubleshooting odd behavior on an IP network. It has been hailed over the years as a critical tool in assisting the diagnosis of Internet connectivity issues. However, the usefulness of ICMP ping was reduced in late 2003. With the growth of the World Wide Web, a group of Internet Service Providers began filtering out ICMP Type 8 Echo request messages at their network boundaries.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, this action was necessary because of the increasing use of ping functionality for target reconnaissance using Internet worms such as Welchia. These worms flood the Internet with ping requests to locate new hosts to infect. Not only did the availability of Ping responses leak information to an attacker, it added to the overall load on networks, which caused problems for routers across the Internet.</p>
<p>In addition, although RFC1122 prescribes that any host must accept an echo-request and issue an echo-reply in return, this is now considered a security risk. Thus, hosts that no longer follow this standard are becoming more prevalent on the public Internet and cannot be pinged.</p>
<p><strong>Author: David Stahl</strong></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Tunneling IP traffic over ICMP]]></title>
<link>http://hackaday.com/2009/08/21/tunneling-ip-traffic-over-icmp/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2009 19:26:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Matt Schultz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hackaday.com/2009/08/21/tunneling-ip-traffic-over-icmp/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[We all hate it when we find an unencrypted WiFi network at our favorite coffee shop, restaurant, air]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-13556" title="icmptx" src="http://hackadaycom.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/icmptx.png" alt="icmptx" width="470" height="300" /></p>
<p>We all hate it when we find an unencrypted WiFi network at our favorite coffee shop, restaurant, airport, or other venue, only to discover that there are traffic restrictions. Most limited networks allow HTTP and HTTPS traffic only, or so is the common misconception. In the majority of cases, ICMP traffic is also allowed, permitting the users to ping websites and IP addresses. You may be asking, &#8220;Ok, so why does that matter?&#8221; Well, all of your IP traffic can be piped through an ICMP tunnel, disguising all your surfing as simple ping packets. [Thomer] has a <a href="http://thomer.com/icmptx/">detailed guide</a> on how to create and utilize such a tunnel using ICMPTX. So the next time you are at the local cafe and want to fire up VLC to watch TV shows from your home PC, give this guide a quick read.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Training Vocal Athletes Workshop]]></title>
<link>http://vidla.wordpress.com/2009/08/21/training-vocal-athletes-workshop/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2009 17:10:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>keynote</dc:creator>
<guid>http://vidla.wordpress.com/2009/08/21/training-vocal-athletes-workshop/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Our Principal, Ria Keen, just got off a skype call with Robert Lunte of The Vocalist Studio and Geor]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-69" title="Robert J. Lunte" src="http://vidla.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/rob-singing.jpeg" alt="Robert J. Lunte" width="95" height="127" />Our Principal, Ria Keen, just got off a skype call with Robert Lunte of <a href="http://www.thevocaliststudio.com" target="_blank">The Vocalist Studio</a> and Georgina Hill-Brown of <a href="http://www.vocaltutor.co.uk" target="_blank">VocalTutor</a>, where they were talking about this November&#8217;s upcoming workshop tour:</p>
<p><strong>Training Vocal Athletes</strong></p>
<p>It&#8217;s going to be an exciting time, with Ria, Robert and Georgina bringing together their considerable expertise to deliver a whole weekend of workshops and masterclasses in Central London, as well as other locations throughout the UK (to be confirmed).</p>
<p><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-71" title="rode - tour sponsors" src="http://vidla.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/rodemicrophones1.gif?w=150" alt="rode - tour sponsors" width="150" height="70" />The tour is sponsored by RODE microphones and TC-HELICON, bvoth of whom sponsored the last tour, which took place in what passed for early summer &#8216;09, in the UK, Italy and Greece.</p>
<div id="attachment_73" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 160px"><img class="size-thumbnail wp-image-73" title="TCH" src="http://vidla.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/tch1.jpg?w=150" alt="TC-HELICON, tour sponsors" width="150" height="17" /><p class="wp-caption-text">TC-HELICON, tour sponsors</p></div>
<p>The November tour looks set to take in Italy (courtesy of Alessandro del Vecchio and his continued support and partnership), France, and hopefully Germany  as well as the UK.</p>
<p>We are delighted to be working once again with these great companies, in order to make the tour a great success. Also on board are our friends at <a href="http://www.vocal-care.com" target="_blank">vocal-care.com</a>, so all in all it&#8217;s going to be another great tour!</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[VIDLA sponsors Training Vocal Athletes workshops Autumn '09]]></title>
<link>http://vidla.wordpress.com/2009/08/21/vidla-sponsors-training-vocal-athletes-workshops-autumn-09/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2009 13:43:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>keynote</dc:creator>
<guid>http://vidla.wordpress.com/2009/08/21/vidla-sponsors-training-vocal-athletes-workshops-autumn-09/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[VIDLA is proud to be sponsoring The Vocalist Studio&#8217;s Training Vocal Athletes workshops in the]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-62" title="Robert Lunte Workshop Series" src="http://vidla.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/robertworkshops.png?w=150" alt="Robert Lunte Workshop Series" width="150" height="37" />VIDLA is proud to be sponsoring <a href="http://www.thevocaliststudio.com" target="_blank">The Vocalist Studio</a>&#8217;s Training Vocal Athletes workshops in the UK in the Autumn.</p>
<p>Our Principal, <a href="http://www.riakeen.net" target="_blank">Ria Keen</a> and one of our senior Personal Tutors, <a href="http://www.givvi.co.uk" target="_blank">Cordelia Lewis</a>, worked with TVS Founder and CEO Robert Lunte earlier in the year and had a great time at his workshop in central Birmingham.</p>
<p><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-63" title="Georgina Hill-Brown of VocalTutor" src="http://vidla.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/georgina.jpg?w=109" alt="Georgina Hill-Brown of VocalTutor" width="109" height="150" />This time, the whole thing&#8217;s going bigger and better, and we&#8217;re working in partnership with <a href="http://www.vocaltutor.co.uk" target="_blank">VocalTutor</a> to make this new series of workshops an absolute blast for all concerned!</p>
<p>Robert is currently in talks with some of the biggest music and vocal training academies in the UK to set up convenient dates.</p>
<p>Meanwhile VIDLA / VocalTutor are concentrating in particular on a big date at the <a href="http://www.icmp.uk.com/default.aspx" target="_blank">ICMP</a> in London. This weekend of workshops will include a Masterclass in Extreme Vocal Technique with Robert Lunte, separate workshops with Ria Keen (Principal, VIDLA) and Georgina Hill-Brown (founder and CEO, VocalTutor), then even more opportunities to book one-to-one lessons with any of those three luminaries!</p>
<p>More news, dates and details as they arrive! Meanwhile check out The Vocalist Studio <a href="http://thevocaliststudioworkshop.com/" target="_blank">Workshop site</a> for a glimpse of Robert&#8217;s Extreme Vocals style training.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Melihat TraceRoute Windows XP di Wireshark]]></title>
<link>http://jaringankomputer.wordpress.com/2009/08/16/melihat-traceroute-windows-xp-di-wireshark/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2009 16:34:07 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>teguhas</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jaringankomputer.wordpress.com/2009/08/16/melihat-traceroute-windows-xp-di-wireshark/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Apakah ada yang belum mengetahui fungsi traceroute ? Saya rasa semua pasti sudah tahu, karena tracer]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Apakah ada yang belum mengetahui fungsi traceroute ? Saya rasa semua pasti sudah tahu, karena tracer]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Esempio di <em>Chained Dissectors</em> (protocollo ICMP, Wireshark+Lua)...]]></title>
<link>http://rejex.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/esempio-di-chained-dissectors-protocollo-icmp-wireshark-lua/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2009 06:30:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jp</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rejex.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/esempio-di-chained-dissectors-protocollo-icmp-wireshark-lua/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Qualche giorno fa ho avuto un fruttuoso scambio di mail con Ivan &#8220;Nicodemus&#8221; Bergamelli ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Qualche giorno fa ho avuto un fruttuoso scambio di mail con Ivan &#8220;Nicodemus&#8221; Bergamelli ]]></content:encoded>
</item>
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<title><![CDATA[SniffDoor]]></title>
<link>http://diablohorn.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/sniffdoor/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2009 19:52:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>diablohorn</dc:creator>
<guid>http://diablohorn.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/sniffdoor/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Some sources from the old KD-Team website. This time it&#8217;s a connect back shell which gets acti]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Some sources from the old KD-Team website. This time it&#8217;s a connect back shell which gets activated when a certain keyword is seen in passing traffic. The advantage of this, is that you can activate your shell without raising to much suspicion. One thing though&#8230;it&#8217;s buggy. I made this back in the day and never bothered to fix some things. AFAIK it works under windows XP SP2 if it doesn&#8217;t well&#8230;try and fix it. I haven&#8217;t tested it since a long while.</p>
<p><a title="SniffDoor" href="http://diablohorn.tbhost.eu/distribute/SniffDoor.rar" target="_blank">here</a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Semplice dissector per ping (protocollo ICMP, Wireshark+Lua)...]]></title>
<link>http://rejex.wordpress.com/2009/07/08/semplice-dissector-per-ping-protocollo-icmp-wireshark-lua/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2009 06:35:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jp</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rejex.wordpress.com/2009/07/08/semplice-dissector-per-ping-protocollo-icmp-wireshark-lua/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Qualche giorno fa stavo provando l&#8217;ultima versione rilasciata di Wireshark, la v1.2.0 (sempre ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Qualche giorno fa stavo provando l&#8217;ultima versione rilasciata di Wireshark, la v1.2.0 (sempre ]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Network Scanning Techniques]]></title>
<link>http://lanememory.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/network-scanning-techniques/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 15:35:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lane memory</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lanememory.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/network-scanning-techniques/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Host Discovery The first part of network scanning is identifying active hosts, known as host discove]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Host Discovery<br />
The first part of network scanning is identifying active hosts, known as host discovery. Network scanners perform host discovery by attempting to solicit a response from a host. You can perform host discovery on a single IP address, a range of IP addresses, or a comma-separated list of IP addresses. Some network scanners also allow you to provide an input fi le that contains a list of IP addresses to scan or an exclude list of IP address<br />
not to scan.</p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p>Network scanners use a variety of techniques to solicit responses from a target.Host discovery is often performed by the following basic techniques:</p>
<p>¦ ICMP ECHO Request An ICMP ECHO request is an ICMP type 8<br />
packet, commonly referred to as a ping. If the target IP address is active, an ICMP ECHO reply (ICMP type 0) is received. Sending ICMP ECHO<br />
requests to multiple hosts is known as a ping sweep.</p>
<p>¦ ICMP Timestamp An ICMP Type 13 message is a timestamp query. If the<br />
target IP address is active it will respond with the current time (ICMP type 14).</p>
<p>¦ ICMP Address Mask Request An ICMP Type 17 message is an address<br />
mask request. If the target IP address is active it will respond with its<br />
netmask (ICMP type 18).</p>
<p>¦ TCP Ping A TCP ping sends a TCP SYN or TCP ACK packet to a target<br />
IP address. You will need to provide a target port number to send the packet<br />
to, such as 21, 25, or 80. If the target IP address is active it will respond, however the type of response depends on the type of packet sent, the target&#8217;s operating system, and the presence of fi rewalls or router access lists.</p>
<p>¦ UDP Ping A UDP Ping sends a UDP packet to a specifi c UDP port at<br />
the target IP address. If the target IP address is active, but the UDP port is closed, the system will send an ICMP Port Unreachable. However, due to<br />
the connectionless nature of UDP, this type of UDP ping is unique in that<br />
no response from the target also indicates the possibility that the port (and<br />
therefore, the host) is active.<br />
These host discovery methods are not fool proof. While no response could give<br />
an indication of the target&#8217;s active status, it could also mean that a router or fi rewall is dropping the packets. Also, some operating systems may not comply with the requests<br />
and drop the packet.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Protocol ICMP, TCP, TCP handshake, TCP sequence, UDP]]></title>
<link>http://lanememory.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/protocol-icmp-tcp-tcp-handshake-tcp-sequence-udp/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 15:33:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lane memory</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lanememory.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/protocol-icmp-tcp-tcp-handshake-tcp-sequence-udp/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) manages errors]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)<br />
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) manages errors and provides<br />
informational reporting for IP networks. ICMP messages are defined by RFC 792-defi ned types and codes. The following are common types of ICMP messages:</p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p>¦ Echo Request (Type 8)/Reply (Type 0) Used by programs such as ping<br />
to calculate the delay in reaching another IP address.</p>
<p>¦ Destination Unreachable (Type 3): An unreachable message is sent<br />
to the source IP address of a packet when a network, host, protocol or<br />
port cannot be reached. This can happen when a host or network is<br />
down or if there is a network problem. There are a number of subtypes<br />
of Destination Unreachable messages that are helpful at diagnosing<br />
communication issues.</p>
<p>¦ Time Exceeded (Type 11) Occurs when a packet&#8217;s TTL reaches 0.</p>
<p>TCP<br />
TCP packets are connection-oriented, and are used most often to transmit data. The connection-oriented nature of TCP packets makes it a poor choice for source IP address spoofi ng. Several applications use TCP, including the Web (HTTP), e-mail (SMTP), FTP, SSH, Telnet, POP and many others.</p>
<p>The TCP Handshake<br />
An important concept of TCP is handshaking, as depicted in Figure 1.2. Before any data can be exchanged between two hosts, they must agree to communicate. Host A sends a packet to Host B with the synchronize (SYN) fl ag set. If Host B is willing and able to communicate, it returns the SYN packet and adds an acknowledgement (ACK) fl ag. Host A indicates to Host B that it received the ACK from B. This is called a TCP 3-way handshake. At this point, data transmission can begin. When the communication between the hosts ends, a packet with the finish (FIN) flag is sent, and a similar acknowledgement process is followed. This process makes up graceful<br />
4-way close as each side of the communication must send a FIN and ACK. If one<br />
side of the communication sends a reset (RST) packet during the sequence, the<br />
transmission is quickly aborted.</p>
<p>TCP Sequence<br />
Another important component of TCP is sequence identifi cation, where each packet sent is part of a sequence. Through these sequence numbers, TCP handles complex tasks such as retransmission, acknowledgement, and packet ordering.</p>
<p>UDP<br />
UDP packets are the connectionless equivalent to TCP, and are used for many<br />
purposes, the most important being that DNS uses UDP for a majority of its<br />
name resolution work. DNS has the ability to perform reverse and forward lookups, necessary to determine which IP address corresponds to which hostname and vice versa (e.g., www.example.com is not routable if utilized inside an IP datagram; however, through a DNS system it can fi nd the IP address and include that in the IP datagram to route traffic to). Due to the connectionless nature of UDP, it is considered a speedy protocol and has a wide range of uses, especially for applications that must transmit data very quickly like VoIP, instant messaging, online games, Peer-to-peer (P2P applications, online radio, broadcasts and other streaming media types.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[London Songwriters Week]]></title>
<link>http://nishachand.wordpress.com/2009/06/07/london-songwriters-week/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 07 Jun 2009 13:18:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Nisha</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nishachand.wordpress.com/2009/06/07/london-songwriters-week/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[London Songwriters Week took place from 18th &#8211; 22nd May 2009 and presented an amazing array of]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>London Songwriters Week took place from 18th &#8211; 22nd May 2009 and presented an amazing array of opportunities for aspiring creatives.<br />
It was also the same week as National Vegetarian Week. Veggies united <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p>I booked onto a lot of the free seminars that were presented, but most of these were full.  I was really lucky to get onto the British Academy of Composers, Songwriters and Authors (BASCA), David Arnold and Debbie Wiseman seminar at the Institute of Contemporary Arts on Wednesday 20th May after someone dropped out and I think that&#8217;s probably one of the best seminars they had available! Thanks to BASCA for that one.</p>
<p>David Arnold is a genius. With sheer determination, he&#8217;s got the gig he wanted and far exceeded it. Composer of Bond films succeeding John Barry and not to mention renowned film composer with Stargate, Independence Day and 2Fast 2Furious under his belt just to name a few.</p>
<p>It was amazing sitting in the theatre, listening to him speak about how he used to shovel sand during the day just to earn money and compose during all the other hours he had, to be ever-near to reaching his dream of working as a full time film composer. His down-to-earth demeanour and positive, proactive approach re-assured me that I&#8217;m on the right track going about things the right way! When hearing questions from students, I realised that I&#8217;ve actually come a long way since I graduated and all the effort put into writing, networking and working has been worthwhile so far. I hope things continue to be as productive.</p>
<p>I also entered the competition to get a masterclass with Sir Tim Rice and won! On Friday 22nd May, I went to the Institute of Contemporary Music Performance (ICMP) in the afternoon to be part of the masterclass. Now this was a completely different experience to the David Arnold and Debbie Wiseman seminar! Not only was it in Kilburn instead of Pall Mall, but the venue itself was &#8216;interesting&#8217; to say the least! I got there a few hours earlier than expected, thought I&#8217;d have time to get some dinner before the class as I&#8217;d been to work in the morning and caught the train from Eastleigh, Hants straight to Kilburn, London, luggage in hand.<br />
As soon as I came out of Kilburn tube station, a &#8216;nice middle eastern&#8217; guy asked me if I needed help holding my Diesel holdall. &#8216;No thanks&#8217; I replied and carried on walking. 20 steps later and another guy approaches me, this time asian (Indian I think) &#8220;hello&#8221; he said, &#8220;goodbye&#8221; i said. It&#8217;s like some Bollywood film scene! At least they were pleasant enough to back off and not try anything more&#8230;</p>
<p>So, with this start to the late afternoon / early evening (it was around 4.30pm) I wasn&#8217;t that inspired. I found somewhere to have a feta salad, drank some tea, went to the masterclass and everything changed.</p>
<p>Sir Tim Rice is a hilarious character and it was great to hear his story. The performances by the ICMP students in between his story telling were lively and hats off to the students for performing pieces written by Sir Tim Rice and Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber to the lyric writer himself!</p>
<p>One thing stuck in my mind as I left the ICMP, &#8220;there hasn&#8217;t been a musical written by a young team of writers for ages&#8221;.</p>
<p>I want to score a musical. I&#8217;ve been wanting to do that since I was at school. Let&#8217;s see if any opportunities present themselves.</p>
<p>Links:<br />
www.icmp.co.uk<br />
www.londonsongwritersweek.co.uk<br />
www.basca.org.uk</p>
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<title><![CDATA[IOS Tips]]></title>
<link>http://jayceechou.wordpress.com/2009/05/03/ios-tips/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2009 14:29:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Jaycee</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jayceechou.wordpress.com/2009/05/03/ios-tips/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[1. For lab convenience: no service timestamps line con 0 logg sync exec-t 0 0 (1) no service timesta]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[1. For lab convenience: no service timestamps line con 0 logg sync exec-t 0 0 (1) no service timesta]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Ping]]></title>
<link>http://jayceechou.wordpress.com/2009/04/23/ping/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2009 17:04:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Jaycee</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jayceechou.wordpress.com/2009/04/23/ping/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[1. Ping is used to verify: a. Network connectivity b/w 2 endpoints b. Round-trip delay in communicat]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[1. Ping is used to verify: a. Network connectivity b/w 2 endpoints b. Round-trip delay in communicat]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Ejemplo de Encapsulamiento (ilustración del datagrama)]]></title>
<link>http://ipref.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/ejemplo-de-encapsulamiento-ilustracion-del-datagrama/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2009 18:25:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Luis R.</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ipref.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/ejemplo-de-encapsulamiento-ilustracion-del-datagrama/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Tomando el caso del ejemplo anterior, el datagrama será analizado en fragmentos de 8 bytes, indicand]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Tomando el caso del ejemplo anterior, el datagrama será analizado en fragmentos de 8 bytes, indicando la longitud de cada campo; recordemos que es un paquete de ICMP encapsulado en IP.</p>
<h2>Del byte 0 al 7:</h2>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3463/3406642900_f4ccf6e6e2_o.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3463/3406642900_f4ccf6e6e2_o.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="55" /></a></p>
<p>y tenemos la siguiente información de sus campos:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3421/3405845347_843d70b474_o.png" alt="" width="182" height="364" /></p>
<p><strong>IHL</strong>: Especifica la longitud del encabezado de IP en palabras de 32 bits (4 Bytes) y el valor mínimo es 5.</p>
<p><strong>TOS</strong>: Type of service, 8 bits, especifica los parámetros para el tipo de servicio solicitado. Los parámetros pueden ser utilizados por las redes para defini el manejo del datagrama durante el transporte. El bit M fue agregado en el <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1349.txt?number=1349" target="_blank">RFC 1349</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3619/3405845413_135e495dfd_o.png" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3619/3405845413_135e495dfd_o.png" alt="" width="474" height="194" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Total Lenght</strong>: es la longitud total del datagrama, en este caso es  0&#215;003C (60 bytes).</p>
<p><strong>Identification</strong>: Usado para indentificar fragmentos de un datagrama deaquellos de otro. El módulo de protocolo que origina al datagrama fija el valor del campo de identificación  a un valor que debe ser único para el par de Fuente-Destino y protocolo por todo el tiempo que el datagrama estará activo en el sistema de red. El módulo de protocolo de origen de un datagrama completo pone los bits MF y el Fragment Offset a cero.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3567/3406656538_de9cdfb530_o.png" alt="" width="331" height="162" /></p>
<p><strong>Fragment Offset, 13 bits</strong>: usado para dirigir el reensamblado de un datagrama fragmentado. En este caso es cero porque no hay más fragmentos.</p>
<h2>Del byte 8 al 15:</h2>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3579/3406642904_1fd22197d2_o.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3579/3406642904_1fd22197d2_o.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="56" /></a></p>
<p><strong>TTL</strong>: Time to live, es un temporizador para llevar un control del tiempo de vida del datagrama. Cuando el TTL es decrementado a cero, el datagrama es desechado.</p>
<p><strong>Protocol</strong>: este campo especifica el protocolo encapsulado, en este caso el valor es 1, lo que nos indica que se trata de un paquete de ICMP (ping). <a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3648/3406656726_f8d7f0030c_o.png" target="_blank">Consulta los valores en la tabla (click aquí)</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Header Checksum</strong>: 16 bits de la suma de verificación del encabezado de IP y las opciones IP.</p>
<p><strong>Source IP Address</strong>: Es la dirección IP del transmisor, en este caso 192.168.1.1 (0xC0.A8.01.01).</p>
<h2>Del byte 16 al 27:</h2>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3561/3406642908_47393a2d8f_o.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3561/3406642908_47393a2d8f_o.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="49" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Destination IP Address</strong>: es la dirección IP del destino, en este caso 192.168.1.17 (0xC0.A8.01.11).</p>
<p>C, Class y Option: en este caso indican (<a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3580/3405845725_eec13b1b69_o.png" target="_blank">tabla de valores</a>):</p>
<ul>
<li>0x<strong>0</strong>: no copiar</li>
<li>0x<strong>00</strong>: mensaje de control</li>
<li>0x<strong>1000</strong>: solicitud de Echo (<a title="INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL (protocol specification)" href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc792.txt" target="_blank">RFC 792</a>, Summary of Message Types, 8  Echo).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Padding</strong>: es de longitud variable y sirve como relleno para asegurar que los datos comienzan tras de una frontera de 32 bits después de la dirección de destino.</p>
<p>Aquí es importante destacar que al tratarse de un mensaje de control (ICMP) se utilizan los bytes del 20 al 27 para información de control; y se usan de la siguiente manera (RFC792):</p>
<pre>    20                  21                  22                  23
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   &#124;     Type      &#124;     Code      &#124;          Checksum             &#124;
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   &#124;           Identifier          &#124;        Sequence Number        &#124;
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   &#124;     Data ...

   +-+-+-+-+-</pre>
<p>De aquí obtenemos que:</p>
<ul>
<li>byte 20, es un paquete tipo 8 (echo request)</li>
<li>byte 21, siempre va a cero</li>
<li>byte 22 y 23, es el checksum de ICMP</li>
<li>bytes 24 y 25, si el byte 21=0 el identificador ayuda a hacer match entre las solicitudes y las respuestas de eco; puede ser 0 o puede usarse para identificar una sesión.</li>
<li>bytes 26 y 27 son para llevar la secuencia de las solicitudes de eco, y quien responde debe usar el mismo número; la secuencia debe incrementarse con cada nueva solicitud (en una instrucción típica de ping se envían 4 paquetes, y pueden enviarse cuantos se desee).</li>
</ul>
<h2>Bytes del 28 al 59 (32 bytes)</h2>
<p>Son los datos de relleno que se colocaron dentro del mensaje de Echo, y se trata de una secuencia, del 0&#215;61 al 0&#215;77, y se vuelve a comenzar. Cuando se responde la solicitud de eco se debe incluir exactamente la misma información en el campo de datos.</p>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3564/3406642916_0de9626103_o.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3564/3406642916_0de9626103_o.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="56" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3568/3406642918_324ba9d2d0_o.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3568/3406642918_324ba9d2d0_o.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="50" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3612/3406642922_553bc95c49_o.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3612/3406642922_553bc95c49_o.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="50" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3417/3406645316_dc7bf7e03f_o.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3417/3406645316_dc7bf7e03f_o.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="50" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3556/3406645318_c84512e883_o.jpg" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3556/3406645318_c84512e883_o.jpg" alt="" width="272" height="50" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Traceroute di Windows]]></title>
<link>http://adiwira058.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/traceroute-di-windows/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2009 18:35:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Adi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://adiwira058.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/traceroute-di-windows/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Traceroute adalah perintah untuk menunjukkan rute yang dilewati paket untuk mencapai tujuan. Ini dil]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Traceroute adalah perintah untuk menunjukkan rute yang dilewati paket untuk mencapai tujuan. Ini dil]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[PHP server ping script]]></title>
<link>http://mariusboitor.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/php-server-ping-script/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2009 13:31:16 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mariusboitor</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mariusboitor.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/php-server-ping-script/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Being asked how I would do fast a simple server ping script in PHP, I&#8217;ve asked &#8220;Like thi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Being asked how I would do fast a simple server ping script in PHP, I&#8217;ve asked &#8220;Like this!&#8221; and for this &#8220;this&#8221; you must take a look below. If you want a more detailed one and with much more options than this you should check the <em>man ping</em> page to see the whole list of ping options. After that you can customize this script to fit your needs. Also<!--more--> as you will notice I use <em>sudo</em> but if you have enough access level you should remove that. Anyway, here&#8217;s your script:</p>
<pre>
// Ping Script
// domain name or ip address
$server="yourserver.com";
// how many packets to be sent
$c = "-c 3";
// interval between packets n seconds
$i = "-i 1";
// size of the packets, default 56
$s = "-s 56";
$command = sprintf("sudo /bin/ping %s %s %s %s", $c, $i, $s, $server);
echo "-----------------------------------------------n";
system($command);
echo "-----------------------------------------------n";
system("killall -q ping");</pre>
<p>Enjoy!<br />
Questions? Leave a message!<br />
<!-- wp_ad_camp_1 --></p>
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<title><![CDATA[How to change ToS or DSCP values in IP header while sending a Ping, in Microsoft Windows products?]]></title>
<link>http://siddhantahuja.wordpress.com/2009/04/13/how-to-enable-changing-of-tos-or-dscp-value-in-microsoft-windows-products/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2009 19:00:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>siddahuja</dc:creator>
<guid>http://siddhantahuja.wordpress.com/2009/04/13/how-to-enable-changing-of-tos-or-dscp-value-in-microsoft-windows-products/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[By default, if you use the following command: “ping -v 8”, it would not change the ToS/DSCP value in]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>By default, if you use the following command: “ping  -v 8”, it would not change the ToS/DSCP value in the IP header in the ICMP Packet, even though you get no errors.</p>
<p>To enable this in windows, follow the steps below:</p>
<ol style="margin-top:0;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Open  regedit</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Go to the following  key:  HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\TcpIp\Parameters</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">If you are running  Windows XP or Windows Server 2003, follow these steps:</span></span>
<ol style="margin-top:0;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">On the Edit menu, point  to New, and then click DWORD Value.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Type  DisableUserTOSSetting as the entry name, and then press ENTER. (When you add  this entry, the value is set to 0 (zero). Do not change the  value.)</span></span></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Quit Registry Editor,  and then restart the computer.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:x-small;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">After restarting the  computer, in command prompt, type “ping &#60;ip address&#62; -v 8”, while taking a  wired capture. You would see the DSCP value changed.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<p>For more information, please refer to:</p>
<p><a href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/248611" target="_blank">http://support.microsoft.com/kb/248611</a></p>
<p><a href="http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc739819.aspx" target="_blank">http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc739819.aspx</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Istilah-istilah IT]]></title>
<link>http://donnypurba.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/istilah-istilah-it/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2009 07:27:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>donnypurba</dc:creator>
<guid>http://donnypurba.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/istilah-istilah-it/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ICMP ICMP atau Internet Control Message Protocol adalah protokol yang bertugas mengirimkan pesan-pes]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>ICMP<br />
ICMP atau Internet Control Message Protocol adalah protokol yang bertugas mengirimkan pesan-pesan kesalahan dan kondisi lain yang memerlukan perhatian khusus. Pesan atau paket ICMP dikirim jika terjadi masalah pada layer IP dan layer atasnya (TCP/UDP).</p>
<p>IEEE<br />
ICMP atau Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers adalah institut yang membuat standarisasi jaringan untuk pengkabelan, topologi fisik dan skema pengaksesan.</p>
<p>IMAP<br />
IMAP atau Internet Message Access Protocol adalah protokol standar untuk mengakses atau mengambil e-mail dari server. IMAP memungkinkan pengguna memilih pesan e-mail yang akan diambil, membuat folder di server, mencari pesan e-mail tertentu, bahkan menghapus pesan e-mail yang ada. Kemampuan ini jauh lebih baik daripada POP (Post Office Protocol) yang hanya memperbolehkan kita mengambil/download semua pesan yang ada tanpa kecuali. [pengirim : Sari]</p>
<p>Internet<br />
Kumpulan dari Network (WAN) yang sangat luas yang saling terkoneksi dan dapat saling berkomunikasi.</p>
<p>IP<br />
IP atau Internet Protocol adalah protokol di internet yang mengurusi masalah pengalamatan dan mengatur pengiriman paket data sehingga ia sampati ke alamat yang benar.</p>
<p>www.klik-kanan.com/kamus/i.shtml</p>
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<title><![CDATA["Clockwork Orange in Clifford Analysis" on the road]]></title>
<link>http://mathmagicworld.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/clockwork-orange-in-clifford-analysis-on-the-road/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2009 03:15:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nfaust</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mathmagicworld.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/clockwork-orange-in-clifford-analysis-on-the-road/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[  Tour Dates April 17, 2009 (12:00 AM): Rediscovering Clifford Analysis: On the Interplay between Um]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[  Tour Dates April 17, 2009 (12:00 AM): Rediscovering Clifford Analysis: On the Interplay between Um]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Carols Hercules masterclass @ Institute of Contemporary Music Performance]]></title>
<link>http://pentagrammi.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/carols-hercules-masterclass-institute-of-contemporary-music-performance/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2009 18:05:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Gianluca</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pentagrammi.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/carols-hercules-masterclass-institute-of-contemporary-music-performance/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Click for all info on Carols Hercules masterclass @ Institute of Contemporary Music Performance]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Click for all info on Carols Hercules masterclass @ Institute of Contemporary Music Performance]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[TCP/IP]]></title>
<link>http://itsurf.wordpress.com/2008/09/10/tcpip/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2008 10:47:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>itsurf</dc:creator>
<guid>http://itsurf.wordpress.com/2008/09/10/tcpip/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[این هم ترجمه خودم در مورد TCP/IP که بر گرفته از سایتwww.w3shools.com می باشد معرفی TCP/IP: Computer ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>این هم ترجمه خودم در مورد TCP/IP که بر گرفته از سایتwww.w3shools.com می باشد <strong></strong></p>
<p dir="rtl"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong><strong>معرفی </strong><strong>TCP/IP</strong><strong>:</strong></strong></span></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> Computer Communication Protocol:</strong></p>
<p>یک پروتکل ارتباط کامپیوتری در حقیقت یک توصیف قوانین کامپیوتر هاست که باید از آن تبعیت کنند تا بتوانند با یکدیگر تماس بر قرار کنند.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>TCP/IP</strong><strong> چیست؟<img src="http://i36.tinypic.com/wwdctx.jpg" border="0" alt="" hspace="0" align="left" /></strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">در حقیقت این یک پروتکل ارتباطی بین کامپیوتر هایی است که به شبکه وصل می شوند. TCP/IP استانداردی برای(<strong>T</strong>ransmission <strong>C</strong>ontrol <strong>P</strong>rotocol / <strong>I</strong>nternet <strong>P</strong>rotocol) <span style="color:#0000ff;">پروتکل کنترل ارسال/پروتکل اینترنت</span>.</p>
<p dir="rtl">در حقیقت این استاندارد تعریف می کند که وسایل الکترونیکی (همچون کامپیوتر) باید به اینترنت متصل باشند و چگونه اطلاعات باید ارسال شود</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>درون </strong><strong>TCP/IP</strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">یک سری از پروتکل ها که برای جابجایی داده های ارتباطی هستند در داخل پروتکل TCP/IP مخفی هستند.</p>
<p dir="rtl">(TCP (Transmission Control Protocol برای ارتباط بین applications  ها می باشد. <span style="color:#0000ff;">(معنی= پروتکل کنترل ارسال)</span></p>
<p dir="rtl">(UDP (User Datagram Protocol که برای ارتباط ساده بین کار بر ها می باشد. <span style="color:#0000ff;">(معنی = پروتکل کار بر داده نگاشت)</span></p>
<p dir="rtl">(IP (Internet Protocol که برای ارتباط بین کامپیوتر ها می باشد. <span style="color:#0000ff;">(معنی = پروتکل اینترنت)</span></p>
<p dir="rtl">(ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol که برای خطاها و آمار می باشد <span style="color:#0000ff;">(معنی =پروتکل مدیریت کنترل اینترنت)</span></p>
<p dir="rtl">(DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol که برای آدرس دهی پویا می باشد. <span style="color:#0000ff;">(معنی=  پروتکل پیکر بندی میزبان پویا)</span></p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>استفاده </strong><strong>TCP</strong><strong> از یک ثابت ارتباطی:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">TCP برای ارتباط بین  application ها است. زمانی که یک application می خواهد با application  دیگر به وسیله TCP ارتباط بر قرار کند آن یک درخواست ارتباطی می فرستد. این در خواست باید به یک نشانی دقیق فرستاده شود. پس از یک &#8220;handshake&#8221; بین دو application سپس TCP یک ارتباط دو طرفه را بین application ها ایجاد می کند. ارتباط دو طرفه به وسیله خط ارتباطی بین دو کامپیوتر مشغول خواهد بود تا زمانی که توسط یکی از دو application بسته شود.UDP خیلی شبیه TCP است اما ساده تر و کمتر قابل اعتماد تر است.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>پروتکل اینترنت (</strong><strong>IP</strong><strong>):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">پروتکل اینترنتی برای ارتباط بین کامپیوتر هاست.IP یک پروتکل ارتباطی<strong> </strong><strong>&#8220;connection-less&#8221;</strong><strong> </strong>است.آن خط ارتباطی بین دو کامپیوتر را اشغال نمی کند. از این راه IP نیاز خطوط شبکه را کاهش می دهد. هر خط می تواند برای چندین ارتباط بین کامپیوتر های مختلف به طور همزمان استفاده می شود. با IP پیغام ها( یا دیگر داده ها) به بسته های کوچک مستقل شکسته می شوند و بین کامپیوتر ها به وسیله اینترنت فرستاده می شوند. IPمسئول مسیر یابی <span style="color:#0000ff;">&#8220;routing&#8221;</span> هر بسته برای رسیدن به مقصد می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl">
<p dir="rtl">
<p dir="rtl">
<p><strong>مسیر یاب های پروتکل اینترنت(</strong><strong>IP Routers</strong><strong>):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">زمانی که یک بسته کوچک از یک کامپیوتر فرستاده می شود آن به یک مسیر یاب IP می رسد. مسیر یاب IP مسئول مسیر یابی بسته تا مقصد است حال چه به صورت مستقیم یا به وسیله مسیر یاب های دیگر این کار را انجام می دهد. مسیر بسته ممکن است متفاوت از دیگر بسته ها در همان ارتباط پیروی بشود. مسیر یاب مسئول آدرس دهی درست در حجم شبکه، خطاها در شبکه یا دیگر پارامتر ها می باشد.</p>
<p><strong>مقیاس ارتباط – کمتر(</strong><strong>Connection-Less analogy</strong><strong>):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">ارتباط به وسیله IP شبیه فرستادن یک نامه بلند مثل يك تعداد زيادى كارت‌پستال‌هاى كوچك می باشد، هر یافته راهش (اغلب متفاوت) با دیگر دریافت کننده ها می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>TCP/IP</strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">TCP/IP تشکیل شده از کار TCP   و IP با یکدیگر می باشد. TCP از ارتباط بین نرم افزار application  (شبیه مرورگرتان) و نرم افزار شبکه به مراقب می پردازد. IP ارتباط بین کامپیوتر های دیگر را مراقب می کند. TCP مسئول شکستن داده ها به بسته های IP قبل از اینکه آنها فرستاده شوند می باشد، و همچنین مسئول اسمبل کردن داده ها هنگامی که به مقصد می رسند می باشد. IP هم مسئول فرستادن بسته ها به گیرنده می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>آدرس دهی </strong><strong>TCP/IP</strong><strong>:</strong></span></p>
<p dir="rtl">TCP/IP از 32 بیت 4 قسمتی که شامل 0 تا 255 برای آدرس یک کامپیوتر می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>IP</strong><strong> آدرس:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">هر کامپیوتر قبل از وصل شدن به یک شبکه باید دارای یک IP آدرس باشد. هر بسته IP باید دارای یک آدرس قبل از اینکه بخواهد به کامپیوتر دیگری ارسال شود داشته باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl">این یک IP آدرس است:38.113.162.27</p>
<p dir="rtl">این ممکن است همان IP آدرس باشد: www.blogfa.com</p>
<p dir="rtl">یک IP آدرس شامل 4 عدد می باشد. TCP/IP  4 عدد را برای آدرس یک کامپیوتر استفاده می کند. هر کامپیوتر برای آدرس دهی باید دارای 4 عدد منحصر به فرد باشد. شماره هر عدد بین 0 تا 255 می باشد. عدد ها به وسیله نقاطی از یک دیگر جدا شده اند شبیه این مورد: <strong>192.168.1.50</strong>.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>32 Bits = 4 Bytes</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">TCP/IP از 32 بیت آدرس دهی استفاده می کند. هر بایت 8 بیت است. بنابراین TCP/IP از 4 بایت استفاده می کند. یک بایت می تواند در بر گیرنده 256 ارزش مختلف باشد:</p>
<p>00000000, 00000001, 00000010, 00000011, 00000100, 00000101, 00000110, 00000111, 00001000 &#8230;&#8230;. 11111111.</p>
<p dir="rtl">هم اکنون شما این را آموختید که چرا یک آدرس TCP/IP 4 عدد بین 0 تا 255 می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>قلمرو نام ها (</strong><strong>Domain Names</strong><strong>):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">12 رقم برای به خاطر آوردن سخت می باشد اما استفاده از یک نام آسان هست. نام هایی که برای آدرس های TCP/IP استفاده می شوند Domain Names نامیده می شوند. زمانی که آدرس یک وب سایت شبیه <a href="http://www.blogfa.com/">Http://www.blogfa.com</a> است آنگاه نام به یک عدد به وسیله فرایند DNS ترجمه می شود.(Domain Name Server). در سراسر جهان یک تعداد زیادی از DNS سرور ها به اینترنت متصل شده اند. DNS سرور ها مسئول ترجمه دامین نام ها به آدرس های TCP/IP و به روز رسانی یگدیگر به وسیله دامین نام های جدید می باشند. زمانی که یک دامین نام جدید همراه یک آدرس TCP/IP ثبت شود DNS سرور های کل جهان با این اطلاعات به روز رسانی می شوند.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>پروتکل های </strong><strong>TCP/IP </strong><strong>:</strong></span></p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>یک خانواده از پروتکل ها</strong><strong>(A Family of Protocols)</strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">TCP/IP یک مجموعه بزرگی از پروتکل های ارتباطی مختلف بر اساس 2 پروتکل اصلی TCP و IP می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> TCP &#8211; Transmission Control Protocol(</strong><strong>پروتکل کنترل ارسال):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">TCP  برای ارسال  داده از یک  application به شبکه استفاده می شود. همچنین برای شکستن داده ها به بسته های IP قبل از اینکه آنها را ارسال کند ، و برای اسمبل کردن بسته ها قبل از اینکه پآنها برسند مسئول می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>IP &#8211; Internet Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل اینترنت):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">IP از ارتباط بین دیگر کامپیوتر ها مراقب می کند.  IPبرای ارسال و دریافت بسته های داده از سراسر اینترنت مسئول می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong>HTTP &#8211; Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</strong><strong>( پروتکل انتقال متن ترکیبی):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">HTTP مراقب ارتباط بین یک وب سرور و یک مروگر وب می باشد. HTTP برای فرستان درخواست ها از یک کاربر وب (یک مرورگر) به یک وب سرور، برگرداندن محتوای وب (صفحات وب) از یک سرور به کاربر استفاده می شود.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong>HTTPS &#8211; Secure HTTP</strong><strong>(</strong><strong>HTTP</strong><strong> ایمن):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">HTTPS مراقب امنیت بین یک وب سرور و یک مرورگر وب می باشد. HTTPS شرح مذاكرات كارت اعتبارى را به طور نمونه ترتيب می دهد و اطلاعات حساس ديگر را دارا می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>SSL &#8211; Secure Sockets Layer</strong><strong> (لایه حفره امنیتی):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">پروتکل SSL برای رمز گذاری داده ها برای ارسال امن داده استفاده می شود.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>SMTP &#8211; Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</strong> <strong>(</strong><strong>پروتکل ارسال نامه</strong><strong>):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">SMTP برای ارسال پست الکترونیکی استفاده می شود.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong>MIME &#8211; Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions</strong><strong> (اینترنت پست تمدیدهای چند منظوره):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">پروتکل MIME به SMTP اجازه ارسال فایل های چند منظوره ای شامل صدا و داده های دودویی بر اساس شبکه های TCP/IP را می دهد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong>IMAP &#8211; Internet Message Access Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل دسترسی به پیغام اینترنت):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">IMAP برای ذخیره سازی و دریافت پست های الکترونیکی استفاده می شود.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong>POP &#8211; Post Office Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل دستیابی به پست الکترونیکی):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">POP برای دریافت پست های الکترونیکی از یک سرور e-mail به یک کامپیوتر شخصی (PC) استفاده می شود.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong>FTP &#8211; File Transfer Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل انتقال فایل):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">FTP مراقب ارسال فایل ها بین کامپیوتر ها می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>NTP &#8211; Network Time Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل زمان شبکه):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">NTP برای هماهنگ کردن زمان شبکه می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong>DHCP &#8211; Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل پیکر بندی میزبان پویا):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">DHCP برای اختصاص IP های پویا به کامپیوتر ها در یک شبکه می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>SNMP &#8211; Simple Network Management Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل مدیریت شبکه):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">SNMP برای مدیریت از کامپیوترهای شبکه استفاده می شود.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>LDAP &#8211; Lightweight Directory Access Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل</strong><strong> </strong><strong>دستيابي آنلاين به سرويسهاي دايرکتوري</strong><strong>) :</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">LDAP برای جمع آوری اطلاعات در مورد کاربران و آدرس های پست الکترونیکی از اینترنت استفاده می شود.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>ICMP &#8211; Internet Control Message Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل کنترل پیام اینترنت):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">ICMP مراقب به حداقل رساندن خطاهای دستی در اینترنت می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>ARP &#8211; Address Resolution Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل تعیین آدرس):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">ARP به وسيله فراهم‌آورنده اطلاعات به كاررفته است كه براى نشانى سخت‌افزار يك كارت شبكه كامپيوترى مبنى بر آدرس آى پى کار می کند.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>RARP &#8211; Reverse Address Resolution Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل تعیین آدرس عکس):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">RARP به وسيله فراهم‌آورنده اطلاعات را به كاررفته است كه براى آدرس آى پى مبنى بر نشانى سخت‌افزار يك كارت شبكه كامپيوترى را پيدا می كند <span style="color:#0000ff;">[در حقیقت برای این است که آدرس اينترنتي را به آدرس IP تبديل کند ]</span></p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>BOOTP &#8211; Boot Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل راه اندازی):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">BOOTP برای راه انداز (آغازگر) کامپیوترها در یک شبکه می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>PPTP &#8211; Point to Point Tunneling Protocol</strong><strong> (پروتکل تونل سازی نظیر به نظیر):</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">PPTP براى تنظیم يك ارتباط به كاررفته است (تونل) بين شبكه‌هاى خصوصى می باشد.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">TCP/IP پست الکترونیکی:</span></strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">یکی از استفاده های مهم TCP/IP پست الکترونیکی است.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>برنامه پست الکترونیکی شما انجام می دهد:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">برنامه پست الکترونیکی شما از پروتکل های مختلف TCP/IP استفاده می کند:</p>
<p dir="rtl">آن پست الکترونیکی شما را با استفاده از SMTP می فرستد</p>
<p dir="rtl">آن می تواند ایمیل های شما را از سرورهای ایمیل با استفاده ازPOP دانلود بکند</p>
<p dir="rtl">آن میتواند به یک ایمیل سرور با استفاده از IMAP متصل شود</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong> </strong><strong>SMTP &#8211; Simple Mail Transfer Protocol:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">پروتکل SMTP برای ارسال ایمیل ها استفاده می شود. همچنین مراقب ایمیل هایتان به کامپیوتر دیگر می باشد. معمولا ایمیل های شما به یک ایمیل سرور (SMTP Server) و سپس به سرور دیگری یا سرورها و سر انجام به مقصد فرستاده می شود.  SMTPمیتواند فقط متن های خالص را انتقال بدهد. آن نمی تواند داده های باینری شبیه عکس ، صدا و فیلم را انتقال بدهد. SMTP با استفاده از پروتکل MIME برای ارسال داده های باینری بر اساس شبکه های TCP/IP می باشد. پروتکل MIME داده های باینری را به داده های متن خالص تبدیل می کند.</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>POP &#8211; Post Office Protocol:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">پروتکل POP به وسیله برنامه های ایمیل استفاده می شود (شبیه Microsoft Outlook) تا ایمیل ها را از یک سرور ایمیل به دست بیاورد. اگر برنامه ایمیل شما از POP استفاده کند همه ایمیل های شما به برنامه ایمیل شما دانلود می شود (شبیه فراخوانی ایمیل های کاربر) .</p>
<p dir="rtl"><strong>IMAP &#8211; Internet Message Access Protocol:</strong></p>
<p dir="rtl">پروتکل IMAP به وسیله برنامه های ایمیل (شبیه Microsoft Outlook) درست شبیه پروتکل POP استفاده می شود.تفاوت اصلی بین این دو پروتکل (POP &#38; IMAP) این هست که پروتکل IMAP به طور اتوماتیک نمی تواند تمام ایمیل هایتان را هر زمان که برنامه ایمیل شما به ایمیل سرور متصل شود دانلود کند. پروتکل IMAP به شما اجازه می دهد که بدقت نگاه کنید پیغام های ایمیل تان را در ایمیل سرور قبل از اینکه آنها را دانلود کنید. با IMAP شما می توانید انتخاب کنید که آنها را دانلود یا پاک کنید.</p>
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