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RTI to NCPCR (National Commission for Protection of Child Rights) for Child Visitation, Custody

want2change — Thu, 26 Nov 2009 04:39:00 +0000

From: Nyaya Yodha <nyayayodha@gmail.com>
To: saveindianfamily@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Sun, November 15, 2009 11:37:59 AM
Subject: [SaveIndianFamily] Public RTI to NCPCR (National Commission for Protection of Child Rights) for child visitation/custody cases

for all those with custody cases… download and File this RTI by putting
your own name and address, get response from NCPCR, and file the response as
argument in family court for child custody/ visitation cases.

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2371641/RTIs%20Public/NCPCR_RTI_TemplateNov09.doc
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2371641/RTIs%20Public/NCPCR_RTI_TemplateNov09.doc

Use this process of argument/ evidence:

1. That NCPCR has not done any study related to effect of single parent
custody on children, PAS, child development, child psychology etc.

2. Then proceed to argue that since no such study is available in India,
that studies done outside India be considered as expert opinion and
evidence. Show studies done in US or other countries about ill-effect of
single parent custody, and benefits of joint parenting. Court cannot refuse
to look at such studies in that case.

3. If they do not still look at it favourably, then say that this is against
UN child rights convention, which clearly says that child should have access
to both parents whether divorced etc. NCPCR has the mandate to follow
United nations CRC

4. Screw NCPCR again if the court does not pass favourable order.

NCPCR has budget of 6 cr I think… let’s help them utilize it for something
useful for children’s cause.

yodha

–
http://nyayayodha. blogspot. com
http://nyayabharat. blogspot. com

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

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Exclusive

simoncarabetta — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 23:45:40 +0000

The exclusive of the year is on its way. Later on today we will give you the interview that Nathan Jenkins, reporter for the e-Voice, was able to get – Mr Hunter on our Independent Public School status.

Stay tuned.

Kelas IX

smpmuhterblog — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 12:55:00 +0000

Kelas VIII

smpmuhterblog — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 12:41:46 +0000

Kelas VII

smpmuhterblog — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 12:38:43 +0000

MUJERES-AMBIENTE: Bosques sí, plantaciones forestales no

ONG Cea — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 02:09:38 +0000

Entrevista concedida pela militante do CEA, Cíntia Barenho, a La Agencia de Noticias Inter Press Ser

IPC 498a - Dowry Harassment & Cruelty law

want2change — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 04:44:49 +0000

Part1-Arrest to be the last resort in case of IPC 498a (Dowry Harassment & Cruelty law)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbtH3-snyAg

Latihan soal IPS kelas 9 – dari bank soal untuk menghadapi ujian sekolah (4)

dahlanforum — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 01:54:07 +0000

1. Langkah yang diambil pemerintah RIS untuk mengatasi laju inflasi yang cukup tinggi antara lain …

El regocijante sabor de la nostalgia

ricardoibarra — Mon, 23 Nov 2009 17:07:38 +0000

Por Emilio Godoy AYOQUEZCO, México, oct (IPS) – La mexicana Catalina Sánchez vio en el cultivo

List of articles exchanged during marraige - Format

want2change — Mon, 23 Nov 2009 04:52:19 +0000

________________________________
From: niladri_shekhar_das_in <niladri_shekhar_das_in@yahoo.co.in>
To: saveindianfamily@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Fri, November 13, 2009 1:02:00 PM
Subject: [SaveIndianFamily] Re: List of articles exchanged during marraige – Format

The Judgement dated 21st August, 2007 PRADEEP NANDRAJOG, J. states:

Now-a-days, exorbitant claims are made about the amount spent
on marriage and other ceremonies and on dowry and gifts. In some cases claim is made of spending crores of rupees on dowry without disclosing the source of income and how funds flowed. I consider time has come that courts should insist upon disclosing source of such funds and verification of income from tax returns and police should insist upon the compliance of the Rules under Dowry
Prohibition Act and should not entertain any complaint, if the rules have not been complied with. Rule 2 of the Dowry Prohibition (Maintenance of List of Presents to the Bride and Bridegroom) Rules, 1985 reads as under:

2. RULES IN ACCORDANCE WITH WHICH LISTS OF PRESENTS ARE TO BE MAINTAINED.-
(1) The list of presents which are given at the time of the marriage to the bride shall be maintained by the bride.

(2) The list of presents which are given at the time of the marriage to the bridegroom shall be maintained by the bridegroom.

(3) Every list of presents referred to in Sub-rule (2)-
(a) shall be prepared at the time of the marriage or as soon as possible after the marriage;

(b) shall be in writing;

(i) a brief description of each present;

(ii) the approximate value of the present;

(iii) the name of the person who has given the present; and

(iv) where the person giving the present is related to the bride or
bridegroom, a description of such relationship.

(d) shall be signed by both the brides and the bridegroom.

And the full judgement

============ ========= ========= ========= =
IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI

Bail Application No.1711/2007

Smt.Surjit Kaur Chopra …….. Petitioner

VERSUS
$ State and Anr. …….
Respondents

Bail Application No.1716/2007

Sh.Harbhajan Singh Chopra …….. Petitioner

VERSUS
$ State and Anr. ……. Respondents

Present: Mr.K.T.S. Tulsi, Senior Advocate with
Mr.Karan Singh, Mr.Santosh Chaurihar,
Mr.Miraj Kain and Mr.Ravinder Singh,
Advs. for the petitioner.
Mr.Anil Soni for the State.

Mr.K.K.Manan, Mr.Tarun Goomber,
Mr.Rishikesh Choudhary and
Mr.Gaurav Goswami for respondent No.2.

21.08.2007
DATE OF DECISION: 21.08.2007

CORAM:

Hon’ble Mr.Justice Pradeep Nandrajog

1. Whether reporters of local papers may be allowed
to see the judgment? Y

2. To be referred to the Reporter or not? Y

3. Whether judgment should be reported in Digest? Y

: PRADEEP NANDRAJOG, J.

FIR No.6/2007 dated 3.1.2007
under Section 498-A/406 IPC
PS Hazrat Nizamuddin.

1. Vide Bail Application No.1711/2007, Smt.Surjit Kaur Chopra seeks
anticipatory bail. Vide Bail Application No.1716/2007, Sh.Harbhajan Singh
Chopra seeks anticipatory bail. The 2 applicants are the mother-in-law and
father-in-law respectively of the complainant, Arti.
2. At the outset, I must refer my displeasure at the manner in
which Bail Application No.1711/2007 has been drafted by learned counsel for the
petitioner.
3. The same is a verbatim copy of Bail Application No.1716/2007.
4. Use of computers does not mean that learned members of the Bar
would not apply their mind. Human beings cannot become computers and start
operating themselves by clicking a mouse.
5. Little realizing that in Bail Application No.1716/2007 reference
to the applicant was made as father of the husband of the complainant i.e. as
father-in-law of the complainant, even Smt.Surjit Kaur Chopra has been referred
to as father of the husband of the complainant i.e. father-in-law of the
complainant.
6. In the instant case, the misdescription may be trivial. But in
large number of cases I notice that the misdescription is not trivial, more so,
when disputes relate to complaints under Section 138 of the Negotiable
Instruments Act 1881. In said cases description of the accused with reference
to the role assigned becomes relevant. Precious judicial time is wasted in
identifying who is being referred to and in what context reference is being made
pertaining to persons accused of offence and who have filed quashing petitions
challenging the summoning order.
7. It is hoped and expected that learned members of the Bar would
justify them being referred to as ‘learned counsel’. Their being learned must
be reflected in their pleadings.
8. Referring to the facts, why else would a father-in-law and
mother-in-law be seeking bail? Of course, when their daughter-in- law has filed
a complaint resulting in registration of FIR under Section 498-A/406/34 IPC.
This has happened in the instant case.
9. Since issue of anticipatory bail has to be decided, reference to
the FIR becomes necessary.

10. Touching upon the salient features of the FIR, complainant
Arti, stated that she met Jitender Singh Chopra, son of the applicants in London
in July 2004 through common friends. She states that the two met a number of
times and around 3rd week of September 2004 decided to get married in Dubai on
30.9.2004 She stated that she and Jitender Singh Chopra came to Delhi and got
engaged. That at the time of engagement presents worth Rs.15 lakhs were gifted
by her parents to the in-laws and relatives of Jitender. That her in-laws gave
her jewellery worth Rs.40 lakhs. That at the asking of her prospective mother-
in-law, for relatives who were not present at the engagement, her mother sent
additional gifts worth Rs.5 lakhs. That marriage between the complainant and
Jitender was solemnized at Dubai on 27.10.2004 as per Hindu rites and customs.
At the time of marriage her mother, relatives and friends gave gifts worth Rs.70
lakhs. Her in-laws gifted her jewellery worth Rs.90 lakhs. Next day her
mother-in-law took away the jewellery for safe keeping. She and her husband
came to Delhi on 3.11.2004 and stayed at the farm house of the in-laws. The
couple celebrated their first Deepawali. On said function her relatives gave
gifts worth Rs.40 lakhs to her husband. That her mother and her relatives gave
her ancestral jewellery worth Rs.1.75 lakhs at said function. That her in-laws
gave her expensive gifts and jewellery worth Rs.80 lakhs. That when they were
at Delhi her brother-in-law tried to force himself upon her. That she was
disgraced by the family of her in-laws who stated that they expected that she
would bring a Mercedes car in her dowry. That when the couple left for their
honeymoon her husband compelled her to drink excessively as also to indulge in
vulgar sexual acts. That since it was her second marriage she did not speak to
anyone. That on 18.1.2005 she and her husband went back to Dubai. For said trip
her husband demanded Rs.25 lakhs from her mother. Her mother arranged Rs.5
lakhs and gave the same to her husband. That her husband demanded more money.
Her mother paid Rs.15 lakhs. That she came back to Delhi on 29.12.2005 and in
spite of requests to hand over her jewellery, none was being returned to her.
That her father-in-law wanted her parents to transfer ownership rights of 2
floors of their house in name of her husband. That her mother-in-law had
retained her jewellery.
11. According to the petitioners the marriage at Dubai was financed
by the petitioners. Entire stay of the family of the bride was paid for by the
petitioners. That after the wedding, the newly wed came to Delhi to celebrate
their first Deepawali and went back to Dubai in February 2005. They took on
rent a villa and resided separately from the petitioners. That the couple
separated due to temperamental differences. That their son sought divorce in
London due to irreconcilable differences. That the FIR was a counter blast to
the divorce petition filed by their son.
12. Before dealing with the rival submissions on the issue whether
petitioners should be granted anticipatory bail or not, it has to be noted that
petitioners as also their second son i.e. the brother-in-law of the complainant
sought anticipatory bail before the learned Additional Sessions Judge. Attempts
were made to compromise the matter and in full and final satisfaction of all
claims of the complainant not only the FIR be withdrawn but the couple could
agree for an amicable settlement. Order dated 29.3.2007 passed by the learned
Additional Sessions Judge records that a settlement was arrived at pursuant
whereto complainant would be paid Rs.4 crores in cash and a flat at DLF Gurgaon
worth Rs.60 lacs would be transferred in her name. Thereafter, the talks broke
down inasmuch as offer was reduced to Rs.2 crores.
13. Petitioners when charged with attempting to wriggle out of an
agreed settlement explained that their younger son was briefing the counsel and
he was receiving instructions from the husband of the complainant for the reason
any payment under the settlement had to be financed by the husband of the
complainant. That unfortunately, their son i.e. husband of the complainant
could not firm up his mind and for said reason settlement failed.

14. Shri K.T.S. Tulsi, learned senior counsel for the applicants
urged that proceedings for grant of anticipatory bail cannot be converted into a
recovery proceedings. Learned senior counsel urged that the anxiety of the
Court to try and effect a settlement between the warring couple may be a
laudable act but is alien to the exercise of jurisdiction while deciding an
application seeking grant of anticipatory bail. Learned senior counsel urged
that the well known parameters viz. gravity of the offence, seriousness of the
allegations constituting the offence, possibility of the accused absconding or
threatening witnesses of the prosecution, inherent probabilities, for and
against the accused are some of the factors which have to be considered by the
Court while deciding an application for grant of anticipatory bail.
15. Expanding the argument, learned senior counsel submitted that
documents annexed as Annexure-C to the petitions conclusively establish that the
petitioners paid the entire bill at Dubai when marriage took place. Drawing
attention to Annexure-D, learned senior counsel urged that the same evidences
that the newly married couple set up separate residence in Dubai. As regards
the petitioners, learned senior counsel urged that they were residents of Delhi.
Their son was settled abroad. Except for participating in the joyous occasion
of the marriage of their son and showering their blessings and gifts upon the
newly wed as also to finance the marriage, the two had no role to play in the
matrimonial life of the couple. Learned senior counsel further urged that
allegations in the FIR are alien to the social norms of the society from which
complainant, her family and the petitioners come from. Learned senior counsel
explained that main items are gifted to the couple at the time of their
marriage. Thereafter, as and when festive occasions occur, small gifts are
exchanged. Learned senior counsel urged that it was unbelievable that at the
time of Deepawali celebrations after the couple got married, complainant’ s
family members would gift to their daughter and her in-laws, gifts worth Rs.1.75
crores. Learned senior counsel further submitted that the allegations of dowry
demand are against the husband i.e. the son of the petitioners. Allegations of
mental and physical cruelty are against the husband save and except a vague
allegation that on one occasion father-in-law threw a plate at the complainant
and abused her as a bitch. Learned senior counsel stated that the two
allegations pertaining to dowry demand against the father-in-law viz that he
expected his daughter-in- law to bring a Mercedes car and a demand for ownership
rights of 2 floors in her parent’s house at Sunder Nagar are false. Learned
senior counsel submitted that the gravement of the allegation against the
mother-in-law is that she retained the jewellery of the complainant.
16. Learned senior counsel urged that in view of the fact that the
complainant and her husband had set up their matrimonial house at Dubai, a
residence separate from that of the petitioners, considering the social
background of the family of the complainant as also the petitioners it was
unbelievable that the complainant would have handed over her jewellery to her
mother-in-law.
17. Fulcrum of opposition by learned counsel for the complainant
centered around the orders passed by the learned Additional Sessions Judge
regarding a settlement between the parties from which petitioners back tracked.
Learned counsel submitted that the said settlement evidenced the acknowledgment
by the petitioners that the complainant had to be recompensed. Learned counsel
submitted that the jewellery articles of the complainant have yet to be
recovered. Counsel submitted that the complainants have started dissipating
their assets. Thus, counsel urged that no case is made out to grant
anticipatory bail to the petitioners.
18. It is not in dispute that the instant marriage was the second
marriage of both parties. Thus, both would be presumed to be aware of not only
their matrimonial obligations but even the matrimonial laws. Judicial
authorities are replete with a caution by the Courts that the unfortunate

tendency to rope in all family members of the in-laws is a growing trend which
has two side effects. Firstly, innocent persons suffer the trauma of a criminal
prosecution and secondly, even the accused get acquitted for the reason, false
implication of innocent persons is followed by presentation of fabricated
evidence before the Court. So inextricably interwoven is truth with lies that
truth cannot be segregated from lies resulting in benefit of doubt being given
even to the accused persons.
19. More often than not, pertaining to dowry, Courts are faced with
a dilemma inasmuch as tax avoidance is the norm in India. Huge volume of black
money in circulation finds expression in ostentatious marriages. But when
called upon to prove that the family had enough assets to justify the stated
gifts gifted at the time of marriage, family members of the girl side have no
answers. They cannot establish the means to justify their capacity to shower
gifts worth crores.
20. In the instant case, before the in-laws of the complainant can
be called upon to account for the gifts given by the parents of the girl, the
parents of the girl would have to establish their means and their capacity to
gift items worth Rs.3 crores to their daughter and her in-laws.
21. As noted above, gravement of the allegations are directed
principally against the husband. No doubt, there is reference against the
petitioners pertaining to dowry demand and retention of jewellery, but, as noted
above, allegations of dowry demand are against the father-in-law and not against
the mother-in-law. Vice versa, allegations pertaining to retention of the
jewellery of the complainant is against the mother-in-law and not the father-in-
law. Thus, if at all, father-in-law may be answerable to a charge under Section
498-A IPC. If at all, mother-in-law may be answerable for a charge under
Section 406 IPC.
22. Qua the mother-in-law a circumstance which stands out is that
her son and her daughter-in- law had a separate residence at Dubai. The couple
was married at Dubai. Whatever may be the jewellery gifted to the complainant
at the time of marriage, there is no material on record that when she along with
her husband came to India they made a declaration to the Customs Authority that
personal jewellery worth crores was being brought by her i.e. the complainant to
India. Greater probability would be that either jewellery of the value alleged
to be gifted to her by the complainant was not gifted to her, or if gifted, the
same was in her custody at Dubai.
23. Pertaining to the father-in-law I find that the allegations are
general. It is not stated in the complaint that because father-in-law desired
that the complainant should bring a Mercedes car he i.e. the father-in-law took
vengeance against the complainant. What is stated in the FIR is that the
father-in-law commented that he expected that the complainant would bring as
part of dowry a Mercedes car.
24. Prima facie, it is one thing to have a desire and express the
same. It is altogether another thing to raise a demand as per the desire.
25. Allegation of mental cruelty against the father-in-law pertains
to an alleged incident when according to the complainant she served cold food to
her father-in-law. Prima facie, said allegation of cruelty does not relate to a
dowry demand.
26. The only other allegation pertaining to transfer of 2 floors in
the house of the complainant’ s parents at Sunder Nagar is without any
particulars i.e. the day or the month when said demand was raised.
27. In the report published as 2006 (6) SCC 736 Indian Oil
Corporation vs. NEPC India Ltd. in para 13 the Hon’ble Supreme Court lamented as
under:-
?13. While on this issue, it is necessary to take notice of a
growing tendency in business circles to convert purely civil disputes into
criminal cases. This is obviously on account of a prevalent impression that

civil law remedies are time consuming and do not adequately protect the
interests o lenders/creditors. Such a tendency is seen in several family
disputes also, leading to irretrievable breakdown of marriages/families. There
is also an impression that if a person could somehow be entangled in a criminal
prosecution, there is a likelihood of imminent settlement. Any effort to settle
civil disputes and claims, which do not involve any criminal offence, by
applying pressure through criminal prosecution should be deprecated and
discouraged. ?
28. In para 19 of the report published as (2005) 6 SCC 281 Sushil
Kumar Sharma vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court observed as under:-
?19. The object of the provision is prevention of the dowry menace.
But as has been rightly contended by the petitioner many instances have come to
light where the complaints are not bona fide and have been filed with oblique
motive. In such cases acquittal of the accused does not in all cases wipe out
the ignominy suffered during and prior to the trial. Sometimes adverse media
coverage adds to the misery. The question, therefore, is what remedial measures
can be taken to prevent abuse of the well-intentional provision. Merely because
the provision is constitutional and intra vires, does not give a licence to
unscrupulous persons to wreak personal vendetta or unleash harassment. It may,
therefore, become necessary for the legislature to find out ways how the makers
of frivolous complaints or allegations can be appropriately dealt with. Till
then the courts have to take care of the situation within the existing
framework. As noted above the object is to strike a the roots of dowry menace.
But by misuse of the provision a nw legal terrorism can be unleashed. The
provision is intended to be used as a shield and not as an assassin’s weapon.
If the cry of ?wolf? is made too often as a prank, assistance and protection may
not be available when the actual ?wolf? appears. There is no question of the
investigating agency and courts casually dealing with the allegations. They
cannot follow any straitjacket formula in the matters relating to dowry
tortures, deaths and cruelty. It cannot be lost sight of that the ultimate
objective of every legal system is to arrive at the truth, punish the guilty and
protect the innocent. There is no scope for any preconceived notion or view.
It is strenuously argued by the petitioner that the investigating agencies and
the courts start with the presumptions that the investigating agencies and the
courts start with the presumptions that the accused persons are guilty and that
the complainant is speaking the truth. This is too wide and generalized a
statement. Certain statutory presumptions are drawn which again are rebuttable.
It is to be noted that the role of the investigating agencies and the courts is
that of a watchdog and not of a bloodhound. It should be their effort to see
that an innocent person is not made to suffer on account of unfounded, baseless
and malicious allegations. It is equally undisputable that in many cases no
direct evidence is available and the courts have to act on circumstantial
evidence. While dealing with such cases, the law laid down relating to
circumstantial evidence has to be kept in view.?

29. In the decision dated 23.2.2007 in Crl.M.C. No.7262/2006 Neera
Singh vs. State and Ors. a learned Single Judge of this Court had pains to note
as under:-
?4. Now-a-days, exorbitant claims are made about the amount spent
on marriage and other ceremonies and on dowry and gifts. In some cases claim is
made of spending crores of rupees on dowry without disclosing the source of
income and how funds flowed. I consider time has come that courts should insist
upon disclosing source of such funds and verification of income from tax returns
and police should insist upon the compliance of the Rules under Dowry
Prohibition Act and should not entertain any complaint, if the rules have not
been complied with. Rule 2 of the Dowry Prohibition (Maintenance of List of
Presents to the Bride and Bridegroom) Rules, 1985 reads as under:

2. RULES IN ACCORDANCE WITH WHICH LISTS OF PRESENTS ARE TO BE MAINTAINED.-
(1) The list of presents which are given at the time of the marriage to the
bride shall be maintained by the bride.

(2) The list of presents which are given at the time of the marriage to
the bridegroom shall be maintained by the bridegroom.

(3) Every list of presents referred to in Sub-rule (2)-
(a) shall be prepared at the time of the marriage or as soon as possible
after the marriage;

(b) shall be in writing;

(i) a brief description of each present;

(ii) the approximate value of the present;

(iii) the name of the person who has given the present; and

(iv) where the person giving the present is related to the bride or
bridegroom, a description of such relationship.

(d) shall be signed by both the brides and the bridegroom.

5. The Metropolitan Magistrate should take cognizance of the
offence under the Act in respect of the offence of giving dowry whenever
allegations are made that dowry was given as a consideration of marriage, after
demand. Courts should also insist upon compliance with the rules framed under
the Act and if rules are not complied with, an adverse inference should be
drawn. If huge cash amounts are alleged to be given at the time of marriage
which are not accounted anywhere, such cash transactions should be brought to
the notice of the Income Tax Department by the Court so that source of income is
verified and the person is brought to law. It is only because the Courts are
not insisting upon compliance with the relevant provisions of law while
entertaining such complaints and action is taken merely on the statements of the
complainant, without any verification that a large number of false complaints
are pouring in.?
30. Admittedly, neither complainant nor her family members have
complied with Rule 2 of the Dowry Prohibition (Maintenance of List of Presents
to the Bride and Bridegroom) Rules 1985.
31. Since allegations in the complaint are to the effect that
jewellery and gifts worth crores were given by the parents and relatives of the
complainant, instant case would require a prior investigation by the
investigating officer before petitioners are made to account for the gifts,
whether at all the family of the complainant had the means to shower gifts of
such magnitude.
32. I note that the husband of the complainant is paying to her a
monthly maintenance of Rs.1 lakh.
33. Learned counsel for the State did not urge that the petitioners
are not cooperating with the IO.
34. The special circumstances of the case may be summarized:-
(a) Marriage is a love marriage and took place at Dubai. There is prima
facie evidence that marriage expenses were borne by the in-laws of the
complainant.

(b) The young couple took up separate residence at Dubai and stayed their
after the marriage till they came to India to celebrate their first Deepawali
festival. The complainant stayed with her in-laws for about 10 days. The
couple departed for their honeymoon.
(c) Allegations in the FIR are primarily directed against the husband.
Prima facie it appears to be a case of temperamental difference between the
husband and the wife.
(d) There are no allegations of dowry demand against the mother-in-law.
Allegation against her is of retaining the jewellery gifted by her parents as
stated by the complainant to be in the value of over Rs.2 crores. There is no
evidence that jewellery of such magnitude was gifted.
(e) Allegations of dowry demand against the father-in-law only relate to
transfer of ownership rights of 2 floors in a property at Sunder Nagar in the
name of the husband of the complainant. The allegation is of a general nature.
The time, date and month of demand has not been specified.
(f) The couple separated at Dubai. The petitioners did not have a joint
residence with the complainant and thus could not be in possession of her
jewellery.
35. Case is thus made to admit petitioners to anticipatory bail.
While so directing, I am conscious of the failed compromise talks before the
learned Additional Sessions Judge but I cannot ignore the fact that proceedings
for bail cannot be converted into recovery proceedings. I find prima facie
justification of the petitioners that their younger son was briefing the counsel
and was informing the counsel what was being consented to by the son of the
petitioners. If the son of the petitioners back tracks from his commitment,
petitioners cannot be faulted with.
36. I additionally note that the complainant is being paid a
monthly maintenance of Rs.1 lakh by her husband.
37. Petition stands disposed of directing that on the petitioners
surrendering their passport to the Investigating Officer and cooperating at the
inquiry to be conducted by the Investigating Officer, in the event of the
petitioners being arrested by the IO, the petitioners would be released on bail
by the IO on the petitioners furnishing a personal bond of Rs.1,00,000/ – each
with one surety each in the like amount to the satisfaction of the IO in the
above captioned FIR.
38. Needless to state, the petitioners would join the investigation
as and when required by the IO.
39. Copy of the order be supplied dasti to learned counsel for the
petitioners.

21st August, 2007 PRADEEP NANDRAJOG, J.
dk

— In saveindianfamily@ yahoogroups. com, “Arnab” <arnab221@.. .> wrote:
>
> Ranjana Kumari in her interviews always mentions that please exchange the list of articles that were exchanged during the marraige . What sort of list is it exactly and is this a legal document like an affidavit signed by the girl and her family ?
>
> The same also must be given by the girl and her family . Right ?
>
> This will definitely resolve the streedhan type issues where article lists are bloated all the time.
>
> I know that 498A can still be misused , but does someone has or has any recommendations what this sort of list must contain or what must be the format of this document ? I need to pass this info to a friend who is getting marraied to protect himself from later issues if any on streedhan .
>

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Pengertian nilai sosial dan norma sosial

dewisnado — Sat, 21 Nov 2009 05:55:48 +0000

A. Nilai Sosial
Nilai sosial merupakan landasan bagi masyarakat untuk merumuskan apa yang benar dan penting, memiliki ciri-ciri tersendiri, dan berperan penting untuk mendorong dan mengarahkan individu agar berbuat sesuai norma yang berlaku. Nilai sosial mengacu pada pertimbangan terhadap suatu tindakan benda, cara untuk mengambil keputusan apakah sesuatu yang bernilai itu memiliki kebenaran, keindahan, dan nilai ketuhanan.
Nilai sosial merupakan kumpulan sikap dan perasaan yang diwujudkan melalui perilaku yang mempengaruhi perilaku seseorang yang memiliki nilai tersebut. Nilai sosial merupakan sikap-sikap dan perasaan yang diterima secara luas oleh masyarakat dan merupakan dasar untuk merumuskan apa yang benar dan apa yang penting.
Beberapa ahli sosiologi memberikan batasan pengertian nilai sosial sebagai berikut:
1. Menurut C. Kluckhon, nilai sosial adalah ukuran-ukuran yang dipakai untuk mengatasi kemauan pada saat dan situasi tertentu
2. Menurut Woods, nilai sosial merupakan petunjuk-petunjuk umum yang telah berlangsung lama yang mengarahkan tingkah laku dalam kehidpan sehari-hari
3. Menurut A.W.Green, nilai sosial adalah kesadaran yang secara relatifj berlangsung disertai emosi terhadap obyek
4. Menurut Kimball Young, nilai sosial adalah asumsi abstrak dan sering tidak disadari tentang apa yang benar dan apa ayng penting

B. Norma Sosial
Norma merupakan hasil cipta manusia sebagai makhluk sosial untuk mengatur hubungan sosial agar dapat berlangsung dengan lancar sehingga menimbulkan suasana yang harmonis. DI dalam kehidupan masyarakat, norma berisi tata tertib, aturan, petunjuk standar mengentai perilaku yang pantas atau wajar. Pelanggaran terhadap norma akan mendatangkan sanksi, dari bentuk cibiran atau cemoohan sampai ke sanksi fisik dan psikis berupa pengasingan atau di usir.
Norma merupakan bentuk nilai yang disertai dengan sanksi tegas bagi pelanggarnya. Norma merupakan ukuran yang dipergunakan oleh masyarakat apakah perilaku seseorang bernar/ salah, sesuai/ tidak sesuai, wajar/tidak, dan diterima atau tidak.
Norma dibentuk di atas nilai sosial, dan norma sosial diciptakan untuk menjaga dan mempertahankan nilai sosial. Nilai dan norma merupakan hal yang berkaitan.
Norma adalah bentuk konkret dari nilai-nilai yang ada di dalam masyarakat. Misalnya, nilai menghormati dan mematuhi orang tua diperjelas dan dikonkretkan dalam bentuk norma-norma dalam bersikap dan berbicara kepada orang tua. Nilai-nilai sopan santun di sekolah dikonkretkan dalam bentuk tata tertib sekolah.
Jadi, pengertian norma adalah patokan-patokan atau pedoman untuk berperilaku di dalam masyarakat.

Latihan soal IPS kelas 5 - dari bank soal - untuk menghadapi ujian sekolah dan ujian Nasional

dahlanforum — Sat, 21 Nov 2009 01:23:36 +0000

1. Kerajaan Hindu tertua di Indonesia adalah kerajaan… . a. Majapahit

UPSC Syllabus ?????

Merilyn — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 11:11:27 +0000

Today I attended modern India and Economics class. It was good. Economics is pretty bit difficult.Th

Section 498A: Harassment & Extortion tool provided by law

want2change — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 04:48:47 +0000

Section 498A: Harassment & Extortion tool provided by law

RAKESH SINGH

Monday, 09 November 2009

// //

Torture and police brutality are endemic in India.
-Supreme Court Lawyer And Architect Of The Indian DV Act, Indira Jaising, In A London Court, 1999

Indian law is being misused in several ways. Not only men but women are no exception of this. Section 498A is one of the legal tool available for Indian women to harass their husbands.

This is used to file case against husband and other in laws for demanding dowry. But it is being misused by most of the wives of Indian society. 498A is the perfect tool for extortion and/or to wreak vengeance on husbands and their families.

There are two types of Indian citizens, the privileged and the ordinary. The privileged will never think about law, as the laws don’t apply to them. They have no fear of law. The Arjun Singh 498A case is a prime example. Though an accused in a criminal case, he is still a Union Minister whereas thousands of govt. employees have lost their jobs.

The gravity of seriousness of this charge is evident from the fact that if a person man or woman has a daughter in law, he/she can be jailed under section 498A of IPC, even if she lived for a few days with them or even never lived.

498A is considered as a prudent means of extortion. The other characteristics of this extortion racket are:

• This law encourages corruption and enables govt. agencies like the police to violate Fundamental Rights of the 498A victim.

• It plays a role in gender based vote bank politics.

• It denies justice to the real victims of dowry harassment.

• This is exposing the lower judiciary to corruption.

• Finally, this is a gamble. In the end this trick may fail if the falsely accused husband choose to fight back.

Motives :- Following are the possible motives of women who use 498A :-

• Money: Wife can demand a huge money from his husband who has been jailed along with his parents.

• Revenge: She can use it as a tool to take revenge if her husband etc. did not fulfill her unreasonable demands.

• Guilt: She has done something wrong. For example she may have committed adultery and got caught in the act. She can cover it up with a dowry harassment case. She can gain sympathy by this and also custody of kids, if kids are involved.

• She Is Just Not Into You: She just doesn’t like her husband and wants to get out of the marriage. The 498A is a convenient tool to do so with lots of harassment for husband.

• She Is A Control Freak: She wants to control her husband and in laws in every possible way. She may also want to not support husband’s parents and siblings in any fashion regardless of his ability to do so. She may want her husband to throw his parents out of their house. Her goal is to gain control of all aspects of her husband life, including finances and to break the bonds and responsibilities that tie her husband to his family. If she could not succeed in this she will use 498A.

To Marry The Boyfriend: If she is having affair, she will file a case under 498A to demand cash and then she will go to marry her boyfriend. They will use this cash to set up their family.

Now question arises if 498A has provided vast powers to wife, what counter charge can be made against her and her family?

The answer is, cases can be filed under I.P.C. for fabricating false evidence (Section 192), dishonestly making false claim in the court (Section 209), false charge of offence made with the intent to injure (Section 211), forgery (Section 463) etc. These counter cases will keep that party in distress and proceedings in these cases can be used to support main case of 498A.
But the mental torture and distress suffered by husband and his family members can’t be compensated at all.

Link Here :

http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/20662/140/

"busy! busy!! busy!!!" - these days

Merilyn — Wed, 18 Nov 2009 08:10:50 +0000

I know what you people might be thinking (“That is really a good joke……..” )

Central govt okays Haryana Marriage Act for Chandigarh

want2change — Wed, 18 Nov 2009 04:17:24 +0000

Government passes these kind of acts and nobody follows because nobody knows about it .

If government is serious about getting the marriages registered then it would have advertised this heavily but there is nothing about it in the media from the governments side . I think it is time government takes some responsibility for meking public aware about their responsibilities and rights instead of spending heavily on other useless advertisements .

Central govt okays Haryana Marriage Act for Chandigarh

Chandigarh:

With the Centre approving the implementation of the Haryana Compulsory Registration of Marriages Act, 2007, it will now be mandatory for all marriages to be registered in Chandigarh.After the Act is implemented, every marriage solemnised in the UT, irrespective of caste, religion or creed, will have to be registered in the manner as provided in Section 7.

Parties to a marriage shall prepare and sign a memorandum, in such form, as may be prescribed and delivered or sent by registered post to the Registrar of the area concerned in which the marriage was solemnised, within 90 days from the date of marriage.

The Registrar shall maintain a register of marriages solemnised in the state of Haryana in such form and manner as may be prescribed. On receipt of the memorandum of marriage under section 7, the Registrar shall make a record of the same in the register.

On registration of the marriage, he will issue a certificate of marriage to the parties in such form as may be prescribed.

Those who fail to get their marriage registered would face penalty, which can be up to Rs 500.

Besides, if a marriage is still not registered, it could also be declared void.

Any person who secretly destroys or dishonestly or fraudulently alters the marriage register or any part thereof, shall be punishable with fine which may amount to Rs 1,000 or imprisonment for one year or both.

Link Here :

http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/default.aspx?ed=722

ePaper Hindustan Times for Nov 10, ‘2009

go to SUPPLEMENTS -> HT Chandigarh Live -> Pg 05 – In & Around

India’s Hidden Face in World Narcotics Trade

pakistanpal — Tue, 17 Nov 2009 11:16:11 +0000

Afshain Afzal India is the largest poppy cultivating country but it is generally taken for granted t

Covilhã: UBI a Dar Sangue

Canilho — Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:53:51 +0000

Mais uma vez, vai-se proceder a uma recolha de sangue nas instalações da Universidade da Beira Interior.
Quem quiser juntar-se a esta iniciativa, deverá deslocar-se até à Biblioteca do Polo I (Polo Principal), entre as 9h e as 18h de hoje…

Best Lawyer Story of The Year

want2change — Mon, 16 Nov 2009 04:14:58 +0000

From: Machi <v_machi09@yahoo.in>
To: saveindianfamily <saveindianfamily@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Fri, September 25, 2009 1:47:13 AM
Subject: [SaveIndianFamily] BEST LAWYER STORY OF THE YEAR

BEST LAWYER STORY OF THE YEAR

Charlotte, North Carolina. A lawyer purchased a box of very rare and expensive cigars, then insured them against, among other things, fire. Within a month, having smoked his entire stockpile of these great cigars and without yet having made even his first premium payment on the policy the lawyer filed a claim against the insurance company.

In his claim, the lawyer stated the cigars were lost “in a series of small fires.” The insurance company refused to pay, citing the obvious reason, that the man had consumed the cigars in the normal fashion.

The lawyer sued.. and WON!

Delivering the ruling, the judge agreed with the insurance company
that the claim was frivolous.

The judge stated nevertheless, that the lawyer held a policy from
the company, which it had warranted that the cigars were insurable and also guaranteed that it would insure them against fire, without defining what is considered to be unacceptable fire” and was obligated to pay the claim. Rather than endure lengthy and costly appeal process, the insurance company accepted the ruling and paid $15,000 to the lawyer for his loss of the cigars lost in the “fires”.

NOW FOR THE BEST PART..

After the lawyer cashed the check, the insurance company had him arrested on 24 counts of ARSON. With his own insurance claim and testimony from the previous case being used against him, the lawyer was convicted of intentionally burning his insured property and was sentenced to 24 months in jail and a $24,000 fine.

This is a true story and was the First Place winner in the recent

Criminal Lawyers Award Contest.

ONLY IN America!

Connect more, do more and share more with Yahoo! India Mail. Learn more. http://in.overview. mail.yahoo. com/

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

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Various Professions and RTI Information Scope

want2change — Sun, 15 Nov 2009 04:07:34 +0000

________________________________
From: IC <iridiumcobra@yahoo.com>
To: SIFF <saveindianfamily@yahoogroups.com>; My Nation Foundation <MyNationFoundation@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Fri, September 25, 2009 3:23:58 PM
Subject: [SaveIndianFamily] Various Professions & RTI Information Scope

Dear all,

We have been using RTIs extensively as one of the tool to get documents, evidences, & to create pressure & troble to 498a gang, Police & other govt departments, to get justice in our fight back.

For members, who are new to RTI, I would like throw some light on various type of info, which may be obtained thru RTI applications to create pressure & trouble to their opponents. (Memebers may use RTIs against Complainants, Parents of the 498a gals, witnesses, 498a family Relatives, 49a8 Instigators, Police etc)

I have tried to list down various types of professions & possible information, which may be obtained for that profession thru RTI.(List is not extensive)

JOB / PROFESSION OF THE OPPONENTS >> POSSIBLE INFORMATION THRU RTIs
———— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— -
Govt. Job – Central >> Asset Declaration, Service Records, Pay scale Details, Dowry Prohibition Act Compliance details, Service Accounts, Service Deliverables etc.

Govt. Job – State >> Asset Declaration, Service Records, Pay scale Details, Dowry Prohibition Act Compliance details, Service Accounts, Service Deliverables etc.

Armed Forces >> Asset Declaration, Service Records, Pay scale Details, Dowry Prohibition Act Compliance details, Service Accounts, Service Deliverables etc.

Lecturer (Private) >> Service Records, Pay scale Details, Case details, Pending Case details against them, etc.

Teacher >> Service Records, Pay scale Details, Case details, Pending Case details against them, etc.

Bank Employee – Private >> Pay scale Details, Service Records, Loan Sanctioned Details, RBI Rules Compliance details, Departmental Enquiry details, etc.

Bank Employee – Govt >> Pay scale Details, Service Records, Loan Sanctioned Details, RBI Rules Compliance details, Departmental Enquiry details, etc.

Retired Govt Employee – Central >> Asset Declaration Details, Pay scale Details during service, Pension Details, Dept. Enquires during Service, Misconducts, Post Retirement Job information, Dowry Prohibition Act Compliance details during service etc

Retired Govt Employee – State >> Asset Declaration Details, Pay scale Details during service, Pension Details, Dept. Enquires during Service, Misconducts, Post Retirement Job information, Dowry Prohibition Act Compliance details during service etc.

Public Sector Company Employee (Ex:BSNL, ONGC) >> Asset Declaration, Service Records, Pay scale Details, Dowry Prohibition Act Compliance details, Service Accounts, Service Deliverables, Company Conduct Rules Compliances etc.

Business – Recreation >> Sales tax, Govt rules compliance, Fire Service Dept rules Compliance details, Municipal Corp Guidelines details, statutory requirement guidelines compliance, Govt body rules compliance (Like Pollution Control Board, Water Board) etc.

Business – Shops, Showrooms etc. >> Sales tax, VAT Complaince, Govt rules compliance, Fire Service Dept rules Compliance details, Municipal Corp Guidelines details, statutory requirement guidelines compliance, Govt body rules compliance (Like Pollution Control Board, Water Board) etc..

Business – Company, Workshop etc. >> Sales tax, VAT Compliance, Govt rules compliance, Fire Service Dept rules Compliance details, Municipal Corp Guidelines details, statutory requirement guidelines compliance, Govt body rules compliance (Like Pollution Control Board, Water Board) etc..

Business – Marriage Hall etc. >> Sales tax, Govt rules compliance, Fire Service Dept rules Compliance details, Municipal Corp Guidelines details, statutory requirement guidelines compliance, Govt body rules compliance (Like Pollution Control Board, Water Board) etc..

Doctor >> Registration Number, Compliance with Govt Body rules, Medical Council of India Guidelines compliance, Private Practice when employed with Govt or Medical Institutes details, License & authorization details, etc.

Farmer >> Verification details for free Power, Subsidies, Proof details for getting Subsidies, Loan Waivers from Govt, etc.

Police >> Asset Declaration Details, Pay scale Details, Dept. Enquires during Service, Misconducts, Dowry Prohibition Act Compliance details, NOC details for getting Passport, Govt Conduct Rules Compliance Details, Court, Govt or DGP order / circular Compliance Details, Foreign Travel Details if any, Service History details etc.

Medical Store >> Drug License, Sales Tax Compliance, VAT Compliance, Medical Council of India Guidlene complainces, Statutory requiremenst compliance, etc.

General >> Property Tax details, Property Details, Water Board rules complaince, Corporation rules compliance, Building Approval details,Electricity Board complainces, Violations etc.

Regards,
RKV
SIFM-Chennai

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How to determine what is NOT supported!!!

Heath Freel — Wed, 11 Nov 2009 15:01:30 +0000

Much of my time is spent researching data sheets and release notes to determine the capabilities of a product and you can learn a lot about the capabilities of the product by reading these documents. However, the most important thing I’ve learned is how to read a document in such a way that you can determine what the product does not support. The vendors of course never tell you what isn’t supported, they tell you what is supported.

This I have found is the most challenging task in product research and without the skill you can find yourself in a difficult position after the product is already sold into the promises have been made. I don’t think this something you can teach but it is something you learn over time after being burned. Who pays for these mistakes? It is certainly not the vendors and it’s not the customer, it is the person responsible for the implementation.

Recently after discussing with a new customer requirements for a the firewall VPN URL filtering IPS device [all in wonder box] I did a little research and came up with a solution utilizing a Cisco IOS ISR router. I had thought I had done all my research, but during deployment we ran into some real snags!

First issue: not enough flash to run SSL VPN at IPS concurrently.
Second issue: URL filtering not supported using C B A C- must use zone-based configuration.

In reading through the data sheets for this router I read nothing about the flash limitations on the router that is sold to support SSL VPN and IPS concurrently. A flash upgrade was obviously required but this could not be determined until we had already ran into the issue. For the second issue, I have no one to blame but myself for I just assumed that URL filtering was supported using Cisco’s original IOS firewall technology. Had I done just a little more research I would’ve found the document to talk about URL filtering and how it’s configured in a zone-based firewall deployment. Nowhere does it say that URL filtering is not available using CBAC.

Live and learn as they say. I won’t be making that mistake again but at the rate that technology changes I probably wouldn’t have the opportunity to make that mistake again. I’m sure a new one is on the horizon but I’ll be sure to read all the documents so that I can determine what they have not told me.

KONFLIK AGAMA

denaizzkakakecil — Tue, 10 Nov 2009 10:50:28 +0000

Sebutkan beberapa contoh konflik antaragama yang pernah terjadi di Indonesia! Menurutmu, mengapa itu sering terjadi di Indonesia?

Contoh konflik

- Tahun 1996, 5 gereja dibakar oleh 10,000 massa di Situbondo karena adanya konflik yang disebabkan oleh kesalahpahaman.

- Adanya bentrok di kampus Sekolah Tinggi Theologi Injil Arastamar (SETIA) dengan masyarakat setempat hanya karena kesalahpahaman akibat kecurigaan masyarakat setempat terhadap salah seorang mahasiswa SETIA yang dituduh mencuri, dan ketika telah diusut Polisi tidak ditemukan bukti apapun. Ditambah lagi adanya preman provokator yang melempari masjid dan masuk ke asrama putri kampus tersebut. Dan bisa ditebak, akhirnya meluas ke arah agama, ujung-ujungnya pemaksaan penutupan kampus tersebut oleh masyarakat sekitar secara anarkis.

- Perbedaan pendapat antar kelompok – kelompok Islam seperti FPI (Front Pembela Islam) dan Muhammadiyah.

- Perbedaan penetapan tanggal hari Idul Fitri, karena perbedaan cara pandang masing – masing umat.

KONFLIK POSO

Ada fakta sejarah yg sangat menarik bahwa gerakan kerusuhan yg dimotori oleh umat Kristen di mulai pada awal Nopember 1998 di Ketapang Jakarta Pusat dan pertengahan Nopember 1998 di Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur kemudian disusul dgn peristiwa penyerengan umat Kristen terhadap umat Islam di Wailete Ambon pada tanggal 13 Desember 1998. Dan 2500 massa Kristen di bawah pimpinan Herman Parino dgn bersenjata tajam dan panah meneror umat Islam di Kota Poso Sulawesi Tengah pada tanggal 28 Desember 1998. Apakah peristiwa ini realisasi dari pidato Jendral Leonardo Benny Murdani di Singapura dan ceramah Mayjend. Theo Syafei di Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur? Tetapi yg jelas Presiden B.J. Habibie yg menurut L.B. Murdani lbh berbahaya dari gabungan Khomaeni Saddam Husein dan Khadafi baru berkuasa 6 bulan saja sehingga perlu digoyang dan kalau perlu dijatuhkan. Apabila fakta-fakta ini dikembangkan dgn lepasnya Timor-Timur dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia Gerakan Papua Merdeka dan Gerakan Aceh Merdeka serta tulisan Huntington 1992 setelah Uni Sovyet yg menyatakan bahwa musuh yg paling berbahaya bagi Barat sekarang adl adalah umat Islam; dan tulisan Jhon Naisbit dalam bukunya Megatrend yg menyatakan bahwa Indonesia akan terpecah belah menjadi 28 negara kecil-kecil; maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa peristiwa kerusuhan-kerusuhan tersebut adl suatu rekayasa Barat-Kristen utk menghancurkan umat Islam Indonesia penduduk mayoritas mutlak negeri ini. Kehancuran umat Islam Indonesia berarti kehancuran bangsa Indonesia dan kehancuran bangsa Indonesia berarti kehancuran/kemusnahan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia . Oleh krn itu penyelesaian kerusuhan/konflik Indonesia khususnya Poso tidak sesederhana sebagaimana yg ditempuh oleh Pemerintah RI selama ini sehingga tiga tahun konflik itu berlangsung tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda selesai malah memendam “bara api dalam sekam”. Hal ini bukan saja ada strategi global di mana kekuatan asing turut bermain tetapi ada juga ikatan agama yg sangat emosional turut berperan. Sebab agama menurut Prof. Tilich “Problem of ultimate Concern” sehingga tiap orang pasti terlibat di mana obyektifitas dan kejujuran sulit dapat diharapkan. Karenanya penyelesaian konflik Poso dgn dialog dan rekonsiliasi bukan saja tidak menyelesaikan konflik tersebut sebagaimana pernah ditempuh tetapi malah memberi peluang kepada masing-masing pihak yg berseteru utk konsolidasi kemudian meledak kembali konflik tersebut dalam skala yg lbh luas dan sadis. Konflik yg dilandasi kepentingan agama ditambah racun dari luar apabila diselesaikan melalui rekonsiliasi seperti kata pribahasa bagaikan membiarkan “bara dalam sekam” yg secara diam-diam tetapi pasti membakar sekam tersebut habis musnah menjadi abu.

Pada tanggal 28 Desember 1998 Herman Parino membawa jemaahnya sebanyak 1.000 orang utk memasuki Kota Poso tetapi dicegah oleh Polisi Brimob akibatnya mereka berpencar di luar Kota Poso sebagian dari jemaat gereja meyerang Ummat Islam di desa Buyung Katedo Kecamatan Lage Poso Kabupaten Poso. Penyerangan ini membunuh warga Muslim dan membakar rumah-rumah orang-orang Islam. Jemaat gereja yg masih berkeliaran di luar Kota Poso merasa belum puas terhadap penyerangan desa Buyung Katedo pada tanggal 27 Mei 2000 maka mereka menyerang kembali umat Islam di desa tersebut pada tanggal 3 Juli 2000 dgn jalan membunuh dgn sadis anak-anak wanita-wanita dan orang-orang tua sebanyak 14 orang. Kemudian membakar masjid dan rumah-rumah yg masih tersisa.

Dalam peningkatan konsolidasi umat Kristen Gereja Kristen Sulawesi Tengah membentuk Crisis Centre GKST dipimpin oleh Pendeta Renaldy Damanik. Tidak lama setelah Crisis Centre berdiri maka umat Kristen menyerang Pondok Pesantren Walisongo di desa Sintuwu Lemba Poso dgn membantai umat Islam dan membakar pondok Pesantren tersebut.

Pada tanggal 6 Agustus 2001 171 orang delegasi Pendeta Kristen yg tergabung dalam Gereja Kristen Sulawesi Tengah mendatangi Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatan Poso utk menuntut supaya Kabupaten Poso dibagi dua 50 % utk umat Kristen dan 50 % utk ummat Islam.

Sesuai dgn janji umat Kristen bahwa ummat Islam boleh kembali de daerah-daerah yg dikuasai umat Kristen seperti kecamatan Tentena Poso dgn aman dan selamat; maka Drs. Hanafi Manganti pulang ke daerah Tentena ternyata ia dibunuh dgn sadis; dan bersamanya terbunuh pula seorang wanita muslimah. Peristiwa ini terjadi pada tanggal 6 Agustus 2001.

Pada tanggal 20 Agustus 2001 umat Islam yg sedang memetik cengkeh di kebunnya di desa Lemoro Kecamatan Tojo Kabupaten Poso diserang oleh 50-60 orang umat Kristen yg berpakaian hitam-hitam membunuh dua orang Muslim dan mengobrak-abrik rumah-rumah orang Islam. Pengungsi Laporan US Comitte of Refugees tentang Indonesia yg diterbitkan Januari 2001 menyebutkan dalam kerusuhan/konflik Poso yg terjadi selama tiga tahun belakangan ini pihak Muslim telah menderita secara tidak seimbang. Dalam laporan itu disebutkan jumlah pengungsi akibat konflik Poso kini sebanyak hampir 80.000 orang dan diperkirakan 60.000 orang adl Muslim.

Para pengungsi ini hidup menderita tanpa kejelasan masa depan mereka; dan mereka kehilangan hak-haknya berupa tanah kebun coklat cengkih kopra rumah harta benda bahkan nyawa sanak-saudaranya. Bantuan makanan obat-obatan sangat terbatas sehingga penyakit senantiasa menghantui mereka. Bantuan hukum umtuk meminta keadilan praktis tidak ada. Bahkan nyawa mereka terancam tiap saat karena diserang pasukan kelelawar Merah .

Pendapat kami mengenai konflik yang sering terjadi di Indonesia

Terjadinya konflik tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu :

- Karena tidak adanya keampuhan Pancasila dan UUD 45 yang selama ini menjadi pedoman bangsa dan negara kita mulai digoyang dengan adanya amandemen UUD 45 dan upaya merubah ideologi negara kita ke ideologi agama tertentu.

- Kurangnya rasa menghormati baik antar pemeluk agama satu dengan yang lainnya ataupun sesama pemeluk agama.

- Adanya kesalahpahaman yang timbul karena adanya kurang komunikasi antar pemeluk agama.

Mengapa konflik antaragama lebih sulit diatasi dibandingkan dengan konflik yang lain? Jelaskan!

Menurut Jusuf Kalla, konflik suku dapat didamaikan secara adat, sedangkan konflik karena kepentingan politik bisa diatasi dengan memberi konsesi. Kedua konflik ini bisa selesai dengan cepat dan tidak menimbulkan bekas yang mendalam. Berbeda dengan konflik agama yang sangat sulit diatasi tanpa kesadaran yang timbul dari hati nurani kita para pemeluk agama. Konflik antaragama dapat meninggalkan bekas yang mendalam, dan tidak seorang pun dapat bersikap netral dalam mengatasi konflik tersebut.

Sebutkan beberapa upaya konkret yang dapat diwujudkan untuk mengantisipasi konflik yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan agama !

Usaha yang perlu ditempuh antara lain :

- Menurut Jusuf Kalla, dalam menangani konflik antaragama, jalan terbaik yang bisa dilakukan adalah saling mentautkan hati di antara umat beragama, mempererat persahabatan dengan saling mengenal lebih jauh, serta menumbuhkan kembali kesadaran bahwa setiap agama membawa misi kedamaian.

- Tidak memperkenankan pengelompokan domisili dari kelompok yang sama didaerah atau wilayah yang sama secara eksklusif. Jadi tempat tinggal/domisili atau perkampungan sebaiknya mixed, atau campuran dan tidak mengelompok berdasarkan suku (etnis), agama, atau status sosial ekonomi tertentu.

- Masyarakat pendatang dan masyarakat atau penduduk asli juga harus berbaur
atau membaur atau dibaurkan.

- Segala macam bentuk ketidakadilan struktural agama harus dihilangkan atau
dibuat seminim mungkin.

- Kesenjangan sosial dalam hal agama harus dibuat seminim mungkin, dan sedapat – dapatnya dihapuskan sama sekali.

- Perlu dikembangkan adanya identitas bersama (common identity) misalnya kebangsaan (nasionalisme-Indonesia) agar masyarakat menyadari pentingnya persatuan dalam berbangsa dan bernegara.

Perlu dicari tokoh masyarakat yang dipercaya dan/ atau dihormati oleh pihak-pihak yang berkonflik, untuk berusaha menghentikan konflik (conflict intervention), melalui lobi-lobi, negosiasi, diplomasi. Hal ini merupakanusaha peace making.

Dalam usaha untuk mengembangkan adanya perdamaian yang lestari, atau adanya rekonsiliasi, maka metode yang dipakai oleh pihak ketiga sebaiknya adalah mediasi dan bukan arbitrase. Dalam arbitrase, pihak ketiga (pendamai) yang dipercaya oleh pihak-pihak yang bertentangan/berkonflik itu, setelah mendengarkan masing-masing pihak mengemukakan masalahnya, maka si arbitrator “mengambil keputusan dan memberikan solusi atau penyelesaiannya, yang “harus” ditaati oleh semua pihak yang berkonflik.

Penyelesaian konflik melalui jalan arbitrase mungkin dapat lebih cepat diusahakan, namun biasanya tidak lestari. Apalagi kalau ada pihak yang merasa dirugikan, dikalahkan atau merasa bahwa kepentingannya belum diindahkan.

Sebaliknya, mediasi adalah suatu cara intervensi dalam konflik, di mana mediator (fasilitator) dalam konflik ini juga harus mendapat kepercayaan dari pihak yang berkonflik. Tugas mediator adalah memfasilitasi adanya dialog antara pihak yang berkonflik, sehingga semuanya dapat saling memahami posisi maupun kepentingan dan kebutuhan masing-masing, dan dapat memperhatikan kepentingan bersama.

Jalan keluar atau penyelesaian konflik harus diusulkan oleh atau dari pihak-pihak yang berkonflik. Mediator sama sekali tidak boleh mengusulkan atau memberi jalan keluar/penyelesaian, namun dapat mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang membantu pihak-pihak yang berkonflik untuk dapat mengusulkan atau menemukan jalan penyelesaian yang dapat diterima oleh semua pihak. Mediator tidak boleh memihak, harus “impartial”, tidak bias, dsb.

Mediator harus juga memperhatikan kepentingan-kepentingan stakeholders, yaitu mereka yang tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam konflik, tetapi juga mempunyai kepentingan-kepentingan dalam atau atas penyelesaian konflik itu. Kalau stakeholders belum diperhatikan kepentingannya atau kebutuhannya, maka konflik akan dapat terjadi lagi, dan akan meluas serta menjadi lebih kompleks dan dapat berlangsung dengan berkepanjangan.

Mengembangkan kegiatan pendamaian itu tidak mudah. Ada beberapa tahapan atau perkembangan yang dapat kita amati yaitu:

a) Peace making (conflict resolution) yaitu memfokuskan pada penyelesaian masalah – masalahnya (isunya: persoalan tanah, adat, harga diri, dsb.) dengan pertama-tama menghentikan kekerasan, bentrok fisik, dll. Waktu yang diperlukan biasanya cukup singkat, antara 1-4 minggu.

b) Peace keeping (conflict management) yaitu menjaga keberlangsungan perdamaian yang telah dicapai dan memfokuskan penyelesaian selanjutnya pada pengembangan/atau pemulihan hubungan (relationship) yang baik antara warga masyarakat yang berkonflik. Untuk itu diperlukan waktu yang cukup panjang, sehingga dapat memakan waktu antara 1-5 tahun.

c) Peace building (conflict transformation). Dalam usaha peace building ini yang menjadi fokus untuk diselesaikan atau diperhatikan adalah perubahan struktur dalam masyarakat yang menimbulkan ketidak-adilan, kecemburuan, kesenjangan, kemiskinan, dsb. Waktu yang diperlukan pun lebih panjang lagi, sekitar 5-15 tahun.

Konflik antarumat beragama itu di Indonesia akhir-akhir ini rupa-rupanya sengaja dibuat atau direkayasa oleh kelompok tertentu atau kekuatan tertentu untuk menjadikan masyarakat tidak stabil. Ketidakstabilan masyarakat ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan-tujuan politis maupun ekonomis, oleh berbagai pihak. Hal ini sangat berbahaya, karena konflik horizontal dapat dimanipulasi menjadi konflik vertikal, sehingga menimbulkan bahaya separatisme dan disintegrasi nasional atau disintegrasi bangsa.

Untuk menghadapi masalah-masalah konflik dengan kekerasan yang melibatkan umat berbagai agama dalam suatu masyarakat, diperlukan sikap terbuka dari semua pihak, dan kemampuan untuk memahami dan mencermati serta menganalisa sumber-sumber konflik. Demikian juga diperlukan adanya saling pengertian dan pemahaman kepentingan masing-masing pihak, agar dapat mengembangkan dan melihat kepentingan bersama yang lebih baik sebagai prioritas, lebih daripada kepentingan masing-masing pihak yang mungkin bertentangan.

Jelaskan pengaruh faktor sistem pendidikan di Indonesia terhadap munculnya berbagai konflik dengan disertai beberapa contoh !

Menurut Burhanuddin, guru besar dalam bidang perbandingan agama dari Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, beberapa tahun belakangan pola pembinaan terhadap pendidikan di Indonesia cenderung diskriminatif, yaitu dengan mengembangkan konsep sekolah – sekolah unggulan secara struktural. Dan diskriminasi dalam dunia pendidikan dapat menjadi salah satu pemicu konflik.

Hidrosfer

denaizzkakakecil — Tue, 10 Nov 2009 10:47:21 +0000

Hidrosfer adalah lapisan air yang ada di permukaan bumi. Kata hidrosfer berasal dari kata hidros yang berarti air dan sphere yang berarti lapisan. Hidrosfer di permukaan bumi meliputi danau, sungai, laut, lautan, salju atau gletser, air tanah dan uap air yang terdapat di lapisan udara.

Air berubah dalam tiga wujud menurut waktu dan tempat, yakni dalam bentuk padat, air sebagai cairan, air sebagai uap seperti gas. Umumnya volume benda mengecil atau mengkerut bila suhunya rendah, tetapi air mempunyai volume yang minimum pada suhu 40° C, lebih rendah dari 40° C volumenya agak membesar lagi. Pada proses pembekuan, volume es bertambah menjadi 1/11 kali lebih besar dari volume air semula. Karena itulah es mempunyai densitas yang lebih rendah dari pada air, dan mengapung di permukaan air.

Air mudah mengembang dan mengkerut karena perubahan suhu. Tetapi volumenya hanya berubah 5.10-5 kali tekanan 1 atmosfer. Air mempunyai kapasitas menahan panas yang sangat besar, artinya kalor cair dan kalor uapnya cukup besar. Sifat ini mengurangi variasi temperatur. Demikian pula air mudah melarutkan banyak bahan, sehingga air sungai banyak menandung bahan-bahan yang menumpuk daerah yang dialirinya.

Air di bumi mengulangi terus menerus sirkulasi: penguapan, presipitasi, dan keluar dari tanah. Sirkulasi ini sering disebut dengan siklus hidrologi. Siklus hidrologi adalah suatu proses peredaran atau daur ulang air secara yang berurutan secara terus-menerus. Pemanasan sinar matahari menjadi pengaruh pada siklus hidrologi. Air di seluruh permukaan bumi akan menguap bila terkena sinar matahari. Pada ketinggian tertentu ketika temperatur semakin turun uap air akan mengalami kondensasi dan berubah menjadi titik-titik air dan jatuh sebagai hujan.

Siklus hidrologi merupakan fenomena yang terutama terjadi di atmosfer dan digerakkan oleh panas dari Matahari yang menguapkan air dari samudera dan daratan (Gambar 4A). Uap air yang dihasilkan bergerak naik masuk ke atmosfer dan kemudian bergerak bersama aliran udara. Dalam perjalanannya bersama aliran udara, beberapa bagian uap air mengalami kondensasi dan kemudian mengalami presipitasi dalam bentuk hujan atau salju dan kembali ke samudera atau daratan Gambar 4B. Air hujan yang jatuh ke daratan dapat mengalir masuk kedalam aliran sungai, meresap ke dalam tanah, atau menguap kembali ke udara untuk bergerak kembali dalam siklus. Sebagian air yang di dalam tanah diserap oleh tanaman, dan kemudian mengembalikan air itu ke atmosfer melalui daun dengan proses transpirasi. Salju dapat tetap berada di daratan selama satu atau dua musim dan bisa lebih lama hingga mencair dan airnya mengalir meninggalkan salju. Berbagai reservoir dan alur pergerakan air dalam siklus hidrologi adalah seperti pada Gambar 4C.

Gambar 4A. Siklus hidrologi (panah abu-abu) dan energi Matahari (panah putih). Sumber: Ingmanson dan Wallace (1985).

Gambar 4B. Siklus hidrologi dan transfer material tahunan. Sumber: Duxbury et al. (2002).

Gambar 4C. Siklus hidrologi. Menggambarkan proses dan pergerakan air dari reservoir satu ke reservoir yang lain. Sumber: Skinner dan Porter (2000).

Siklus hidrologi dibedakan menjadi 3, yaitu :

1) Siklus pendek

Dalam siklus pendek, air laut mengalami pemanasan dan menguap menjadi uap air. Pada ketinggian tertentu uap air mengalami kondensasi menjadi awan. Bila butir-butir embun air itu cukup jenuh dengan uap air, hujan akan turun di atas permukaan laut.

2) Siklus sedang

Pada siklus sedang, uap air yang berasal dari lautan ditiup oleh angin menuju ke daratan. Di daratan uap air membentuk awan yang akhirnya jatuh sebagai hujan di atas daratan. Air hujan tersebut akan mengalir melalui sungai-sungai, selokan dan sebagainya hingga kembali lagi ke laut.

3) Siklus panjang

Pada siklus panjang, uap air yang berasal dari lautan ditiup oleh angin ke atas daratan. Adanya pendinginan yang mencapai titik beku pada ketinggian tertentu, membuat terbentuknya awan yang mengandung kristal es. Awan tersebut menurunkan hujan es atau salju di pegunungan. Di permukaan bumi es mengalir dalam bentuk gletser, masuk ke sungai dan selanjutnya kembali ke lautan.

Hidrosfer di muka bumi selanjutnya akan dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu perairan darat dan perairan laut. Namun, pada bahasan kali ini, hanya akan membahas mengenai perairan darat.

1) Perairan Darat

Perairan darat ialah sejumlah massa air yang terdapat didaratan, yang ada dibawah permukaan bumi, yang tergenang dan yang mengalir di permukaan bumi.

Perbandingan antara banyaknya air yang meresap dan mengalir di permukaan bumi dipengaruhi oleh :
1. jumlah curah hujan yang ada
2. kekuatan jatuhnya butiran air hujan
3. lamanya curah hujan
4. penutupan vegetasi di permukaan bumi
5. derajat permeabilitas yaitu ukuran kemampuan bahan untuk ditembus air
6. kemiringan topografi
7. porositas yaitu persen volume ruang kosong suatu bahan lapisan

Perairan darat yang dibentuk oleh alam adalah :

a) Air Tanah

Air tanah adalah air yang terdapat di dalam tanah. Air tanah berasal dari salju, hujan atau bentuk curahan lain yang meresap ke dalam tanah dan tertampung pada lapisan kedap air. Air tanah berjumlah sekitar 0,62 % dari hidrosfer. Pada umumnya air tanah berasal dari air hujan yang meresap melalui media peresapan yaitu :
a. pori-pori tanah.
b. retakan-retakan lapisan tanah.
c. rongga-rongga yang dibuat oleh binatang.
d. rongga-rongga akibat robohnya tumbuhan yang berakar besar.
e. rongga akibat pencairan kristal yang membeku pada musim dingin.

Proses penguapan pada air tanah, yaitu :
a. penguapan langsung melalui pori-pori tanah (evaporasi).
b. penguapan tidak langsung melalui permukan daun (transpirasi).

Berdasarkan tempatnya, air tanah dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu :

a. Zona penjenuhan dan zona aerasi

Zona penjenuhan adalah daerah dimana semua pori-pori bebatuan berisi air. Batas antara zona penjenuhan dengan zona tak jenuh dinamakan meja air (water table) atau muka air tanah. Zona tak jenuh disebut juga zona aerasi terletak diatas meja air dan berisi sedikit atau tidak ada sama sekali air.

b. Zona tanah dangkal dan air tanah dalam

Terletak diatas zona aerasi dan umumnya hanya ada pada saat musim hujan. Sedangkan air tanah dalam (ground water) adalah air tanah yang terdapat dalam zona aerasi dan zona penjenuhan.

i) Air tanah dangkal

Air freatis adalah air tanah yang terletak di atas lapisan kedap air tidak jauh dari permukaan tanah. Air freatis sangat dipengaruhi oleh resapan air di sekelilingnya. Pada musim kemarau jumlah air freatis berkurang. Sebaliknya pada musim hujan jumlah air freatis akan bertambah. Air freatis dapat diambil melalui sumur atau mata air.

ii) Air tanah dalam

Air artesis adalah air tanah yang terletak jauh di dalam tanah, di antara dua lapisan kedap air. Lapisan diantara dua lapisan kedap air tersebut disebut lapisan akuifer. Lapisan tersebut banyak menampung air. Jika lapisan kedap air retak, secara alami air akan keluar ke permukaan. Air yang memancar ke permukaan disebut mata air artesis. Air artesis dapat dapat diperoleh melalui pengeboran. Sumur pengeborannya disebut sumur artesis.

Sumur artesis terjadi jika aquifer yang berpangkal pada tempat yang tinggi berada diantara dua lapisan batuan kedap air yang miring. Aquifer adalah suatu lapisan permeabel dimana air tanah bergerak melaluinya. Di aquifer biasanya sering dijumpai mata air, yaitu suatu aliran air tanah yang keluar secara alami pada permukaan bumi karena pengaruh gravitasi.

b) Air Permukaan

Air permukaan adalah wadah air yang terdapat di permukaan bumi. Bentuk air permukaan meliputi sungai, danau, rawa, dan gletser.

(i) Sungai

Yaitu aliran air tawar dari sumber alami di daratan dan bermuara ke danau, laut, samudera atau sungai lain yang lebih besar dan merupakan air hujan atau mata air yang mengalir secara alami melalui suatu lembah atau diantara dua tepian dengan batas jelas, menuju tempat lebih rendah.

Sungai terdiri dari 3 bagian, yaitu :

Bagian hulu sungai terletak di daerah yang relatif tinggi sehingga air dapat mengalir turun.
Bagian tengah sungai terletak pada daerah yang lebih landai.
Bagian hilir sungai terletak di daerah landai dan sudah mendekati muara sungai.

Jenis – jenis sungai

Sungai hujan adalah sungai yang berasal dari hujan.
Sungai gletser adalah sungai yang airnya berasal dari gletser atau bongkahan es yang mencair.
Sungai campuran adalah sungai yang airnya berasal dari hujan dan salju yang mencair.
Sungai permanen adalah sungai yang airnya relatif tetap.
Sungai periodik adalah sungai dengan volume air tidak tetap.

Berdasarkan letak alirannya :

Sungai yang seluruhnya mengalir di permukaan tanah.
Sungai yang seluruhnya mengalr dibawah permukaan tanah misalnya didaerah kapur (karst).
Sungai yang sebagian mengalir di permukaan tanah dan sebagian lagi dibawah permukaan tanah.

Berdasarkan struktur batuan yang dilewatinya sungai dibagi atas :

Sungai Antiseden : Sungai yang dapat mengimbangi pengangkatan daerah lapisan batuan yang dilaluinya. Misalnya bengawan Madiun di Jateng yang mengikis peg. Kendeng yang mengalami pengangkatan, atau sungai Oya yang mengikis Plateu Wonosari di Yogyakarta.
Sungai Epigenesa : Sungai yang terus menerus mengikis batuan yang dilaluinya, sehingga mencapai daerah batuan asli, proses terjadinya ketika daerah itu mengalami penurunan sehingga timbulah sedimentasi.
Sungai Konsekuen: sungai yang alirannya sesuai dengan kemiringan batuan daerah yang dilaluinya. Banyak dijumpai pada peg, berumur muda. Misalnya sungai Progo di Jateng yang menuruni lereng gunung Merbabu.
Sungai Subsekuen : sungai yang alirannya tegak lurus pad sungai konsekuen dan bermuara pada sungai konsekuen tersebut. Misalnya sungai Opak di Yogyakarta.
Sungai Obsekuen: sungai yang arah alirannya berlawanan dengan arah kemiringan lapisan batuan daerah itu, dan merupakan anak dari sungai subsekuen.
Sungai resekuen: sungai konsekuen yang timbul kemudian, merupakana anak sungai subsekuen dan searah dengan sungai konseken.
Sungai insekuen: sungai yang arah alirannya tidak teratur.

Pola aliran sungai :

Pola aliran radial (menjari)

Terdiri dari pola aliran radial sentrifugal (pola aliran yang meninggalkan pusat) dan pola aliran radial sentripetal (pola aliran yang menuju ke pusat). Biasanya terdapat didaerah basin atau ledokan yang mempunyai outlet (sudetan keluar).

Pola aliran dendritik

Pola aliran yang tidak teratur yang biasanya terdapat di dataran atau pantai dan plateau.

Pola aliran trelis

Pola aliran berbentuk sirip daun atau trelis yang terdapat pada pegunungan lipatan.

Pola aliran rektanguler

Pola aliran berbentuk sudut siku-siku atau hampir siku-siku. Biasanya terdapat pada daerah patahan.

Pola aliran anular

Pola ini pada awalnya merupakan aliran radial sentrifugal. Kemudian timbul sungai subsekuen. Obsekuen dan resekuan. Biasanya terdapat didaerah dome stadium dewasa.

Q = A . v

Sepanjang perjalanannya air sungai melakukan proses pengikisan, pengangkutan dan pengendapan. Erosi ke samping (lateral) menyebabkan lembah bertambah lebar dan membentuk kelokan-kelokan yang khas (setengah lingkaran) atau meander. Erosi vertikal menyebabkan sungai bertambah dalam. Pengendapan dimuara sungai akan membentuk delta apabila lautnya dangkal dan arusnya tidak terlalu kuat, sedangkan pengendapan di tepi lembah terjadi pada waktu banjir dan membentuk tanggul alam. Debit sungai berubah sejalan dengan perubahan kecepatan sungai. Debit sungai dirumuskan dengan :

Dimana Q = debit air (m3/detik), A = luas penampang sungai (m2) dan v = kecepatan aliran sungai.

(ii) Danau

Danau merupakan kumpulan air yang terdapat didaerah cekungan di permukaan bumi. Berdasarkan proses terjadinya, danau terbagi atas :

a. Danau bendungan, danau yang terbentuk karena aliran sungai terbendung secara alami oleh aliran lahar hasil letusan gunung berapi.

b. Danau vulkanik, danau yang terbentuk karena letusan gunung berapi, seperti danau kawah gunung Kelud, Batur dan Galunggung.

c. Danau tektonik, danau yang terbentuk karena patahan kerak bumi akibat aktivitas tenaga endogen.

d. Danau tekto-vulkanik, danau yang terbentuk karena gabungan tenaga tektonik dan vulkanik, seperti danau Toba.

e. Danau Karst, danau didaerah kapur karena pelarutan bagian permukaan kapur oleh air hujan. Cekungan didaerah karst disebut dengan dolina, dan sebuah dolina dapat berubah menjadi danau karst.

f. Danau glasial/es diderah es atau gletser.

(iii) Rawa

Merupakan dataran rendah yang selalu tergenang air biasanya terletak didaerah pantai yang landai dan umumnya ditandai oleh mangrove (hutan bakau) atau pohon nipah. Banyak terdapat didaerah pantai timur Sumatera, pantai barat dan selatan Kalimantan, pantai barat dan selatan Irian Jaya dan pantai bagian barat Cilacap (Jateng).

(iv) Gletser

Yaitu massa besar es berbutir, yang terbentuk dari penimbunan salju dan bergerak menuju ke bawah akibat gravitasi bumi, sambil menguap atau meleleh.

Latihan soal IPS kelas 9 – dari bank soal untuk menghadapi ujian sekolah (3)

dahlanforum — Tue, 10 Nov 2009 01:28:56 +0000

1. Tujuan utama kedatangan pasukan Sekutu ke Indonesia adalah … . a. berkuasa dan menjajah Ind