Meet Kelly Blatz’s Band Capra at Radio Disney – Aaron Stone – Low Day

Interview with the band photo, being introduced to Disney fans on a radio station.

It’s like the Jonas Brothers and Hanna Montanna all over again.

kelly-blatz-capra-low-day band photo idea girl consulting linda randall

CREDIT. gbxojb’s Youtube Page.

Several of your stars wanted to share the holiday spirit with you! Through twitter many young stars including, Jonas Brothers, Chelsea Staub, Emily Osment and more uploaded pictures of how they are celebrating the holiday.

Enjoy glancing through the adorable pics, which is your fave?

Nigel

http://www.amandashepherdbooks.com/NigelsChristmas.html

Jonas Brothers performance of “Summertime Anthem” on the Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade, which aired this morning, December 25. Also below is Demi Lovato’s performance of “Wonderful Christmastime” from the parade, too.

Merry Christmas to all! Thanks to JacquelineRose7 for sending this in.

The Jonas Brothers performed at this year’s Disney’s Christmas Day Parade, singing the first song of the show, “Summer Time Anthem.” 

Video with miley cyrus and nick jonas, nicks in a car accident : (

The big weeken for Kevin ended up good and now Kevin and Danielle enjoying a honeymoon in Mexico.

(Read More)

– If you get to the Pearly Gates and one of the questions is “So did you ever tackle the pope on Christmas Eve?”, one woman is going to have a lot of  ’splaining to do, Lucy.

– The entire A Team of the Today Show is working today? I’m thinking technology has now reached the point that they’re computer generated. Slackers. Except of course for the always delightful Ann Curry. I like Ann Curry. She’s probably working live with muppet replicas of Al, Matt and Meredith. Actually I’d prefer muppet replicas. (you can tell it’s a special edition because Matt’s not wearing a tie!)

– Everyone has Christmas traditions. Mine is to avoid Christmas pudding. Yes, it’s a lousy tradition. But I don’t have to eat pudding. So there.

– Christmas needs to pick up on Thanksgiving’s success and offer a parade with hot-air balloons. I just cannot get too festive without hot-air balloons on my TV in the morning. Give me a big blow-up Baby Jesus and I’m ready to celebrate!

AC/DC Power Supply by Jeremy Shum

Here is an excerpt:

Proprietary and Confidential

▪ Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott i AC-DC Power Supply An engineering device completed as apart of certification which converts AC power into DC output

Presented to the Faculty by -

Jeremy H. Shum

President, CEO Cassie L. Stott

VP, Government Proprietary and Confidential ▪ Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The aim of this practical is:



To develop a power supply within six laboratory sessions 

Test the power supply, collecting results 

Comparing actual results against expected results (industry standard), understanding underlying theory 

Understand the theory behind the circuit 

Rectification of Alternative-Current signal into Direct-Current 

Rectification through diode (single diode; diode bridge); capacitor bank; voltage regulator 

Variability of voltage source through potentiometer 

Voltage drop attributed to increasing current 

Understand the underlying materials: diode bridge; diode; electrolytic capacitor; fuse; jumper; light emitting diode; PIC chip; potentiometer; resistor; and voltage regulator 

Use the underlying measurement and production equipment; cathode ray oscilloscope; multimeter; and soldering station. The method used includes:



Soldering a pre-conceptualized kit 

Modeling the electrical power supply in MultiSIM The results found demonstrated:



Unidirectional property of diodes 

Rectification through capacitor bank 

Rectification through diode bridge Proprietary and Confidential

▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott iii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iii

List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii

1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

1.1 Theory …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

1.1.1 Rectification of Alternative-Current signal into Direct-Current ………………………………………………………………….. 1

1.1.2 Variability of voltage source through potentiometer …………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

1.1.3 Voltage drop attributed to increasing current ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

2 Method ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3

2.1 List of Tools …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

2.2 Setup Procedure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

3 Result Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

3.1 Unidirectional property of diodes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

3.2 Rectification through capacitor bank ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4

3.3 Rectification through diode bridge …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4

3.4 Load tests ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4

4 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5

5 Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

5.1 Circuit design …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6

5.2 Circuit diagram ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

5.3 Logbook …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

5.3.1 Practical 1: MultiSIM Circuit Simulation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

5.3.2 Practical 2: Positive Variable Voltage Supply ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

5.3.3 Practical 3: Negative Variable Voltage Supply ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

5.3.4 Practical 4: The Fixed +5V Output …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

5.3.5 Practical 5: Finishing the Power Supply …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

5.3.6 Practical 6: Demonstrating the Power Supply ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7

5.5 SI Prefixes ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9

5.6 SI units for electronic components …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

5.7 Safety considerations ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Circuit design …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

Figure 1.2: Circuit design …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

Proprietary and Confidential ▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott 1 1 INTRODUCTION

The

The successful development of the circuit marked our success. The appearance of our circuit is rather

Figure 1.1: Circuit design

The production manual however, didn’t mandate a simple AC to DC signal conversion. The purpose of the extensiveness of conversion

objective of this project was to develop a power supply which converted AC into DC voltage. Of course, engineering development is never warranted without complementary testing and analytics. The scope of the practical was the use of a pre-designed board, in accordance with a guide by Everingham (2009). chic, as shown in the picture below. This AC to DC transformation is shown through the plugging of monitoring equipment into the green tri- and quart- units, as demonstrated below: 1, is so that students could make empirical observations, contrasting (1) a positive source versus a negative source; contrasting (2) various voltages; contrasting (3) rectification by a single diode (used in conjunction with analog electronics) versus a diode bridge (used in conjunction with digital electronics). With the digital logic switch and square wave generator, this production also provides a good foundation for students to transit into further studies in digital electronics from analog electronics. 1 They included (1) one positive, variable voltage source (1 to 12 volts); (2) one negative variable voltage source (-1 to -12 volts); (3) one fixed, regulated +5 source; (4) one TTL digital switch, , which allowed to change the output to either 0V or +5V (corresponding to digital low and digital high respectively); and (5) One alternative 0V/5V square wave output, with adjustable frequency

The concept of soldering is introduced, and various other electronic devices and circuit components are also introduced. As a result, the production of this power supply warrants as a powerful resource to introduce students into the world of electrical and electronics engineering.

1.1 Theory

The square wave generator and TTL logic switch has not been discussed, because it seems that discussion of these components fall outside the scope of this course, and are only incidental to the operation of the circuit.

1.1.1 Rectification of Alternative-Current signal into Direct-Current

In order to fulfill the core competency of converting AC into DC signal, the input sinusoidal wave must undergo numerous alterations to produce a signal that is linear, rather than sinusoidal. The optimal output DC signal would have a number of attributes, including: (1) adherence to expected voltage output; (2) linearity of wave as a DC signal; and (3) the sustainability of the signal under high current pressure.

1.1.1.1 Rectification through diode

Proprietary and Confidential ▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott 2 1.1.1.1.1 Rectification through single diode

A single diode achieves half-wave rectification. This is possible through the chemical property of a diode, which allows current pass in uni-directionally. Subsequently, half the sinusoidal signal will disappear, as shown below.

Figure 1.2: Circuit design

By reversing the single diode, it is possible to achieve half-wave rectification in the opposite polarity, thus switching a positive variable supply into a negative variable supply.

1.1.1.1.2 Rectification through diode bridge

Whereas the variable sources are rectified through a single diode, the difference with the +5 source

2 is that the signal is rectified through a diode bridge. A diode bridge can deliver full-wave rectification (as contrasted with a single diode that delivers half-wave rectification), which differs to half-wave rectification because full-wave rectification utilizes the entire wave, flipping opposite polarities into the same polarity; whereas half-wave rectification omits half the entire polarity of a wave. As a result, less capacitors (two rather than three capacitors in the capacitor bank) can be used to achieve a nice, smooth DC signal. 2 Other differences are that it only has two capacitors in the filtration bank, a different model voltage regulator, and lack of variability.

3 The transient theory of capacitors is that between being fully charged or fully discharged (in “steady states”), it moves through transience.

4 The rectification through a capacitance bank based on the theoretical assumption that when a capacitor is charging, the charge exponentially increases until it hits its next steady state; and that when a capacitor is discharging, the charge exponentially decreases until it hits its next steady state. This is conjugated by the theoretical assumption that when the AC signal first approaches its positive slope, it is a rather steep increase, which as it turns into a negative slope, decreases in steepness at an increasing rate

1.1.1.2 Rectification through capacitor bank

Although a diode (particularly the single diode) provides half-wave rectification, the signal, even though either entirely positive or entirely negative, still lacks the linearity required for DC output. As a result, the transient theory of capacitors

Mathematically

3 provides a complementary characteristic, whereby if the power stored in the capacitor is combined with the half-rectified signal of the circuit, a rather linear wave can be created. The surplus of capacitors leads to increased ripple rejection. From an engineering perspective, the cost of increasing capacitors must thus be balanced against the quality conformance of a highly linearity signal. 4, when the capacitor is conjugated with the half-rectified AC signal, as the AC slowly approaches its negative slope, the capacitor will slowly increase its discharge of power; and as the AC slowly approaches its positive slope, the capacitor will slowly decrease its discharge of power. 1.1.1.3 Rectification through voltage regulator

The voltage regulators include: (1) LM317T (positive variable voltage supply); (2) LM337T (negative variable voltage supply); and (3) MC7805CT (+5V regulated supply). Post capacitor bank-rectification, these provide good voltage regulation.

1.1.2 Variability of voltage source through potentiometer

The variability of the voltage source can be attributed to the use of potentiometers, which is effectively a voltage divider circuit, that depending on the screw clock-face location, divides the voltage from the source between two different outputs at varying intensities.

1.1.3 Voltage drop attributed to increasing current

As the load (current) of the power supply increases, the power supply becomes overloaded, and the voltage drops away (and voltage variability

5 increases). This distinguishes the ideal from the real voltage values, from the V-I load characteristic graph. Proprietary and Confidential ▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott 3 5 Voltage variability is also known as “ripple”

6 Diode bridge is similar to the diode, but has increased effectiveness, due to full wave rectification of an AC signal.

7 Diode only allows current to pass through it in one direction, not the other, useful due to its half-wave rectification of an AC signal.

8 Electrolytic capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field.

9 Fuse is a low-cost switch, that “blows” when an unexpectedly large current passes through. This can potentially protect the circuit, which if “blown”, could cost more than the replacement of the low-cost fuse.

10 Jumpers are low-cost switches, that are used in this project to warrant quick (dis/)connection of the capacitors, for testing purposes. When attached (physically), jumpers will connect the two adjoining legs of the circuit together; but when disconnected, will keep the two adjoining legs disconnected.

11 The LED provides easy illumination and indicates current is passing through that phase of the circuit. This had to be used in conjunction with a resistor, as too little current (high resistance) led to dim glow; and too high current (little resistance) would cause the LED to “burn out”.

12 This is a programmable chip for the control of digital circuits.

13 Through the circuit of two resistances, the sum is a given value, combination dependent on the clock-face.

14 Resistors resist the flow of current, depending on their resistance, depending on the color of their bands.

15 Voltage regulators regulate voltage, ideally independent of current

16

Voltage between terminals of a CRO deflects an electron beam up or down, proportional to the magnitude of voltage (they are effectively complex voltmeters). An internal circuit sweeps this electron beam from left-to-right, proportional to a user-set time-based control. This results in a plot of voltage against time, on a phosphorescent screen. There are generally two painted divisions: (1) time per division (time/div), called the time base16; and (2) volts per division (volts/div), called the voltage scale16. The coupling switch may also be needed to switched to GND (or OFF) mode16; AC mode16; and DC mode16. DC mode is the most likely required setting. 17

18 Soldering is the systematic attachment of a component with the circuit board. Through a combination of physics and chemistry laws, a component can be easily attached to a circuit, in abidance with standards set by the peak electrical engineering associations, by soldering a component’s cut legs. In effect, the solder attaches to both the circuit and component, causing them to become adjoined. In practice however, this may not be an exact; what is warranted, is that since a metallic blob has been adjoined to the end of a metallic component (adjoined under high temperature, unwavering at lower temperatures, particularly room temperatures), the component is unable to be disconnected from the board due to the size of the component (on one side), size of the metallic blob (on the other side), and the relatively smaller size of the hole, which causes the component to remain coercively adjoined.

A combination of measurement devices in a single unit, which can read voltage, current, resistance, and possibly more (depending on multimeter). Some can also measure temperature! There may be more than two terminals, but only two of them are ever used at once. The terminal labeled “COM” (short for common) is where the ground/negative always goes. The positive terminal generally goes in a terminal labeled ” VΩA”. The multimeter functions as a (a) voltmeter17; (b) ammeter17; and (c) ohmmeter17 2 METHOD

All relevant calculations have been appended.

2.1 List of Tools

The

The

In order to use the cathode ray oscilloscope, we put the coupling switch on to “DC mode”, where both AC and DC components of the input are shown on the CRO screen. We then attached the relevant Channel diodes to the respective test point, and using a television production camera, recorded the associated wave form. If the vertical and horizontal axis caused unease of view, knobs were subsequently turned to adjust for a ergonomic view.

In order to use the multimeter, the mode of operation was first set. Next, the ground/negative was attached to the “COM” terminal; and the positive lead into the VΩA terminal.

materials used to develop the final product includes (1) diode bridge6; (2) diode7; (3) electrolytic capacitor8; (4) fuse9; (5) jumper10; (6) light emitting diode11; (7) PIC chip12; (8) potentiometer13; (9) resistor14; and (10) voltage regulator15. The features of these components have been appended and footnoted. equipment used to develop the final product includes (1) measuring equipment; and (2) production equipment. Measurement equipment used in this project include; (a) cathode ray oscilloscope16; and (b) multimeter17. Production equipment included the (a) soldering station18. 2.2 Setup Procedure

In order to develop the final product, the team went through the systematic process of soldering exclusively in

Even before starting the mandate to build the electrical power supply, to team took to the engineering design studio to model the circuit in

sequitar adherence with the manual. Furthermore, the team maintained the logbook with updates for every week to ensure that all concepts were pre-understood. As a step-by-step guide was provided, little thought had go into the development process, with the exception of ensuring that the guide was followed unerringly. As a result, there was particular emphasis on (1) component polarity; and (2) contrasting between similarly looking (but different) components. By following the guide, the need to identify color codes for resistors and resistors pre-LED were also quite straight-forward. MultiSIM, a computer aided design program used in conjunction with electrical engineering. The virtual oscilloscopes and multimeters provided useful expectation of values. Proprietary and Confidential ▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott 4 3 RESULT DISCUSSION

Results

were empirically quantitatively measured from the (1) cathode ray oscilloscope; and (2) multimeter. The relevant graphs and readings (subsequently tabled and graphed) have been appended. Discussion

of the results begins with outlining the major headlines. This included: (1) the unidirectional property of diodes; (2) rectification through capacitor bank; (3) rectification through diode bridge; and (4) load tests. Although the (5) generation of square wave, was also a consideration in the practical, the handbook seems to indicate that its understanding is not critical in the scope of this course, thus is omitted from discussion. 3.1 Unidirectional property of diodes

By measuring the diode in the positive direction

19 we obtained a measurement of 6.36Ω In reverse, the negative direction20, we obtained 0Ω This was an expected result, and demonstrates the unidirectional property of diodes. This unidirectional chemical property is not exclusive to electrical engineering, and has many applications (even with other analogous materials) in other engineering areas, including optics. 19 Using H4 to H12

20 Using H4 to H12, once again

21 14.38-13.75=0.63V

22 1-(6.14/12.02)=48.9%

23 1-(9.6/12.01)=20.1%

24 1-(4.024/6)=32.9%

25 1-(5.936/6)=1.067%

26 1-(4.950/5.057)=2.12%

3.2 Rectification through capacitor bank

The CRO was used to observe the input AC voltage by circumventing the capacitor bank. It was found that as more capacitors were added through the connection of jumpers, the signal, qualitatively, became more and more flat. Quantitatively, we found the maximum voltage didn’t correspond with the expected maximum voltage, with a deviation of 0.6V

21 above the expected value. This is attributed to the use of a 12V input supply rather than a 10V supply. With the attachment of the diode, capacitor bank, and voltage regulator, we found ripple to be negligible, which is expected as linearity necessitates variance deficiency. 3.3 Rectification through diode bridge

Using the CRO to contrast the effect of a diode bridge against a single diode, we observed a blazing full-wave half-rectified signal, as supposed to the half-wave rectified signal. This a more sinusoidal result than the half-wave rectified signal, which means less capacitors need to be used to lineate the wave. As expected, ripple was negligible (despite the use of two, rather than three capacitors), showing the conceptual advantage of the diode bridge over the capacitor bank.

3.4 Load tests

(Additional) current was applied between 0A to 0.5A, to various voltage supplies. By the application of 0.5A, the variance (σ of voltage was found to be (from the statistical mean, μ:



+12V supply: 49%22 drop 

-12V supply: 20%23 drop 

+6V supply: 33%24 drop 

-6V supply: 1%25 drop 

It seems as though depending on the initial voltage, the drop varies. It seems as though as the initial voltage is larger, the proportional drop is also larger. Furthermore, an interesting observation is that the negative supply seems to be less susceptible to load drop than the positive supply. Also, the use of the diode bridge shows great improvement in load drop.

+5 supply: 2%26 drop Proprietary and Confidential ▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott 5 4 CONCLUSION

In this project, we felt we successfully applied the theoretical principles learnt in this course to the building of an electronic device, despite some problems that we had to overcome. In particular, in approaching the project, we had little understanding of modern testing and measurement equipment; as well as only preliminary soldering knowledge. Throughout the project, with the assistance of the University community, we learnt how to use such technologies.

The power supply was tested as fully functional (we have Appended a systematic manual to achieve this as well); have successfully drawn up this Project Report; as well as fully appended our Logbook. This was all done to a high level of quality conformance, and good practices guides provided by the Professor-in-charge.

In addition, with tests conducted on the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and Multimeter, we found that empirical results corresponded with the theoretical (expected) results. This demonstrated the unidirectional property of diodes; rectification through a capacitor bank; and rectification through a diode bridge.

In the report, we felt we have also communicated well

27. This was in conjunction with the practical procedure, which included development of the practical resource, gathering data, interpreting the results against industry standards. 27 Especially in terms of structure, background theory, procedure, results and plots, discussion and conclusion, and use of technical jargon and referencing as per the requirements of Professional Engineering Certification.

28 Outlined in the Appendix.

29 Our production was ethical as we did not plagiarize; falsify or misrepresent academic records; without expressly stating so.

Furthermore, we went above and beyond the requirements of the course in including published information.

We felt that we worked well collaboratively as a team, as special considerations in the context of the wider society. This included considerations for safety

28, and ethics29. We felt that this project taught us the basic underlying framework for electrical engineering, which would be useful in further years. I also felt that the course was structured in such a way that allowed us to research beyond the scope of the practical, inspiring us of the different circuit possibilities that will be covered in subsequent subjects. Proprietary and Confidential ▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott 6 5 APPENDICES

5.1 Circuit design

This is an additional perspective to the one provided in the main section of the report:

5.2 Circuit diagram

This circuit (Everingham, 2009) was provided in the development of the engineering solution. Proprietary and Confidential

▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott 7 This is explained as (Everingham, 2009): Proprietary and Confidential

▪Do Not Photocopy ©2009 Jeremy Shum & Cassie Stott 8 5.3 Logbook

Included in the Logbook are a series of regular entries created in conformance with the Best Practices Guide, following the requirements of the practical guide. Furthermore, tables, comments, and answers to questions were drawn out using systematic scientific empirical method.

5.3.1 Practical 1: MultiSIM Circuit Simulation

1. Find the voltage drops across R1 and R2 in Figure 1, if

𝑅1=26.3𝛺, 𝑅2=15.7𝛺and 𝑉𝐼𝑁=6𝑉. The first note is that the resistors are in series (therefore current is same throughout circuit)

Circuit wide,

𝐼𝑇=𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑇=𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑅1+𝑅2 (Ohm’s law; adding of two resistors) Since we are given that

𝑉𝐼𝑁=6𝑉; 𝑅1=26.3𝛺; 𝑅2=15.7𝛺∴𝐼𝑇=𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑅1+𝑅2=626.3+15.7=642=17[A] For each individual ,

𝑉𝑅=𝐼𝑅.𝑅(Ohm’s law) For

𝑅1, 𝑅=26.3𝛺; and 𝐼=17[𝐴] (current is global) ∴𝑉1=𝐼.𝑅1=17∗26.3≈3.76[𝑉] For

𝑅2, 𝑅=15.7𝛺; and 𝐼=17[𝐴] (current is global) ∴𝑉2=𝐼.𝑅2=17∗15.7≈2.24[𝑉] Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that based on the conservation of energy, that the vector addition of voltages around a circuit must equal to zero (or that input voltage must equal output voltage). Adding up

𝑉1 and 𝑉2, 26.3+15.7=6Ω, which is the input voltage. 2. Find the voltages VAB, VBC and VAC for Figure 1 if

𝑅1=50𝛺, 𝑅2=34.2𝛺and 𝑉𝐼𝑁=5𝑉. Making the same assumptions as in Question 1 (above):

∴𝐼𝑇=𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑅1+𝑅2=550+34.2=25421=0.0594 𝐴∴𝑉1=𝐼1.𝑅=25421∗50≈2.97[𝑉] ∴𝑉2=𝐼2.𝑅=25421∗34.2≈2.03[𝑉] These two voltages add up to 5V, as per KVL too.

𝑉𝐴𝐵

is the voltage over 𝑅1. This was calculated to be 2.97[V] 𝑉𝐵𝐶

is the voltage over 𝑅2. This was calculated to be 2.03[V] 𝑉𝐴𝐶

is the voltage over 𝑅1 and 𝑅2. This is global voltage, 5[V] 3. Given that

𝑉𝑋𝑌=𝑉𝑋−𝑉𝑌, where X and Y are any points in a circuit, and that 𝑉𝐴𝐵=3𝑉, find 𝑉𝐵𝐴. If

𝑉𝐴𝐵is 3V; 𝑉𝐵𝐴represents a voltage of the same magnitude, in the opposite direction, thus would be -3V rather than 3V. 4. In Figure 1, if

𝑉𝐴𝐵=2𝑉, and 𝑉𝐵𝐶=3𝑉so that 𝑉𝐴𝐶=2+3=5𝑉, find a possible combination of resistances 𝑅1 and 𝑅2. Use Ohm’s Law to find the current which flows through your choice of 𝑅1 and 𝑅2. If

If

If

Because the resistors are plugged in series, the current is same throughout the circuit, using say

As in question 1,

𝑉𝐴𝐵=2𝑉, this means that the voltage through 𝑅1 is 2V. 𝑉𝐵𝐶=3𝑉, this means that the voltage through 𝑅2 is 3V. 𝑉𝐴𝐶=5𝑉, this means that 𝑉𝐼𝑁=5𝑉. 𝐼to denote. 𝐼𝑇=𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑅1+𝑅2=5𝑅1+𝑅2[𝐴] Because current is global

∴𝑉1=𝐼.𝑅1=5𝑅1+𝑅2∗𝑅1=2 𝑉∴5𝑅1=2𝑅1+2𝑅2 ∴3𝑅1=2𝑅2 Or:

∴𝑉2=𝐼.𝑅2=5𝑅1+𝑅2∗𝑅2=3 𝑉∴5𝑅2=3𝑅1+3𝑅2 ∴2𝑅2=3𝑅1 Therefore, as long as

2𝑅2=3𝑅1 or 𝑅2=32.𝑅1 Current then,

𝐼𝑇=𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑅1+𝑅2=5𝑅1+32𝑅1=105𝑅1

Obviously, there would be zillions of possibilities, but I have used Microsoft Excel to graph 10 different combinations: 𝑹 𝟏[Ω	𝑹 𝟐[Ω	I [A]
1.00	1.50	2.00
2.00	3.00	1.00
3.00	4.50	0.67
4.00	6.00	0.50
5.00	7.50	0.40
6.00	9.00	0.33
7.00	10.50	0.29
8.00	12.00	0.25
9.00	13.50	0.22

Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade airs tomorrow, December 25, at 10am on ABC. You will see performances from Jonas Brothers, Demi Lovato, Steve Rushton and more.

The holiday parade will be hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Kelly Ripa.

Will you tune in?

PART 1 CLICK HERE.

PART 2 CLICK HERE.

PART 3.

PART 4.

PART 5.

PART 6.

PARTY 7.

CREDIT: CatEatCow’s Youtube Channel.

Just days after tying the knot after years of abstinence, Kevin Jonas of the pop sensation the Jonas Brothers stunned his teenaged fans by announcing that “to be honest about it, sex was not worth the wait.” 

“After we did it, I was kind of like, that’s it?” Mr. Jonas told reporters at a New York press conference.

As to whether Mr. Jonas’ bride agreed with his “that’s it?” assessment, Mr. Jonas remarked, “That’s what she said.”

The wait is almost over for the return of television’s No. 1 show! American Idol is set to return for its much-anticipated ninth season with a two-night premiere featuring extraordinary talent and outrageous new auditions from Boston Tuesday, Jan. 12 (8:00-10:00 PM ET/PT) and Atlanta Wednesday, Jan. 13 (8:00-9:15 PM ET/PT) on FOX.

After the two-night premiere, auditions will continue for three weeks starting with the Chicago auditions on Tuesday, Jan. 19 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT) and continuing fromOrlando on Wednesday, Jan. 20 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT). Then, Dallas auditions will air Tuesday, Jan. 26 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT); Los Angeles on Wednesday, Jan. 27 (9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT); Denver on Tuesday, Feb. 2 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT); and “The Road to Hollywood” auditions on Wednesday, Feb. 3 (9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT).

This season on American Idol, the good, the bad and the awful audition for their shot at stardom. In the audition cities, Ryan Seacrest hosts, and Simon Cowell, Randy Jackson and Kara DioGuardi will be joined by rotating guest judges Victoria Beckham, Mary J. Blige, Kristin Chenoweth, Neil Patrick Harris, Joe Jonas, Avril Lavigne, Katy Perry and Shania Twain who will help select the hopefuls worthy of the “Golden Ticket” to Hollywood.

The lucky auditioners who get the judges’ approval then move on to the “Hollywood Round” where contestants vie for a semifinalist position during the next phase of the auditions. Once in Hollywood, Ellen joins Simon, Randy and Kara as they continue to winnow down the competitors to a select group of performers who will get to sing their hearts out each week in front of a studio audience and television viewers.

The “Hollywood Round” episodes will air Tuesday, Feb. 9 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT); Wednesday, Feb. 10 (9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT); and Tuesday, Feb. 16 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT). On Wednesday, Feb. 17 (9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT), dreams come true for 24 contestants, as Simon, Randy, Kara and Ellen announce the Top 12 male and Top 12 female semifinalists.

It will then be up to America to decide who moves forward in the competition. The first performance show featuring the Top 12 female semifinalists will air Tuesday, Feb. 23(8:00-10:00 PM ET/PT). The following night, Wednesday, Feb. 24 (8:00-10:00 PM ET/PT), the Top 12 male semifinalists will perform. The results show revealing America’s first vote of the season will air Thursday, Feb. 25 (8:00-9:00 PM ET live/PT tape-delayed), when the two male and two female contestants with the fewest votes will be sent home.

For the next two weeks, the girls will perform on Tuesdays, the guys will perform on Wednesdays and the results shows will air on Thursdays. The Top 10 female semifinalists will perform on Tuesday, March 2 (8:00-10:00 PM ET/PT), and the Top 10 male semifinalists will take the stage on Wednesday, March 3 (8:00-10:00 PM ET/PT). On Thursday, March 4 (8:00-9:00 PM ET live/PT tape-delayed), four contestants – two girls and two guys – will be eliminated from the competition. The following week, the Top 8 female semifinalists will compete on Tuesday, March 9 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT), and the Top 8 male semifinalists will perform on Wednesday, March 10 (9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT). Then, on Thursday, March 11 (8:00-9:00 PM ET live/PT tape-delayed), the finalists will be revealed after four more contestants are eliminated.

The competition heats up when the finalists take the stage LIVE and for the first time together on Tuesday, March 16 (8:00-10:00 PM ET live/PT tape-delayed). One contestant’s journey will end when America’s vote is revealed Wednesday, March 17 (9:00-10:00 PM ET live/PT tape-delayed).

RECAP (All times ET/PT)

Tuesday, Jan. 12 (8:00-10:00 PM) – Season Premiere, Part 1 Boston Auditions Episode

Wednesday, Jan. 13 (8:00-9:15 PM) – Season Premiere, Part 2 Atlanta Auditions Episode

Tuesday, Jan. 19 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Chicago Auditions Episode

Wednesday, Jan. 20 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Orlando Auditions Episode

Tuesday, Jan. 26 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Dallas Auditions Episode (Joe Jonas willl be on this episode)

Wednesday, Jan. 27 (9:00-10:00 PM) – Los Angeles Auditions Episode

Tuesday, Feb. 2 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Denver Auditions Episode

Wednesday, Feb. 3 (9:00-10:00 PM) – “The Road to Hollywood” Auditions Episode

Tuesday, Feb. 9 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Hollywood Round, Part 1

Wednesday, Feb. 10 (9:00-10:00 PM) – Hollywood Round, Part 2

Tuesday, Feb. 16 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Hollywood Round, Part 3

Wednesday, Feb. 17 (9:00-10:00 PM) – Hollywood Round, Part 4 Top 24 Semifinalists Announced

Tuesday, Feb. 23 (8:00-10:00 PM) – Top 12 Female Semifinalists Perform

Wednesday, Feb. 24 (8:00-10:00 PM) – Top 12 Male Semifinalists Perform

Thursday, Feb. 25 (8:00-9:00 PM) – First Results Show (ET live/PT tape-delayed) Two Male and Two Female Contestants Eliminated

Tuesday, March 2 (8:00-10:00 PM) – Top 10 Female Semifinalists Perform

Wednesday, March 3 (8:00-10:00 PM) – Top 10 Male Semifinalists Perform

Thursday, March 4 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Results Show (ET live/PT tape-delayed) Two Male and Two Female Contestants Eliminated

Tuesday, March 9 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Top 8 Female Semifinalists Perform

Wednesday, March 10 (9:00-10:00 PM) – Top 8 Male Semifinalists Perform

Thursday, March 11 (8:00-9:00 PM) – Results Show (ET live/PT tape-delayed) Two Male and Two Female Contestants Eliminated; Finalists Revealed

Tuesday, March 16 (8:00-10:00 PM) – Finalists Perform (ET live/PT tape-delayed)

Wednesday, March 17 (9:00-10:00 PM) – Results Show (ET live/PT tape-delayed) One Contestant Eliminated

American Idol is created and executive-produced by Simon Fuller, founder of 19 Entertainment; and executive-produced by Cecile Frot-Coutaz, CEO, FremantleMedia North America; and Ken Warwick, executive producer, FremantleMedia North America.

Visit AmericanIdol.com for exclusive videos, interviews and photos, as well as special behind-the-scenes information and all of your American Idol news.

SOURCE: MovieWeb.

New Video from The Sound of Music with Tiffany Giardina and Nick Jonas and Ali, and rest of the sound of music kids. Checkkkk it out.

http://www.eonline.com/videos/v48279_jobros-recall-tough-times.html

[Click the link ] ^

Demi gets interviewed on romantically linking to Joe Jonas, her love interest. She denies the rumors, saying that she has stopped receiving death threats since she had addressed that they were like ” brothers and sisters “…..

Do you thing Joe will speak about Jemi? Wach E! News Tonight

Its been a while since I’ve done a “Weekend Update” and although the original idea for this one dates back to two or three weekends ago, it’s still worth the post.

I’ve never really been the party animal, but neither am I the nerd type. I’m somewhere in between the extremely mild party animal and the somewhat hermit-like individual. In other words, on a regular weekend I’m prone to be crashing some friend’s house or hitting the movies rather than getting wasted and spending the night between clubs and bathroom floors. My teenager hormones and lust for vodka shots and party crashing have never kicked in– honestly! My priorities do not include sucking the face of a stranger I just met or subjugating my liver to the pains of alcoholic liquid substances.  And so the other day I found myself wondering what have, if anything, I been missing?

Armed with valor and a spontaneous craving to experience and conquer the foreign kingdom of the so-called teen experience, I ventured into the unknown. My accomplices are also cousins of mine, and my parents were very well aware of my whereabouts– so the element of secrecy and mystery was not really part of this equation. We set off at about 1:15ish a.m. to some random club my cousin knows of. While most people my age posses means of magically augmenting their age, ahem fake ID, I’m a good girl so that night the bouncer earned some good cash.

The place was alright; good music and a nice vibe. At first it was very awkward. Standing there moving more or less to the rhythm of the music, but nothing more than just standing. And then it hit me, almost like Newton’s apple the only difference was that my apple was a pair of drunken strangers trying to hook up– slight difference. Aside from dancing and a rare sip from my cousin’s drink, I began to observe the different kind of people around me. At one point I sat down– and probably looked like a loser– and began to observe the different behaviours and stereotypes that walked in and out of the place. It was so fascinating that I even began to take notes on my cellphone– as if I was not already looking queer enough. My observations are not as important as perhaps Freud’s would have been, but they are somewhat interesting and slightly humorous.

Without further introductions I gladly unveil “The Party Scene Stereotypes”:

1. The Underage Intruders
Dressed in skanky micro-skirts, as if the shorter the fabric the older the person, and exotic dancer-like high heels the Underage Intruder walks in with swagger. In furthering the attempt to look older these young specimen take makeup classes with the makeup artist at Cirque de Soleil, or so it seems. The massive amounts of makeup on their young porcelain skins reveal their lack of taste and excessive amounts of blush. Stop looking like clowns, for your sake. After hitting the dance floor for a few minutes the Underage Intruders blend within the crowd, nevertheless; their presence is disclosed once the Jonas Brothers or Miley Cyrus’ songs come on. The camera flashes often revealed first timers, and the excessive amounts of pictures taken will most likely end up in a Facebook photo album later that night. The male Underage Intruders just tag alone in the prospect of some make out secession. These young hopefuls have a desire to accelerate their lives, and sadly they miss out on their younger years while trying to outrun life.

2. The Foreigners
One can spot a foreigner almost immediately, specially the European tourist kind. Its their style, their classy choice of clothing that has that European model kind of feel to it– even if their physical attributes don’t live up to the super model type. Their dancing skills also betray their roots. When it comes to Latin dancing they posses, depending upon their country of origin, a bit more rhythm than Americans. For example the Spaniards have a passionate desire to move their hips in sync to the music, they admire the multiple twist and turns, but unable to feel the rhythm they carelessly create their own style. Surprisingly, their lack of dancing skills is balanced off by their Spanish charm– it’s inevitable to surrender, even if they can’t dance. But most of these European wanderers come to these venues in search for some action; a night of passion with some exotic girl, who looks kinda-sorta like a dude. Surprisingly they don’t seem to mind at all, in fact the more stranger looking– or exotic as they like to call them– these women are the better. So after a couple of drinks the Conquistadors head off with some strange looking specimen and walk away towards their hotels. All the foreigner hopes for is memorable story, whether good or bad, to have to tell his friends about.

3. The Thirtysomethings
The contrary to the Underage Intruder, the Thirtysomethings reverse the equation in hopes of passing as Underage Intruders. They frown at their failure of not having their IDs check, and probably sob on the inside at the catastrophe. In attempts to look younger they too dress skanky and resort to excessive amounts of makeup (in order to conceal their aging skins). Instead of jammin’ to the Jonas Brothers, they all go nuts for the classics– you know, those songs the Underage Intruders are to young to know of and that the Foreigners are too foreign to sing along to. The Thirthysomethings dance two or three songs and take breaks in between, either to hit the powder room or check all those important emails on their BlackBerries. And so the night goes on, they have a couple of drinks and retire early. They tip the valet guys a few bucks and head home only torture themselves with their age– “36? I better call Dr. Weiss about that collagen treatment tomorrow.”

4. The Latin Lovers
Ay papacito! The Latin Lovers can be extraordinarily pathetic. Believing they are the best dancers on the entire city they seize the dance floor as if only they were entitled to dance. Their clothing style almost always involves sparkles and glitter, and their hairs are distinctively styled with excruciating amounts of gel. Their winks and Colgate smiles are excessive. On the plus side they are good dancers and posses rhythm unmatched to. They are splendid, but oh boy when the receipt comes watch out. Latin Lovers are very flirtatious; they hit on everything, and when drunk they can very easily make out with the table mistaken it for a girl. The Latin Lovers are the aggressive predator and the dance floor is their ground.

Mhm I wonder how they perceived me?
I can’t deny I enjoyed myself that night. It was fun, something out of the usual, but I still prefer my lame night of innocent fun.

- Lady of Press

A ZackTaylor.ca reader tells me that while in New York, Joe Jonas and Demi Lovato aka JEMI and Nick Jonas and Courtney Galiano aka NOURTNEY were spotted havin’ breakfast at the hotel restaurant…“My firend and I were waiting all night and morning to take photos and then we finally saw them. They were sitting there all four of them. I tried to take a photo but the security guard caught me before I could. I now believe you Zack about them. I was so shocked!” Awww… I can’t wait to see the wedding photos!!