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	<title>imsi &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/imsi/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "imsi"</description>
	<pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2009 13:48:56 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Configuración de Apache con hosts virtuales (basados en nombre) mediante autentificación]]></title>
<link>http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/configuracion-de-apache-con-autentificacion/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 15 Nov 2009 21:12:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jreinarivero</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/configuracion-de-apache-con-autentificacion/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&nbsp; A continuación crearemos un host virtual (basados en nombre) mediante autentificación. Los pa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>&#160;</p>
<p>A continuación crearemos un host virtual (basados en nombre) mediante autentificación. Los pasos son los siguientes:</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>1. Creamos el directorio donde se va alojar el sitio web.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo mkdir /var/www/mipaginaweb</code></li>
</ul>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>2. Creamos el fichero<strong> HTML</strong> que sera el contenido de dicho sitio web. Y crearemos una página <strong>HTML</strong> sencilla.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo gedit /var/www/mipaginaweb/index.html</code></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/index2.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-93" title="index" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/index2.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="201" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>3. Creamos el siguiente archivo que será el sitio virtual.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo gedit /etc/apache2/sites-availabre/mipaginaweb</code></li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">&#60;VirtualHost 172.16.2.36&#62;<br />
ServerName www.mipaginaweb.com<br />
DocumentRoot /var/www/mipaginaweb<br />
&#60;/VirtualHost&#62;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>4. Creamos el directorio donde se alojaran los <strong>usuarios</strong> y <strong>contraseñas</strong>.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo mkdir /var/claves</code></li>
</ul>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>5. Crearemos tres <strong>usuarios</strong>.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo htpasswd -c /var/claves/.htpasswd usuario1</code></li>
<li><code>sudo htpasswd /var/claves/.htpasswd usuario2</code></li>
<li><code>sudo htpasswd /var/claves/.htpasswd usuario3</code></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/usuarios.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-107" title="usuarios" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/usuarios.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="171" /></a></p>
<p>Como se muestra en la imagen anterior se muestran los usuarios creados, y seguido hay escrito números y letras, eso es la contraseña encriptada.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>7. Creamos el siguiente archivo donde se almacenaran los grupos y dentro de dichos grupos, los usuarios.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo gedit /var/claves/.htgroups</code></li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">grupo1: usuario1 usuario2<br />
grupo2: usuario3</p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pantallazo-htgroups-var-claves-gedit.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-94" title="Pantallazo-.htgroups (-var-claves) - gedit" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pantallazo-htgroups-var-claves-gedit.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="119" /></a></p>
<p>Como se muestra en la imagen anterior al grupo1 pertenecen el <strong>usuario1 usuario2</strong> y al <strong>grupo2</strong> pertenece el <strong>usuario3</strong>.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>8. Crearemos el siguiente archivo con el siguiente contenido.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo gedit /var/www/mipaginaweb/.htaccess</code></li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">AuthType Basic<br />
AuthName &#8220;Página web con autorización&#8221;<br />
AuthUserFile /var/claves/.htpasswd<br />
AuthGroupFle /var/claves/.htgroups<br />
require group grupo1</p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pantallazo-htaccess-var-www-mipaginaweb-gedit-2.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-95" title="Pantallazo-.htaccess (-var-www-mipaginaweb) - gedit-2" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pantallazo-htaccess-var-www-mipaginaweb-gedit-2.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="169" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>9. En el fichero &#8220;<strong>mipaginaweb</strong>&#8221; que se encuentra en la ruta <strong>/etc/apache2/sites-availabre/ </strong>añadimos lo siguiente, dentro de las etiquetas &#8220;<strong>VirtualHost</strong>&#8220;.</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">&#60;Directory /var/www/mipaginaweb&#62;<br />
AllowOverride AuthConfig<br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Allow from all<br />
&#60;/Directory&#62;</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">Se debería quedar asi:</p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/jjo.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-103" title="jjo" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/jjo.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="171" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>10. Editamos el fichero <strong>hosts</strong> y añadimos  la linea seleccionada que se muestra en la siguiente imagen.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo gedit /etc/hosts</code></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pantallazo-hosts-etc-gedit-1.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-104" title="Pantallazo-hosts (-etc) - gedit-1" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pantallazo-hosts-etc-gedit-1.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="169" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>11. Editamos el fichero <strong>default</strong> que se encuentra en la ruta <strong>/etc/apache2/sites-available/ </strong>y añadimos la linea que se muestra en la imagen de a continuación.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo gedit /etc/apache2/sites-available/default</code></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pantallazo-default-etc-apache2-sites-available-gedit.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-105" title="Pantallazo-default (-etc-apache2-sites-available) - gedit" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pantallazo-default-etc-apache2-sites-available-gedit.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="169" /></a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>12. <strong>Habilitamos</strong> el sitio web y <strong>reiniciamos</strong> apache.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sudo a2ensite mipaginaweb<br />
</code></li>
<li><code>sudo apache2ctl restart</code></li>
</ul>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>13. Abrimos nuestro navegador web, e introducimos la dirección. Nos aparecerá una ventana pidiendo que introduzcamos el nombre de <strong>usuario</strong> y la <strong>contraseña</strong>.</p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/usuario1.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-98" title="usuario1" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/usuario1.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="68" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/dentro.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-99" title="dentro" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/dentro.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="159" /></a></p>
<p>Como se muestra en la imagen anterior nos sale el contenido de la pagina web. Y si no introducimos el <strong>nombre de usuario</strong> y <strong>contraseña</strong> nos dice que necesitamos <strong>autorización</strong>, como se muestra en la siguiente imagen.</p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/no.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-100" title="no" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/no.png?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="159" /></a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Configuración de Apache con hosts virtuales (basados en IP)]]></title>
<link>http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/configuracion-de-apache-con-hosts-virtuales-basados-en-ip/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 10 Nov 2009 18:00:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jreinarivero</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/configuracion-de-apache-con-hosts-virtuales-basados-en-ip/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A continuación vamos a explicar paso a paso como configurar hosts virtuales basados en IP a través d]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>A continuación vamos a explicar paso a paso como configurar hosts virtuales basados en IP a través de <strong>Apache</strong>:</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>1. Para tener dos hosts virtuales basados en una IP, creamos los siguientes archivos.</p>
<div id="attachment_54" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-01.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-54" title="prac2-0" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-01.png?w=300" alt="prac2-0" width="300" height="203" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo gedit /etc/apache2/sites-available/jreinarivero1</p></div>
<div id="attachment_55" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-1.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-55" title="prac2-1" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-1.png?w=300" alt="prac2-1" width="300" height="203" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo gedit /etc/apache2/sites-available/jreinarivero2</p></div>
<ul>
<li><strong>VirtualHost<em> IP</em></strong><em><strong>: </strong></em>Es la IP del sitio virtual que se va a crear.</li>
<li><strong>ServerName:</strong> Es el sitio virtual que se va a crear<em>.</em></li>
<li><strong>DocumentRoot:</strong> Es la carpeta donde se va alojar dicho sitio virtual.</li>
</ul>
<p>2. Se habilitan los sitios virtuales.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-6.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-62 aligncenter" title="prac2-6" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-6.png?w=300" alt="prac2-6" width="300" height="198" /></a></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="color:#000000;"> <code><strong>a2ensite jreinarivero1</strong></code></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color:#000000;"> </span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="color:#000000;"> <code><strong>a2ensite jreinarivero2</strong></code></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Nota:</strong></span> En este caso nos dice que el sitio virtual <strong>jreinarivero1</strong> y <strong>jreinarivero2</strong> ya esta activo, porque nosotros estamos modificando los archivos que creamos en el tutorial anterior llamado <strong>Configuración de Apache con hosts virtuales (Basado en nombres)</strong>.</p>
<p>3. Se crea una interfaz de red virtuales (en este caso dos):</p>
<div id="attachment_56" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-2.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-56" title="prac2-2" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-2.png?w=300" alt="prac2-2" width="300" height="198" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Interfaces de red virtuales</p></div>
<ul>
<li><code><strong>sudo ifconfig eth2:1 172.16.200.1 netmask 255.255.0.0<br />
</strong></code></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><code><strong>sudo ifconfig eth2:2 172.16.200.2 netmask 255.255.0.0</strong></code></li>
</ul>
<p>4. Ahora comprobamos que las interfaces de red virtuales se han creado correctamente.</p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-3.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-57" title="prac2-3" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-3.png?w=300" alt="prac2-3" width="300" height="198" /></a></p>
<p>5. Por ultimo reinicia apache.</p>
<div id="attachment_61" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/11.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-61" title="11" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/11.png?w=300" alt="11" width="300" height="198" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo apache2ctl grafecul</p></div>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p>6. Comprobamos que funcionan los sitios virtuales basados en IP.</p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-4.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-58" title="prac2-4" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-4.png?w=300" alt="prac2-4" width="300" height="203" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-5.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-59" title="prac2-5" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/prac2-5.png?w=300" alt="prac2-5" width="300" height="203" /></a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Basic Informations About Gsm Networks]]></title>
<link>http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/basic-informations-about-gsm-networks/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 16:38:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>razunitem</dc:creator>
<guid>http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/basic-informations-about-gsm-networks/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Please click the &#8220;Read the rest of this entry »&#8221; before clicking to links&#8230; Thank y]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Please click the &#8220;Read the rest of this entry »&#8221; before clicking to links&#8230; Thank you &#8230;</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Short_explanations_of_basic_terms"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext"> Short explanations of basic terms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Signalling_in_GSM"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext"> Signalling in GSM</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#GSM_Mobility"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext"> GSM Mobility</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Mobile_Station"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext"> Mobile_Station</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Identifiers_in_the_GSM_Network"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext"> Identifiers in the GSM Network</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="# International_Mobile_Subscriber_Identity"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"> International Mobile Subscriber Identity</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="# Mobile_Station_Integrated_Services"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN Number)</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="# International_Mobile_Equipment_Identifier"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">International Mobile Equipment Identifier</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="# Mobile_Station_Roaming_Number"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mobile Station Roaming Number</span></a>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Basic_Services"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext"> Basic Services</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="# Tele_Services"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">  Tele Services</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Bearer Services"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bearer Services</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="# Circuit_Bearer_Description"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext"> Circuit Bearer Description</span></a>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Supplementary_Services"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Supplementary Services</span></a>
<ul>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p><strong><span id="Short_explanations_of_basic_terms" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">1 &#8211; Short explanations of basic terms</span></span></strong></p>
<p>The GSM network consists mainly of the following functional parts:</p>
<p><a href="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/mobile-switching-center-msc/"><strong>• MSC </strong></a>– the mobile service switching centre (MSC) is the core switching entity in the network.<br />
The MSC is connected to the radio access network (RAN); the RAN is formed by the BSCs and<br />
BTSs within the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). Users of the GSM network are registered<br />
with an MSC; all calls to and from the user are controlled by the MSC. A GSM network has<br />
one or more MSCs, geographically distributed.</p>
<p><a href="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/09/18/visitor-location-register-vlr/"><strong>• VLR </strong></a>– the visitor location register (VLR) contains subscriber data for subscribers registered in<br />
an MSC. Every MSC contains a VLR. Although MSC and VLR are individually addressable,<br />
they are always contained in one integrated node.</p>
<p><strong>• <a href="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/09/18/gateway-mobile-switching-center-gmsc/">GMSC</a> </strong>– the gateway MSC (GMSC) is the switching entity that controls mobile terminating calls. When a call is established towards a GSM subscriber, a GMSC contacts the HLR of that<br />
subscriber, to obtain the address of the MSC where that subscriber is currently registered. That<br />
MSC address is used to route the call to that subscriber.<br />
<strong><a href="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/09/18/home-location-register-hlr/">• HLR</a></strong> – The Home Location Register (HLR) is the database that contains a subscription record for<br />
each subscriber of the network. A GSM subscriber is normally associated with one particular<br />
HLR. The HLR is responsible for the sending of subscription data to the VLR (during registration)<br />
or GMSC (during mobile terminating call handling).<br />
• CN – the core network (CN) consists of, amongst other things, MSC(s), GMSC(s) and HLR(s).<br />
These entities are the main components for call handling and subscriber management. Other<br />
main entities in the CN are the equipment identification register (EIR) and authentication centre<br />
(AUC). CAMEL has no interaction with the EIR and AUC; hence EIR and AUC are not further<br />
discussed.<br />
<strong>•<a href="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/base-transciever-subsystem/"> BSS</a> </strong>– the base station system (BSS) is composed of one or more base station controllers (BSC)<br />
and one or more base transceiver stations (BTS). The BTS contains one or more transceivers<br />
(TRX). The TRX is responsible for radio signal transmission and reception. BTS and BSC are<br />
connected through <a href="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/09/19/base-station-controllerbsc/">the Abis interface.</a> The BSS is connected to the MSC through <a href="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/09/19/base-station-controllerbsc/">the A interface.</a><br />
<a href="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/mobile-switching-center-msc/"><strong>• MSC</strong> </a>– Mobile Switching Center the primary service delivery node for GSM, responsible for handling voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data). The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account monitoring.</p>
<p>A GSM network is a public land mobile network (PLMN). Other types of PLMN are the time<br />
division multiple access (TDMA) network or code division multiple access (CDMA) network. GSM<br />
uses the following sub-division of the PLMN:</p>
<p><img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/gsm-network-architecture.jpg" alt="GSM Network Architecture" title="GSM Network Architecture" width="480" height="284" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-146" /><br />
<strong>• Home PLMN (HPLMN)</strong> – the HPLMN is the GSM network that a GSM user is a subscriber of.<br />
That implies that GSM user’s subscription data resides in the HLR in that PLMN. The HLR<br />
may transfer the subscription data to a VLR (during registration in a PLMN) or a GMSC (during<br />
mobile terminating call handling). The HPLMN may also contain various service nodes, such as<br />
a short message service centre (SMSC), service control point (SCP), etc.<br />
<strong>• Visited PLMN (VPLMN)</strong> – the VPLMN is the GSM network where a subscriber is currently<br />
registered. The subscriber may be registered in her HPLMN or in another PLMN. In the latter<br />
case, the subscriber is outbound roaming (from HPLMN’s perspective) and inbound roaming<br />
(from VPLMN’s perspective). When the subscriber is currently registered in her HPLMN, then<br />
the HPLMN is at the same time VPLMN.1<br />
<strong>• Interrogating PLMN (IPLMN) </strong>– the IPLMN is the PLMN containing the GMSC that handles<br />
mobile terminating (MT) calls. MT calls are always handled by a GMSC in the PLMN, regardless<br />
of the origin of the call. For most operators, MT call handling is done by a GMSC in the HPLMN;<br />
in that case, the HPLMN is at the same time IPLMN. This implies that calls destined for a GSM<br />
subscriber are always routed to the HPLMN of that GSM subscriber. Once the call has arrived in<br />
the HPLMN, the HPLMN acts as IPLMN. MT call handling will be described in more detail in<br />
subsequent sections. When basic optimal routing (BOR) is applied, the IPLMN is not the same<br />
PLMN as the HPLMN.</p>
<p>The user of a GSM network is referred to as the served subscriber; the MSC that is serving that<br />
subscriber is known as the serving MSC. Examples are:</p>
<p>• mobile originated call – the MSC that is handling the call is the serving MSC for this call; the<br />
calling subscriber is the served subscriber;<br />
• mobile terminated call – the GMSC that is handling the call is the serving GMSC for this call;<br />
the called subscriber is the served subscriber.<br />
 <strong><span id="Signalling_in_GSM" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">2 &#8211; Signalling in GSM</span></span></strong></p>
<p>The various entities in the GSM network are connected to one another through signalling networks.<br />
Signalling is used for example, for subscriber mobility, subscriber registration, call establishment,<br />
etc. The connections to the various entities are known as ‘reference points’. Examples include:<br />
• A interface – the connection between MSC and BSC;<br />
• Abis interface – the connection between BSC and BTS;<br />
• D interface – the connection between MSC and HLR;<br />
• Um interface – the radio connection between MS and BTS.<br />
Various signalling protocols are used over the reference points. Some of these protocols for GSM<br />
are the following:<br />
• mobile application part (MAP) – MAP is used for call control, subscriber registration, short<br />
message service, etc.; MAP is used over many of the GSM network interfaces;<br />
• base station system application part (BSSAP) – BSSAP is used over the A interface;<br />
• direct transfer application part (DTAP) – DTAP is used between MS and MSC; DTAP is carried<br />
over the Abis and the A interface. DTAP is specified in GSM TS 04.08 [49];<br />
• ISDN user part (ISUP) – ISUP is the protocol for establishing and releasing circuit switched<br />
calls. ISUP is also used in landline Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). A circuit is the<br />
data channel that is established between two users in the network. Within ISDN, the data channel<br />
is generally a 64 kbit/s channel. The circuit is used for the transfer of the encoded speech or<br />
other data. ISUP is specified in ITU-T Q.763 [137].<br />
When it comes to call establishment, GSM makes a distinction between signalling and payload.<br />
Signalling refers to the exchange of information for call set up; payload refers to the data that is<br />
transferred within a call, i.e. voice, video, fax etc. For a mobile terminated GSM call, the signalling<br />
consists of exchange of MAP messages between GMSC, HLR and visited MSC (VMSC). The<br />
payload is transferred by the ISUP connection between GMSC and VMSC. It is a continual aim<br />
to optimize the payload transfer through the network, as payload transfer has a direct cost aspect<br />
associated with it. Some network services are designed to optimize the payload transfer. One<br />
example is optimal routing.</p>
<p><strong><span id="GSM_Mobility" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">3 &#8211; GSM Mobility</span></span></strong></p>
<p>Roaming with GSM is made possible through the separation of switching capability and subscription<br />
data. A GSM subscriber has her subscription data, including CAMEL data, permanently registered<br />
in the HLR in her HPLMN. The GSM operator is responsible for provisioning this data in the HLR.<br />
The MSC and GMSC in a PLMN, on the other hand, are not specific for one subscriber group.<br />
The switching capability of the MSC in a PLMN may be used by that PLMN’s own subscribers,<br />
but also by inbound roaming subscribers; see the image the GSM user who is a subscriber of PLMN-A roams to PLMN-B. The HLR in PLMN-A transfers the user’s subscription data to the MSC in PLMN-B. The subscriber’s subscription data remains in the MSC/VLR as long as she is served by a BSS that is connected to that<br />
MSC. Even when the user switches her MS off and then on again, the subscription data remains<br />
in the MSC. After an extended period of the MS being switched off, the subscription data will<br />
be purged from the MSC. When the subscriber switches her MS on again, the subscriber has to<br />
re-register with the MSC, which entails the MSC asking the HLR in the HPLMN to re-send the<br />
subscription data for that subscriber.<br />
<img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/transfer-of-gsm-subscription-data-for-a-roaming-subscriber.jpg" alt="transfer of GSM subscription data for a roaming subscriber" title="transfer of GSM subscription data for a roaming subscriber" width="480" height="285" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-147" /></p>
<p>When the subscriber moves from one MSC service area (MSC-1) to another MSC service area<br />
(MSC-2), the HLR will instruct MSC-1 to purge the subscription data of this subscriber and will<br />
send the subscription data to MSC-2.<br />
<strong><span id="Mobile_Station" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">4 &#8211; Mobile Station</span></span></strong><br />
The MS, i.e. the GSM handset, is logically built up from the following components:<br />
• mobile equipment (ME) – this is the GSM terminal, excluding the SIM card;<br />
• subscriber identification module (SIM) – this is the chip embedded in the SIM card that identifies<br />
a subscriber of a GSM network; the SIM is embedded in the SIM card. When the SIM card is<br />
inserted in the ME, the subscriber may register with a GSM network. The ME is now effectively<br />
personalized for this GSM subscriber; The image shows. The characteristics of the SIM are specified<br />
in GSM TS 11.11. The SIM card contains information such as IMSI, advice of charge parameters,<br />
operator-specific emergency number, etc. For the UMTS network an enhanced SIM is specified,<br />
the universal subscriber identity module (USIM); refer 3GPP TS 31.102.</p>
<p><img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/compenents-of-the-ms-mobile-station.jpg" alt="Compenents of the MS (Mobile Station)" title="Compenents of the MS (Mobile Station)" width="475" height="274" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-148" /><br />
<strong><span id="Identifiers_in_the_GSM_Network" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">5 &#8211; Identifiers in the GSM Network</span></span></strong></p>
<p>GSM uses several identifiers for the routing of calls, identifying subscribers (e.g. for charging),<br />
locating the HLR, identifying equipment, etc. Some of these identifiers play an important role for<br />
CAMEL.</p>
<p><strong><span id=" International_Mobile_Subscriber_Identity" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">5.1 International Mobile Subscriber Identity</span></span></strong></p>
<p>The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) is embedded on the SIM card and is used to<br />
identify a subscriber. The IMSI is also contained in the subscription data in the HLR. The IMSI is<br />
used for identifying a subscriber for various processes in the GSM network. Some of these are:<br />
<img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/structure-of-the-imsi.jpg" alt="Structure of the IMSI" title="Structure of the IMSI" width="480" height="132" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-149" /><br />
• location update – when attaching to a network, the MS reports the IMSI to the MSC, which uses<br />
the IMSI to derive the global title (GT) of the HLR associated with the subscriber;<br />
• terminating call – when the GSM network handles a call to a GSM subscriber, the HLR uses<br />
the IMSI to identify the subscriber in the MSC/VLR, to start a process for delivering the call to<br />
that subscriber in that MSC/VLR.<br />
• roaming charging – a VPLMN uses the IMSI to send billing records to the HPLMN of<br />
a subscriber.<br />
Image shows the format of the IMSI.<br />
• mobile country code (MCC) – the MCC identifies the country for mobile networks. The MCC is<br />
not used for call establishment. The usage of MCC is defined in ITU-T E.212 [129]. The MCC<br />
values are allocated and published by the ITU-T.<br />
• mobile network code (MNC) – the MNC identifies the mobile network within a mobile country<br />
(as identified by MCC). MCC and MNC together identify a PLMN. Refer to ITU-T E.212 [129]<br />
for MNC usage. The MNC may be two or three digits in length. Common practice is that, within<br />
a country (as identified by MCC), all MNCs are either two or three digits.<br />
• mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN) – the MSIN is the subscriber identifier within<br />
a PLMN.<br />
The IMSI is reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation. The IMSI may be needed,<br />
for example, when identifying a country; countries in North America have equal country code<br />
(country code = 1), but different MCC (e.g. Canada = 303; Mexico = 334).</p>
<p><strong><span id=" Mobile_Station_Integrated_Services" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">5.2 Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN Number)<br />
</span></span></strong><br />
The MSISDN is used to identify the subscriber when, among other things, establishing a call to that<br />
subscriber or sending an SMS to that subscriber. Hence, the MSISDN is used for routing purposes.<br />
The image shows the structure of the MSISDN.<br />
• country code (CC) – the CC identifies the country or group of countries of the subscriber;<br />
• national destination code (NDC) – each PLMN in a country has one or more NDCs allocated to<br />
it; the NDC may be used to route a call to the appropriate network;<br />
• subscriber number (SN) – the SN identifies the subscriber within the number plan of a PLMN.<br />
<img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/structure-of-imei-and-imeisv.jpg" alt="Structure of IMEI and IMEISV" title="Structure of IMEI and IMEISV" width="480" height="177" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-150" /></p>
<p>The MSISDN is not stored on the subscriber’s SIM card and is normally not available in the<br />
MS.2 The MSISDN is provisioned in the HLR, as part of the subscriber’s profile, and is sent to<br />
MSC during registration. The MSISDN is also reported to SCP when a CAMEL service is invoked.<br />
One subscriber may have multiple MSISDNs. These MSISDNs are provisioned in the HLR. At<br />
any one moment, only a single MSISDN is available in the MSC/VLR for the subscriber.<br />
<strong><span id=" International_Mobile_Equipment_Identifier" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">5.3 International Mobile Equipment Identifier<br />
</span></span></strong><br />
The international mobile equipment identifier (IMEI) is used to identify the ME [or user equipment<br />
(UE) in UMTS network]. Each ME has a unique IMEI. The IMEI is hard-coded in the ME and<br />
cannot be modified. The image shows the structure of the IMEI. The IMEI is not used for routing<br />
or subscriber identification.<br />
Refer to GSM TS 03.03 [27] for the type approval code (TAC), final assembly code (FAC)<br />
and serial number (SNR). The software version (SV) may be included in the IMEI (‘IMEISV’) to<br />
indicate the version of software embedded in the ME. The IMEI is always encoded as an eight-octet<br />
string. As from CAMEL Phase 4, the IMEI(SV) may be reported to the SCP.<br />
<strong><span id=" Mobile_Station_Roaming_Number" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">5.4 Mobile Station Roaming Number<br />
</span></span></strong><br />
The mobile station roaming number (MSRN) is used in the GSM network for routing a call to a<br />
MS. The need for the MSRN stems from the fact that the MSISDN identifies a subscriber, but not<br />
the current location of that subscriber in a telecommunications network. The MSRN is allocated to<br />
a subscriber during MT call handling and is released when the call to that subscriber is established.<br />
Each MSC in a PLMN has a (limited) range of MSRNs allocated to it. An MSRN may be allocated<br />
to any subscriber registered in that MSC. The MSRN has the form of an E.164 number and can<br />
be used by the GMSC for establishing a call to a GSM subscriber. An MSRN is part of a GSM<br />
operator’s number plan. The MSRN indicates the GSM network a subscriber is registered in, but<br />
not the GSM network the subscriber belongs to. The image shows how the MSRN is used for call<br />
routing. The MSRN is not meant for call initiation. GSM operators may configure their MSC such<br />
that subscribers cannot dial numbers that fall within the MSRN range of that operator.</p>
<p><strong><span id="Basic_Services" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">6 Basic Services<br />
</span></span></strong></p>
<p>All activities that may be done in the GSM network, such as establishing a voice call, establishing<br />
a data call, sending a short message, etc., are classified as basic services. In order for a subscriber<br />
to use a GSM basic service, she must have a subscription to that service.3 The handling of a basicservice is fully standardized. Hence, a subscriber may use a basic service in any GSM network<br />
she roams to, provided that that basic service is supported in that network. The HLR will send<br />
a list of subscribed basic services to the MSC/VLR, during registration. When a GSM subscriber<br />
initiates a call, the MS supplies the serving MSC with a set of parameters describing the circuitswitched<br />
connection that is requested. These parameters are the bearer capability (BC), low-layer<br />
compatibility (LLC) and high-layer compatibility (HLC), as will be described below. The MSC<br />
uses the BC, LLC and HLC to derive the basic service for this call. The rules for deriving the basic<br />
service from LLC, HLC and BC are specified in GSM TS 09.07 [55]. The MSC then checks whether<br />
the subscriber has a subscription to the requested basic service, i.e. whether the subscription data<br />
in the VLR contains that basic service. If the service is not subscribed to, then the MSC disallows<br />
the call. The basic service is not transported over ISUP.</p>
<p><img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/usage-of-msrn-during-call-establishment-to-a-gsm-subscriber.jpg" alt="Usage of MSRN during call establishment to a GSM subscriber" title="Usage of MSRN during call establishment to a GSM subscriber" width="853" height="298" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-151" /><br />
When a CAMEL service is invoked, the MSC reports the requested basic service to the SCP. The<br />
SCP may use the indication of the requested basic service for call service processing. Examples<br />
include:<br />
• video calls may be charged at a higher rate than speech calls;<br />
• for data calls and fax calls, the CAMEL service shall not play any announcements or tones.<br />
Basic services are divided into two groups: tele services and bearer services.</p>
<p><strong><span id=" Tele_Services" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">6.1 Tele Services<br />
</span></span></strong><br />
Table 1.1 provides an overview of the available tele services (TS);</p>
<p><strong><span id="Bearer Services" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">6.2 Bearer Services<br />
</span></span></strong></p>
<p>Table 1.2 provides an overview of the available bearer services (BS). The two bearer service groups<br />
are sub-divided into a variety of bearer services with different characteristics. </p>
<p><strong><span id=" Circuit_Bearer_Description" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">6.3 Circuit Bearer Description</span></span></strong></p>
<p>Bearer capability, low-layer compatibility and high-layer compatibility are descriptors of a circuitswitched<br />
(CS) connection. When a GSM subscriber initiates a call, the BC, LLC and HLC are<br />
transported from MS to MSC over DTAP. The MSC includes the parameters in the ISUP signal to<br />
the destination. These parameters are also reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation.<br />
That enables a CAMEL service to adapt the service logic processing to the type of call. The image<br />
shows the relation between LLC, HLC and BC on the DTAP and the corresponding parameters<br />
on ISUP.<br />
<img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/table1-1.jpg" alt="TABLE1.1" title="TABLE1.1" width="870" height="571" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-152" /><br />
<img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/table1-2.jpg" alt="TABLE1.2" title="TABLE1.2" width="862" height="235" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-153" /><br />
<img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/transfer-of-llc-hlc-and-bc-through-dtap-and-isup.jpg" alt="Transfer of LLC ,HLC AND BC through DTAP and ISUP" title="Transfer of LLC ,HLC AND BC through DTAP and ISUP" width="479" height="159" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-154" /></p>
<p>• Low-layer compatibility – the LLC is transported transparently between the calling entity and<br />
called entity; it may be used by the respective entities to adapt codecs for interworking purposes.<br />
LLC describes mainly characteristics related to the data transfer.<br />
• High-layer compatibility – the HLC is also transported transparently between the calling entity<br />
and called entity; it is used to describe the requested service, such as telephony, Fax, video<br />
telephony, etc.<br />
• Bearer capability – the BC describes the characteristics of the 64 kbit/s circuit requested for<br />
the call.</p>
<p><strong><span id="Supplementary_Services" class="mw-headline"><span style="color:#008080;">7 Supplementary Services</span></span></strong><br />
Supplementary services (SS) in GSM are a means of enriching the user experience. An SS may,<br />
for example, forward a call in the case of no reply from the called party, bar certain outgoing or<br />
incoming calls, show the number of the calling party to the called party, etc. In order to use an<br />
SS, a GSM user needs a subscription to that SS. The subscription to supplementary services is<br />
contained in the HLR and is sent to the MSC/VLR during registration. The supplementary services<br />
are fully standardized. A GSM subscriber can therefore use her supplementary services in any GSM<br />
network, provided that the network supports these supplementary services, and have the same user<br />
experience.</p>
<p>Supplementary services may be provisioned for an individual basic service or for a group of<br />
basic services, e.g. a subscriber may have barring of all outgoing calls for all tele services and all<br />
bearer services, except SMS (tele service group 20). Such a subscriber is barred from establishing<br />
outgoing calls (except emergency calls), but may still send short messages. Some supplementary<br />
services may be activated or deactivated by the user. Examples include call forwarding and call<br />
barring. An operator may decide to bar certain subscribers or subscriber groups from modifying<br />
their supplementary services.<br />
<img src="http://razunitem.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/table1-3.jpg" alt="table1.3" title="table1.3" width="480" height="477" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-155" /></p>
<p>Table 1.3 shows the Supplementary Services. They are combined in service groups. Subscriptions<br />
are per individual Supplementary Service. The right-most column indicates the GSM technical<br />
specifications (TS) that specify the service requirement for the respective Supplementary Service(s).<br />
The chapters on CAMEL Phases 1–4 describe the interaction between CAMEL and the various<br />
supplementary services. Not all GSM networks support all supplementary services. Many of<br />
the supplementary services in GSM have equivalent supplementary services in ISDN. The ISDN<br />
supplementary services are described in ITU-T recommendations.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Configuración de Apache con hosts virtuales (basados en nombre)]]></title>
<link>http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/configuracion-de-apache-con-hosts-virtuales/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2009 18:57:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jreinarivero</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/configuracion-de-apache-con-hosts-virtuales/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A continuación vamos a explicar paso a paso como configurar hosts virtuales basados en nombre a trav]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>A continuación vamos a explicar paso a paso como configurar hosts virtuales basados en nombre a través de <strong>Apache</strong>:</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>1. Abrimos la terminal y creamos los siguientes archivos, que serán los sitios virtuales.</p>
<div id="attachment_13" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/12.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-13" title="1" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/12.png?w=300" alt="1" width="300" height="203" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo gedit /etc/apache/sites-availabre/jreinarivero1</p></div>
<div id="attachment_14" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/3.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-14" title="3" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/3.png?w=300" alt="3" width="300" height="203" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo gedit /etc/apache/sites-availabre/jreinarivero2</p></div>
<ul>
<li><strong>VirtualHost</strong><em><strong> </strong><strong>IP</strong></em><em><strong>: </strong></em>Es la IP del sitio virtual que se va a crear.</li>
<li><strong>ServerName:</strong> Es el sitio virtual que se va a crear<em>.</em></li>
<li><strong>DocumentRoot</strong>: Es la carpeta donde se va alojar dicho sitio virtual.</li>
</ul>
<p>2. Creamos los siguientes directorios que hemos escrito en el archivo anterior.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>sudo mkdir /var/www/jreinarivero1</code></strong></li>
<li><strong><code>sudo mkdir /var/www/jreinarivero2</code></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong><br />
</strong></em></p>
<p>3. Dentro de los directorios que hemos creado en el paso anterior, creamos un archivo <strong>HTML</strong>, que lo llamaremos <strong>index</strong>, será muy sencillo el contenido como se muestra a continuación.</p>
<div id="attachment_17" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/html.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-17" title="html" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/html.png?w=300" alt="html" width="300" height="203" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo gedit /var/www/jreinarivero1/index.html</p></div>
<div id="attachment_21" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/html2.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-21" title="html2" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/html2.png?w=300" alt="html2" width="300" height="203" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo gedit /var/www/jreinarivero2/index.html</p></div>
<p>4. Se habilitan los nuevos sitios virtuales.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>sudo a2ensite jreinarivero1</code></strong></li>
<li><strong><code>sudo a2ensite jreinarivero2</code></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>5. Se modifica el siguiente archivo, y añadimos la linea <em>NameVirtualHosts (IP de nuestro equipo)</em>.</p>
<div id="attachment_22" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/lala.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-22" title="lala" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/lala.png?w=300" alt="lala" width="300" height="203" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo gedit /etc/apache/sites-availabre/default</p></div>
<p>6. En el archivo hosts que se encuentra en la carpeta /etc/, escribimos las siguientes líneas:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>172.16.2.36 jreinarivero1</strong></li>
<li><strong> 172.16.2.36 jreinarivero2</strong></li>
</ul>
<div id="attachment_26" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/lala2.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-26" title="lala2" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/lala2.png?w=300" alt="lala2" width="300" height="203" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo gedit /etc/host</p></div>
<p>7. Reiniciamos apache.</p>
<div id="attachment_27" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/111.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-27" title="11" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/111.png?w=300" alt="11" width="300" height="198" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">sudo apache2ctl gruceful</p></div>
<p>8. Ahora comprobamos  que los sitios web funcionan correctamente, abrimos el navegador web e introducimos el nombre de los dos dominios que hemos creado.</p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/jreinarivero1.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-28" title="jreinarivero1" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/jreinarivero1.png?w=300" alt="jreinarivero1" width="300" height="203" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/jreinarivero2.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-29" title="jreinarivero2" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/jreinarivero2.png?w=300" alt="jreinarivero2" width="300" height="203" /></a></p>
<p>Como se muestran en las dos anteriores imágenes está todo correctamente configurado.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Instalar Apache]]></title>
<link>http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/%c2%a1bienvenidos/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2009 18:46:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jreinarivero</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/%c2%a1bienvenidos/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Para instalar Apache en Ubuntu tenemos dos opciones: desde un terminal o desde el Synaptic. Desde un]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Para instalar Apache en Ubuntu tenemos dos opciones: desde un terminal o desde el Synaptic.</p>
<p>Desde un <strong>terminal</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>sudo aptitude install apache2-mpm-prefork</code></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Desde el <strong>Synaptic</strong>:</p>
<p>Buscamos “apache2” (sin las comillas), seleccionamos el paquete <strong><em>apache2-mpm-prefork</em></strong> pulsamos sobre Aplicar. En cualquiera de los dos casos se instalarán más paquetes como por ejemplo el apache2.2-common.</p>
<p>Una vez instalado el servidor disponemos de un script que nos permite controlar su estado, se trata de apache2ctl.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>1. Para iniciar el servidor web tenemos que ejecutar el siguiente comando:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>sudo apache2ctl start</code></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>2. Abrimos el navegador web, e introducimos <strong>localhost</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/pantallazo-mozilla-firefox.png"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-40" title="Pantallazo-Mozilla Firefox" src="http://jreinarivero.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/pantallazo-mozilla-firefox.png?w=300" alt="Pantallazo-Mozilla Firefox" width="300" height="203" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[transfer: 1 or 2 or.....?]]></title>
<link>http://misterivf.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/transfer-1-or-2-or/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 01:49:12 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>misterivf</dc:creator>
<guid>http://misterivf.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/transfer-1-or-2-or/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[So the debate in our household at the moment is how many do we transfer. This debate comes up random]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[So the debate in our household at the moment is how many do we transfer. This debate comes up random]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Final biopsy results]]></title>
<link>http://misterivf.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/final-biopsy-results/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 19:28:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>misterivf</dc:creator>
<guid>http://misterivf.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/final-biopsy-results/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[So yesterday I left you feeling a bit flat with 5/17 biopsied and a promise f rom the elf that they]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[So yesterday I left you feeling a bit flat with 5/17 biopsied and a promise f rom the elf that they]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Hurdle 2 &amp; 3]]></title>
<link>http://misterivf.wordpress.com/2009/09/10/hurdle-2-3/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 02:27:33 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>misterivf</dc:creator>
<guid>http://misterivf.wordpress.com/2009/09/10/hurdle-2-3/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[So our spot free leopard headed back to the baby factory today to see if she is building any form of]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[So our spot free leopard headed back to the baby factory today to see if she is building any form of]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Tests, tests and a few more tests (and some results)]]></title>
<link>http://misterivf.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/test-test-and-a-few-more-tests-and-some-results/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2009 01:48:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>misterivf</dc:creator>
<guid>http://misterivf.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/test-test-and-a-few-more-tests-and-some-results/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Lots going on as the long prep for cycle 5 continues, but here are the soundbites: Mrs IVF: * Comple]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Lots going on as the long prep for cycle 5 continues, but here are the soundbites: Mrs IVF: * Comple]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[UMTS address]]></title>
<link>http://wirelessoom.wordpress.com/2009/07/26/umts-address/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2009 16:28:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>wirelessoom</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wirelessoom.wordpress.com/2009/07/26/umts-address/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[UMTS address can be classified 1. CN address - IMSI -TMSI -P-TMSI 2. UTRAN address - S-RNTI - U-RNTI]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>UMTS address can be classified</p>
<p>1. CN address</p>
<p>- IMSI</p>
<p>-TMSI</p>
<p>-P-TMSI</p>
<p>2. UTRAN address</p>
<p>- S-RNTI</p>
<p>- U-RNTI</p>
<p>- C-RNTI</p>
<p>3. UE ID dedicated channels</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[What is IMSI?]]></title>
<link>http://wirelessoom.wordpress.com/2009/07/26/what-is-imsi/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2009 15:58:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>wirelessoom</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wirelessoom.wordpress.com/2009/07/26/what-is-imsi/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The IMSI identifies the subscriber (USIM) within the network. This is the permanent address stored i]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>The IMSI identifies the subscriber (USIM) within the network.</p>
<p>This is the permanent address stored in HLR.</p>
<p>IMSI = MNC (mobile network code) + MCC (mobile country code) +MSIN (mobile subscriber identification number)</p>
<p>15 bits</p>
<p>MNC + MCC is PLMN id.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[SIM+DNI=2 identidades en un mismo individuo]]></title>
<link>http://blogcmt.com/2009/04/28/simdni2-identidades-en-un-mismo-individuo/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 14:21:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>blogcmt</dc:creator>
<guid>http://blogcmt.com/2009/04/28/simdni2-identidades-en-un-mismo-individuo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[¿Del Homo videns al Homo SIM?. Foto cortesía de Sclopit La iniciativa de &#8220;tener fichados]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">
<div id="attachment_3475" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 510px"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/stefanobe/3427723337/"><img class="size-full wp-image-3475" src="http://blogcmt.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/sim_card3.png" alt="¿Del Homo videns al Homo SIM?. Foto cortesía de Sclopit" width="500" height="333" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">¿Del Homo videns al Homo SIM?. Foto cortesía de Sclopit</p></div>
<p>La iniciativa de &#8220;tener fichados&#8221; a todos los usuarios de telefonía móvil con el fin de evitar delitos no es exclusiva <a href="http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Notas_Prensa/PDF_notas_de_prensa/2009/np030402.pdf" target="_blank">ni de España</a> ni del resto de Europa. El <a href="http://www.itu.int/ituweblogs/treg/" target="_blank"> weblog de la ITU</a> cuenta que en <a href="http://www.tcra.go.tz/display.php?type=headlines&#38;code=17" target="_blank">Tanzania el Gobierno</a> se emplea a fondo en implementar sistemas que permitan seguir el rastro de quienes usan el móvil fundamentalmente para hacer el mal.<!--more--></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Desde el momento en <span style="color:#000000;">que ingresamos en las filas de un operador móvil</span> tenemos un segundo DNI, pero en forma de <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjeta_SIM" target="_blank">tarjeta SIM</a>. En la SIM está grabada la estructura de la <a href="http://es.wikitel.info/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a:_Numeraci%C3%B3n_de_operadores" target="_blank">identidad del abonado móvil (IMSI)</a>. 15 dígitos, máximo, que son los campos de nuestro nuevo carnet:</p>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align:justify;">
<dl class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://blogcmt.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/imsi.png"><img class="size-full wp-image-3387" src="http://blogcmt.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/imsi.png" alt="La cosa en la SIM va tal que así. Fuente: Nosotros mismos" width="500" height="67" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">Algunas de las cosas que se guardan en la SIM. Fuente: Nosotros mismos</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<ul style="text-align:justify;">
<li>En los tres primeros está el Indicativo de País (IPM).  Indica el país del operador que presta servicio al abonado y la<a href="http://www.itu.int/ITUTELECOM/" target="_blank"> ITU</a> es la encargada de definirlos.</li>
<li>Luego vienen otros 2 ó 3, que son el Indicativo de Red Móvil (IRM). Su finalidad es identificar dentro de un país a la red del operador a la que pertenece un abonado. Estos los asigna<a href="http://www.cmt.es/cmt_ptl_ext/SelectOption.do?tipo=pdf&#38;detalles=090027198002dfe5&#38;nav=ult_resoluciones&#38;txt_busqueda=IRM&#38;cod_area=2&#38;ver_todo=0&#38;area_txt=resoluciones&#38;seccion=ultimas_resoluciones&#38;pagina=2&#38;buscador_resoluciones=y" target="_blank"> la CMT a los operadores que los demandan</a>.</li>
<li>Finalmente, está el número de identificación de abonado móvil, otros 9 ó 10 dígitos que están grabados en la tarjeta SIM y que normalmente sólo nuestro operador conoce.</li>
<li>Ojo que el número anterior no es el mismo al que, en ocasiones entre copa y copa, le cambiamos un dígito fruto de &#8220;un error fatal&#8221;. En ese caso hablamos del número telefónico móvil o <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSISDN" target="_blank">MSISDN</a>. En España, ya sabéis que empiezan siempre por 6.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Con esta secuencia de números las compañías de móvil pueden hacer otras cosas además de identificar y localizar a sus clientes. Por ejemplo, esta cadena de numeración es la causante de que si metemos una tarjeta foránea en un móvil con contrato de permanencia la pantalla nos devuelva el mensaje de &#8220;SIM Lock&#8221;. Los terminales analizan los 5 primeros dígitos del IMSI (IPM+IRM) y verifican que esa SIM es válida para ese móvil.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Móvil robado, móvil bloqueado&#8230;</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hablando de terminales, también cada uno tiene también su propio código: <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMEI" target="_blank">el IMEI,</a> que está grabado debajo de la tapa de la batería. Los operadores tiran de este código cuando se roba un teléfono. Así,  cada compañía dispone de una base de datos llamada EIR (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEIR" target="_blank">Equipment identification register</a>) en la que vuelcan los IMEI robados y  con la que bloquean el terminal sustraido evitando que se puedan recibir o realizar llamadas.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">De todas formas, retomando el caso de Tanzania, estos sistemas antirobo pueden quedar en tierra de nadie en un mercado plagado de móviles &#8220;piratas&#8221; fabricados en Asia y sin código de identificación, <a href="http://www.thisday.co.tz/News/5636.html" target="_blank">según relata un periódico local.</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Más entradas relacionadas con la telefonía móvil:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://blogcmt.com/2009/04/27/%c2%bfpor-que-navegar-desde-el-movil-tiene-limites-y-desde-el-pc-todavia-no/" target="_blank">¿Por qué navegar desde el móvil tiene límites y desde el PC (todavía) no?</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://blogcmt.com/2009/04/17/si-quiero-cambiar-de-operador/" target="_blank">Sí, quiero… (cambiar de operador)</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://blogcmt.com/2009/04/07/movil-en-el-avion/" target="_blank">Móvil en el avión</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://blogcmt.com/2009/02/16/lte-estrella-del-mwc/" target="_blank">LTE, estrella del MWC</a><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
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<title><![CDATA[Controlling access to femtocells]]></title>
<link>http://ipaccessideas.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/controlling-access-to-femtocells/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2009 15:07:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ragworm</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ipaccessideas.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/controlling-access-to-femtocells/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Background One way of controlling who can access a femtocell is to configure the device with a list ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h2 class="MsoNormal">Background</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">One way of controlling who can access a femtocell is to configure the device with a list of allowed IMSIs. The IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) is the key mechanism for subscriber identity in a mobile network and access to this identity gets someone one step closer to cloning a subscriber’s SIM and the ability to make fraudulent calls. Network operators are rightly nervous about disclosing IMSI details and existing 2G and 3G mobile networks take pains to limit the exposure of the IMSI. At least one operator has specifically forbidden femtocells from persisting IMSIs in non-volatile storage, requiring them to be fetched from the management system on each re-boot.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<h2 class="MsoNormal">The alternative</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another way of skinning this particular cat is not to store the IMSI at all. Given that the main requirement is simply to test whether or not a particular IMSI is present in a list of allowed numbers, rather than store the IMSI, it might be better to simply store some form of hash derived from it. When a mobile attempts to access the femtocell, the femto access point performs a computation on the mobile’s IMSI and compares the result with each entry in its access control list. If a match is found, the mobile is allowed on to the cell.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span><span style="color:#000000;">This approach does have a weakness: IMSIs are relatively short in length and a cryptographic hash is susceptible to a, reverse look-up, dictionary attack. However, if the IMSI is combined with some other device specific data, such as the femtocell’s serial number<span class="709030909-03032009"> not only is</span> the combined  data much longer and less susceptible to a dictionary attack and<span class="709030909-03032009"> </span><span class="709030909-03032009">but, </span>secondly, the hash is now specific to the device concerned and can’t be  reused in another femtocell.</span></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Plataforma Educativa]]></title>
<link>http://informaticaheliche.wordpress.com/2008/10/28/plataforma-educativa/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 28 Oct 2008 08:21:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Alex</dc:creator>
<guid>http://informaticaheliche.wordpress.com/2008/10/28/plataforma-educativa/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A través de la dirección http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/centros-tic/41701161/helvia/ sitio/]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>A través de la dirección http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/centros-tic/41701161/helvia/ sitio/ podeis acceder a la <a href="http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/centros-tic/41701161/helvia/sitio/">plataforma educativa</a>. En ella podeis encontrar los apuntes de la asignatura, prácticas y otros materiales.</p>
<p>Es imprescindible vuestro usuario y contraseña de Guadalinex, para poder acceder al sistema.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[REPORT: Kenduri Nasional Scorpio I (2-3 Agustus 2008)]]></title>
<link>http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/2008/08/24/report-kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-2-3-agustus-2008/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 24 Aug 2008 21:30:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Tozzy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/2008/08/24/report-kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-2-3-agustus-2008/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Menyambung artikel soal even Kenduri Nasional Scorpio I yang diadakan di Bogor tanggal 2-3 Agustus k]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/one-for-brotherhood.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-1581 aligncenter" title="One for Brotherhood" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/one-for-brotherhood.jpg" alt="" width="248" height="278" /><br />
</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p>!!!<!--Slide.com error: provide id, w, h--></p>
<p>Menyambung artikel soal even Kenduri Nasional Scorpio I yang diadakan di Bogor tanggal 2-3 Agustus kemarin, acara berjalan dengan seru dan dihadiri oleh berbagai klub dan komunitas Yamaha Scorpio dari berbagai penjuru Nusantara (yang paling jauh adalah rekan2 penungang Pio dari <strong>Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam</strong> &#8230; SALUT untuk semangatnya datang ke even ini, Bro !!!).<!--more--></p>
<p>Even ini sekaligus juga menjadi ajang pengumuman terbentuknya kepengurusan<strong> Ikatan Motor Scorpio Indonesia (IMSI)</strong> periode 2008-2009, yang dikomandani oleh Bro Sidik dari Scorpio Adventure Bandung (SAB).</p>
<p>Acaranya sendiri, selain sebagai ajang kumpul-kumpul dan silaturahmi antar penunggang Scorpio, juga diramaikan dengan rolling thunder keliling kota pada hari Minggu pagi, yang dilanjutkan dengan aksi baksos ke sebuah panti asuhan di Bogor.</p>
<p>Berikut, daripada berpanjang-panjang baca tulisan <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif' alt=':D' class='wp-smiley' /> ,  langsung aja simak  beberapa foto (dan video) yang sempat gw rekam, untuk merasakaan secara langsung kemeriahan suasana di GOR Pajajaran (<em>pictures worth a thousand words, right &#8230;?</em> <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';)' class='wp-smiley' />  )</p>
<p>.</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Walikota mBogor dan Undangan VIP<br />
</strong></span></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1656" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-45.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1614" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-49.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1672" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-50.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /></p>
<p>.</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>ONE Scorpio BROTHERHOOD &#8230;</strong></span></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1619" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-54.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1618" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-53.jpg?w=90" alt="" width="90" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1612" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-22.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1652" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-41.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1596" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-10.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1598" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-11.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1600" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-12.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1601" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-13.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1602" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-14.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1604" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-15.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1605" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-16.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1606" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-17.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1673" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-24.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1607" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-18.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1608" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-19.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1609" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-20.jpg?w=115" alt="" width="115" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1587" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-01.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1650" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-39.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1651" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-40.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1653" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-42.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1654" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-43.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1655" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-44.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1657" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-46.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1658" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-47.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1669" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-231.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /></p>
<p>.</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Cem-macem tampilan Yamaha Scorpio &#8230;</strong></span></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1591" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-05.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="54" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1593" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-07.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="51" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1594" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-08.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="49" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1595" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-09.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="77" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1589" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-03.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1590" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-04.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1592" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-06.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="91" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1638" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-29.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1639" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-30.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1640" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-31.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1641" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-32.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1642" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-33.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1643" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-34.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1644" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-35.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1645" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-36.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1646" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-37.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <a href="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-38.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1647" title="Kenduri Nasional Scorpio I - 38" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-38.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /></a> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1583" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/barisan-pio.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="144" height="86" /></p>
<p>.</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Tim penjemput rombongan Milys Jakarta &#8230; aseli <em>&#8216;Menunggu Godot&#8217;</em> </strong></span> <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif' alt=':D' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1615" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-51.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1610" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-21.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1616" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-52.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /> <img class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-1671" src="http://tozzymodif.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kenduri-nasional-scorpio-i-26.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="96" /></p>
<p>.</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Games-nya &#8230;</strong></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/Ksnb-M9mHJY&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/Ksnb-M9mHJY&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/MUxL00zqPjw&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/MUxL00zqPjw&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/hV-rnedLS9I&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/hV-rnedLS9I&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[...MeMoRia De PRáCTiCa SeRViDoR DHCP...]]></title>
<link>http://hardz.wordpress.com/2008/03/08/memoria-de-practica-servidor-dhcp/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 08 Mar 2008 14:45:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>HaRdZ</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hardz.wordpress.com/2008/03/08/memoria-de-practica-servidor-dhcp/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Aquí os dejo la memoria de práctica servidor DHCP realizada por mi. MeMoRiaDHCP-PabloPradoCumbrado E]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Aquí os dejo la memoria de práctica servidor DHCP realizada por mi.</p>
<p><a href="http://hardz.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/memoria-de-practica-servidor-dhcp.pdf" title="MeMoRiaDHCP-PabloPradoCumbrado">MeMoRiaDHCP-PabloPradoCumbrado</a></p>
<p>En ella se incluyen todos los pasos para la instalación y configuración de un servidor DHCP para su correcto funcionamiento, con pantallazos de todo el proceso.</p>
<p>Espero que os sirva de ayuda.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Robo a saldo de celulares - Otra leyenda urbana]]></title>
<link>http://rodrigoathie.com/2008/02/26/otra-leyenda-urbana-robo-a-saldo-de-celulares/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2008 17:46:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>R@U</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rodrigoathie.com/2008/02/26/otra-leyenda-urbana-robo-a-saldo-de-celulares/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Éste sábado me llegó un correo de mi sobrino que vive en Cuernavaca con el título &#8220;Robo a celu]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Éste sábado me llegó un correo de mi sobrino que vive en Cuernavaca con el título &#8220;Robo a celu]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[...SeRViCio FTP...]]></title>
<link>http://hardz.wordpress.com/2008/02/15/servicio-ftp/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 15 Feb 2008 11:21:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>HaRdZ</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hardz.wordpress.com/2008/02/15/servicio-ftp/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[El servicio FTP (File Transfer Protocol o protocolo de transferencia de archivos en español), consti]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>El servicio <b>FTP </b>(File Transfer Protocol o protocolo de transferencia de archivos en español), constituye un procedimiento estándar de transferencia de archivos de un sistema a otro. Para utilizarlo necesitaremos disponer de una cuenta en la máquina que va escribir o enviar los arhivos (numerosas máuinas en Internet permiten el uso de sus sistemas utilizando una cuenta anónima y validando la contraseña con la dirección de correo).</p>
<p>Este protocolo está descrito en el <a href="http://www.rfc-es.org/rfc/rfc0959-es.txt" title="RFC595" target="_blank">RFC 959</a> y en el se establecen los <b>objetivos </b>de dicho protocolo, qué basicamente son los siguientes:</p>
<ul>
<li> Promover que  se compartan archivos entre máquinas remotas a través de la red.</li>
<li>Como consecuencia de lo anterior, fomentar el acceso a máquinas remotas.</li>
<li>Independizar las necesidades de los usuarios de diferentes sistemas de archivos utilizados en las diferentes máquinas.</li>
<li>Conseguir una transferencia de datos rápida y fiable</li>
</ul>
<p>El servicio FTP presenta una serie de <b>deficiencias </b>importantes en cuanto a <b>seguridad</b>:</p>
<ul>
<li> Utiliza el mecanismo normal de autenticación de usuarios a través de nombre de usuario y contraseña, con lo que el servidor no puede garantizar que el usuario es quien dice ser.</li>
<li>Transfiere las contraseñas en texto plano, por lo que cualquier herramienta del tipo sniffer, como Ethereal, podría capturarlas.</li>
<li>No cifra la propia sesión FTP en sí misma, por lo quelas transferencias de archivos también son en texto plano.</li>
</ul>
<p>FTP es un servicio basado en la <b>arquitectura </b>cliente/servidor, y su <b>funcionamiento </b>es el siguiente: existe un servidor FTP en la red (local o en Interet), que es el que proporciona el servicio, utilizando para ello dos puertos:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Puerto 20</b> para transferencia de datos.</li>
<li><b>Puerto 21</b> para transferencia de órdenes (control) .</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Características de los servidores FTP</b></p>
<p>Con respecto al diseño del servicio:</p>
<ul>
<li>La <b>conexión </b>de un usuario remoto al servidor FTP puede hacerse como inicio de una sesión de un usuario que existe en el sistema o también como un usuario genérico que se llama <i>anónimo</i></li>
<li>El <b>acceso </b>al sistema de archivos del servidor FTP está <b>limitado</b>, dependiendo del tipo de usuario que se conecta.</li>
<li>Una vez se ha establecido la conexión con el servidor FTP, el usuario tiene disponible el conjunto de <b>órdenes </b>FTP que permiten realizar las operaciones básicas de descarga(get) o subida(put) de archivos, junto con otras órdenes.</li>
</ul>
<p>Con respecto a tipos de usuarios:</p>
<ul>
<li>Usuarios <b>FTP </b>- Son aquellos que disponen de una cuenta en la máquina que ofrece el servicio FTP. Se conectan vía FTP mediante su nombre de usuario y contraseña, y tienen acceso a aquellas partes del sistema de archivos para las que tienen permisos.</li>
<li>Usuarios <b>anónimos &#8211; </b>Son usuarios cualesquiera que, al conectarse al servidor FTP, sólo deben introducir una contraseña simbólica que suele ser una dirección de correo electrónico, y sólo tienen acceso a una parte limitada del sistema de archivos</li>
</ul>
<p>Respecto a los <b>modos de conexión</b> del servicio FTP:</p>
<ul>
<li>Modo activo</li>
<li>Modo pasivo</li>
</ul>
<p><b>¿Qué diferencia existe entre un cliente y un servidor FTP?</b></p>
<p>Un <b>servidor </b>FTP es una aplicación que proporciona un mecanismo estándar de transferencia de archivos entre sistemas a través de redes TCP/IP y un <b>cliente </b>FTP es una aplicación que permite al usuario, desde su máquina local, conectarse a un servidor FTP remoto para solicitar o transferirle archivos.</p>
<p>Para más información visitad el siguiente enlace -&#62; <a href="http://www.servidorftp.es/" title="Servidor FTP" target="_blank">Servidor FTP</a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Pasos a seguir para subir una página web a un servidor]]></title>
<link>http://marcossd.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/pasos-a-seguir-para-subir-una-pagina-web-a-un-servidor/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 13 Dec 2007 01:28:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>marcossd</dc:creator>
<guid>http://marcossd.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/pasos-a-seguir-para-subir-una-pagina-web-a-un-servidor/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Pasos a seguir para subir una página web a un servidor Necesitamos: Pagina lista para colgar Tener c]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><font face="Calibri"><a href="http://marcossd.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/filezilla.jpg" title="filezilla.jpg"></a><span style="font-size:18pt;color:#1f497d;line-height:115%;">Pasos a seguir para subir una página web a un servidor</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:18pt;color:#1f497d;line-height:115%;"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;">Necesitamos:</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;">Pagina lista para colgar</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;">Tener contratado un dominio y un alojamiento web</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;">Para colgar una página web necesitaremos un dominio que normalmente tendremos que contratar a una empresa especializada, también necesitaremos alojamiento para alojar la página que eso ya puede ser gratuito o de pago, la principal diferencia que el de pago es mejor que el gratuito ante posibles fallos yo recomiendo que si es para hacer pruebas se coja uno gratuito pero si es para algo más serio como la pagina de una empresa se coja uno de pago. Además ya hay empresas que ya te ofrecen el pack de dominio+alojamiento.</span></font><font face="Calibri"> </font><font face="Calibri"></p>
<p style="margin:0 0 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;">Una vez tengamos el dominio mas el alojamiento tendremos varias opción de subir la pagina web, una por el programa con el que realizamos la pagina web en caso de crearlo con un programa wisiwing como el dreamweaver que ya trae una opción de subir la pagina desde el propio programa y otra descargándonos un programa de cliente ftp como <span> </span>filezilla que es gratuito pero hay muchos más, para subirlo de esta manera solo será introducir el usuario, la contraseña y la dirección (que te será suministrada por la empresa encargada de darte el alojamiento )y conectar con el servidor y veremos dos pantalla una los archivos de nuestro <span> </span>disco duro y otra los del servidor, por ultimo será copiar los archivos de la pagina web donde está en nuestro disco duro y llevarlo a la pantalla del servidor.</span></p>
<p style="margin:0 0 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://marcossd.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/filezilla.jpg" title="filezilla.jpg"></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="http://marcossd.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/filezilla.jpg" alt="filezilla.jpg" /></p>
<p></a></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0 0 10pt;" class="MsoNormal">Imagen del panel de control de filezilla</p>
<p></font></p>
<p style="margin:0 0 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri">Esta manera de subir la página puede variar dependiendo el programa que utilices.<a href="http://marcossd.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/229-0.jpg" title="229-0.jpg"></a></font></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Wireshark]]></title>
<link>http://marcossd.wordpress.com/2007/12/12/wireshark/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 12 Dec 2007 12:26:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>marcossd</dc:creator>
<guid>http://marcossd.wordpress.com/2007/12/12/wireshark/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Wireshark Es el antiguo ethereal y realiza las mismas opciones que es analizar protocolos y solucion]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:72pt;line-height:115%;">Wireshark</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Es el antiguo ethereal y realiza las mismas opciones que es analizar<span>  </span>protocolos y solucionar problemas en redes de comunicación para desarrollar software y protocolos. También nos permite ver todo el tráfico que pasa atreves de una red.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">La ventaja de este programa es que es de software libre</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Paquete capturado de ARP:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">ARP: es un protocolo de que sirve de puente entre el nivel de red y el nivel de enlace del modelo OSI. Tambien  averigua la direccionfisica de acceso al medio.</p>
<p><a href="http://marcossd.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/arp.png" title="arp.png"></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://marcossd.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/arp.png" title="arp.png"><img src="http://marcossd.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/arp.png" alt="arp.png" height="355" width="453" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">En nuestro caso hemos capturado un paquete ARP y aquí se muestran cómo conseguir la Mac de la pagina la cual estamos intentando entrar desde nuestro ordenador. Para ello manda petición a la pagina a la que queremos recibir la Mac por medio de la IP<span>  </span>y la Mac todo con 0 y le responderá con la Ip y el numero de Mac</p>
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