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	<title>junior-form-mathematics &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/junior-form-mathematics/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "junior-form-mathematics"</description>
	<pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2009 20:39:16 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[病中打字]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/type-something-when-i-am-ill/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2009 14:44:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/type-something-when-i-am-ill/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[一。釘已打 太太生日，想談更多；但這不宜，只記某刻：她去看衫，兒子上課，我去看書。 基礎數學，頗為有趣，暼見如下： 唯銀根出缺，書釘已打，匆匆離去，滿足。新近一套：《數學文化小叢書》，短小精悍，其中一]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>一。釘已打</p>
<p>太太生日，想談更多；但這不宜，只記某刻：她去看衫，兒子上課，我去看書。</p>
<p>基礎數學，頗為有趣，暼見如下：</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/p1130376-904-x-768.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/p1130376-904-x-768.jpg" alt="P1130376 (904 x 768)" title="P1130376 (904 x 768)" width="904" height="768" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-4473" /></a></p>
<p>唯銀根出缺，書釘已打，匆匆離去，滿足。新近一套：《數學文化小叢書》，短小精悍，其中一本，價值 $14，題為《幾何學在文明中所扮演的角色》，著者項武義教授（姑勿論存在關於項教授的負面言論），也吸引了眼目。在起始一段：<!--more--></p>
<p><font size="4"><b><i>&#8230;假如將世界上諸多古文明所知的幾何認知作一比較分析，就會發現可以把它們大體上歸為兩類，即有圓文明和無圓文明。如古中國文明、古希臘文明等屬前者，而瑪雅（Maya）文明、印加（Inca）文明等屬於後者。前者發明了輪子的諸多妙用，在建築上使用拱門，由此逐步走上工業化而昌盛至今，後者則始終沒有發明輪子或拱門而終歸寂滅&#8230;</i></b></font></p>
<p>小弟孤陋，從未聞有圓無圓之劃分，雖然有感超級簡化，但也是有趣的說法，或許有待他日進深研究。</p>
<p>第五章題為「從勾肢定理到狹義相對論」，第六章則為「大域幾何、纖維叢與近代物理」。相信為使中學生也看懂，也要作不少簡化（未看，靠估的）。<br />
&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.</p>
<p>二。會考故事</p>
<p>近日重遊「小卒資訊論壇」，見【會考故事系列】，甚感有趣，版主 Doraemon 非常有心，值得推介：</p>
<p>1<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=23953&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=23953&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>2<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=24038&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=24038&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>3<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=24269&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=24269&#38;highlight</a></p>
<p>4<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=24989&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=24989&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>5<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=25223&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=25223&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>6<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=26231&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=26231&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>7<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=28524&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=28524&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>8<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=31121&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=31121&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>9<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=32735&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=32735&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>10<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=34417&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=34417&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>11<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=34417&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=34417&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>12<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=35429&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=35429&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>13<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=36230&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=36230&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>14<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=36858&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=36858&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>15<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=37354&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=37354&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>16<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=37717&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=37717&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>17<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=38071&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=38071&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>18<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=38650&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=38650&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>19<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=38974&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=38974&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>20<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=39232&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=39232&#38;highlight=</a></p>
<p>21<br />
<a href="http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=39467&#38;highlight=" target="blank">http://lsforum.net/board/viewthread.php?tid=39467&#38;highlight=</a><br />
&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.</p>
<p>三。好 Yay！</p>
<p>那天，我在讚嘆某道純數題目擬得很漂亮，很好；Patrick 同學回應：「學生眼中的好和老師眼中的好，不同的。」是，有學生或許認為淺的題目是好，也有學生說：「想殺死牛頓！」（因他發明發現了太多物理各數學知識，苦了學生要讀！）</p>
<p>中二同學問 Cross method 如何運作，我在 YouTube 找找，結果找到 Yaymath：看看這位授課員的課：</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/VWHHZAszbzQ&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/VWHHZAszbzQ&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>嗯，或許大家看到他比如沒有寫＂OR＂之類，但這不是重點，我想要看的是學生的反應！（可惜看不到他／她們的臉）他／她們上課是很開心，理性的人或曰：「都唔知有咩好笑。」但滿有笑聲的數學堂，某程度是成功的。片段提醒我：</p>
<p>1. 多想觀眾要什麼：授課員以為好的，學生或不然；反之亦然。<br />
2. 要（多）做運動：老師精力充沛，才有 momentum。<br />
3. 多留意自己的樣貌和服飾：在「台（堂）上」一定要 charm（最多下課後自己死下死下，對人歡笑背人愁）。</p>
<p>當然，第 2,3 點必要建在真正學養之上，因為觀眾眼睛雪亮。</p>
<p>更多，請看看：</p>
<p><a href="http://yaymath.org/Videos.html" target="blank">http://yaymath.org/Videos.html</a><br />
&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;</p>
<p>四。續貼元素表</p>
<p>前天在 digg.com 看到的，補充一下之前有關元素表的 post：</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/periodic-table.jpg" target="blank"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/periodic-table.jpg?w=300" alt="periodic-table" title="periodic-table" width="300" height="200" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-4470" /></a></p>
<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;</p>
<p>P.S. 病未完，咳出的痰，有點像我偶像：王傑。</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[1,2,3,4 之後是]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/10/14/after-1234/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2009 23:32:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/10/14/after-1234/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[為讓 NSS 的同學多一點探究，在下嘗試在數學課引入一些活動，其中一個舊活動是「交通擠塞」，見 http://mathforum.org/alejandre/java/jam/Jam.html 當天和]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>為讓 NSS 的同學多一點探究，在下嘗試在數學課引入一些活動，其中一個舊活動是「交通擠塞」，見</p>
<p><a href="http://mathforum.org/alejandre/java/jam/Jam.html" target="blank">http://mathforum.org/alejandre/java/jam/Jam.html</a></p>
<p>當天和同學探究 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> 對「人」和「最少步數」的關係，易知</p>
<p>當 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 1' title='n = 1' class='latex' />，「最少步數」是 3；<br />
當 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 2' title='n = 2' class='latex' />，「最少步數」是 8；</p>
<p>隨即，我著同學「估」：當 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 3' title='n = 3' class='latex' /> 時，「最少步數」如何？<!--more--></p>
<p>本來我希望透過 Jump 和 Slide 的數目，教同學估計「最少步數」的上下限，再透過直接參與那個遊戲，看看和估計的相差多遠，結果，我那堂是徹底失敗。</p>
<p>遊戲未開始，歐同學已說出：當 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 3' title='n = 3' class='latex' />，「最少步數」是 15；</p>
<p>問他的計算方法，原來是純觀察數型</p>
<p>f(1) = 3<br />
f(2) = 8<br />
f(3) = ____</p>
<p>他就是推論到 f(3) = 15。</p>
<p>這不是嚴謹的方式。脫離了「背景」，所謂數型的問題是沒有意義，比如</p>
<p>2,4,8,16,&#8230;</p>
<p>之後是什麼？不知道，根本沒有定義！</p>
<p>不是 32 嗎？不一定。</p>
<p>舉一個舊例子說明：</p>
<p>連起圓周上 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> 點，得出的對角線把圓最多可分割成 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> 份；當 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> = 2,3,4,5 時，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> 值分別是 2,4,8,16；見下</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif/20060511gif01.gif"></p>
<p>上面就是給了 2,4,8,16 這個數列一個「特殊背景」，於是問：「當 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 6' title='n = 6' class='latex' /> 時，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> 是什麼？」就有意義了。</p>
<p>那麼，當 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 6' title='n = 6' class='latex' /> 時，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> 是什麼？是 32 嗎？不是！</p>
<p>且看：</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/20091013gif01.gif"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/20091013gif01.gif" alt="20091013gif01" title="20091013gif01" width="395" height="391" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-4359" /></a></p>
<p>可見，當 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 6' title='n = 6' class='latex' /> 時，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m+%3D+31&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='m = 31' title='m = 31' class='latex' />。</p>
<p>那天開始教授等差數列（Arithmetic sequence） ，我問：「1,2,3,4 之後是什麼？」同學當然視之為無聊，亂答之。正中下懷！</p>
<p>f(1) = 1<br />
f(2) = 2<br />
f(3) = 3<br />
f(4) = 4</p>
<p>那麼 f(5) 一定是 5 嗎？甚或，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29+%3D+x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x) = x' title='f(x) = x' class='latex' /> 一定是真的嗎？</p>
<p>不一定。</p>
<p>如果認為，由</p>
<p>f(1) = 1<br />
f(2) = 2<br />
f(3) = 3<br />
f(4) = 4</p>
<p>可推論</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29+%3D+x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x) = x' title='f(x) = x' class='latex' /></p>
<p>就是犯了「以偏概全」的謬誤。</p>
<p>比如 </p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29+%3D+x+%2B+%28x-1%29%28x-2%29%28x-3%29%28x-4%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x) = x + (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4)' title='f(x) = x + (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>也可以出現以下效果：</p>
<p>f(1) = 1<br />
f(2) = 2<br />
f(3) = 3<br />
f(4) = 4</p>
<p>但 f(5) 就不是 5 了，而是 5 + (5-1)(5-2)(5-3)(5-4) = 29。</p>
<p>甚至更一般地：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29+%3D+x+%2B+g%28x%29%28x-1%29%28x-2%29%28x-3%29%28x-4%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x) = x + g(x)(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4)' title='f(x) = x + g(x)(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4)' class='latex' />，其中，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='g(x)' title='g(x)' class='latex' /> 是任你「天花龍鳳」的函數，一樣有以下效果：</p>
<p>f(1) = 1<br />
f(2) = 2<br />
f(3) = 3<br />
f(4) = 4</p>
<p>當然，如果知道數列的「背景」，比方說：已知以下數列是等差數列，那麼第 5 項是什麼：</p>
<p>1,2,3,4,&#8230;</p>
<p>我們才敢說：1,2,3,4 之後是 5。</p>
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</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[類似地？]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/similarly/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2009 06:06:56 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/similarly/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[小心，對一些運算法則，我們定要正本清源，不能單以一句「類似地」便隨便進行「類似」運算。 e.g. 1 循環小數 　正確，但不是「類似地」得到： （錯！） 事實上， e.g. 2 二階導數 　正確（設考]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>小心，對一些運算法則，我們定要正本清源，不能單以一句「類似地」便隨便進行「類似」運算。</p>
<p>e.g. 1 循環小數</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.3+%5Ctimes+0.4+%3D+0.12&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.3 \times 0.4 = 0.12' title='0.3 \times 0.4 = 0.12' class='latex' />　正確，但不是「類似地」得到：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.%5Cdot+3+%5Ctimes+0.%5Cdot+4+%3D+0.%5Cdot+1%5Cdot+2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.\dot 3 \times 0.\dot 4 = 0.\dot 1\dot 2' title='0.\dot 3 \times 0.\dot 4 = 0.\dot 1\dot 2' class='latex' />（錯！）<!--more--></p>
<p>事實上，</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.%5Cdot+3+%5Ctimes+0.%5Cdot+4+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D+%5Ctimes+%5Cfrac%7B4%7D%7B9%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B4%7D%7B27%7D+%3D+0.%5Cdot+14+%5Cdot+8&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.\dot 3 \times 0.\dot 4 = \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{4}{9} = \frac{4}{27} = 0.\dot 14 \dot 8' title='0.\dot 3 \times 0.\dot 4 = \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{4}{9} = \frac{4}{27} = 0.\dot 14 \dot 8' class='latex' /></p>
<p>e.g. 2 二階導數</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdy%7D+%3D+1%2F%28%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{dx}{dy} = 1/(\frac{dy}{dx})' title='\frac{dx}{dy} = 1/(\frac{dy}{dx})' class='latex' />　正確（設考慮的導數有定義），但不是「類似地」得到：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2x%7D%7Bdy%5E2%7D+%3D+1%2F%28%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2y%7D%7Bdx%5E2%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{d^2x}{dy^2} = 1/(\frac{d^2y}{dx^2})' title='\frac{d^2x}{dy^2} = 1/(\frac{d^2y}{dx^2})' class='latex' />（錯！）</p>
<p>那麼，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2x%7D%7Bdy%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{d^2x}{dy^2}' title='\frac{d^2x}{dy^2}' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2y%7D%7Bdx%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}' title='\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}' class='latex' /> 有何關係？見下：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2x%7D%7Bdy%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{d^2x}{dy^2}' title='\frac{d^2x}{dy^2}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdy%7D%28%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdy%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{d}{dy}(\frac{dx}{dy})' title='= \frac{d}{dy}(\frac{dx}{dy})' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdy%7D%28%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%29%5E%7B-1%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{d}{dy}(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-1}' title='= \frac{d}{dy}(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-1}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdx%7D%28%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%29%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdy%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{d}{dx}(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-1}\frac{dx}{dy}' title='= \frac{d}{dx}(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-1}\frac{dx}{dy}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+-%28%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%29%5E%7B-2%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2y%7D%7Bdx%5E2%7D%28%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%29%5E%7B-1%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= -(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-2}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-1}' title='= -(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-2}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-1}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+-%28%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%29%5E%7B-3%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2y%7D%7Bdx%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= -(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-3}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}' title='= -(\frac{dy}{dx})^{-3}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>e.g. 3 期望值</p>
<p>設 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x)' title='f(x)' class='latex' /> 是連續隨機變量 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> 的概率密度函數（p.d.f.)，那麼 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> 的期望值是</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=E%28X%29+%3D+%5Cint_%7B-%5Cinfty%7D%5E%7B%2B%5Cinfty%7Dxf%28x%29dx&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='E(X) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}xf(x)dx' title='E(X) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}xf(x)dx' class='latex' /></p>
<p>但不是「類似地」得到：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=E%28X%5E2%29+%3D+%5Cint_%7B-%5Cinfty%7D%5E%7B%2B%5Cinfty%7Dx%5E2f%28x%5E2%29d%28x%5E2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='E(X^2) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x^2f(x^2)d(x^2)' title='E(X^2) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x^2f(x^2)d(x^2)' class='latex' />（錯！）</p>
<p>事實上，</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=E%28X%5E2%29+%3D+%5Cint_%7B-%5Cinfty%7D%5E%7B%2B%5Cinfty%7Dx%5E2f%28x%29dx&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='E(X^2) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x^2f(x)dx' title='E(X^2) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x^2f(x)dx' class='latex' /> 而已。</p>
<p>相信還有不少例子，歡迎分享！</p>
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<title><![CDATA[My first NSS math lesson]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/09/06/my-first-nss-math-lesson/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2009 16:01:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/09/06/my-first-nss-math-lesson/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[During the first NSS mathematics lesson in F.4D, I gave my students a piece of worksheet for practic]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><font face="georgia">During the first NSS mathematics lesson in F.4D, I gave my students a piece of worksheet for practicing simple algebraic computation. (Well, I could collect money during the time when they were doing classwork)</p>
<p>Q.1 to 4 are factiorization problems: factorize the following</p>
<p>1. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1+-+x%5E2%281+-+2x%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1 - x^2(1 - 2x)^2' title='1 - x^2(1 - 2x)^2' class='latex' /><br />
2. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E2+-+35x+%2B+294&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^2 - 35x + 294' title='x^2 - 35x + 294' class='latex' /><br />
3. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2x%5E2+%2B+6x+-+15z+-+2xy+%2B+5yz+-+5xz&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2x^2 + 6x - 15z - 2xy + 5yz - 5xz' title='2x^2 + 6x - 15z - 2xy + 5yz - 5xz' class='latex' /><br />
4. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E4y%5E4+%2B+x%5E2y%5E2+%2B+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^4y^4 + x^2y^2 + 1' title='x^4y^4 + x^2y^2 + 1' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Then I&#8217;d set the following questions in the worksheet and asked them to hand in as their homework:</p>
<p>5. What is your feeling about mathematics?<br />
6. What is your expectation of mathematics teacher in this acedemic year?<br />
7. What is your expectation on your own about the learning of mathematics?<!--more--></p>
<p>The most interesting question to me is Q.6. And the comments from students are always reminders to me, just share some:</p>
<p>(a) Trying his best to teach us and care about our studies<br />
(b) I expect my teacher can care the poor students (like me), but not just care about the good (good at maths) students<br />
(c) Teach more mathematics skills, give less homework<br />
(d) 我希望數學老師可教多一些課外知識或更難的題目<br />
(e) Fun, can let me learn well<br />
(f) I expect he can teach maths with fun so that everyone concentrate on the lesson<br />
(g) Nothing, but just hope Mr Ng can enjoy himself in his teaching<br />
(h) I don&#8217;t want this maths teacher leave me in the following 2 years<br />
(i) Just leave me alone<br />
&#8230;</p>
<p>At the time of discussion of worksheet, a student, Chan, gave a solution on the &#8216;green-board&#8217; which involved solving equation with complex numbers, his handwriting:</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/04092009208.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/04092009208.jpg?w=300" alt="04092009208" title="04092009208" width="300" height="225" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-4088" /></a></p>
<p>Not bad, right? some students had done PRE-LESSON PREPARATION already, not need to USE teaching schedule to force them to do so..hopefully&#8230;</font></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Finding general term by generating function]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/08/30/finding-general-term-by-generating-function/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2009 11:14:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/08/30/finding-general-term-by-generating-function/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It is extremely easy to set up questions on number pattern, like 1, 3, 8, 19, 42, 89, ? for more det]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><font face='georgia'>It is extremely easy to set up questions on number pattern, like</p>
<p>1, 3, 8, 19, 42, 89, ?</p>
<p>for more details, we may tabulate the question as:</p>
<p><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/20090829gif01.jpg"></p>
<p>the question is, when <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 6' title='n = 6' class='latex' />, what is the value of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' />?</p>
<p>My first reply to such kind of question is</p>
<p>&#8220;no need to do&#8221;<!--more--></p>
<p>because, even we know the first several terms in a number sequence, like</p>
<p>1, 3, 8, 19, 42, 89</p>
<p>then ANY number can be the next one!</p>
<p>[SBA]<br />
Please give examples to illustrate the statement above.</p>
<p>However, if we restrict the question a bit, it may be more meaningful.</p>
<p>For instance, if the sequence above satisfying the following relation:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+ha_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+kn&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = ha_{n - 1} + kn' title='a_n = ha_{n - 1} + kn' class='latex' /> (<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+1%2C2%2C+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 1,2, \dots' title='n = 1,2, \dots' class='latex' />)</p>
<p>where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=h%2C+k&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='h, k' title='h, k' class='latex' /> are constants.</p>
<p>Then, to determine the values of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=h%2C+k&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='h, k' title='h, k' class='latex' /> will be a question for junior form students.</p>
<p>Okay, let me illustrate that SAME materials can be used in different levels.</p>
<p>（Level 1）For form 2 or 3 students, the question is about solving simultaneous equations.</p>
<p>Once we know the relation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+ha_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+kn&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = ha_{n - 1} + kn' title='a_n = ha_{n - 1} + kn' class='latex' />,</p>
<p>put <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 1' title='n = 1' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3+%3D+h+%2B+k&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3 = h + k' title='3 = h + k' class='latex' />;<br />
put <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 2' title='n = 2' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=8+%3D+3h+%2B+2k&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='8 = 3h + 2k' title='8 = 3h + 2k' class='latex' />;</p>
<p>it is easy to have <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=h+%3D+2%2C+k+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='h = 2, k = 1' title='h = 2, k = 1' class='latex' />, and thus <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+2a_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' title='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>（Level 2）For form 1 students, they may not know how to solve simultaneous equations and it should be set in the way that they could solve it by just observing the pattern and do some induction.</p>
<p>As for example, we add two more columns <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_%7Bn+%2B+1%7D+-+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_{n + 1} - n' title='a_{n + 1} - n' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2a_n' title='2a_n' class='latex' />, </p>
<p><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/20090829gif02.jpg"></p>
<p>Form 1 students, could you identify the relation between <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_%7Bn+%2B+1%7D+-+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_{n + 1} - n' title='a_{n + 1} - n' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2a_n' title='2a_n' class='latex' />?</p>
<p>Could you give an equation connecting <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_%7Bn+%2B+1%7D+-+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_{n + 1} - n' title='a_{n + 1} - n' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2a_n' title='2a_n' class='latex' />?</p>
<p>May be, you could write down</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_%7Bn+%2B+1%7D+-+n+-+1+%3D+2a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_{n + 1} - n - 1 = 2a_n' title='a_{n + 1} - n - 1 = 2a_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p>May be, it is a dream&#8230;</p>
<p>Anyway, we can conclude that</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_%7Bn+%2B+1%7D+%3D+2a_n+%2B+n+%2B+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_{n + 1} = 2a_n + n + 1' title='a_{n + 1} = 2a_n + n + 1' class='latex' />（<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+0%2C+1%2C+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 0, 1, \dots' title='n = 0, 1, \dots' class='latex' />）</p>
<p>or</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+2a_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' title='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' class='latex' />（<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+1%2C+2%2C+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 1, 2, \dots' title='n = 1, 2, \dots' class='latex' />）</p>
<p>Okay, it is the time to jump to another level.</p>
<p>We are not satisfying with the recurrence relation above, could we find out the explicit expression of the general term <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' />?</p>
<p>Some years ago, I had introduced generating function（生成函數）in my forum which is a powerful tool of finding general terms.</p>
<p>The procedure is as follows.</p>
<p>Starting something &#8216;from God&#8217;, we consider a power series（冪級數）with <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' /> as coefficients（係數）, i.e.</p>
<p>Let <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G+%5Cequiv+a_0+%2B+a_1x+%2B+a_2x%5E2+%2B+a_3x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G \equiv a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3x^3 + \dots' title='G \equiv a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3x^3 + \dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>This <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> is an example of generating function.</p>
<p>Finding <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' /> is exactly the same as finding the coefficients of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>If we can determine <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> explicitly, the problem will be solved.</p>
<p>But, how?</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s make use of the recurrence relation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+2a_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' title='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' class='latex' />（<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+1%2C+2%2C+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 1, 2, \dots' title='n = 1, 2, \dots' class='latex' />）.</p>
<p>Students, think about that, how do we make the coefficients in the power series to be involving something like <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2a_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2a_{n - 1} + n' title='2a_{n - 1} + n' class='latex' />? Urm, intentionally, try to make the change by considering</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%282a_0+%2B+1%29+%2B+%282a_1+%2B+2%29x+%2B+%282a_2+%2B+3%29x%5E2+%2B+%282a_3+%2B+4%29x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(2a_0 + 1) + (2a_1 + 2)x + (2a_2 + 3)x^2 + (2a_3 + 4)x^3 + \dots' title='(2a_0 + 1) + (2a_1 + 2)x + (2a_2 + 3)x^2 + (2a_3 + 4)x^3 + \dots' class='latex' /> &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - (*)</p>
<p>just a bit rearrangement, yield</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2%28a_0+%2B+a_1x+%2B+a_2x%5E2+%2B+a_3x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots%29+%2B+%281+%2B+2x+%2B+3x%5E2+%2B+4x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3x^3 + \dots) + (1 + 2x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \dots)' title='2(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3x^3 + \dots) + (1 + 2x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \dots)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>（Here, students you may point out that the series should be absolutely convergent to guarantee that there is no change in the limit after a rearrangement. Yes, you are right. I remember when I set up similar questions in a school examination paper, my panel head required me to give clearly instruction, then I gave <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%26%23124%3Bx%26%23124%3B+%26%2360%3B+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='&#124;x&#124; &lt; 1' title='&#124;x&#124; &lt; 1' class='latex' /> as a condition. But, the use of generating function is something about the &#8216;format&#8217;, not something about analysis. Throughout the following discussion, we will assume that the series is convergent absolutely on certain domain.）</p>
<p>and the above will become</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2G+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%281+-+x%29%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2G + \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2}' title='2G + \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>on the reason that</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1+%2B+x+%2B+x%5E2+%2B+x%5E3+%2B+x%5E4+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1+-+x%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + \dots = \frac{1}{1 - x}' title='1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + \dots = \frac{1}{1 - x}' class='latex' /> （sum of G.S.）</p>
<p>Now, differentiate the above with respect to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' />, get</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1+%2B+2x+%2B+3x%5E2+%2B+4x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%281+-+x%29%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1 + 2x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \dots = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2}' title='1 + 2x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \dots = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>[SBA]<br />
Is it always true in saying that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdx%7D%28f_1%28x%29+%2B+f_2%28x%29+%2B+%5Cdots%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{d}{dx}(f_1(x) + f_2(x) + \dots)' title='\frac{d}{dx}(f_1(x) + f_2(x) + \dots)' class='latex' /> = <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bdf_1%7D%7Bdx%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7Bdf_2%7D%7Bdx%7D+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{df_1}{dx} + \frac{df_2}{dx} + \dots' title='\frac{df_1}{dx} + \frac{df_2}{dx} + \dots' class='latex' />？</p>
<p>Thus, (*) can be expressed as</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2G+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%281+-+x%29%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2G + \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2}' title='2G + \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2}' class='latex' /> &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - (**)</p>
<p>On the other hand, the reason why we made the coefficients of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> to be <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2a_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2a_{n - 1} + n' title='2a_{n - 1} + n' class='latex' /> is for converting them into <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' />, thus (*) is actually</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_1+%2B+a_2x+%2B+a_3x%5E2+%2B+a_4x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_1 + a_2x + a_3x^2 + a_4x^3 + \dots' title='a_1 + a_2x + a_3x^2 + a_4x^3 + \dots' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%28a_1x+%2B+a_2x%5E2+%2B+a_3x%5E3+%2B+a_4x%5E4+%2B+%5Cdots%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv \frac{1}{x}(a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3x^3 + a_4x^4 + \dots)' title='\equiv \frac{1}{x}(a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3x^3 + a_4x^4 + \dots)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%28a_0+%2B+a_1x+%2B+a_2x%5E2+%2B+a_3x%5E3+%2B+a_4x%5E4+%2B+%5Cdots+-+a_0%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv \frac{1}{x}(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3x^3 + a_4x^4 + \dots - a_0)' title='\equiv \frac{1}{x}(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3x^3 + a_4x^4 + \dots - a_0)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%28G+-+1%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv \frac{1}{x}(G - 1)' title='\equiv \frac{1}{x}(G - 1)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Compare with (**), we have</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2G+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%281+-+x%29%5E2%7D+%5Cequiv+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%28G+-+1%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2G + \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2} \equiv \frac{1}{x}(G - 1)' title='2G + \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2} \equiv \frac{1}{x}(G - 1)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>（Level 3）Now, it is something about form 3 and 4 students, determine the expression of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>That is</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G+%5Cequiv+%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2+-+x+%2B+1%7D%7B%281+-+2x%29%281+-+x%29%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G \equiv \frac{x^2 - x + 1}{(1 - 2x)(1 - x)^2}' title='G \equiv \frac{x^2 - x + 1}{(1 - 2x)(1 - x)^2}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Okay, form 3 or 4 students, this is only a question about &#34;making <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> as the subject&#34;, try to verify it on your own.</p>
<p>（Level 4）Now, we need senior form secondary mathematics. How to find coefficients of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />? It involves two topics: partial fractions（部份分式）and sum of G.S.</p>
<p>For form 6 and 7 students, try to resolve <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2+-+x+%2B+1%7D%7B%281+-+2x%29%281+-+x%29%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{x^2 - x + 1}{(1 - 2x)(1 - x)^2}' title='\frac{x^2 - x + 1}{(1 - 2x)(1 - x)^2}' class='latex' /> into partial fractions. I urge you to solve it on your own vividly as your revision.</p>
<p>The answer is</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G+%5Cequiv+%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B1+-+2x%7D+-+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1+-+x%7D+-+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%281+-+x%29%5E2%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G \equiv \frac{3}{1 - 2x} - \frac{1}{1 - x} - \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2}' title='G \equiv \frac{3}{1 - 2x} - \frac{1}{1 - x} - \frac{1}{(1 - x)^2}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Now, form 5 level: sum of G.S., i.e.</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1+-+x%7D+%5Cequiv+1+%2B+x+%2B+x%5E2+%2B+x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{1 - x} \equiv 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + \dots' title='\frac{1}{1 - x} \equiv 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + \dots' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B1+-+2x%7D+%5Cequiv+2%281+%2B+2x+%2B+%282x%29%5E2+%2B+%282x%29%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{2}{1 - 2x} \equiv 2(1 + 2x + (2x)^2 + (2x)^3 + \dots)' title='\frac{2}{1 - 2x} \equiv 2(1 + 2x + (2x)^2 + (2x)^3 + \dots)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%281+-+x%29%5E2%7D+%5Cequiv+1+%2B+2x+%2B+3x%5E2+%2B+4x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{(1 - x)^2} \equiv 1 + 2x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \dots' title='\frac{1}{(1 - x)^2} \equiv 1 + 2x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>thus</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=G&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%283%281+%2B+2x+%2B+%282x%29%5E2+%2B+%282x%29%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots%29+-+%281+%2B+x+%2B+x%5E2+%2B+x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots%29+-+%281+%2B+2x+%2B+3x%5E2+%2B+4x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv (3(1 + 2x + (2x)^2 + (2x)^3 + \dots) - (1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + \dots) - (1 + 2x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \dots)' title='\equiv (3(1 + 2x + (2x)^2 + (2x)^3 + \dots) - (1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + \dots) - (1 + 2x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \dots)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%283+-+2%29+%2B+%283%282%29+-+3%29x+%2B+%283%282%5E2%29+-+4%29x%5E2+%2B+%283%282%5E3%29+-+5%29x%5E3+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv (3 - 2) + (3(2) - 3)x + (3(2^2) - 4)x^2 + (3(2^3) - 5)x^3 + \dots' title='\equiv (3 - 2) + (3(2) - 3)x + (3(2^2) - 4)x^2 + (3(2^3) - 5)x^3 + \dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Behold, the pattern of coeffcients of each term can be identified clearly. The coefficient of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5En&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^n' title='x^n' class='latex' /> is <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3%282%5En%29+-+%28n+%2B+2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3(2^n) - (n + 2)' title='3(2^n) - (n + 2)' class='latex' />, and also the coefficients of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5En&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^n' title='x^n' class='latex' /> is <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' /> as set; thus</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+3%282%5En%29+-+n+-+2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 3(2^n) - n - 2' title='a_n = 3(2^n) - n - 2' class='latex' /> &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - (***)</p>
<p>Go back to the original question, that is, evaluating <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_6' title='a_6' class='latex' />. Of course, we may make use of the recurrence relation <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+2a_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' title='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' class='latex' />, obtaining</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_6+%3D+2a_5+%2B+6+%3D+2+%5Ctimes+89+%2B+6+%3D+184&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_6 = 2a_5 + 6 = 2 \times 89 + 6 = 184' title='a_6 = 2a_5 + 6 = 2 \times 89 + 6 = 184' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Or, we may put <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 6' title='n = 6' class='latex' /> into (***), obtaining <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_6+%3D+3%282%5E6%29+-+6+-+2+%3D+184&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_6 = 3(2^6) - 6 - 2 = 184' title='a_6 = 3(2^6) - 6 - 2 = 184' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Yes, using the recurrence relation is easier, however, if I ask you to find <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_%7B2009%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_{2009}' title='a_{2009}' class='latex' />, it may be better to use (***).</p>
<p>Finished? No, being a mathematics teacher, I wanna have some ideas of setting questions. Now, based on the materials above, I can set up at least 2 M.I. questions.</p>
<p>1. Let <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_0+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_0 = 1' title='a_0 = 1' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+2a_%7Bn+-+1%7D+%2B+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' title='a_n = 2a_{n - 1} + n' class='latex' /> (<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+1%2C+2%2C+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 1, 2, \dots' title='n = 1, 2, \dots' class='latex' />). Prove by mathematical induction that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+3%282%5En%29+-+n+-+2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 3(2^n) - n - 2' title='a_n = 3(2^n) - n - 2' class='latex' /> for any non negative integer <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />. (Trivial!)</p>
<p>To set up an &#39;advanced&#39; M.I. question, we may observe the first serval terms in {<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' />} by using the recurrence relation:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_0+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_0 = 1' title='a_0 = 1' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_1+%3D+2%281%29+%2B+1+%3D+3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3' title='a_1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_2+%3D+2%283%29+%2B+2+%3D+2%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_2 = 2(3) + 2 = 2^3' title='a_2 = 2(3) + 2 = 2^3' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_3+%3D+2%282%5E3%29+%2B+3+%3D+2%5E4+%2B+3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_3 = 2(2^3) + 3 = 2^4 + 3' title='a_3 = 2(2^3) + 3 = 2^4 + 3' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_4+%3D+2%5E5+%2B+2%2A3+%2B+4&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_4 = 2^5 + 2*3 + 4' title='a_4 = 2^5 + 2*3 + 4' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_5+%3D+2%5E6+%2B+2%5E2%2A3+%2B+2%2A4+%2B+5&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_5 = 2^6 + 2^2*3 + 2*4 + 5' title='a_5 = 2^6 + 2^2*3 + 2*4 + 5' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_6+%3D+2%5E7+%2B+2%5E3%2A3+%2B+2%5E2%2A4+%2B+2%2A5+%2B+6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_6 = 2^7 + 2^3*3 + 2^2*4 + 2*5 + 6' title='a_6 = 2^7 + 2^3*3 + 2^2*4 + 2*5 + 6' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\dots' title='\dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Hence we can create another question:</p>
<p>2. Let <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_3+%3D+19&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_3 = 19' title='a_3 = 19' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+2%5E%7Bn%2B1%7D+%2B+3%282%5E%7Bn-3%7D%29+%2B+4%282%5E%7Bn-4%7D%29+%2B+5%282%5E%7Bn-5%7D%29+%2B+%5Cdots+%2B+2%28n-1%29+%2B+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 2^{n+1} + 3(2^{n-3}) + 4(2^{n-4}) + 5(2^{n-5}) + \dots + 2(n-1) + n' title='a_n = 2^{n+1} + 3(2^{n-3}) + 4(2^{n-4}) + 5(2^{n-5}) + \dots + 2(n-1) + n' class='latex' /> (for <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+3%2C4%2C+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 3,4, \dots' title='n = 3,4, \dots' class='latex' />). Prove by mathematical induction that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%3D+3%282%5En%29+-+n+-+2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n = 3(2^n) - n - 2' title='a_n = 3(2^n) - n - 2' class='latex' /> for all integer <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%5Cge+3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n \ge 3' title='n \ge 3' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Finally, students, you may find the method of using generating function is a bit clumsy, especially for this particular question. You may have smarter methods to solve for <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' />. However, all I want is to introduce the method of using generating function and it is known that some questions can ONLY be solved by using generating function. Hope to share more next, bye bye!</font></p>
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<title><![CDATA[開任意次方法]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/08/06/a-method-for-find-the-root-of-nth-powers/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2009 10:31:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/08/06/a-method-for-find-the-root-of-nth-powers/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[《幾何與數理邏輯》湯璪真文集 記載了一篇介紹開任意次方的方法： 8 湯璪真先生（1898 ~ 1951）是中國著名的前輩數學家，有關湯先生的生平可參考： http://www.hudong.com/w]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>《幾何與數理邏輯》湯璪真文集<br />
<img src="http://logic.sysu.edu.cn/books/UploadFiles_8242/200711/20071123155840706.jpg"><br />
記載了一篇介紹開任意次方的方法：</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-1.jpg" target="blank"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-1.jpg" alt="nth-root-1" title="nth-root-1" width="1024" height="1598" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3845" /></a><!--more--></p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-2.jpg" target="blank"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-2.jpg?w=176" alt="nth-root-2" title="nth-root-2" width="176" height="300" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3848" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-3.jpg" target="blank"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-3.jpg?w=185" alt="nth-root-3" title="nth-root-3" width="185" height="300" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3851" /></a><br />
8<br />
<a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-4.jpg" target="blank"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-4.jpg?w=178" alt="nth-root-4" title="nth-root-4" width="178" height="300" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3852" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-5.jpg" target="blank"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-5.jpg?w=189" alt="nth-root-5" title="nth-root-5" width="189" height="300" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3853" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-6.jpg" target="blank"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nth-root-6.jpg?w=184" alt="nth-root-6" title="nth-root-6" width="184" height="300" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3854" /></a></p>
<p>湯璪真先生（1898 ~ 1951）是中國著名的前輩數學家，有關湯先生的生平可參考：</p>
<p><a href="http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E7%92%AA%E7%9C%9F" target="blank">http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E7%92%AA%E7%9C%9F</a></p>
<p>書中還有不少有趣文章，先看看目錄吧：</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/content-algebra-and-logic-tcc-1.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/content-algebra-and-logic-tcc-1.jpg" alt="content-algebra-and-logic-TCC-1" title="content-algebra-and-logic-TCC-1" width="923" height="1093" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3860" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/content-algebra-and-logic-tcc-2.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/content-algebra-and-logic-tcc-2.jpg" alt="content-algebra-and-logic-TCC-2" title="content-algebra-and-logic-TCC-2" width="961" height="1105" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3861" /></a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[公平分配]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/equal-allocation/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2009 06:24:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/equal-allocation/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A. 小學一年級 IQ 題：如何公平地把 4 個橙公平分給 7 個小朋友？ 答曰：哼，用搾汁機啦！（有 D 似「愛『夫』堅」廣告 &#8230;） B. 開心 share 一個童年片段，是公平分配的反]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>A.</p>
<p>小學一年級 IQ 題：如何公平地把 4 個橙公平分給 7 個小朋友？</p>
<p>答曰：哼，用搾汁機啦！（有 D 似「愛『夫』堅」廣告 &#8230;）</p>
<p>B.</p>
<p>開心 share 一個童年片段，是公平分配的反面教材，不知我的弟弟記得否？</p>
<p>話說 N 年前某天，某某送了一粒瑞士糖給我和弟弟，注意，係一粒（點解唔送多粒？）。因為粒糖好硬，刀不能分；於是我告訴弟弟：「等我咬一半畀你啦。」弟弟一直站在我旁，等呀等&#8230;等了很久&#8230;我還沒有分一半給他，出事！因為我一路咬下咬下，唔覺唔覺冇o左件事，成粒食曬！之後點？忘記了。<!--more--></p>
<p>我欠弟弟的，又豈止粒糖？</p>
<p>C.</p>
<p>又話說 M 年前看過一齣記錄片，其中一幕討論：如何把蛋糕公平分配給兩個小孩。</p>
<p>如果由大人來分給他們，他們總會感到別的小孩的一份大於自己的，又要哭鬧一番。</p>
<p>片中提議一個方法：</p>
<p>由小孩 A 切蛋糕，告訴他：要公平地分成兩份呀，還有，分好後，是小孩 B 先取呀。</p>
<p>我沒有做過上述「實驗」，只是原則上似乎是 work 的。</p>
<p>[SBA] 又，若三人（或以上）要平分蛋糕，又如何？</p>
<p>D.</p>
<p>上述的例是二人分配，那麼多人分配又如何？現虛擬一例。</p>
<p>永遠可愛的正版小甜甜，已脫離塵世，其名下公司隨即人去樓空，資產全被瓜分，只留下三樣公司極品不動產「遺愛人間」：</p>
<p><img src="http://d.yimg.com/mt/image/4b628e778ba2d8d0"></p>
<p>極品 A：小甜甜絕版寫真集<br />
極品 B：白馬王子安東尼珍藏風笛<br />
極品 C：小甜甜媽媽的首飾盒</p>
<p>假設當初有四名投資人，以相同金額集資經營該公司。現在，如何把三樣極品公平地分給四人，使他們也滿意？</p>
<p>這裡有一個方法：大概是對各項不動產賦值，價高者得，再攤分差價。</p>
<p>即是如何？嗯，舉例。設四名投資者估價如下：</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/someone-2.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/someone-2.jpg" alt="someone-2" title="someone-2" width="99" height="135" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3663" /></a><br />
大哨<br />
A: HK$1,500<br />
B: HK$2,500<br />
C: HK$1,200</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/someone-3.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/someone-3.jpg" alt="someone-3" title="someone-3" width="153" height="183" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3666" /></a><br />
大哨通<br />
A: HK$1,000<br />
B: HK$1,200<br />
C: HK$1,500</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/someone-4.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/someone-4.jpg" alt="someone-4" title="someone-4" width="134" height="155" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3667" /></a><br />
福仔<br />
A: HK$1,500<br />
B: HK$1,000<br />
C: HK$1,800</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/someone-5.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/someone-5.jpg" alt="someone-5" title="someone-5" width="150" height="126" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3668" /></a><br />
細丸爺爺<br />
A: HK$2,800<br />
B: HK$1,800<br />
C: HK$1,600</p>
<p>畫表分析一下。</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090706gif01.jpg"></p>
<p>以「價高者得」的原則，易知各項極品不動產花落誰家（見表中項目 a），且以最高「投標價」作為該極品之價值（見項目 b）。</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090706gif02.jpg"></p>
<p>項目 c 是各投資者（按自己的標準）為極品定出的總估價；</p>
<p>項目 d 則是所謂投資者認為可取回的平均金額（即項目 c 的數據除以 4），什麼意思？</p>
<p>比方說，大哨認為，極品總值是 HK$5,200，那麼，當想像把所有極品化成等價的金錢（情況好像把所有橙「搾汁」，再平均分給若干小朋友），四名投資者，應該得到</p>
<p>HK$5,200 / 4 = HK$1,300</p>
<p>項目 e 是餘額（即項目 b 減去項目 d 的數據），什麼是餘額？</p>
<p>又拿大哨為例，他認為取回 HK$1,300 是公平的分配，但現在他應該「喜出望外」，因為他投得價值為 HK$2,500 的風笛，所以，在現階段，他多得了</p>
<p>HK$2,500 &#8211; HK$1,300 = HK$1,200</p>
<p>這就是所謂餘額。</p>
<p>表中所示，大哨、福仔和細丸爺爺也投得極品，且所得價值也超過他們的期望（即餘額為正數），單單是大哨通「分不到任何東西」，餘額是負數！為了彌補他的「損失」，其餘三名投資者也拿出若干金錢，集資給大哨通。這個合理，都因該三人都是有正餘額的。問題是，每人應該拿出多少？</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090706gif03.jpg"></p>
<p>把各人的餘額加起來，得到項目 f，名之曰「附加分享值」，取其平均數，得項目 g（即項目 g 的數據是項目 f 的除以 4），「平均附加分享值」HK$562.5。這是什麼？</p>
<p>就是說，最後結算時，每人得到的，都比預期的多 HK$562.5。此話何解？看下表：</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090706gif04.jpg"></p>
<p>考慮大哨的情況，他有餘額 HK$1,200，即他比預期多得 HK$1,200。若現在各人也要公平地，比他預期的多得 HK$562.5，那麼，大哨就要多付</p>
<p>HK$1,200 &#8211; HK$562.5 = HK$637.5</p>
<p>這就是項目 h 所示，各人額外支付的金額（即項目 e 減去項目 g 的數據）。</p>
<p>最後，項目 i 不過是各人得的（凈）總額（即項目 b 減去項目 h 的數據）。</p>
<p>雖然大哨通得不到極品，但也得到 HK$1,487.5，如眾投資者一樣，他的得益，比他自己原先認為的，多 HK$562.5。</p>
<p>公平清資。</p>
<p>鳴謝：YAHOO 圖片搜尋</p>
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<title><![CDATA[十進制轉二進制]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/07/02/convert-decimal-into-binary/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 04:13:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/07/02/convert-decimal-into-binary/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[同事在中二的數學考卷擬了一道題：把 表達成二進制的數字。 整數部分，同學易求，現在的關注點是 如何轉成二進數？這個也簡單， 對卷後，梁同學問我，那麼 如何轉成二進數？ 這又是我這個授課員不能秒殺題。 ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>同事在中二的數學考卷擬了一道題：把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=101.5_%7B%2810%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='101.5_{(10)}' title='101.5_{(10)}' class='latex' /> 表達成二進制的數字。</p>
<p>整數部分，同學易求，現在的關注點是</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.5_%7B%2810%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.5_{(10)}' title='0.5_{(10)}' class='latex' /> 如何轉成二進數？這個也簡單，</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.5_%7B%2810%29%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%3D+0.1_%7B%282%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.5_{(10)} = \frac{1}{2} = 0.1_{(2)}' title='0.5_{(10)} = \frac{1}{2} = 0.1_{(2)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>對卷後，梁同學問我，那麼</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.4_%7B%2810%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.4_{(10)}' title='0.4_{(10)}' class='latex' /> 如何轉成二進數？<!--more--></p>
<p>這又是我這個授課員不能秒殺題。</p>
<p>同學，試探究一下：是否任何有理數都可轉成二進數？</p>
<p>對我來說，這仍是開放問題。高手見笑。</p>
<p>最無聊（trivial）的結果是</p>
<p>(a) 任何形如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bn%7D%7B2%5Ek%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{n}{2^k}' title='\frac{n}{2^k}' class='latex' /> 的有理數必可轉成二進數。（其中 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=k&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='k' title='k' class='latex' /> 為正整數）</p>
<p>比如</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B5%7D%7B64%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B5%7D%7B2%5E6%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{5}{64} = \frac{5}{2^6}' title='\frac{5}{64} = \frac{5}{2^6}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>由於 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=5_%7B%2810%29%7D+%3D+101_%7B%282%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='5_{(10)} = 101_{(2)}' title='5_{(10)} = 101_{(2)}' class='latex' />，所以</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B5%7D%7B64%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B2%5E2+%2B+2%5E0%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%29+%3D+0.000101_%7B%282%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{5}{64} = \frac{2^2 + 2^0}{2^6} = \frac{1}{2^3}(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^3}) = 0.000101_{(2)}' title='\frac{5}{64} = \frac{2^2 + 2^0}{2^6} = \frac{1}{2^3}(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^3}) = 0.000101_{(2)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>是否只有形如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bn%7D%7B2%5Ek%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{n}{2^k}' title='\frac{n}{2^k}' class='latex' /> 的有理數，才能轉成二進數？</p>
<p>不一定，大家看看以下的二進數：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.111%5Cdots_%7B%282%29%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.111\dots_{(2)} = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \dots' title='0.111\dots_{(2)} = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>學了等比數列和的同學，易知</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.111%5Cdots_%7B%282%29%7D+%3D+1_%7B%2810%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.111\dots_{(2)} = 1_{(10)}' title='0.111\dots_{(2)} = 1_{(10)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>這裡揭示了，我們可以運用循環小數來製作二進數。</p>
<p>比如</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.101010%5Cdots_%7B%282%29%7D+%3D+0.%5Coverline%7B10%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B3%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.101010\dots_{(2)} = 0.\overline{10} = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \dots = \frac{2}{3}' title='0.101010\dots_{(2)} = 0.\overline{10} = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \dots = \frac{2}{3}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>又例如</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.%5Coverline%7B110%7D+%3D+%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%29+%2B+%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E4%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E5%7D%29+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B2%5E5%7D+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B6%7D%7B7%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.\overline{110} = (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^2}) + (\frac{1}{2^4} + \frac{1}{2^5}) + \dots = \frac{3}{2^2} + \frac{3}{2^5} + \dots = \frac{6}{7}' title='0.\overline{110} = (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^2}) + (\frac{1}{2^4} + \frac{1}{2^5}) + \dots = \frac{3}{2^2} + \frac{3}{2^5} + \dots = \frac{6}{7}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.%5Coverline%7B00101%7D+%3D+%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E5%7D%29+%2B+%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E8%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7B10%7D%7D%29+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B5%7D%7B2%5E5%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B5%7D%7B2%5E%7B10%7D%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B5%7D%7B31%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.\overline{00101} = (\frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^5}) + (\frac{1}{2^8} + \frac{1}{2^{10}}) + \dots = \frac{5}{2^5} + \frac{5}{2^{10}} = \frac{5}{31}' title='0.\overline{00101} = (\frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^5}) + (\frac{1}{2^8} + \frac{1}{2^{10}}) + \dots = \frac{5}{2^5} + \frac{5}{2^{10}} = \frac{5}{31}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>可以看到，上述兩例的答案，其分母都是形如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2%5Ek+-+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2^k - 1' title='2^k - 1' class='latex' /> 的。</p>
<p>如果分數 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7Bb%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{a}{b}' title='\frac{a}{b}' class='latex' /> 的分母 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='b' title='b' class='latex' /> 形如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2%5Ek+-+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2^k - 1' title='2^k - 1' class='latex' /> ，是否一定能轉之為二進數？</p>
<p>讓我再給一個頗無聊的結果：</p>
<p>(b) 形如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B2%5Em%7D%7B2%5Ek+-+1%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{2^m}{2^k - 1}' title='\frac{2^m}{2^k - 1}' class='latex' /> （其中 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' />　為非負整數， <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=k+%28k+%26%2362%3B+m%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='k (k &gt; m)' title='k (k &gt; m)' class='latex' /> 為正整數） 必能轉成二進數。</p>
<p>這是因為</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B2%5Em%7D%7B2%5Ek+-+1%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B2%5E%7Bm-k%7D%7D%7B1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5Ek%7D%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7Bk-m%7D%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7B2k-m%7D%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7B3k-m%7D%7D+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{2^m}{2^k - 1} = \frac{2^{m-k}}{1-\frac{1}{2^k}} = \frac{1}{2^{k-m}} + \frac{1}{2^{2k-m}} + \frac{1}{2^{3k-m}} + \dots' title='\frac{2^m}{2^k - 1} = \frac{2^{m-k}}{1-\frac{1}{2^k}} = \frac{1}{2^{k-m}} + \frac{1}{2^{2k-m}} + \frac{1}{2^{3k-m}} + \dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>舉例</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B2%5E0%7D%7B2%5E3+-+1%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+0.%5Coverline%7B001%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{7} = \frac{2^0}{2^3 - 1} = \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \dots = 0.\overline{001}' title='\frac{1}{7} = \frac{2^0}{2^3 - 1} = \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \dots = 0.\overline{001}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B7%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B2%5E1%7D%7B2%5E3+-+1%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E5%7D+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+0.%5Coverline%7B01001%7D_%7B%282%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{2}{7} = \frac{2^1}{2^3 - 1} = \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^5} + \dots = 0.\overline{01001}_{(2)}' title='\frac{2}{7} = \frac{2^1}{2^3 - 1} = \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^5} + \dots = 0.\overline{01001}_{(2)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>從上面兩例，我隨即想：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B7%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B7%7D+%3D+0.%5Coverline%7B001%7D+%2B+0.%5Coverline%7B01001%7D+%3D+0.%5Coverline%7B011%7D_%7B%282%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{3}{7} = \frac{1}{7} + \frac{2}{7} = 0.\overline{001} + 0.\overline{01001} = 0.\overline{011}_{(2)}' title='\frac{3}{7} = \frac{1}{7} + \frac{2}{7} = 0.\overline{001} + 0.\overline{01001} = 0.\overline{011}_{(2)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>咦，這豈不是把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B7%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{3}{7}' title='\frac{3}{7}' class='latex' /> 轉化為二進數？於是我猜想</p>
<p>(c) 形如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B2%5Ek+-+1%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{a}{2^k - 1}' title='\frac{a}{2^k - 1}' class='latex' /> （其中 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a%2C+k&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a, k' title='a, k' class='latex' /> 為正整數）的有理數必可轉為二進數</p>
<p>比如</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B5%7D%7B7%7D+%3D+%282%5E2+%2B+2%5E0%29%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%2B+%5Cdots%29+%3D+%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E4%7D+%2B+%5Cdots%29+%2B+%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%2B+%5Cdots%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{5}{7} = (2^2 + 2^0)(\frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \dots) = (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^4} + \dots) + (\frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \dots)' title='\frac{5}{7} = (2^2 + 2^0)(\frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \dots) = (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^4} + \dots) + (\frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \dots)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E4%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%2B+%5Cdots+%3D+0.1%5Coverline%7B011%7D_%7B%282%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='=\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^4} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \dots = 0.1\overline{011}_{(2)}' title='=\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^4} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \dots = 0.1\overline{011}_{(2)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>不過有時有一些要進位的情況，要小心考慮。</p>
<p>循環小數已玩過，那麼無窮不循環的情況如何？比如</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.1011011101111%5Cdots_%7B%282%29%7D+%3D+%3F&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.1011011101111\dots_{(2)} = ?' title='0.1011011101111\dots_{(2)} = ?' class='latex' /></p>
<p>嗯，似乎不能有一概而論（就算是十進制時也不一定可以把它輕易變成某個無理數的 &#8220;closed form&#8221;），所以，都是停筆，有機會再想。</p>
<p>那麼：<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0.4_%7B%2810%29%7D+%3D+%3F&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0.4_{(10)} = ?' title='0.4_{(10)} = ?' class='latex' /> 請繼續看看。</p>
<p>- &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; -<br />
<font color="blue"><b>後記</b></font> (12:00 a.m.)</p>
<p>中二教科書用「除法」把十進整數化為二進數，至於分數的，我嘗試用「乘法」。</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{7}' title='\frac{1}{7}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5E3%7D%7B7%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{2^3}{7}' title='= \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{2^3}{7}' class='latex' /> (分子分母同時乘 2 的冪，以致分子剛剛大於分母 7)<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%281+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^3}(1 + \frac{1}{7})' title='= \frac{1}{2^3}(1 + \frac{1}{7})' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{1}{7}' title='= \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{1}{7}' class='latex' /> (看 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{7}' title='\frac{1}{7}' class='latex' /> 又走了出來)<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^3}(\frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{1}{7})' title='= \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^3}(\frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{1}{7})' class='latex' /> (又重覆出現，可歸納了)<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\dots' title='\dots' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E9%7D+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \frac{1}{2^9} + \dots' title='= \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \frac{1}{2^9} + \dots' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+0.%5Coverline%7B001%7D_%7B%282%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= 0.\overline{001}_{(2)}' title='= 0.\overline{001}_{(2)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>好了，不用 WolframAlpha，徒手做</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{2}{5}' title='\frac{2}{5}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2}\frac{8}{5}' title='= \frac{1}{2^2}\frac{8}{5}' class='latex' /> (分子分母同時乘 2 的冪，以致分子剛剛大於分母 5)<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%281+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B5%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2}(1 + \frac{3}{5})' title='= \frac{1}{2^2}(1 + \frac{3}{5})' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^2}\frac{3}{5}' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^2}\frac{3}{5}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%5Cfrac%7B6%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{6}{5}' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{6}{5}' class='latex' /> (分子分母同時乘 2 的冪，以致分子剛剛大於分母 5)<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%281+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B5%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3}(1 + \frac{1}{5})' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3}(1 + \frac{1}{5})' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{1}{5}' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^3}\frac{1}{5}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5E3%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6}\frac{2^3}{5}' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6}\frac{2^3}{5}' class='latex' /> (分子分母同時乘 2 的冪，以致分子剛剛大於分母 5)<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6}\frac{8}{5}' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6}\frac{8}{5}' class='latex' /> (嗯，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{8}{5}' title='\frac{8}{5}' class='latex' /> 又出現了！)<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D%281+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E4%7D%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B5%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6}(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^4}\frac{8}{5})' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6}(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^4}\frac{8}{5})' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E7%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7B10%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B5%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \frac{1}{2^7} + \frac{1}{2^{10}}\frac{8}{5}' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \frac{1}{2^7} + \frac{1}{2^{10}}\frac{8}{5}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E7%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7B10%7D%7D%281+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E4%7D%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B5%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \frac{1}{2^7} + \frac{1}{2^{10}}(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^4}\frac{8}{5})' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \frac{1}{2^7} + \frac{1}{2^{10}}(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^4}\frac{8}{5})' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E6%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E7%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7B10%7D%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7B11%7D%7D+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7B14%7D%7D+%2B+%5Cdots&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \frac{1}{2^7} + \frac{1}{2^{10}} + \frac{1}{2^{11}} + \frac{1}{2^{14}} + \dots' title='= \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^6} + \frac{1}{2^7} + \frac{1}{2^{10}} + \frac{1}{2^{11}} + \frac{1}{2^{14}} + \dots' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+0.0%5Coverline%7B1100%7D_%7B%282%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= 0.0\overline{1100}_{(2)}' title='= 0.0\overline{1100}_{(2)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>存在了這個所謂算法，是否一定可以化十進分數為二進數小數？</p>
<p>有沒有較為簡潔的證明？仍在思考中。</p>
<p>=========================================</p>
<p><font color="blue"><b>後後記</b></font></p>
<p>後記中的所謂算法太煩，我想了一個連小學生都應該懂的算法，去片：</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/qbz-mk53G10&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/qbz-mk53G10&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[考試前後]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/06/22/day-before-and-after-examination/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 2009 12:15:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/06/22/day-before-and-after-examination/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[前 考中二數學前夕，梁同學致電問數。我都「好野」，一邊行街赴父親節宴會，一邊做數講數。 問題太多，晚上回家，梁同學再問下半場。 他問什麼中二數學問題？列幾個： 1. Factorize . 2. 把 ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><font color="blue"><b>前</b></font></p>
<p>考中二數學前夕，梁同學致電問數。我都「好野」，一邊行街赴父親節宴會，一邊做數講數。</p>
<p>問題太多，晚上回家，梁同學再問下半場。</p>
<p>他問什麼中二數學問題？列幾個：</p>
<p>1. Factorize <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x-1%29%28x-2%29%28x-3%29%28x-4%29+-+48&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4) - 48' title='(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4) - 48' class='latex' />.<br />
2. 把 8 cm * 10 cm 長方形一對角（opposite angles）摺疊，求摺痕長度。<br />
3. 二進制轉和十六進制的直接互換方法。<br />
&#8230;</p>
<p>等等。</p>
<p><font color="blue"><b>後</b></font><!--more--></p>
<p>考試最後一天，學生考完純數。</p>
<p>鄧同學：「阿 sir，份卷好長呀！」<br />
我：「都唔係呀，都係 F4 size 渣o麻」<br />
鄧同學：「&#8230;」</p>
<p>我不是出卷高手，題目往往又長又悶。同學可以下載看看：</p>
<p><a href='http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/f6-pure-mathematics-final-examination-2009060221.doc'>f6-pure-mathematics-final-examination-200906022</a></p>
<p>Q.2 和 Q.5 總共用不到半小時 hea 出。稍為要想一想的，是最後一道短題（Q.6），幾個同學問 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Bk+%3D+1%7D%5En%28n+%2B+1%29%5E%7B-1%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sum_{k = 1}^n(n + 1)^{-1}' title='\sum_{k = 1}^n(n + 1)^{-1}' class='latex' /> 有冇打錯（其實沒有問題的）。</p>
<p>從同學的解題，才看到一些題目的「白痴」，例如</p>
<p>Q.6 如果以 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clim_%7Bn+%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D%5Csum_%7Bk+%3D+1%7D%5En%28n%5Ek+%2B+1%29%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B-1%7D%7Bk%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\sum_{k = 1}^n(n^k + 1)^{\frac{-1}{k}}' title='\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\sum_{k = 1}^n(n^k + 1)^{\frac{-1}{k}}' class='latex' /> 為目的，(a) 是極之無聊的，因為上限是極易找出：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Ek+%2B+1+%26%2362%3B+n%5Ek&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n^k + 1 &gt; n^k' title='n^k + 1 &gt; n^k' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5CRightarrow+%28n%5Ek+%2B+1%29%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B-1%7D%7Bk%7D%7D+%26%2360%3B+n%5E%7B-1%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\Rightarrow (n^k + 1)^{\frac{-1}{k}} &lt; n^{-1}' title='\Rightarrow (n^k + 1)^{\frac{-1}{k}} &lt; n^{-1}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5CRightarrow+%5Csum_%7Bk+%3D+1%7D%5En%28n%5Ek+%2B+1%29%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B-1%7D%7Bk%7D%7D+%26%2360%3B+%5Csum_%7Bk+%3D+1%7D%5Enn%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\Rightarrow \sum_{k = 1}^n(n^k + 1)^{\frac{-1}{k}} &lt; \sum_{k = 1}^nn^{-1} = 1' title='\Rightarrow \sum_{k = 1}^n(n^k + 1)^{\frac{-1}{k}} &lt; \sum_{k = 1}^nn^{-1} = 1' class='latex' /></p>
<p>由夾逼原理，完工。又例如</p>
<p>Q.7 如果以解 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=56x%5E4+%2B+60x%5E3+%2B+6x%5E2+-+11x+%2B+k+%3D+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='56x^4 + 60x^3 + 6x^2 - 11x + k = 0' title='56x^4 + 60x^3 + 6x^2 - 11x + k = 0' class='latex' /> 為目標，已知它有 triple root，其實直接去解不難，但用之前的結果，似乎簡單複雜化。</p>
<p>我心想長題 Q.7, Q.8 可以送分，試後，從同學的評語看來，未敢樂觀。</p>
<p>Q.7 在 (b) 原先沒有給同學 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bab+-+c%7D%7B2%28b+-+a%5E2%29%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{ab - c}{2(b - a^2)}' title='\frac{ab - c}{2(b - a^2)}' class='latex' />，最後我也給了，望減低傷亡率。<br />
Q.8 明顯是 hea 出的 curve sketching，我是想，這些樣版題目，何來費周章，找幾個可以的數字照改 past paper 已是。</p>
<p>至於另外兩道長題，了無新意：</p>
<p>Q.9 我不過是把已往 MVT （Cauchy form）的問法濃縮，推出 Jensen，再找個可以的函數 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin+x%7D%7Bx%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{\sin x}{x}' title='\frac{\sin x}{x}' class='latex' /> 做個不等式。<br />
Q.10 是 ratio test，亦容易找一些「樣好」的級數（series）來擬題。</p>
<p>事實上今次擬這純數卷是我有生以來最快的，不過，相信我又令不少同學陣亡，他們或希望打我一頓&#8230;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[教你小學數]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/teach-some-primary-school-mathematics/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2009 16:20:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/teach-some-primary-school-mathematics/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[一口氣做了幾個 ETV，同學慢用。 二。有關七分之一 三。速算：尾數為 5 的平方 四。速算：個位和 10，十位相同之乘法 五。開方教學：順序看看 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>一口氣做了幾個 ETV，同學慢用。</p>
<p>二。有關七分之一<!--more--></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/7AD267wQe-A&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/7AD267wQe-A&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>三。速算：尾數為 5 的平方</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/tUnHgkzLZLg&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/tUnHgkzLZLg&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>四。速算：個位和 10，十位相同之乘法</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/0uFBryxHRGk&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/0uFBryxHRGk&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>五。開方教學：順序看看</p>
<p>Part 1<br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/tV8rK-uzOxg&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/tV8rK-uzOxg&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 2<br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/HVlaT6MsF3E&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/HVlaT6MsF3E&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 3<br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/yg2x8_JVgi4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/yg2x8_JVgi4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 4<br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/w552icCa5SQ&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/w552icCa5SQ&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 5<br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/v_-7MdN4VG4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/v_-7MdN4VG4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 6<br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/MMQKgHQYpT4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/MMQKgHQYpT4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 7<br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/pQQg3T7jyhc&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/pQQg3T7jyhc&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[[FW] 在大自然中窺見費伯納契數列]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/06/07/fw-fibonacci-sequence-in-nature/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 07 Jun 2009 09:11:56 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/06/07/fw-fibonacci-sequence-in-nature/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[http://sa.ylib.com/saeasylearn/saeasylearnshow.asp?FDocNo=1389&amp;CL=81 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://sa.ylib.com/saeasylearn/saeasylearnshow.asp?FDocNo=1389&#38;CL=81" target="blank">http://sa.ylib.com/saeasylearn/saeasylearnshow.asp?FDocNo=1389&#38;CL=81</a></p>
<p>－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－</p>
<p>全國奈米科技應用競賽 ：<br />
<a href="http://www.bme.nchu.edu.tw/competition/" target="blank">http://www.bme.nchu.edu.tw/competition/</a><br />
（頗有趣。香港有沒有類似的比賽？）</p>
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<title><![CDATA[數數唸]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/05/13/minor-math-uttering/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2009 11:47:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/05/13/minor-math-uttering/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[一． 以下數字是「旋轉對稱」的嗎？ 1961 是？嗯，問題係「旋轉對稱」應該是描述圖形，而不是數字&#8230;如果我把它寫成 那這個數字還是「旋轉對稱」的嗎？ 二． ” is differentia]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>一．</p>
<p>以下數字是「旋轉對稱」的嗎？</p>
<p>1961<!--more--></p>
<p>是？嗯，問題係「旋轉對稱」應該是描述圖形，而不是數字&#8230;如果我把它寫成</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/05/1961.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/05/1961.jpg" alt="1961" title="1961" width="60" height="50" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3348" /></a></p>
<p>那這個數字還是「旋轉對稱」的嗎？</p>
<p>二．</p>
<p>”<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x)' title='f(x)' class='latex' /> is differentiable at <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x = a' title='x = a' class='latex' />”does NOT imply ”<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%27%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f&#039;(x)' title='f&#039;(x)' class='latex' /> is continuous at <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x = a' title='x = a' class='latex' />”</p>
<p>Just think about a classic example</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29+%3D+x%5E2%5Csin+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x) = x^2\sin \frac{1}{x}' title='f(x) = x^2\sin \frac{1}{x}' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x+%5Cne+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x \ne 0' title='x \ne 0' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%280%29+%3D+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(0) = 0' title='f(0) = 0' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>三．</p>
<p>Justin had just sent me an interesting question.</p>
<p>Prove by mathematical induction that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E3+%2B+y%5E3+%2B+z%5E3+%3D+3%5En&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3^n' title='x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3^n' class='latex' /> has integral solution <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x,y,z)' title='(x,y,z)' class='latex' /> for any positive integer <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Since</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1%5E3+%2B+1%5E3+%2B+1%5E3+%3D+3%5E1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1^3 + 1^3 + 1^3 = 3^1' title='1^3 + 1^3 + 1^3 = 3^1' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0%5E3+%2B+1%5E3+%2B+2%5E3+%3D+3%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0^3 + 1^3 + 2^3 = 3^2' title='0^3 + 1^3 + 2^3 = 3^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=0%5E3+%2B+0%5E3+%2B+3%5E3+%3D+3%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='0^3 + 0^3 + 3^3 = 3^3' title='0^3 + 0^3 + 3^3 = 3^3' class='latex' /></p>
<p>the statement is true for <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+1%2C2%2C3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 1,2,3' title='n = 1,2,3' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>For any positive integer <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=k&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='k' title='k' class='latex' />,<br />
suppose <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x_0%5E3+%2B+y_0%5E3+%2B+z_0%5E3+%3D+3%5Ek&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x_0^3 + y_0^3 + z_0^3 = 3^k' title='x_0^3 + y_0^3 + z_0^3 = 3^k' class='latex' /> for some integers <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x_0%2C+y_0%2C+z_0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x_0, y_0, z_0' title='x_0, y_0, z_0' class='latex' />,<br />
then <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%283x_0%29%5E3+%2B+%283y_0%29%5E3+%2B+%283z_0%29%5E3+%3D+3%5E%7Bk%2B3%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(3x_0)^3 + (3y_0)^3 + (3z_0)^3 = 3^{k+3}' title='(3x_0)^3 + (3y_0)^3 + (3z_0)^3 = 3^{k+3}' class='latex' /><br />
i.e. the statement is true for <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+k+%2B+3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = k + 3' title='n = k + 3' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Another problem is, whether, for fixed <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E3+%2B+y%5E3+%2B+z%5E3+%3D+3%5En&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3^n' title='x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3^n' class='latex' /> has unique integral solution (up to permutation)? Could you give a proof or counter-example? Thank you in advance.</p>
<p>四．</p>
<p>在早上回校的小巴，從坐在最後一個座位的一刻開始，我一直被迫地，聽司機和某位阿叔的對話：</p>
<p>司：「如果買返上一期果幾個冧巴（number），今期（六合彩）就可以中三個字啦！」<br />
叔：「所以話，你要『枕住』幾期買同一注冧巴囉，起碼連續五期要咁買！」<br />
司：「你會唔會買電腦飛？」<br />
叔：「唔好買電腦飛呀！電腦飛每次都有幾個冧巴唔出o架！」<br />
司：「唔係掛？」<br />
叔：「真o架，我個 friend o係馬會做，佢話o架！即係如果佢唔出 3,6,9，今期開 3,6,9，咁咪ｘｘ」</p>
<p>期間，小巴鍾聲響過，飛站後，小姐說：「有落呀，頭先o禁o左鐘o架！」</p>
<p>停車，未幾。</p>
<p>司：「我聽唔到有人打鐘。」<br />
叔：「我都聽唔到！」</p>
<p>（\ ___ /）</p>
<p>鐘（擬人法）：「我肯定頭先畀人打過，阿 John 可以做證！」</p>
<p>為免他們因吹水而再度飛站，我唔打鐘，高聲揚：「橋底有落！」司機舉手示意。</p>
<p>將要到站，司機問：「有冇人要落？」</p>
<p>我（\ ___ /）：「有！」</p>
<p>[SBA]</p>
<p>1.「連續 N 期買同一注」是個買「六合彩」的好策略嗎？<br />
2.「電腦彩票每次都有幾個數字不出現」如何影響中獎的機會？<br />
3. 試比較評論以下的命題：<br />
(a)「連續買 19 次六合彩都唔中頭獎，咁買第 20 次都唔中頭獎的機會便很高！」<br />
(b)「擲一元硬幣 19 次，每次結果都是『公』，咁擲第 20 次都是『公』的機會便很高！」</p>
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<title><![CDATA[中二數學：累積頻數曲線]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/04/22/f2-mathematics-cumulative-frequency-curve/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2009 10:10:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/04/22/f2-mathematics-cumulative-frequency-curve/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[1. 同學問：「有累積頻數多邊形不是已經足夠嗎？為何還要學累積頻數曲線？」 2. 同學問：「累積頻數多邊形和累積頻數曲線，邊個好 D？」 3. 我自問：「書話：用平滑曲線連起？即係點連？咁多條，邊條先]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>1.</p>
<p>同學問：「有累積頻數多邊形不是已經足夠嗎？為何還要學累積頻數曲線？」</p>
<p>2.<!--more--></p>
<p>同學問：「累積頻數多邊形和累積頻數曲線，邊個好 D？」</p>
<p>3.</p>
<p>我自問：「書話：用平滑曲線連起？即係點連？咁多條，邊條先係 c.f. curve？」（這是無聊的問題&#8230;）</p>
<p>4.</p>
<p>某道題：根據 200 名學生某次數學測驗成績，繪成以下累積頻數曲線（cumulative frequency curve）</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090422gif01.gif"></p>
<p>若該次測驗之有一半的人不及格，參考上圖，請問及格分數如何？</p>
<p>同學問：「究竟是 45 分還是 44 分？」</p>
<p>大家有興趣回應一下嗎？</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Just reply to my so-called ETV]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/just-reply-to-my-so-called-etv/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2009 16:45:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/just-reply-to-my-so-called-etv/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Here is just a reply to my primary school mathematics ETV (magic square). When I was a primary schoo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><font face="georgia">Here is just a reply to my primary school mathematics ETV (<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrSojK2C_ao" target="blank">magic square</a>).</p>
<p>When I was a primary school boy, my mathematics teacher taught us how to construct magic square,  today, I still remember what she had taught me. For your reference, here is an easy way to construct magic square of odd order:</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_square#A_method_for_constructing_a_magic_square_of_odd_order" target="blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_square#A_method_for_constructing_a_magic_square_of_odd_order</a></p>
<p>Students, try to construct magic squares<!--more--> of order 5 and 7 by using the method mentioned above.</p>
<p>(Sudden question: will the magic squares of order 5 and 7 etc. have the same property as described in the video?)</p>
<p>To see (not prove) the reason why there is a property as described in the video, let&#8217;s look at the magic square of order 3 again and do some junior form mathematics.</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090419gif01.jpg"> &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - M1</p>
<p>It is actually &#8216;equivalent&#8217; to the following magic square:</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090419gif02.jpg"> &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - M2</p>
<p>M2 is formed by subtracting 5 from each entry in M1.</p>
<p>Look at M2, it may be easier to see the sums of entries of the same row, same column and same diagonal are zero. That is actually the property of magic square. Right?</p>
<p>For simplicity, let <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%3D+100%2C+b+%3D+10&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a = 100, b = 10' title='a = 100, b = 10' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Look at M1, the number formed from the first row, i.e. 816, can be written as <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=8a+%2B+b+%2B+6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='8a + b + 6' title='8a + b + 6' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>To have the linkage with M2, I write</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=816%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='816^2' title='816^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%288a+%2B+b+%2B+6%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (8a + b + 6)^2' title='= (8a + b + 6)^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%283a+-+4b+%2B+1+%2B+555%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (3a - 4b + 1 + 555)^2' title='= (3a - 4b + 1 + 555)^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29%5E2+%2B+c%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 + c(3a - 4b + 1) + d' title='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 + c(3a - 4b + 1) + d' class='latex' /> &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - (*)</p>
<p>(where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c+%3D+2+%5Ctimes+555+%3D+1110%2C+d+%3D+555%5E2+%3D+308025&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c = 2 \times 555 = 1110, d = 555^2 = 308025' title='c = 2 \times 555 = 1110, d = 555^2 = 308025' class='latex' />)</p>
<p>See, 3, -4, 1 are numbers in the first row in M2.</p>
<p>Look at M1 again, the number formed from the third row, i.e. 492, and the &#8216;reverse&#8217; of this number is 294.</p>
<p>In fact, 294 is quite &#8216;related&#8217; to the number 816, consider</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=294%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='294^2' title='294^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%282a+%2B+9b+%2B+4%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (2a + 9b + 4)^2' title='= (2a + 9b + 4)^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%28-3a+%2B+4b+-+1+%2B+555%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (-3a + 4b - 1 + 555)^2' title='= (-3a + 4b - 1 + 555)^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%28-3a+%2B+4b+-+1%29%5E2+%2B+c%28-3a+%2B+4b+-+1%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (-3a + 4b - 1)^2 + c(-3a + 4b - 1) + d' title='= (-3a + 4b - 1)^2 + c(-3a + 4b - 1) + d' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29%5E2+-+c%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 - c(3a - 4b + 1) + d' title='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 - c(3a - 4b + 1) + d' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Compare with (*), their middle terms are different from a negative sign only.</p>
<p>This is not by accident, it is all about the construction of magic square.</p>
<p>The &#8216;proof&#8217; is done by the &#8216;zero sum&#8217; in M2. What? Okay, let me write the whole story.</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=816%5E2+%2B+357%5E2+%2B+492%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='816^2 + 357^2 + 492^2' title='816^2 + 357^2 + 492^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29%5E2+%2B+c%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 + c(3a - 4b + 1) + d' title='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 + c(3a - 4b + 1) + d' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%2B+%28-2a+%2B+2%29%5E2+%2B+c%28-2a+%2B+2%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='+ (-2a + 2)^2 + c(-2a + 2) + d' title='+ (-2a + 2)^2 + c(-2a + 2) + d' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%2B+%28-a+%2B+4b+-3%29%5E2+%2B+c%28-a+%2B+4b+-3%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='+ (-a + 4b -3)^2 + c(-a + 4b -3) + d' title='+ (-a + 4b -3)^2 + c(-a + 4b -3) + d' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29%5E2+%2B+%28-2a+%2B+2%29%5E2+%2B+%28-a+%2B+4b+-3%29%5E2+%2B+3d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 + (-2a + 2)^2 + (-a + 4b -3)^2 + 3d' title='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 + (-2a + 2)^2 + (-a + 4b -3)^2 + 3d' class='latex' /> &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - (#)</p>
<p>The construction of magic square ensures the terms involving <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c' title='c' class='latex' /> being cancelled.</p>
<p>Now, the &#8216;reversed sum&#8217;</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=618%5E2+%2B+753%5E2+%2B+294%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='618^2 + 753^2 + 294^2' title='618^2 + 753^2 + 294^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+294%5E2+%2B+753%5E2+%2B+618%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= 294^2 + 753^2 + 618^2' title='= 294^2 + 753^2 + 618^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29%5E2+-+c%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 - c(3a - 4b + 1) + d' title='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 - c(3a - 4b + 1) + d' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%2B+%28-2a+%2B+2%29%5E2+-+c%28-2a+%2B+2%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='+ (-2a + 2)^2 - c(-2a + 2) + d' title='+ (-2a + 2)^2 - c(-2a + 2) + d' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%2B+%28-a+%2B+4b+-3%29%5E2+-+c%28-a+%2B+4b+-3%29+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='+ (-a + 4b -3)^2 - c(-a + 4b -3) + d' title='+ (-a + 4b -3)^2 - c(-a + 4b -3) + d' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%283a+-+4b+%2B+1%29%5E2+%2B+%28-2a+%2B+2%29%5E2+%2B+%28-a+%2B+4b+-3%29%5E2+%2B+3d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 + (-2a + 2)^2 + (-a + 4b -3)^2 + 3d' title='= (3a - 4b + 1)^2 + (-2a + 2)^2 + (-a + 4b -3)^2 + 3d' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Also, the terms involving <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c' title='c' class='latex' /> are cancelled, and the result is just the same as (#) and that is why</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=816%5E2+%2B+357%5E2+%2B+492%5E2+%3D+618%5E2+%2B+753%5E2+%2B+294%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='816^2 + 357^2 + 492^2 = 618^2 + 753^2 + 294^2' title='816^2 + 357^2 + 492^2 = 618^2 + 753^2 + 294^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Instead of considering rows, as shown in the video, the property remains when we consider numbers formed from columns. And the so-called proof is exactly the same as before.</p>
<p>Urm, we may ask naturally that will the following be true for some positive integer <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> (other than <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+1%2C+2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n = 1, 2' title='n = 1, 2' class='latex' />)?</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=816%5En+%2B+357%5En+%2B+492%5En+%3D+618%5En+%2B+753%5En+%2B+294%5En&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='816^n + 357^n + 492^n = 618^n + 753^n + 294^n' title='816^n + 357^n + 492^n = 618^n + 753^n + 294^n' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Students, explore it if you are interested.</font></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[教學現場之中二數學之又玩計算機]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/teaching-f2-math-playing-calculators/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2009 04:14:35 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/teaching-f2-math-playing-calculators/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[今天又是教學生使用計算機。 「大家取出計算機，幫我計一計 的數值是多少。」 全班用類似型號的機，但給的答案卻「不盡相同」。 有人說 math error 啦，有人給零點幾啦，有人答三十幾度等等。可以看]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>今天又是教學生使用計算機。</p>
<p>「大家取出計算機，幫我計一計 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctheta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\theta' title='\theta' class='latex' /> 的數值是多少。」</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos%5Ctheta+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccos35%5Eo%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B5%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos\theta = \frac{\cos35^o}{\sqrt{5}}' title='\cos\theta = \frac{\cos35^o}{\sqrt{5}}' class='latex' /> <!--more--></p>
<p>全班用類似型號的機，但給的答案卻「不盡相同」。</p>
<p>有人說 math error 啦，有人給零點幾啦，有人答三十幾度等等。可以看到，硬件不一定是最重要，授課員要教的，始終是人。</p>
<p>先開估，上述答案是 68.51017867&#8230; 度</p>
<p>隨即，我介紹 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5Ctheta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan\theta' title='\tan\theta' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>要同學幫我計一計：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan10%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan10^o' title='\tan10^o' class='latex' /> = ?<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan30%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan30^o' title='\tan30^o' class='latex' /> = ?<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan50%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan50^o' title='\tan50^o' class='latex' /> = ?<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan70%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan70^o' title='\tan70^o' class='latex' /> = ?<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan90%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan90^o' title='\tan90^o' class='latex' /> = ?</p>
<p>同學很容易給出答案，很快地，他們問</p>
<p>「點解 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan90%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan90^o' title='\tan90^o' class='latex' /> 係 math error」<br />
「點解 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan91%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan91^o' title='\tan91^o' class='latex' /> 係負數」</p>
<p>可見，透過計算機，中二的同學已經可以「跳出框框」，考慮超越 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=90%5E%7Bo%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='90^{o}' title='90^{o}' class='latex' /> 的情況。</p>
<p>我不直接回答，為使他們看出「戲劇效果」，於是再問</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan89%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan89^o' title='\tan89^o' class='latex' /> = ?<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan89.99%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan89.99^o' title='\tan89.99^o' class='latex' /> = ?<br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan89.9999%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan89.9999^o' title='\tan89.9999^o' class='latex' /> = ?</p>
<p>他們看到</p>
<p>「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan89.9999%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan89.9999^o' title='\tan89.9999^o' class='latex' /> = 五十幾萬」的時候，心中應該有一些感覺。隨即我「打蛇隨棒上」，問：「你們的計算機可以承受小數點後多少個 9 而”唔爆機”？」同學開始以探究的心情按機，「嗯，爆機未呀？駛唔駛用 scientific notation 呀？」</p>
<p>「可見，由 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=10%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='10^o' title='10^o' class='latex' /> 變成 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=30%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='30^o' title='30^o' class='latex' />，由 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=30%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='30^o' title='30^o' class='latex' /> 變成 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=50%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='50^o' title='50^o' class='latex' />，每增加 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=20%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='20^o' title='20^o' class='latex' />，正切值（tangent）增加只有零點幾；但當角度愈來愈接近 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=90%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='90^o' title='90^o' class='latex' />，正切值的增幅就愈來愈&#8217;驚人&#8217;。點解會咁呢？」</p>
<p>之後便轉入：「大家覺得 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5Ctheta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan\theta' title='\tan\theta' class='latex' /> 和之前的 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin%5Ctheta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sin\theta' title='\sin\theta' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos%5Ctheta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos\theta' title='\cos\theta' class='latex' /> 最大的分別是什麼呢？」同學已經可以答：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin%5Ctheta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sin\theta' title='\sin\theta' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos%5Ctheta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos\theta' title='\cos\theta' class='latex' /> 的數值不可大於 1，但 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5Ctheta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan\theta' title='\tan\theta' class='latex' /> 的數值可以很大。」感恩。之後當然是放下計算機，嘗試以圖解釋這個現象。</p>
<p>忽然腦中一閃，問：「大家認為下面兩個數值，哪一個較大？」</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%28%5Csin+35%5Eo%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan(\sin 35^o)' title='\tan(\sin 35^o)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin%28%5Ctan+35%5Eo%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sin(\tan 35^o)' title='\sin(\tan 35^o)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>「不要用計算機直接計，但可以試下計其他數值，比如」</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%28%5Csin+34%5Eo%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan(\sin 34^o)' title='\tan(\sin 34^o)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin%28%5Ctan+34%5Eo%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sin(\tan 34^o)' title='\sin(\tan 34^o)' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%28%5Csin+25%5Eo%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\tan(\sin 25^o)' title='\tan(\sin 25^o)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin%28%5Ctan+25%5Eo%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sin(\tan 25^o)' title='\sin(\tan 25^o)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>等等。</p>
<p>「o拿，就好似買大細o甘，你估下哪一個數值比較大？」<br />
「當然唔好同數學家輸賭，你好大機會輸的！」（gag 來的）</p>
<p>詩化地：他們就好像可以透過手上的武器，探索未知的未來。</p>
<p>（此篇用時：5 min.）</p>
<p>後補：</p>
<p>為讓初中學生產生驚訝效果，課堂中段，我要他們計算：</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan82%5Eo+-+%5Ctan37%5Eo%7D%7B1+%2B+%5Ctan82%5Eo%5Ctan37%5Eo%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{\tan82^o - \tan37^o}{1 + \tan82^o\tan37^o}' title='\frac{\tan82^o - \tan37^o}{1 + \tan82^o\tan37^o}' class='latex' /> = ?</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan83%5Eo+-+%5Ctan38%5Eo%7D%7B1+%2B+%5Ctan83%5Eo%5Ctan38%5Eo%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{\tan83^o - \tan38^o}{1 + \tan83^o\tan38^o}' title='\frac{\tan83^o - \tan38^o}{1 + \tan83^o\tan38^o}' class='latex' /> = ?</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctan84%5Eo+-+%5Ctan39%5Eo%7D%7B1+%2B+%5Ctan84%5Eo%5Ctan39%5Eo%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{\tan84^o - \tan39^o}{1 + \tan84^o\tan39^o}' title='\frac{\tan84^o - \tan39^o}{1 + \tan84^o\tan39^o}' class='latex' /> = ?</p>
<p>&#8230;</p>
<p>他們問：「點解會o甘o既？」</p>
<p>暗喜：學習有動機，教學好時機。</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[中二數學：小心使用計算機]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/f2-math-beware-of-the-use-of-calculator/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2009 04:23:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/f2-math-beware-of-the-use-of-calculator/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[剛開三角學，同學縱使寫對公式，卻因不小心運用計算機（指的是 CASIO fx-3650P 等相關型號），以致答案出錯，太「唔抵」了。 問題多數出於括弧的運用，實在太多同學忽略括弧了。 問題一：計算 的]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>剛開三角學，同學縱使寫對公式，卻因不小心運用計算機（指的是 CASIO fx-3650P 等相關型號），以致答案出錯，太「唔抵」了。</p>
<p>問題多數出於括弧的運用，實在太多同學忽略括弧了。</p>
<p>問題一：計算 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3%5Csqrt%7B3%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3\sqrt{3}' title='3\sqrt{3}' class='latex' /> 的平方<!--more--></p>
<p>我們知道，要計算的答案是 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%283%5Csqrt%7B3%7D%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(3\sqrt{3})^2' title='(3\sqrt{3})^2' class='latex' /> 即是 27（因為 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%283%5Csqrt%7B3%7D%29%5E2+%3D+%283%5Csqrt%7B3%7D%29%283%5Csqrt%7B3%7D%29+%3D+9+%5Ctimes+%5Csqrt%7B3%7D%5E2+%3D+9+%5Ctimes+3+%3D+27&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(3\sqrt{3})^2 = (3\sqrt{3})(3\sqrt{3}) = 9 \times \sqrt{3}^2 = 9 \times 3 = 27' title='(3\sqrt{3})^2 = (3\sqrt{3})(3\sqrt{3}) = 9 \times \sqrt{3}^2 = 9 \times 3 = 27' class='latex' />）。但同學往往以為是計算 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3%5Csqrt%7B3%7D%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3\sqrt{3}^2' title='3\sqrt{3}^2' class='latex' />，於是他們會依次按鍵：</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090323gif01.GIF"></p>
<p>隨即，計算機顯示答案為 9。當然，錯不在計算機，而是人（唔好再話計算機計錯數！）。因為如此輸入，它是計算</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3%5Csqrt%7B3%7D%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3\sqrt{3}^2' title='3\sqrt{3}^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+3+%5Ctimes+%5Csqrt%7B3%7D%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= 3 \times \sqrt{3}^2' title='= 3 \times \sqrt{3}^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+3+%5Ctimes+3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= 3 \times 3' title='= 3 \times 3' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+9&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='= 9' title='= 9' class='latex' /></p>
<p>正確輸入，就是不要忘記加入括弧，即</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090323gif02.GIF"></p>
<p>得出正確答案 27。</p>
<p>問題二：計算 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin60%5Eo%7D%7B%5Csin40%5Eo%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{\sin60^o}{\sin40^o}' title='\frac{\sin60^o}{\sin40^o}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>這題的答案是 1.347296355&#8230;</p>
<p>一見分線，有些同學喜歡「分數鍵」〔a b/c〕，他們的輸入如下：</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090323gif03.GIF"></p>
<p>如此輸入，答案將會是 0.998297896&#8230;，這個並非正確答案！</p>
<p>用「分數鍵」輸入，計算機其實是計算 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B60%7D%7B%5Csin40%5Eo%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{60}{\sin40^o}' title='\frac{60}{\sin40^o}' class='latex' />，整體上，它正在運算：<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin%28%5Cfrac%7B60%7D%7B%5Csin40%5Eo%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sin(\frac{60}{\sin40^o})' title='\sin(\frac{60}{\sin40^o})' class='latex' />，不是原先題目要求的。（低年級的同學可能比較難理解，為什麼 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Csin60%5Eo%7D%7B%5Csin40%5Eo%7D+%5Cne+%5Csin%28%5Cfrac%7B60%7D%7B%5Csin40%5Eo%7D%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{\sin60^o}{\sin40^o} \ne \sin(\frac{60}{\sin40^o})' title='\frac{\sin60^o}{\sin40^o} \ne \sin(\frac{60}{\sin40^o})' class='latex' />，只能告訴你：用計算機嘗試輸入不同的數值試試看。）</p>
<p>正確的輸入方式，可以利用除號 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdiv&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\div' title='\div' class='latex' /> 輸入如下：</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090323gif04.GIF"></p>
<p>這時，計算機便先計算 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin60%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sin60^o' title='\sin60^o' class='latex' /> 後把答案除以 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin40%5Eo&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sin40^o' title='\sin40^o' class='latex' />，正是原題目的要求。如果同學真的喜歡用「分數鍵」，那麼不要忘記括弧，輸入如下：</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20090323gif05.GIF"></p>
<p>也能得到正確答案。</p>
<p>- &#8211; - &#8211; - -<br />
問：「阿  sir，你唔係無聊到呢 D 野都要講嘛？」<br />
答：「我知你是高手，但有些東西唔講，學生真係唔知的&#8230;」</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[拉 curve]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/adjustment-of-scores/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 31 Jan 2009 14:48:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/adjustment-of-scores/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[中二的同學問我如何「拉 curve」（即調整分數），讓我略談。 比如數學科某次考試結果，最高和最低分數分別為 79 分及 4 分，但因為及格率只有三成，太低，於是把原本得 42 分的變成及格，即 50]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>中二的同學問我如何「拉 curve」（即調整分數），讓我略談。</p>
<p>比如數學科某次考試結果，最高和最低分數分別為 79 分及 4 分，但因為及格率只有三成，太低，於是把原本得 42 分的變成及格，即 50 分，以符合某一個及格率。調整分數後，新的最高和最低分數，仍然為 79 分及 4 分。</p>
<p>調整分數方法有無限多種<!--more-->（起碼，遞增函數有無限多種），現只談一種：直線段。</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mark-adjustment12.png"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/01/mark-adjustment12.png" alt="mark-adjustment12" title="mark-adjustment12" width="582" height="338" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2294" /></a><br />
（圖一）</p>
<p>上圖顯示，不同的原始分數，對應不同的増分。最高和最低分數（即 79 分及 4 分）的增分為零；原始分數為 42 者，增分是最多的，共 8 分；其餘的分數，按直線段變換，例如，原始分數為 30 分者，增分為 5.47（見上圖），即經調整後的新分數，變成 30 + 5.47 = 35.47 分。</p>
<p>中二同學最擔心，就是問：這種調整分數方法，會否影響排名？即是說，同學甲原始得分高於同學乙，但當調整分數後，會否令同學甲的得分反而低於同學乙？</p>
<p>不會（那天我叫他們給我證明一下），一言以敝之：因為用來調整分數的變換函數是遞增（increasing）的。</p>
<p>好，先「唔好咁數學」，用個圖睇睇。</p>
<p>直接看原始得分和新的得分之關係，如果分數沒有調整，新舊得分無異，所以，分數變換圖像是一條 45 度線段，見下圖。</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2a.png"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2a.png" alt="mark-adjustment-2a" title="mark-adjustment-2a" width="600" height="545" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2291" /></a></p>
<p>現在希望把 42 分變換為 50 分，我們繪一點 (42,50)，見下圖</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2b.png"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2b.png" alt="mark-adjustment-2b" title="mark-adjustment-2b" width="600" height="545" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2297" /></a></p>
<p>好了，把該點與其餘兩個端點，以直線段連起，見下圖</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2c.png"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2c.png" alt="mark-adjustment-2c" title="mark-adjustment-2c" width="600" height="545" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2298" /></a><br />
（圖二）</p>
<p>於是，不同得分可以從上圖得出，例如原始分數為  30 分，新的分數從圖上立即看出，即 35.47。中二同學擔心的問題已不存在，因為變換函數是遞增，所以同學的排名是保留的。例如同學甲得 p 分，同學乙得q 分，同學甲得分比同學乙高，即 p &#62; q。設同學甲和同學乙的新得分數分別是 f(p) 及 f(q)（見下圖），從下圖易知 f(p) &#62; f(q)，即同學甲的新得分，仍然比同學乙的高。</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2d.png"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2d.png" alt="mark-adjustment-2d" title="mark-adjustment-2d" width="600" height="545" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2299" /></a></p>
<p>之前已說過，「符合要求」的調整分數方法有無限多，隨便舉例，見下圖</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2e.png"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2009/01/mark-adjustment-2e.png" alt="mark-adjustment-2e" title="mark-adjustment-2e" width="600" height="545" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2300" /></a></p>
<p>上圖顯示的圖像是經過三個藍點的圓弧（circular arc），也是一種令排名不變的變換。</p>
<p>好了，sba 時間：</p>
<p>1. 由（圖一）過渡到（圖二）是憑直觀的，試分別具體地寫出變換函數的公式，證明（圖一）和（圖二）都是代表相同變換。</p>
<p>2. 上文的直線變換，保留了範圍（range）和排名，但對於其他的統計參數，例如平均分，中位數，標準差等等，又會如何影響？試探究一下。</p>
<p>3. 除了直線和圓弧，試具體地寫出其他「符合要求」的調整分數變換函數。</p>
<p>4. 「每人增加相同的分數」也是一種調整分數之方法，試探討一下這個做法的利弊。</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[中二數學：不等式]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/01/15/f2-math-inequalities/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 14:17:11 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/01/15/f2-math-inequalities/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[剛開不等式這課，教科書有以下的習題： If , then ______ . 同學沒有難度填上 ，即時，我隨意問： How about filling in the following blank? ＿]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>剛開不等式這課，教科書有以下的習題：</p>
<p>If <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%26%2362%3B+b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a &gt; b' title='a &gt; b' class='latex' />, then <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3a' title='3a' class='latex' /> ______ <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3b' title='3b' class='latex' />.<!--more--></p>
<p>同學沒有難度填上 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%26%2362%3B&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='&gt;' title='&gt;' class='latex' />，即時，我隨意問：</p>
<p>How about filling in the following blank?</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3a' title='3a' class='latex' />＿＿＿＿＿ <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2b' title='2b' class='latex' /></p>
<p>很多同學開始答：<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%26%2362%3B&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='&gt;' title='&gt;' class='latex' />，他說，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a' title='a' class='latex' /> 已經大於 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='b' title='b' class='latex' />，那麼 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3a' title='3a' class='latex' /> 不是一定大於 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=+2b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt=' 2b' title=' 2b' class='latex' /> 嗎？</p>
<p>立時，別的同學很快指出：負數呢？</p>
<p>我即時試試他們：</p>
<p>嗯，例如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=-1+%26%2362%3B+-2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='-1 &gt; -2' title='-1 &gt; -2' class='latex' />，不等號左邊乘 3，右邊乘 2，我們仍然有＂<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3%28-1%29+%26%2362%3B+2%28-2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3(-1) &gt; 2(-2)' title='3(-1) &gt; 2(-2)' class='latex' />＂。</p>
<p>同學立即給我另一個例：<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=-3+%26%2362%3B+-4&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='-3 &gt; -4' title='-3 &gt; -4' class='latex' />，但 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3%28-3%29+%26%2360%3B+2%28-4%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3(-3) &lt; 2(-4)' title='3(-3) &lt; 2(-4)' class='latex' />。</p>
<p>不錯，我再問：Is it possible to make &#8220;<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3a+%3D+2b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3a = 2b' title='3a = 2b' class='latex' />&#8220;?</p>
<p>同學很快給：<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=-2+%26%2362%3B+-3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='-2 &gt; -3' title='-2 &gt; -3' class='latex' />，比我還快。</p>
<p>就是一點點 exploration，無教案，隨意隨心。</p>
<p>中二同學，可否比較完整地總結一下經驗：</p>
<p>1. Given that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%26%2362%3B+b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a &gt; b' title='a &gt; b' class='latex' />, find the conditions, in terms of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a' title='a' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='b' title='b' class='latex' /> such that</p>
<p>(a) <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3a+%26%2362%3B+2b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3a &gt; 2b' title='3a &gt; 2b' class='latex' />;<br />
(b) <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3a+%26%2360%3B+2b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3a &lt; 2b' title='3a &lt; 2b' class='latex' />;<br />
(c) <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=3a+%3D+2b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='3a = 2b' title='3a = 2b' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>2. Try to generalize the above situations.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[中二數學靈異事件：集體幻覺]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/01/02/f2-math-illusion/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 02 Jan 2009 04:09:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2009/01/02/f2-math-illusion/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[如何幫助同學面對有關代數運算的障礙？某書上看過一段虛擬的師生對話，大概如下： 師：「你可以化簡 嗎？」 生：「可以，就是 。」 師：「為何？」 生：「約去 。」 師：「讓我用實例說明，如果以 表示蘋果]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>如何幫助同學面對有關代數運算的障礙？某書上看過一段虛擬的師生對話，大概如下：</p>
<p>師：「你可以化簡 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bca+%2B+b%7D%7Bc%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{ca + b}{c}' title='\frac{ca + b}{c}' class='latex' /> 嗎？」<br />
生：「可以，就是 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%2B+b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a + b' title='a + b' class='latex' />。」<!--more--><br />
師：「為何？」<br />
生：「約去 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c' title='c' class='latex' />。」<br />
師：「讓我用實例說明，如果以 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a' title='a' class='latex' /> 表示蘋果；那麼如何表示 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 個蘋果？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6a' title='6a' class='latex' />。」<br />
師：「對！如果以 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='b' title='b' class='latex' /> 表示香蕉；那麼如何表示 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 條香蕉？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6b' title='6b' class='latex' />。」<br />
師：「對！那麼如何表示總共有 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 個蘋果及 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 條香蕉？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6a+%2B+6b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6a + 6b' title='6a + 6b' class='latex' />。」<br />
師：「非常好！現在要把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 個蘋果及 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 條香蕉平均分給 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 個小孩，如何用算式表達這意思？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B6a+%2B+6b%7D%7B6%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{6a + 6b}{6}' title='\frac{6a + 6b}{6}' class='latex' />。」<br />
師：「是呀，把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 個蘋果及 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 條香蕉平均分給 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='6' title='6' class='latex' /> 個小孩，每個小孩分到多少？」<br />
生：「1 個蘋果及 1 條香蕉。」<br />
師：「你可以用代數式代表答案嗎？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%2B+b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a + b' title='a + b' class='latex' />」<br />
師：「所以你知道 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B6a+%2B+6b%7D%7B6%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{6a + 6b}{6}' title='\frac{6a + 6b}{6}' class='latex' /> 即是什麼？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%2B+b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a + b' title='a + b' class='latex' />」<br />
師：「好了，現在思考另一個問題：把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=4&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='4' title='4' class='latex' /> 個蘋果及 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1' title='1' class='latex' /> 條香蕉，平均分給 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=4&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='4' title='4' class='latex' /> 個小孩，如何用算式表達這意思？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B4a+%2B+b%7D%7B4%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{4a + b}{4}' title='\frac{4a + b}{4}' class='latex' />」<br />
師：「對，其實把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=4&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='4' title='4' class='latex' /> 個蘋果及 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1' title='1' class='latex' /> 條香蕉，平均分給 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=4&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='4' title='4' class='latex' /> 個小孩，每個小孩分到多少？」<br />
生：「1 個蘋果，嗯，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{4}' title='\frac{1}{4}' class='latex' /> 條香蕉嗎？」<br />
師：「非常好，那麼，如何用算式表達『1 個蘋果及 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{4}' title='\frac{1}{4}' class='latex' /> 條香蕉』？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7Db&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a + \frac{1}{4}b' title='a + \frac{1}{4}b' class='latex' />」<br />
師：「就是了！那麼，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B4a+%2B+b%7D%7B4%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{4a + b}{4}' title='\frac{4a + b}{4}' class='latex' /> 其實即是什麼？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%2B+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7Db&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a + \frac{1}{4}b' title='a + \frac{1}{4}b' class='latex' />」<br />
師：「把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=4&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='4' title='4' class='latex' /> 變成另一個數字，例如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c' title='c' class='latex' />，那麼 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bca+%2B+b%7D%7Bc%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{ca + b}{c}' title='\frac{ca + b}{c}' class='latex' /> 其實即是什麼？」<br />
生：「<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%2B+%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Bc%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a + \frac{b}{c}' title='a + \frac{b}{c}' class='latex' />」</p>
<p>話說回來，以上是虛擬的一廂情願的師生對話，實際環境可以相差十萬九千里。好的教學法應該不是唯一的，要視乎師生的質素。只是每次改卷後，總看到學生（及我自己教學上）很多「甩漏」之處，以下是中二數學卷一的閱卷報告，初中同學可以看看：</p>
<p><a href='http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/f2-math-i-first-term-examination-marker-report-2008-12.doc'>f2-math-i-first-term-examination-marker-report-2008-12</a></p>
<p>我今次又是匆忙出卷（在朋友的婚宴之空閒時間匆匆老作題目），是一份劣作（有興趣可往 download page 看看），同事一早已經告誡我，可是我沒有時間寫好一點，所以全級的及格率低於五成，悲。</p>
<p>一些學生在代數運算上的問題，原因也易理解；但今年出現了一個，我感覺是「靈異事件：集體幻覺」，見下</p>
<p>Q.4(a)(i) Make <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a' title='a' class='latex' /> the subject of the formula <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p%282+%2B+a%29+%3D+b+-+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p(2 + a) = b - a' title='p(2 + a) = b - a' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>起碼超過 20 名學生寫</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p%282+%2B+a%29+%3D+b+-+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p(2 + a) = b - a' title='p(2 + a) = b - a' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2p+%2B+2a+%3D+b+-+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2p + 2a = b - a' title='2p + 2a = b - a' class='latex' /><br />
&#8230;</p>
<p>為何忽然把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=p&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> 變成 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='2' title='2' class='latex' />？似乎又可以寫一篇長篇大論的數學教育心理學之類的文章，但，我比較喜歡寫「鬼古」。</p>
<p>在閱卷報告中還有很多要「執」學生的地方，如果通通變成上述的「虛擬對話」，後果堪虞。</p>
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<title><![CDATA[計到答案咪得囉]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/12/13/answers-are-that-important/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 13 Dec 2008 03:02:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/12/13/answers-are-that-important/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[不知是否受中國傳統數學思想影響，學生做數，往往只重答案，輕忽過程。 以下是選自學生的習作或測驗中的例子，或可說明過程的重要。 〔警告！數學心智未成熟者，請陪同家長或老師收看〕 （一）答案正確，過程錯誤]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>不知是否受中國傳統數學思想影響，學生做數，往往只重答案，輕忽過程。</p>
<p>以下是選自學生的習作或測驗中的例子，或可說明過程的重要。</p>
<p>〔警告！數學心智未成熟者，請陪同家長或老師收看〕<!--more--></p>
<p>（一）答案正確，過程錯誤</p>
<p>e.g. 1<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif01.jpg"><br />
錯誤一：<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28a+%2B+b%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(a + b)^2' title='(a + b)^2' class='latex' /> 不是 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a%5E2+%2B+b%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a^2 + b^2' title='a^2 + b^2' class='latex' />。<br />
錯誤二：胡亂約簡</p>
<p>e.g. 2<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif03.jpg"><br />
錯誤：類似 e.g. 1。</p>
<p>e.g. 3<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif02.jpg"><br />
錯誤：選擇性地胡亂約簡</p>
<p>e.g. 4<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif04.jpg"><br />
錯誤：類似 e.g. 3。</p>
<p>e.g. 5<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif05.jpg"><br />
很難分辨學生是否真正明白，可能學生真的看到該兩項可互相抵消，只是我較相信學生是誤解。</p>
<p>為何要強調過程？就是錯誤的過程，不一定得出正確答案。</p>
<p>（二）答案和過程皆錯</p>
<p>e.g. 6<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif06.jpg"><br />
本例其實不能進一步化簡。</p>
<p>e.g. 7<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif07.jpg"><br />
本例也不能化簡。</p>
<p>（三）過程雙重錯誤，卻得出正確答案</p>
<p>e.g. 8<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif08.jpg"><br />
第二步，應該仍然是 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=4+-+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='4 - a' title='4 - a' class='latex' />，不應變成 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=4+%2B+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='4 + a' title='4 + a' class='latex' />。但如果根據（錯誤的）第二步，第三步的分子應該是 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=12a+-+4+-+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='12a - 4 - a' title='12a - 4 - a' class='latex' />。但就是「負負得正」，寫 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=12a+-+4+%2B+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='12a - 4 + a' title='12a - 4 + a' class='latex' /> 得出正確答案。</p>
<p>e.g. 9<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif09.jpg"><br />
情況類似 e.g. 9，學生清楚寫出步驟還好，如果學生做上例，不寫第二步，直接寫第三步，完全可以「負負得正」地得出正確答案，那麼學生可能看不到自己的問題。</p>
<p>（四）胡亂章法，從心所欲，卻得出正確答案</p>
<p>之前的錯誤還有跡可尋，以下例子有點兒病入膏肓的感覺。</p>
<p>e.g. 10<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif10.jpg"><br />
如果不寫第四步，老師看不到學生的問題；寫出來，我們便看到學生對移項的嚴重誤解。</p>
<p>e.g. 11<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif12.jpg"><br />
欠了括弧還算了，有得救；但對抽出公共因式（taking out commom factor）的誤解，情況頗嚴重。因為當中因式分解的步驟，沒法顯示，學生往往一開始掌握不好的話，以後改正也頗困難。</p>
<p>e.g. 12<br />
<img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081212gif15.jpg"><br />
這也是對抽出公共因式的誤解</p>
<p>最後，提醒一下初中同學，小心括弧的用法呀：</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/caution-1.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2008/12/caution-1.jpg" alt="caution-1" title="caution-1" width="565" height="213" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2067" /></a></p>
<p>抽出負號，正確！</p>
<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/caution-2.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/files/2008/12/caution-2.jpg" alt="caution-2" title="caution-2" width="565" height="223" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2068" /></a></p>
<p>留意，這樣不可抽出負號！這是 square 來呀！即是說：<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+y%29%5E2+%5Cequiv+%28y+-+x%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - y)^2 \equiv (y - x)^2' title='(x - y)^2 \equiv (y - x)^2' class='latex' /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[做數雕蟲小技系列：看整體]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/12/07/simple-technique-overall/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 07 Dec 2008 08:33:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/12/07/simple-technique-overall/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[看整體有時比看局部好。舉例 1. Factorize . 部分同學把焦點集中在 和 這兩個部分，他們會採取「爆破」的策略，把 和 分別爆開，即 和 。但如果看整體，即 其實已是 這個形式（其中 ），那]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><font color="blue"><b>看整體</b></font>有時比看局部好。舉例</p>
<p>1. Factorize <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+y%29%5E3+%2B+%28x+-+y%29%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + y)^3 + (x - y)^3' title='(x + y)^3 + (x - y)^3' class='latex' />.<!--more--></p>
<p>部分同學把焦點集中在 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+y%29%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + y)^3' title='(x + y)^3' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+y%29%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - y)^3' title='(x - y)^3' class='latex' /> 這兩個部分，他們會採取「爆破」的策略，把 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+y%29%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + y)^3' title='(x + y)^3' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+y%29%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - y)^3' title='(x - y)^3' class='latex' /> 分別爆開，即 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+y%29%5E3+%5Cequiv+x%5E3+%2B+3x%5E2y+%2B+3xy%5E2+%2B+y%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + y)^3 \equiv x^3 + 3x^2y + 3xy^2 + y^3' title='(x + y)^3 \equiv x^3 + 3x^2y + 3xy^2 + y^3' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+y%29%5E3+%5Cequiv+x%5E3+-+3x%5E2y+%2B+3xy%5E2+-+y%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - y)^3 \equiv x^3 - 3x^2y + 3xy^2 - y^3' title='(x - y)^3 \equiv x^3 - 3x^2y + 3xy^2 - y^3' class='latex' />。但如果<font color="blue"><b>看整體</b></font>，即 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+y%29%5E3+%2B+%28x+-+y%29%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + y)^3 + (x - y)^3' title='(x + y)^3 + (x - y)^3' class='latex' /> 其實已是 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=A%5E3+%2B+B%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='A^3 + B^3' title='A^3 + B^3' class='latex' /> 這個形式（其中 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=A+%3D+x+%2B+y%2C+B+%3D+x+-+y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='A = x + y, B = x - y' title='A = x + y, B = x - y' class='latex' />），那麼即時運用 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=A%5E3+%2B+B%5E3+%5Cequiv+%28A+%2B+B%29%28A%5E2+-+AB+%2B+B%5E2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='A^3 + B^3 \equiv (A + B)(A^2 - AB + B^2)' title='A^3 + B^3 \equiv (A + B)(A^2 - AB + B^2)' class='latex' /> 便可簡化運算。當然，不少初中同學會寫以下錯誤的東西：<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+y%29%5E3+%3D+%28x+%2B+y%29%28x%5E2+-+xy+%2B+y%5E2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + y)^3 = (x + y)(x^2 - xy + y^2)' title='(x + y)^3 = (x + y)(x^2 - xy + y^2)' class='latex' /> (錯錯錯！)，更遑論得出正確答案。</p>
<p>2. Simplify <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos+%28A+%2B+B%29%5Ccos+%28A+-+B%29+%2B+%5Csin+%28A+%2B+B%29%5Csin+%28A+-+B%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos (A + B)\cos (A - B) + \sin (A + B)\sin (A - B)' title='\cos (A + B)\cos (A - B) + \sin (A + B)\sin (A - B)' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>部分同學把焦點集中在 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos+%28A+%2B+B%29%2C+%5Ccos+%28A+-+B%29%2C+%5Csin+%28A+%2B+B%29%2C+%5Csin+%28A+-+B%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos (A + B), \cos (A - B), \sin (A + B), \sin (A - B)' title='\cos (A + B), \cos (A - B), \sin (A + B), \sin (A - B)' class='latex' /> 這四個部分，嘗試用玩四次複角公式（compound angle formulae），諸如 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos+%28A+%2B+B%29+%3D+%5Ccos+A+%5Ccos+B+-+%5Csin+A+%5Csin+B&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos (A + B) = \cos A \cos B - \sin A \sin B' title='\cos (A + B) = \cos A \cos B - \sin A \sin B' class='latex' /> 云云，結果製造出冗長式子。但如果<font color="blue"><b>看整體</b></font>，原式 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos+%28A+%2B+B%29%5Ccos+%28A+-+B%29+%2B+%5Csin+%28A+%2B+B%29%5Csin+%28A+-+B%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos (A + B)\cos (A - B) + \sin (A + B)\sin (A - B)' title='\cos (A + B)\cos (A - B) + \sin (A + B)\sin (A - B)' class='latex' /> 不過是 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos+X+%5Ccos+Y+%2B+%5Csin+X+%5Csin+Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos X \cos Y + \sin X \sin Y' title='\cos X \cos Y + \sin X \sin Y' class='latex' /> 這個形式（其中 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=X+%3D+A+%2B+B%2C+Y+%3D+A+-+B&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='X = A + B, Y = A - B' title='X = A + B, Y = A - B' class='latex' />），立時可化簡成 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos%28X+-+Y%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos(X - Y)' title='\cos(X - Y)' class='latex' />，即 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos%5B%28A+%2B+B%29+-+%28A+-+B%29%5D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos[(A + B) - (A - B)]' title='\cos[(A + B) - (A - B)]' class='latex' />，故答案不過是 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos+2B&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\cos 2B' title='\cos 2B' class='latex' /> 而已。</p>
<p>Also read</p>
<p><a href="http://www.hkedcity.net/ihouse_tools/forum/read.phtml?forum_id=27877&#38;current_page=&#38;i=921304&#38;t=921304" target="blank">中四數學：有關代數運算的小事</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[中一數學題：短加長減]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/12/04/new-taxi-fare/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2008 07:56:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/12/04/new-taxi-fare/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[考試在即，擬一道中一數學題作溫書之用： 以下是由香港行政長官會同行政會議批准由二○○八年十一月三十日起生效的市區的士新舊收費換算表： 資料來源：運輸署 (a) 試根據上表資料及你的常識，說明二○○八年]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>考試在即，擬一道中一數學題作溫書之用：</p>
<p>以下是由香港行政長官會同行政會議批准由二○○八年十一月三十日起生效的市區的士新舊收費換算表：<!--more--></p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081203gif01.jpg"></p>
<p>資料來源：<a href="http://www.td.gov.hk/publications_and_press_releases/press_releases/transport_department/index_tc_releasemonth_11_releaseyear_2008_uid_1353.htm" target="blank">運輸署</a></p>
<p>(a) 試根據上表資料及你的常識，說明二○○八年十二月二日的士堵塞機場事件的因由。<br />
(b) 設 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> = 錶示舊收費，<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' /> = 新收費，請根據上表資料寫出一些等式表示 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' /> 的關係。</p>
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<title><![CDATA[F.2 Mathematics : a minor problem in factorization]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/11/26/f2-mathematics-a-minor-problem-in-factorization/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2008 10:11:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/11/26/f2-mathematics-a-minor-problem-in-factorization/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Let&#8217;s start with the following question. Factorize . Urm, it&#8217;s a piece of cake. Urm, if ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><font face="georgia">Let&#8217;s start with the following question.</p>
<p>Factorize</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1+-+x%5E2%281+-+2x%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1 - x^2(1 - 2x)^2' title='1 - x^2(1 - 2x)^2' class='latex' />.<!--more--></p>
<p>Urm, it&#8217;s a piece of cake.</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1+-+x%5E2%281+-+2x%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1 - x^2(1 - 2x)^2' title='1 - x^2(1 - 2x)^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+1+-+%5Bx%281+-+2x%29%5D%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv 1 - [x(1 - 2x)]^2' title='\equiv 1 - [x(1 - 2x)]^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%5B1+%2B+x%281+-+2x%29%5D%5B1+-+x%281+-+2x%29%5D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv [1 + x(1 - 2x)][1 - x(1 - 2x)]' title='\equiv [1 + x(1 - 2x)][1 - x(1 - 2x)]' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%281+%2B+x+-+2x%5E2%29%281+-+x+%2B+2x%5E2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv (1 + x - 2x^2)(1 - x + 2x^2)' title='\equiv (1 + x - 2x^2)(1 - x + 2x^2)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%281+%2B+2x%29%281+-+x%29%281+-+x+%2B+2x%5E2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv (1 + 2x)(1 - x)(1 - x + 2x^2)' title='\equiv (1 + 2x)(1 - x)(1 - x + 2x^2)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Urm, if we expand the original expression a bit, a second approach is presented as follows.</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1+-+x%5E2%281+-+2x%29%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1 - x^2(1 - 2x)^2' title='1 - x^2(1 - 2x)^2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+1+-+x%5E2%281+-+4x+%2B+4x%5E2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv 1 - x^2(1 - 4x + 4x^2)' title='\equiv 1 - x^2(1 - 4x + 4x^2)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+1+-+x%5E2+%2B+4x%5E3+-+4x%5E4&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv 1 - x^2 + 4x^3 - 4x^4' title='\equiv 1 - x^2 + 4x^3 - 4x^4' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%281+-+x%5E2%29+%2B+4x%5E3%281+-+x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv (1 - x^2) + 4x^3(1 - x)' title='\equiv (1 - x^2) + 4x^3(1 - x)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%281+-+x%29%281+%2B+x%29+%2B+4x%5E3%281+-+x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv (1 - x)(1 + x) + 4x^3(1 - x)' title='\equiv (1 - x)(1 + x) + 4x^3(1 - x)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cequiv+%281+-+x%29%281+%2B+x+%2B+4x%5E3%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\equiv (1 - x)(1 + x + 4x^3)' title='\equiv (1 - x)(1 + x + 4x^3)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>The problem is here, if a F.2 student solves the question by following the second approach, he or she may not obtain the &#8216;correct&#8217; answer. (Of course, a F.4 student knows the fact that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=1+%2B+x+%2B+4x%5E3&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='1 + x + 4x^3' title='1 + x + 4x^3' class='latex' /> can be further factorized as <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%281+%2B+2x%29%281+-+x+%2B+2x%5E2%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(1 + 2x)(1 - x + 2x^2)' title='(1 + 2x)(1 - x + 2x^2)' class='latex' />.) Similar &#8216;problem&#8217; appears in questions like factorize <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E6+-+y%5E6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^6 - y^6' title='x^6 - y^6' class='latex' />. As a teacher, how to resolve the &#8216;puzzle&#8217; in front of a F.2 student?</font></p>
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<title><![CDATA[F.2 Mathematics: factorization by cross method]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/11/16/f2-mathematics-factorization-by-cross-method/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 16 Nov 2008 10:20:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/11/16/f2-mathematics-factorization-by-cross-method/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Factorize . By using the cross method, students may give the following two &#8216;possible answers]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Factorize</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E2+-+5x+-+6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^2 - 5x - 6' title='x^2 - 5x - 6' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>By using the cross method, students may give the following two &#8216;possible answers&#8217;.</p>
<p>A. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+2%29%28x+-+3%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - 2)(x - 3)' title='(x - 2)(x - 3)' class='latex' /><br />
B. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+1%29%28x+-+6%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + 1)(x - 6)' title='(x + 1)(x - 6)' class='latex' /><!--more--></p>
<p>The correct answer is B. Some students may opt for A because the expression in A could give (so-called) the middle term <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=-5x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='-5x' title='-5x' class='latex' />. However, the constant term in A is <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%2B6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='+6' title='+6' class='latex' /> (not <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=-6&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='-6' title='-6' class='latex' />, the correct one), hence A is not the answer.</p>
<p>Setting this type of question may remind students of the importance of checking the constant term.</p>
<p>Other examples like</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E2+-+13x+-+30&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^2 - 13x - 30' title='x^2 - 13x - 30' class='latex' /> = </p>
<p>A. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+3%29%28x+-+10%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - 3)(x - 10)' title='(x - 3)(x - 10)' class='latex' /><br />
B. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+2%29%28x+-+15%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + 2)(x - 15)' title='(x + 2)(x - 15)' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E2+-+15x+-+54&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x^2 - 15x - 54' title='x^2 - 15x - 54' class='latex' /> = </p>
<p>A. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+6%29%28x+-+9%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - 6)(x - 9)' title='(x - 6)(x - 9)' class='latex' /><br />
B. <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+3%29%28x+-+18%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + 3)(x - 18)' title='(x + 3)(x - 18)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Correct answers to the above are B. But some students may get it wrongly.</p>
<p>To set up such kind of questions, just consider two expressions:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+a%29%28x+%2B+b%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - a)(x + b)' title='(x - a)(x + b)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+c%29%28x+-+d%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - c)(x - d)' title='(x - c)(x - d)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>All we need is setting</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=ab+%3D+cd&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='ab = cd' title='ab = cd' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+-+b+%3D+c+%2B+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a - b = c + d' title='a - b = c + d' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Yield</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28c+-+b%29%28d+-+b%29+%3D+2b%5E2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(c - b)(d - b) = 2b^2' title='(c - b)(d - b) = 2b^2' class='latex' /> &#8211; - &#8211; - &#8211; - (*)</p>
<p>Then, we may put different positive integral value of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=b&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='b' title='b' class='latex' /> and evaluate <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c%2C+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c, d' title='c, d' class='latex' /> and finally <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a' title='a' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Just give an example.</p>
<p>Put <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=b+%3D+7&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='b = 7' title='b = 7' class='latex' /> (say), by (*),</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28c+-+7%29%28d+-+7%29++%3D+2%5Ctimes+7%5Ctimes+7&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(c - 7)(d - 7)  = 2\times 7\times 7' title='(c - 7)(d - 7)  = 2\times 7\times 7' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Just take <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c+-+7+%3D+7&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c - 7 = 7' title='c - 7 = 7' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=d+-+7+%3D+2+%5Ctimes+7&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='d - 7 = 2 \times 7' title='d - 7 = 2 \times 7' class='latex' />, thus</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=c+%3D+14%2C+d+%3D+21&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='c = 14, d = 21' title='c = 14, d = 21' class='latex' /> and hence <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B14+%5Ctimes+21%7D%7B7%7D+%3D+42&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a = \frac{14 \times 21}{7} = 42' title='a = \frac{14 \times 21}{7} = 42' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Hence we have two expressions</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+-+14%29%28x+-+21%29+%5Cequiv+x%5E2+-+35x+%2B+294&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x - 14)(x - 21) \equiv x^2 - 35x + 294' title='(x - 14)(x - 21) \equiv x^2 - 35x + 294' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28x+%2B+7%29%28x+-+42%29+%5Cequiv+x%5E2+-+35x+-+294&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='(x + 7)(x - 42) \equiv x^2 - 35x - 294' title='(x + 7)(x - 42) \equiv x^2 - 35x - 294' class='latex' /></p>
<p>having the same &#8216;middle terms&#8217; with constant terms differing in sign.</p>
<p>Of course, this article is <font color="red"><b>rubblish</b></font> once we have set program in calculators.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[杜西現象]]></title>
<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/11/15/ducci/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 15 Nov 2008 07:30:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
<guid>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2008/11/15/ducci/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[隨便在圈上寫上 4 個整數，見下 圈住它們，在外圈上寫上相鄰兩個數字的相差（difference），比如，2 和 6 的相差是 4；5 和 2 的相差是 3；見下。 用相同手法，把四個數字，兩兩的相差]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>隨便在圈上寫上 4 個整數，見下</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081115gif01.GIF"></p>
<p>圈住它們，在外圈上寫上<!--more-->相鄰兩個數字的相差（difference），比如，2 和 6 的相差是 4；5 和 2 的相差是 3；見下。</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081115gif02.GIF"></p>
<p>用相同手法，把四個數字，兩兩的相差寫上，最後得到 4 個 1；見下</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081115gif03.GIF"></p>
<p>隨便以 4 個整數開始，比如 7，10，22，18；用上述兩兩相差的方法，不斷產生新的數字，結果，最終得到 4 個 1（再進一步就變成 4 個 0），見下：</p>
<p><img src="http://johnng.inscyber.net/mathgif2/20081115gif04.GIF"></p>
<p>原來，隨意以 4 個整數開始，最終一定得到 4 個 0 的這種「穩定狀態」（同學，試試看）。</p>
<p>這種現象稱為「杜西現象」，於 1930 年意大利數學教授杜西（Ducci. E.）在一次無聊的火車車程上發現的。</p>
<p>證明一早有了，可惜我不懂，同學，有興趣找找看吧。</p>
<p>延伸閱讀：<br />
1. <a href="http://www.cut-the-knot.org/SimpleGames/IntIter.shtml" target="blank">http://www.cut-the-knot.org/SimpleGames/IntIter.shtml</a><br />
2.【數學大師的創造與失誤】吳振奎等著</p>
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