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Definición: es un pensamiento crítico sobre los fundamentos que sostienen la sociedad del Antiguo Régimen y estableció las bases del pensamiento moderno. A este movimiento intelectual se le conoce como Ilustración. Nació en Inglaterra y Escocia en el siglo XVII, y se expandió por el continente Europeo durante el siglo XVIII.

El siglo de las luces. Es el nombre que recibe el siglo XVIII, la época de la Ilustración, porque una explicación racional del mundo venía a iluminar las sombras heredadas de la tradición o de la superstición. Se produce un gran avance de la ciencia en matemáticas (Leibniz), física (Newton), astronomía (Laplace) y química (Lavoisier). Las leyes del funcionamiento del Universo cuestionan los relatos bíblicos sobre la creación de la Tierra.

Pensamiento económico. En estas fechas se ponen las bases del pensamiento económico contemporáneo: el liberalismo económico. Adam Smith afirma en su libro La riqueza de las Naciones (1773), que el progreso económico exige dejar en libertad los factores de producción (capital, tierra, trabajo).

La crítica social y política. En Francia los ilustrados eran conocidos como les philosophes y tuvieron un importante antecesor en John Locke (vivió en el siglo XVII) y había justificado el parlamentarismo inglés impuesto tras la Gloriosa Revolución de 1688, diciendo que era una restauración del contrato social. Defiende la necesidad de tolerar ideas y creencias diferentes, y de establecer un sistema político pactado en el que nadie tuviese poder absoluto.

1. Voltaire: primero que difundió en Francia los planteamientos de Locke, reivindicaba la libertad política y la tolerancia religiosa así como la unificación de las instituciones del Estado.
2. Montesquieu: noble acaudalado al que se considera fundador de la ciencia política y de la sociología. En su obra El espíritu de las leyes, explica las diversas formas de gobierno. Propuso un sistema monárquico controlado por una constitución en el que habría una separación de los poderes legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial. Su doctrina inspiró la Constitución norteamericana de 1787 y otras europeas del siglo XIX.
3. Rosseau: creía que el hombre era bueno por naturaleza y que el orden social había corrompido la igualdad original entre las personas. Explica que su concepción de gobierno es un contrato que debía reflejar la voluntad general en la que se fundarían todas las voluntades individuales, por lo que se trata de la primera afirmación de la soberanía nacional. Para él, los reyes o representantes elegidos no eran más que delegados de un pueblo soberano. Su crítica a la propiedad y su defensa de la igualdad estarían presentes en planteamientos democráticos posteriores.

La enciclopedia. El conjunto de las ideas ilustradas circuló inicialmente entre unas élites reducidas. La publicación de los 28 volúmenes de la Enciclopedia (1751-1772), dirigida por Diderot y D´Alembert intentó ser un diccionario razonado de las ciencias, las artes y las técnicas, en la cual colaboraron famosos intelectuales. Presentaba la situación de los conocimientos en la época, pero también figuraba una crítica hacia las instituciones políticas y religiosas.

El absolutismo ilustrado. Monarcas y gobernantes europeos acogieron favorablemente el espíritu de las luces y lo utilizaron en sus conflictos con la autonomía de la Iglesia o contra el poder de la nobleza. Eran los déspotas ilustrados, que planificaban reformas que creían favorables para el pueblo pero sin contar con él.

Dalam tulisan ini, kita akan mempelajari tentang beberapa hukum dasar yang berlaku dalam menyelesaiakan soal-soal perhitungan kimia. Selain itu, kita juga akan membahas penerapan konsep mol, stoikiometri, dan hukum dasar kimia dalam menentukan jumlah produk yang dihasilkan serta jumlah reaktan yang dibutuhkan dalam reaksi kimia.

Pada tulisan sebelumnya (lihat : Konsep Mol dan Hukum Dasar Kimia), kita telah mempelajari aturan yang berlaku dalam penyelesaian soal perhitungan kimia. Pada tulisan ini, kita akan mempelajari empat hukum dasar yang berlaku dalam perhitungan kimia. Berikut adalah penjelasan masing-masing hukum dasar kimia :

1. Hukum Kekekalan Massa (Hukum Lavoisier)

“massa zat sebelum reaksi sama dengan massa zat setelah reaksi”

Contoh :

S_(s) +  O_2(g) →  SO_2(g)

1 mol S bereaksi dengan 1 mol O₂ membentuk 1 mol SO_2. 32 gram S bereaksi dengan 32 gram O₂ membentuk 64 gram SO₂. Massa total reaktan sama dengan massa produk yang dihasilkan.

H_2(g) +  ½ O_2(g) →  H₂O_(l)

1 mol H₂ bereaksi dengan ½ mol O₂ membentuk 1 mol H₂O. 2 gram H₂ bereaksi dengan 16 gram O₂ membentuk 18 gram H₂O. Massa total reaktan sama dengan massa produk yang terbentuk.

2. Hukum Perbandingan Tetap (Hukum Proust)

“perbandingan massa unsur-unsur pembentuk senyawa selalu tetap, sekali pun dibuat dengan cara yang berbeda”

Contoh :

S_(s) +  O_2(g) →  SO_2(g)

Perbandingan massa S terhadap massa O₂ untuk membentuk SO₂ adalah 32 gram S berbanding 32 gram O₂ atau 1 : 1. Hal ini berarti, setiap satu gram S tepat bereaksi dengan satu gram O₂ membentuk 2 gram SO₂. Jika disediakan 50 gram S, dibutuhkan 50 gram O₂ untuk membentuk 100 gram SO₂.

H_2(g) +  ½ O_2(g) →  H₂O_(l)

Perbandingan massa H₂ terhadap massa O₂ untuk membentuk H₂O adalah 2 gram H₂ berbanding 16 gram gram O₂ atau 1 : 8. Hal ini berarti, setiap satu gram H₂ tepat bereaksi dengan 8 gram O₂ membentuk 9 gram H₂O. Jika disediakan 24 gram O₂, dibutuhkan 3 gram H₂ untuk membentuk 27 gram H₂O.

3. Hukum Perbandingan Volume (Hukum Gay Lussac)

Hanya berlaku pada reaksi kimia yang melibatkan fasa gas

“pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama, perbandingan volume gas pereaksi dengan volume gas hasil reaksi merupakan bilangan bulat dan sederhana (sama dengan perbandingan koefisien reaksinya)”

Contoh :

N_2(g) +  3 H_2(g) →  2 NH_3(g)

Perbandingan volume gas sama dengan perbandingan koefisien reaksinya. Hal ini berarti, setiap 1 mL gas N₂ tepat bereaksi dengan 3 mL gas H₂ membentuk 2 mL gas NH₃. Dengan demikian, untuk memperoleh 50 L gas NH₃, dibutuhkan 25 L gas N₂ dan 75 L gas H₂.

CO_(g) +  H₂O_(g) →  CO_2(g) +  H_2(g)

Perbandingan volume gas sama dengan perbandingan koefisien reaksinya. Hal ini berarti, setiap 1 mL gas CO tepat bereaksi dengan 1 mL gas H₂O membentuk 1 mL gas CO₂ dan 1 mL gas H₂. Dengan demikian, sebanyak 4 L gas CO membutuhkan 4 L gas H₂O untuk membentuk 4 L gas CO₂ dan 4 L gas H₂.

4. Hukum Avogadro

Hanya berlaku pada reaksi kimia yang melibatkan fasa gas

“pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama, gas-gas yang volumenya sama mengandung jumlah mol yang sama”

Hukum Avogadro berkaitan erat dengan Hukum Gay Lussac

Contoh :

N_2(g) +  3 H_2(g) →  2 NH_3(g)

Perbandingan mol sama dengan perbandingan koefisien reaksinya. Hal ini berarti, setiap 1 mol gas N₂ tepat bereaksi dengan 3 mol gas H₂ membentuk 2 mol gas NH₃. Perbandingan volume gas sama dengan perbandingan koefisien reaksinya. Hal ini berarti, setiap 1 L gas N₂ tepat bereaksi dengan 3 L gas H₂ membentuk 2 L gas NH₃. Dengan demikian, jika pada suhu dan tekanan tertentu, 1 mol gas setara dengan 1 L gas, maka 2 mol gas setara dengan 2 L gas. Dengan kata lain, perbandingan mol gas sama dengan perbandingan volume gas.

Berikut ini diberikan beberapa contoh soal serta penyelesaian perhitungan kimia yang menggunakan hukum-hukum dasar kimia :

1. Serbuk kalsium sejumlah 20 gram (Ar Ca = 40) direaksikan dengan 20 gram belerang (Ar S = 32) sesuai dengan persamaan reaksi Ca + S → CaS. Zat apakah yang tersisa setelah reaksi selesai?Berapa massa zat yang tersisa setelah reaksi selesai?

Penyelesaian :

Perbandingan mol Ca terhadap S adalah 1 : 1. Hal ini berarti, setiap 40 gram Ca tepat bereaksi dengan 32 gram S membentuk 72 gram CaS. Perbandingan massa Ca terhadap S adalah 40 : 32 = 5 : 4.

Jika 20 gram S tepat habis bereaksi, dibutuhkan (5/4) x 20 = 25 gram Ca, untuk membentuk 45 gram CaS. Sayangnya, jumlah Ca yang disediakan tidak mencukupi.

Oleh karena itu, 20 gram Ca akan tepat habis bereaksi. Massa S yang diperlukan sebesar (4/5) x 20 gram = 16 gram. Dengan demikian, zat yang tersisa adalah belerang (S). Massa belerang yang tersisa adalah 20-16=4 gram.

2. Gas A₂ sebanyak 10 mL tepat habis bereaksi dengan 15 mL gas B₂ membentuk 10 mL gas A_xB_y pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama. Berapakah nilai x dan y?

Penyelesaian :

Perbandingan volume gas A₂ terhadap gas B₂ dan gas A_xB_y adalah 10 mL : 15 mL : 10 mL = 2 : 3 : 2. Perbandingan volume gas sama dengan perbandingan koefisien reaksinya. Dengan demikian, persamaan reaksi menjadi :

2 A_2(g) +  3 B_2(g) → 2 A_xB_y

Nilai x = 2 dan nilai y = 3.

3. Gas amonia dapat dibuat dengan mereaksikan 100 mL gas nitrogen dan 150 mL gas hidrogen dengan reaksi N_2(g) +  3 H_2(g) →  2 NH_3(g). Hitunglah volume gas amonia yang dihasilkan pada akhir reaksi!

Penyelesaian :

Perbandingan volume gas N₂ terhadap gas H₂ dan NH₃ sama dengan perbandingan koefisien reaksinya, yaitu 1 : 3 : 2.

Jika 100 ml gas N₂ tepat habis bereaksi, dibutuhkan 300 mL gas H₂. Sayangnya, jumlah gas H₂ yang disediakan tidak mencukupi.

Dengan demikian, 150 mL H₂ lah yang tepat habis bereaksi. Volume gas N₂ yang dibutuhkan sebesar (1/3) x 150 mL = 50 mL. Setelah reaksi selesai, masih tersisa 50 mL gas N₂. Volume gas NH₃ yang dihasilkan adalah sebesar (2/3) x 150 mL = 100 mL.

4. Pada suhu dan tekanan tertentu, sebanyak 0,5 L gas hidrogen (Ar H = 1) memiliki massa sebesar 0,05 gram. Berapakah volume gas oksigen yang dapat dihasilkan jika sebanyak 12,25 gram padatan KClO₃ dipanaskan? (Mr KClO₃ = 122,5)

Penyelesaian :

mol H₂ =  gram / Mr  =  0,05 / 2  =  0,025 mol

Persamaan reaksi pemanasan KClO₃ adalah sebagai berikut :

KClO_3(s) →  KCl_(s) +  3/2 O_2(g)

mol KClO₃ = gram / Mr  = 12,25 / 122,5 = 0,1 mol

Dengan demikian, mol O₂ = (3/2) x 0,1 mol = 0,15 mol

Pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama, Hukum Avogadro berlaku pada sistem gas. Perbandingan mol gas sama dengan perbandingan volume gas. Dengan demikian :

mol H₂ :  mol O₂ =  volume H₂ :  volume O­₂

0,025 : 0,15 =  0,5 : volume O₂

Volume O₂ = ( 0,15 x 0,5) / 0,025  =  3 L

5. Suatu campuran gas terdiri atas 2 mol gas N₂O₃ dan 4 mol gas NO. Jika campuran gas ini terurai sempurna menjadi gas nitrogen dan gas oksigen, berapakah perbandingan volume gas nitrogen terhadap gas hidrogen dalam campuran tersebut?

Penyelesaian :

Persamaan reaksi penguraian masing-masing gas adalah sebagai berikut :

N₂O_3(g) →  N_2(g) +  3/2 O_2(g)

NO_(g) →  ½ N_2(g) +  ½ O_2(g)

Sebanyak 2 mol gas N₂O₃ akan terurai dan menghasilkan 2 mol gas N₂ dan 3 mol gas O₂. Sementara itu, sebanyak 4 mol gas NO akan terurai dan menghasilkan 2 mol gas N₂ dan 2 mol gas O₂.

Dengan demikian, mol total gas N₂ yang terbentuk adalah 2 + 2 = 4 mol N₂. Mol total gas O₂ yang terbentuk adalah 3 + 2 = 5 mol O₂. Perbandingan mol gas sama dengan perbandingan volume gas. Jadi, perbandingan volume gas nitrogen terhadap gas hidrogen dalam campuran tersebut adalah 4 : 5.

Referensi:

Andy. 2009. Pre-College Chemistry.

Chang, Raymond. 2007. Chemistry Ninth Edition. New York: Mc Graw Hill.

Moore, John T. 2003. Kimia For Dummies. Indonesia: Pakar Raya.

The illusion of knowing is the major obstacle to discovery; (October 4, 2009)

            Even a century ago, a scientist published a single manuscript after a life time of research and toiling; transmission of opinions and suggestions were sent via long erudite letters by peers. Translators of these remarkable books didn’t go unnoticed and were rewarded academically. Nowadays, any “respectable” scientist works for several institutions, private and public, and at various nations.  Two centuries ago, scientists did not need to refer to Pythagoras or Archimedes.  Modern scientists have no time to refer to Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Laplace, Lavoisier, or Kelvin; soon Einstein and Heisenberg will be outmoded.

            The team of the geeks in “Sciences and Future” met in August for brainstorming in “pause mode” to deliberate on the unique question “In the last few decades, what discoveries were true breakthroughs?”  The team reached an understanding on five scientific fields: climatology, neuroscience, astronomy, cellular biology, and Internet. Consequently, I will answer a few of the questions that you might think you know in these fields so that our knowledge is no longer an illusion.

The internet shifts from the virtual to the real

            There are three generations of internet or Web. The first generation or Web1.0 was created from 2003 to 2005 and is represented by MySpace, Facebook, and YouTube that gathers people on common interest social aspects or making “friends”.  The second generation or Web 2.0 is represented by Twitter or the microblogging platform for messages restricted to 140 characters. Thus, these micro messages can be regrouped and analyze to constitute a story contributed by many Twitter bloggers.  The third generation of Web 3.0 is ready technologically; this generation is already labeled object oriented intelligence sources.  For example, you record a message on your cell phone and then stick a yellow sticker on a wall or an object. The next visitor will pass his cell phone over the sticker and copy your message of whatever you have seen or appreciated. This generation can zip all kinds of products and gather intelligence and compare with other resources.  Personally, I think that even the Twitter is already a perfect source of information by intelligence agencies; these centers can hire thousands of Twitter users and direct them on specific topic of interests in many countries.

Cells can be rejuvenated to its embryo stage

            The lab technician would take samples of your skin. The skin cells can be treated to reach its first born state.  Whatever genetic diseases that cell inherited it will take another 30 years for the disease to emerge.  All the while you are thirty years younger. Better, skin cells can be treated to isolate a specific cell for any body member like liver, heart, brain, or whatever.  The sick tissue in any part of your body can be rejuvenated within a month. This biomedical technique of treating adult cells into embryo state was made possible because many laws prohibited using fetus embryo on the ground that the cell belonged to another person.

Is man’s activity altering nature more than geophysics?

            Man feared the return of the ice age; it turned out that the climate is getting hotter and the poles are melting.  The emergence of urban and industrial societies as a geophysical force is altering the environment power for rejuvenation according to human threshold for survival.  Since 1824, Joseph Fourier theorized that gases in the atmosphere have the potential to increase surface temperature. Even in 1896, John Tyndall predicted that the concentration of CO2 will increase temperature to 5 degrees by the end of the 20^th century. Now, this is a fact and each year the casualties in man and nature are increasing by the violence of climatic changes. People are waiting anxiously the international summit on the environment in Copenhagen this December. Awareness of man effective participation in climatic changes was proven when the ozone layer of O3 in the stratosphere was depleting. Seas level is increasing 3 mm a year since 1993.  So far, only Danemark produces the fourth of its power using eoliens or wind turbines.

            Ex-President Bush Junior said in 1992: “The American way of life is not negotiable.” The philosopher Michelle Serres said in 1990: “This world that we treated as an object is returning as a subject; capable of vengeance.”  The humorist Coluche said: “For an ecologist to be elected as President then trees should be allowed to vote.”

The brain is in perpetual re-structuring

            There are specialized neurons that can be activated when an action is executed or when an action is also observed (mirror neurons).  These mirror neurons are the biological basis for empathy, imitation, and training; almost every decision is influenced by our emotions.  Neurons have the potential to flow or transfer from one brain to another when recycling cognitive aptitudes such as reading and writing are elevated.  Neurons and connections are modified when training tasks are memorized.

            We have 8 varieties of intelligence; mainly the visual, spatial, naturalist, logic-mathematics, corporal, musical, inter-personal, and intra-personal intelligences. The new battery of experiments for testing cognitive and movements capabilities are designed to account for our eight kinds of intelligences. It is the quantity of synapses (connections) and not the weight of the brain that differentiate among the various intelligences. There are phases in our sleep when brain activities are most intense while muscular activities are extremely inhibited; this phase is called “paradox sleep”.  We produce new neurons at every stage of growth, especially in the hippocampus and the smell brains. Almost 10% of our synapses are established when we are born and they increase with our activities and cognitive demands (efforts, mental and physical, mean increase in fresh synapses and neurons).

Hormones or chemical messengers for the brains  

            Serotonin is a chemical messenger to the brains; it is implicated in sleep, feeding and sexual habits. A decrease in its production is associated to depressive moods. Anti-depressant drugs increase the concentration of serotonin in the blood.

            Dopamine is a chemical hormone that controls movements, moods, addiction, and the circuit of pleasure; its deficiency generates rigidity in the muscles which is the symptoms of Parkinson disease.

            Adrenaline is a chemical hormone that is secreted at moments of stress and is attached on large numbers of receptors to re-enforce cardiac functions, accelerate the heart beats, elevate arterial pressure, inhibit digestion and increase the level of glycemy.

            Cortisol is secreted in moments of stress to increase the rate of glucose in the blood stream and liberating energy to counter dangers.

            Insulin enhances the stock of glucose in the tissues and thus decreases glycemy.

            Acetylcholine is a neuro-transmitter that excites the targeted brain when acquiring new training and for enhancing memory; its deficiency is the origin of Alzheimer disease.

            Erythropoietin stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells; its deficiency results in anemia.  The word “doping” is related to sport competitors abusing of this hormone.

Lavoisierin yaşadığı çağda, hala suyun buharlaştığı zaman az da olsa bir bölümünün toprak veya kum durumuna dönüştüğüne inanılıyordu. bu teori, yapılan deneylerle de doğrulanıyordu: su bütünüyle buhar durumuna gelinceye kadar kaynatıldığı zaman her defasında kabın dibinde katı bir tortu kalıyordu. Lavoisier, bu deneyi yeni bir sistemle yapmak istedi. önce çok temiz kap kullanmaya önem verdi. sonra temiz yağmur suyunu özel bir damıtma aygıtına koydu. bu aygıt, kaynayan suyun bütün buharını topluyor ve yeniden aynı kabın içine damlatıyordu. böylece buharını hiç kaybetmeyen su, eksilmiyordu. lavoisier, bu suyu 100 gün ateşin üzerinden hiç indirmeden kaynattı. durum yine aynıydı.

Lavoisier, bu suyu soğuttu. soğuyan suyun üstünde bazı yabancı maddelerin yüzdüğünü gördü. bunun üzerine önce suyu, sonra bu yabancı maddeleri ve kabı ayrı ayrı tarttı: su, deneyden önceki ağırlıktaydı. damıtma aygıtının ağırlığı ise biraz eksilmişti. bu eksiklik su yüzüne toplanmış yabancı maddelerin ağırlığına eşitti. böylece lavoisier, bunların kaptan kopmuş maddeler olduğunu anladı.
lavoisier kanunu:

Lavoisier, bu ve bunun gibi deneyleriyle en önemli keşiflerinden birini yapmış oldu: “kütlenin korunumu kanunu”. büyük bilgin bu kanunda “birleşen iki kimyasal maddenin ağırlıklarının toplamı, meydana gelen bileşimin ağırlığına eşittir.” der. gerçekten de 2 gram hidrojeni 16 gram oksijenle birleştirirsek 18 gram su elde ederiz. aynı biçimde 35 gram klorü 23 gram sodyum ile birleştirirsek kullanılan iki maddenin toplamı kadar tuz elde ederiz. bütünüyle bilimsel bir deyimle olmasa bile lavoisier kanunu nu şu biçimde ifade etmek mümkündür:
“tabiatta hiçbir madde yokolmaz, olmadan da varolmaz”.

Mayıs 1794 te fransız ihtilal mahkemesi, çağının en büyük bilginlerinden biri olan Antoine Lavoisieri ölüme mahkum etmişti. lavoisier, hükümeti devirmeye teşebbüs ve devletin parasını zimmetine geçirmekle suçlandırılmıştı. toplanan deliller uydurma olduğu gibi, getirilen tanıklar da yalancıydı. lavoisier ye kurulan bu tuzak onun zengin yaşayışını çekemeyen kıskanç rakiplerinin işiydi. kendisini krallık taraftarı olmakla suçlamışlar, yalancı tanık ve uydurma delillerle ihtilal rejiminin bir düşmanı olarak göstermişlerdi. lavoisier yi kurtarmak isteyen bazı dostları, onun üstün yaradılışından ve bilgisinden fransa nın çok yararlanacağını öne sürerek affedilmesini dilemişlerdi. ama o yılların dehşet havası içinde bu gibi suçlamalara uğrayan bir kimseyi ihtilal mahkemesinin elinden kurtarmak, hele ölüme mahkum olmuş birinin affını istemek kadar saçma birşey düşünülemezdi. mahkeme başkanı, bütün af dileklerini: “cumhuriyetin bilginlere ihtiyacı yoktur!” sözüyle kabul etmemiş, böylece lavoisier giyotinden kurtulamamıştı.

Aquí les dejamos un video editado y capturado por el videasta Lavoisier sobre el tema “elevator” en nuestra última presentación en Archibrazo.

Aquí les dejamos un video editado y capturado por el videasta Lavoisier sobre el tema “elevator” en nuestra última presentación en Archibrazo.

en esta ocasión un constante colaborador de sonica desde las imagenes el sr.Lavoisier se encargará de retratar el festival desde su mirada de videasta documentando todo lo sucedidio no solo en el escenario sino tambien en la periferia. El material luego se editará y se distribuirá gratuitamente por el canal de televisión de youtube de escuela sonica. Atentos pues!!!

Para nosotros fué una fecha mas que interesante, rodeados de personas cercanas que depositaron su fé en una noche de invierno fria para escuchar música, el lugar cálido, un buen sonido que nos permitió poder ser detallistas con algunos sonidos que en otros lugares no salen al frente, errores de lectura de samplers, algunos espacios de silencio entre tema y tema quiza un tanto largo, las visuales de Lavoisier que se mezclaron muy bien con las texturas que propone nuestro sonido, y la sensación de un público que fué aplaudiendo de menor a mayor con un sonido en sus palmas sincero. Regalamos algunos discos y cosechamos muchos elogios que lejos estabamos de creer merecerlos tan rápido. Gracias a todos los que vinieron fué nuestro mejor show. (sofía/emiliano/rodrigo/roberto)
track list:
01 intro sunumber9
02 coldest
03 this mind
04 want real punk
05 lost in my translation
06 trash
07 elevator
08 sunumber9

Para nosotros fué una fecha mas que interesante, rodeados de personas cercanas que depositaron su fé en una noche de invierno fria para escuchar música, el lugar cálido, un buen sonido que nos permitió poder ser detallistas con algunos sonidos que en otros lugares no salen al frente, errores de lectura de samplers, algunos espacios de silencio entre tema y tema quiza un tanto largo, las visuales de Lavoisier que se mezclaron muy bien con las texturas que propone nuestro sonido, y la sensación de un público que fué aplaudiendo de menor a mayor con un sonido en sus palmas sincero. Regalamos algunos discos y cosechamos muchos elogios que lejos estabamos de creer merecerlos tan rápido. Gracias a todos los que vinieron fué nuestro mejor show. (sofía/emiliano/rodrigo/roberto)
track list:
01 intro sunumber9
02 coldest
03 this mind
04 want real punk
05 lost in my translation
06 trash
07 elevator
08 sunumber9

Nuevas imagenes subidas a la sección imagenes del festival microsonica 2008 para irnos haciendo la idea de lo que va a ser este año:

R.Massoni y Lavoisier preparando la performance

ANTECEDENTES:

• Ley de la conservación de la masa : Lavoisier (1743-1794)
  Lavoisier se percató que en una combustión, la masa parecía variar porque no se tomaban en cuenta todos los elementos que participaban, al tomarse todos en cuenta, la masa antes y despues de la reacción, no varía.

—————————————————————
En toda reacción química,
la masa de los reactivos y la masa de los productos, es la misma.
—————————————————————

• Ley de las proporciones definidas : J.L. Proust (1754-1826)

—————————————————————
Los elementos que se unen para formar compuestos,
siempre lo hacen en proporciones fijas y definidas.
—————————————————————

• Ley de las proporciones multiples de Dalton.

—————————————————————
Cuando dos elementos se unen entre sí para formar diferentes compuestos,
la masa fija de uno de ellos, guarda con las diferentes masas del otro,
una relación de números enteros y sencillos.
—————————————————————

TEORÍA ATÓMICA DE DALTON:

• La materia está constituida por partículas indivisibles e indestructibles, denominadas átomos.
• El átomo es una partícula de materia extremadamente pequeña que mantiene su identidad durante las reacciones.
• Todos los átomos de un elemento son idénticos, tienen las mismas propiedades y son diferentes a los de los otros elementos.
• En el transcurso de una reacción química se produce una reordenación de los átomos. Los átomos no se crean, no se destruyen ni se descomponen en partículas más pequeñas.

EL DESCUBRIMIENTO DE LAS PARTÍCULAS SUBATÓMICAS. LA NATURALEZA ELÉCTRICA DE LA MATERIA.

• Experimentos en tubos de rayos catódicos. Descubrimiento del electrón.

Cuando se aplica una diferencia de potencial entre los electrodos, del que tiene signo negativo (cátodo), surge un chorro de corriente (Rayos Catódicos)

1. Si se aplica un campo eléctrico, los rayos catódicos se desvian hacía el polo positivo.
2. Si se aplica un campo magnético, los rayos catódicos se desvian hacia el polo norte del campo.

Este comportamiento indica que los rayos catódicos tienen carga negativa. Además se descubrío que se movían en linea recta y que tenian masa. Se vio que el resultado era el mismo independientemente del material de los electrodos y del gas del tubo.

MODELO ATÓMICO DE THOMSON

J. J. Thomson en 1897 concluye que los rayos catódicos están costituidos por particulas fundamentales con masa y cargadas negativamente.

• Experimento de Thomson con rayos catódicos. Determinación carga/masa.
• Experimento de Millikan. Determinación de la carga del electrón.

EXPERIMENTOS CON RAYOS CANALES. Eugene Goldestein, 1886.

• Los rayos canales estan formados por partículas positivas.
• En la relacion e/m si influye el gas del tubo.
• La carga positiva es multiplo de la carga fundamental. Esta relación es menor que para los electrones.
• La carga positiva de estas partículas es la misma que la del electrón pero la masa es 1826 veces mayor.
• Formación de iones.

DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL PROTÓN. Rutherford, 1919.

Dispersion de partículas alfa por átomos de N

DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL NEUTRÓN. James Chadwick, 1932

Experimentos con Helio y Berilio.

MODELO ATÓMICO DE RUTHERFORD. Experimento de la lámina de oro.

Rutherford diseñó un experimento con una fuente emisora de partículas alfa y una lamina de oro.
Al mirar el comportamiento de las partículas al llegar a la lámina de oro, Rutherford notó que podian actuar de cuatro maneras diferentes:

1. La mayoría de las partículas continuaban su trayectoria sin ningún cambio, atravesando la lámina de oro.
2. Algunas se desviában ligeramente de su trayectoria inicial.
3. Muy pocas ( 1 de cada 20.000), se desviában considerablemente.
4. Muy pocas salían despedidas en dirección contraria a la lámina.

A partir de este experimento, Rutherford deduce su modelo atómico: Siguiendo las normas de la física clásica, Rutherford describe el electrón como un sistema de fuerzas centrales de tipo planetario, donde el protón esta en el centro y los electrones giran alrededor de ese núcleo.

Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Lavoisier nasceu em 26 de Agosto de 1743 em uma nobre família francesa,e faleceu em 8 de Maio de 1794, aos 51 anos. Teve uma excelente educação e se formou em direito. Nunca chegou a ser um advogado, pois gostava mesmo da ciência.

Lavoisier é considerado o pai da química. Foi ele quem descobriu que a água é uma substância composta, formada por dois átomos de hidrogénio e um de oxigênio: o H2O. Esta descoberta foi muito importante para a época pois, segundo a teoria de Aristóteles, ainda aceita na época, a água era um dos quatro elementos terrestres primordiais, a partir da qual outros materiais eram formados.

Lavoisier não descobriu exatamente o oxigênio. Este gás foi descoberto antes por dois químicos chamados Carl Wilhelm Scheele e Joseph Priestley. Em Outubro de 1774, Priestley visitou Paris e conversou com Lavoisier sobre as suas experiências. Este fato permitiu a Lavoisier refazer estes estudos e compreender melhor as características do novo gás, que chamou de  oxigênio (produtor de ácidos em grego).

Em 1771 Lavoisier se casou uma jovem aristocrata, de nome Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze. A sua mulher tornou-se um dos seus mais importantes colaboradores, não só devido ao seu conhecimento de línguas (em particular o inglês e o latim), mas também pela sua capacidade de ilustrar. Marie-Anne foi responsável pela tradução, para francês, de obras científicas escritas em inglês e em latim e ilustrou algumas das experiências mais significativas feitas por Lavoisier.

Ele viveu na época em que começava a Revolução Francesa, onde o terceiro estado (camponeses, burgueses e comerciantes) ficaria com o poder. Infelizmente era mal visto pela população, que acreditava em sua participação  no Ferme Général, um sistema de impostos sobre a sociedade. Embora Lavoisier tenha se  retirado deste, a sua ligação foi utilizada como desculpa para ser condenado.

Esse grande cientista foi guilhotinado após julgamento  em 8 de Maio de 1794. Joseph-Louis de Lagrange, um importante matemático, contemporâneo de Lavoisier disse: “Não bastará um século para produzir uma cabeça igual à que se fez cair num segundo”.

Aún me sorprende la extrema ignorancia de algunas personas y la verdad, no debería. Al fin y al cabo llevo bastante tiempo presenciando debates de lo más absurdo e incluso participando en ellos.

Uno de mis preferidos es ése que, después de un intercambio de argumentos más o menos afortunados, se ve roto por una afirmación tajante acerca de la vileza de los científicos, como si el origen de los males estuviese en la ciencia. Irónicamente quienes defienden esta tesis lo hacen frente a un ordenador con su pantalla, su teclado y su ratón, en lugar de escribirlo en papiro o grabarlo en pedernal como buenos luditas…

Los químicos se llevan una de las peores partes. Es como si Lavoisier y compañía hubiesen creado una secta cuyo único objetivo es llevar a la raza humana al apocalipsis, como si el siglo XVIII fuese el principio del fin.

El término químico no suele asociarse a lo que debería. Químicos son aquellos que juegan con moléculas para crear compuestos más resistentes, elásticos o ligeros. El tetrabrick existe gracias a los químicos, así como las botellas de plástico o la pintura de las paredes. Compuestos químicos son el pegamento y la tinta de los rotuladores que usan los críticos acérrimos de la disciplina en sus campañas. La creación de nuevos fármacos o combustibles más ecológicos depende fuertemente de los descubrimientos químicos, y el ordenador que mencioné antes y que tanta satisfacción proporciona al cínico-ludita contiene tantos compuestos químicos que sería imposible imaginarlo de otro modo.

Claro que químicos son también los gases utilizados en la Primera Guerra Mundial, el fósforo blanco o el napalm. Pero fijémonos en la proporción. Estamos literalmente rodeados de productos químicos que nos facilitan y mejoran la vida, desde el papel de nuestros libros hasta el recubrimiento de nuestras paredes, pasando por nuestra ropa o el revestimiento del cable que lleva electrones a toda velocidad hasta nuestra televisión. Sin la química hoy no seríamos lo que somos, es una disciplina que ha dado a la raza humana muchísimos más beneficios que perjuicios.

¿Por qué tanto desprecio y desconfianza? Los mismos que se ceban en un trabajo esencial para la civilización suelen ser aquellos que aceptan sin crítica alguna otras disciplinas que ha hecho más daño que bien y sobre todo han fomentado la ignorancia cobarde y orgullosa.

Que vivan sin la ayuda que los químicos han proporcionado en los últimos dos siglos si se atreven.

Engraçado como hoje a gente reparou várias chupadas. Foram aparecendo uma atrás da outra, como se não houvesse o amanhã!
Vou deixar a chupada da noite e, mais uma vez, temos o Hans Donner atuando nela, ou pelo menos assinando.

É a abertura da novela da Globo Sete Pecados e uma propaganda da Ikea, empresa sueca especializada em móveis domésticos de baixo custo.
Li o seguinte comentário sobre o ocorrido:

“Isto foi criado com um pouco de influência de algo que já foi feito, porém Hans se deixou levar demais. Não é questão de plágio, e sim falta de originalidade.”

(alguém já fez o vídeo comparando os materiais, inclusive com o símbolo da Globo ao centro. Louvado seja.)

Gente, tinha me esquecido! Ainda bem que @blude (diasnormais.com) lembrou:

O logotipo da novela!

Filme de David Fincher, lembram?

E aí? Algo a dizer?

E pra quem quiser, meu Twitter é @caiera.

Hoje, dia 21 de maio, Dia Nacional da Chupada.
Calma, amigos, não se empolguem. Estamos falando de Design.

Estamos aqui no estágio, e nosso coordenador (e também professor) Octavio Aragão, nos mostrou uma coincidência cópia inspiração situação engraçada.

Este é o logotipo do Chemical Music 2009, um festival de música eletrônica que acontece no RJ.

Agora façamos aquele esforço pra lembrar de algo. O que veio na cabeça?
Sim!Nossa querida antiga amiga Rede Manchete!

Incrível, né? É só pegar os alteres o símbolo da Manchete, subir uma bolinha aqui, tirar outra e tá lá: Chemical Festival.

Não satisfeito, forçou um pouco mais a memória e ….

Temos o logotipo da Westinghouse, criado por Paul Rand, que inclusive criou o da IBM.

Daí, vendo o site do Paul, encontramos o da ABC, emissora de tv americana.

Lembraram de algo?  A gente sim!

Reparem no “b”. Alguma diferença? Percebam que elas compõem facilmente uma família.
O velho Paul, se ficar sabendo, de hoje não passa. Que bonito, seu Silvio.
Que bonito.

E pra Globo não ficar de fora, afinal é a maior do país, temos uma obra do ‘ó Grande Hans’:

Já esta é a abertura da SIC – Sociedade Independente de Comunicação, que já teve (ou tem ainda) a Rede Globo como acionista. Donner participou, mas nada justifica a cópia.

Bom, essas foram as chupadas da tarde. De noite atualizo o blog com mais uma, e que vai dar o que falar :O

Deixo sábias palavras: Na Natureza No Design , nada se cria, nada se perde, tudo se transforma. (Lavoisier)

Eds. Isabelle Brouard-Arends & Laurent Loty (Presses de l'Univ de Rennes 2, 2007)

 Includes: 

• Serge Bianchi, “Théâtre et engagement sur les scènes de l’An II” 
• Martial Poirson, « Intenables engagements dramatiques : Pamela entre révolution tranquille et scandale » 
• Anne-Rozenn Morel, « Modes d’engagement de l’utopie : Le ludique et le juridique »
• Philippe Corno, « Le Divorce sur la scène révolutionnaire : Un engagement politique ? »   
• Joël Castonguay-Bélanger, « Le Choix des sciences morales et politiques contre le désengagement des sciences expérimentales » 
• Julia Douthwaite, « La République a-t-elle besoin de savants ?  Le jugement des romans » 
• Huguette Krief, « Femmes dans l’agora révolutionnaire ou le deuil d’un engagement : Olympe de Gouges, Constance Pipelet, Germaine de Staël » 
• Yves Citton, « Gémir en silence : Puissance des engagements hétérogènes d’André Chénier »

See also Douthwaite, “In Search of a New Paradigm:  Recent Work in Revolutionary History, Literature, and Art,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 37, 2 (2004):  285-91.

Torre Eiffel. París primavera.                               © 2009 Maite Díaz

Earthquake’s forecast are not possible according scientific community and so Giampaolo Giuliani was reported to police for “spreading alarm”.
But I can remember a case of alarmism in december 2008 with news spreading from all italian newspapers and radios: the Tiber (Tevere) river was expected to overflow on December the 12th. I can remember I was on A4 highway, in queue as usual, I was looking for news about traffic and all I could get were minute by minute updates about Rome: Tevere’s water level, people evacuated from zones interested by possible risks and so on. I’m sure being prepared is better than blaming after tragedy occurred. But the point is: that day, with all TV’s channels ready for live videos, I can’t remember anything so special happened, at least nothing if compared to present tragedy in Abruzzo.
Weather forecast are commonly accepted and when a possible risk is found the Civil Protection Agency is allerted.
But are weather forecast always right? So why do we trust them? Why can’t we give this earthquake forecast the same level of reliability we would give to unconfident weather forecast?
Was really Roma’s bad weather forecast in December more accurate?

However not all scientific voices arise against earthquake forecast: according to Pier Francesco Biagi, member of the Bari Inter-University Physics Department, a world leader in research in this field, these kind of forecasts are not completely impossible. They just require more research and better techniques.  And for new discoveries in every field of science the right approach, I should say, is not blind mistrust but a rigorous and  unbiased search for a falsification as the only way (following Popper) to confirm or discard anything valuable.

In the past a lot of commonly accepted theories and statements asserted by official science revealed themselves to be wrong and were replaced by the ones now regarded as the basic laws of chemistry, physics, etc… Just to mention some examples:

1. “Earth is flat” Columbus and Magellan proved it to be wrong;
2. “Earth is steady at the center of the universe” Copernicus and Galilei proved it to be wrong;
3. “Chemical reactions involving oxidations are driven by phlogiston” Lavoisier proved it to be wrong;
4. “The matter is continuos” Rutherford, Bohr and all modern quantum physics experiment proved it to be wrong;
5. “Space and time are absolute” Einstein proved it to be wrong;
6. “Earthquakes can’t be foreseen” Why shouldn’t science at least doubt about it

Elisa Camozzi & Umberto M. Meotto

Einstein

I have decided to model my teams after the Monty Python philosopher’s soccer match.  So here come the referees, scientists who set up the laws of the game.

Head Referee: Albert Einstein

Einstein was a German theoretical physicist, best remembered for his theory of relativity, the photoelectric effectand  mass–energy equivalence, (E = mc²⁾.  He was a 1921 Nobel Prize winner.

Einstein’s many contributions to physics include

• Special theory of relativity, combining classical mechanics and electromagnetistm
• General theory of relativity, a new theory of gravitation which added the principle of equivalence to the principle of relativity, correcting Newton’s equations for large bodies of mass
• Founding of relativistic cosmology with a cosmological constant
• The deflection of light by gravity and gravitational lensing, helping us understand black holes
• An explanation for capillary action
• Proving that light moves as both a wave and particle
• The quantum theory of atomic motion in solids
• Zero point energy
• The semiclassical version of the Schrodinger equation
• Discovering the photoelectric effect, the fact that light can excite electrons, causing them to be emitted from solids, specifically metals
• The quantum theory of a monatomic gas which predicted Bose-Einstein condensation, a new form of matter

Linesman: Sir Isaac Newton

Newton

Isaac Newton was one of the most influential scientists in all of history.  His famous work  Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, sets  the groundwork for most of classical mechanics.  In this book, Newton described the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion

In mechanics, Newton also set down the idea that momentum in a closed system is conserved. In addition, he built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed the theory of the visible spectrum of color through experiments with a prism.   He is also credited with the law of cooling, a mathematical analysis of the rate of temperature changes. 

Finally, Newton was the leader in developing differential and integral calculus.

Linesman: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier was a French scientist who is now credited as the father of modern chemistry.  Early in his career he recognized a component of the air and named it.  He also “discovered” and named hydrogen gas.  Lavoisier is most famous for his law of conservation of mass, which states that the mass of the reactants of a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the products.  In addition to this, he helped construct the metric system, write the first extensive list of elements, and helped construct a system of chemical nomenclature and stoichiometry. 

http://www.questacon.edu.au/indepth/einstein/science.html, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein, http://www.google.com/archivesearch?hl=en&safe=off&rlz=1T4GGIH_enUS284US284&ei=_Di5SdGzKI6gM4DLvacI&resnum=0&q=isaac+newton’s+achievements&um=1&ie=UTF-8&scoring=t&ei=_ji5Sd_sAZiWMfqCzZcI&sa=X&oi=timeline_result&resnum=11&ct=title, http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Lavoisier.html

Everyone’s heard of it, but what does E=mc2 — the world?s most famous equation — really mean? And why did it change the world?

With brilliant period recreations, NOVA dramatizes how an obscure young patent clerk, Albert Einstein, came up with his shattering 1905 discovery that the realms of matter and energy are inescapably linked. An accessible, suspenseful epic, Einstein’s Big Idea reveals the roots of his astonishing breakthrough in the human stories of men and women whose innovative thinking across four centuries helped lead to E=mc2, and ultimately unleashed the power of the atom.

Here are stories rich with achievement and failure, feuds and duplicity, love and rivalry, politics and revenge: Michael Faraday, the penniless blacksmith?s son who fought the ridicule of the scientific establishment; Antoine Lavoisier, the cool-headed experimenter who fell victim to the guillotine; and Lise Meitner, the physicist who weathered Nazi persecution and personal betrayal on her path to discovering the splitting of the atom.

As one discovery builds on the next, Einstein’s Big Idea shows how Einstein’s saga began with the personal lives of these pioneers and their years of persistence, ingenuity, sacrifice, and heroic struggle against the odds.

The film stars Aidan McArdle (Ella Enchanted) as Einstein, and Shirley Henderson (Bridget Jones and Harry Potter) as Einstein’s first wife, Mileva Maric and is narrated by John Lithgow (3rd Rock From The Sun) to bring you the best documentary you may ever see.

File: Einsteins_Big_Idea
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THE SEMINAR WAS A GREAT SUCCESS. THANK YOU TO EVERYONE WHO CAME OUT FOR A WONDERFUL WEEKEND OF AMAZING TRAINING WITH DR. ZOUGHARI !!!

To use this poster for advertising in your dojo, click on it to enlarge. Then right click your mouse and save it to your computer. It is formatted to 8.5″ X 11″ at 300 dpi.

FOR VIDEO ADVERTISEMENT CLICK HERE

ABOUT DR. KACEM ZOUGHARI:

SUMMARY

Dr. Kacem Zoughari is a well known Japanese History and Martial Arts researcher and practitioner. Born in Paris, France he began studying Martial Arts as a teenager and quickly began visiting Japan to further his studies. He has practiced Ninjutsu for well over 20 years and is a personal student of Hatsumi Masaaki Soke and Ishizuka Tetsuji Sensei.

MARTIAL ARTS & NINJUTSU BACKGROUND

Dr. Zoughari began his training in 1986 in France. In 1989 he made his first trip to Japan where he trained with Ishizuka Sensei. From that point on he began spending a few months of every year living and training in Japan.

Over the ensuing years Kacem became a personal translator for Hatsumi Soke, acted as a translator for the Quest Video Company, and became a member of the Nihon Budo Gakkai (Japanese Martial Arts Research Organization).

Between 2001 and 2003 his role as Lavoisier (researcher) at the French Department of Foreign Affairs allowed him to study full time in Japan and his research brought him into contact with many of the most well known martial artists in Japan including: (click on names for more info)

• Kuroda Tetsuzan
  
• Kono Yoshinori
  
• Sakai Eiji
  
• Hirakami Nobuyuki
  
• Yagyu Nobuharu

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Kacem Zoughari holds a Ph.D. in Japanese History and Culture from the prestigious INALCO in Paris, France. INALCO is the National Institute of Oriental Language and Civilization. He has received his Masters in Japanese from INALCO where his thesis was titled: Ninjutsu: Its Form, History, and Essence. His principle areas of study include:

• Japanese History
  
• Martial Arts History
  
• Ninjutsu History
  
• Jujutsu, Koryu, & Samurai History
• Weapons and Techniques of The Edo Era Police
  
• Evolution of Martial Art Form and Movement
  

PUBLICATIONS

Dr. Zoughari has published more than 25 articles on the topics of Japanese history and martial arts. These articles have been published in French, Japanese, Spanish, English, and many other languages. A few of the publications in which these articles have been printed in include:

• Arts Martiaux Traditionnels d`Asie
  
• Hiden, Budo Bujutsu
  
• Karate-Bushido
• Kacem featured in June 2008 edition of Men’s Health (Romania)
• Kacem featured in June 2008 edition of INSTINCT: Martial Arts & Sports Magazine. (Foreign) Cover / Page 30 / Page 31 / Page 32

In November of 2003 his first book: Ninpo, Ninjutsu: L’Ombre de la lumière was published by Guy Trédaniel in French. It was subsequently translated into Portuguese under the title A Arte do Ninja – Entre Ilusão e Realidade . (click on any of the book titles for more info)

NEW BOOK

His newest work, re-titled The Ninja (ISBN: 978-0-8048-3927-3), is expected from Tuttle Publishing on December 10th 2009. This book is written in English and promises to be the most thorough review of the history of Ninjutsu ever published outside of Japan. (click title to pre-order)

LECTURES & SEMINARS

Dr. Zoughari has given lectures and seminar tours in over 15 countries and is a highly sought after teacher. As well as being an instructor for various police departments and special forces groups around the world, the list of universities and organizations he has spoken at include:

• University of Cambridge
  
• Georgetown University
  
• American University
  
• University of Montreal
  
• University of Vienna
  
• University of Wellington
  
• SFEJ (French Society of Japanese Research)
  
• Osaka University
  
• Tsukuba University
  
• Gaikoku-go University
  
• Kogô University
• Kodokan Judo Institute
• Nihon Budokan Kyokai
• Nihon Ryukyu Kai

LATEST UPDATE

After writing a briliant thesis of more then 1000 pages, which involves complex topics related to Kata and knowledge transmission connected to social and cultural aspects of pre-Edo society in Japan, Kacem continues to train with Hatsumi Soke & Ishizuka Sensei and to travel the world giving lectures and seminars. He is preparing for 7 years in Japan as a university professor and also as a full time member of the Nihon Budo Gakkai. His work will continue researching and preserving the old wisdom of the ancient pre-Edo warrior schools (bujutsu & bugei ryuha). Kacem has put the finishing touches on his new Ninjutsu book and just completed writing a book about Iai (sword drawing methods). He is currently living with his family in Paris, France.

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PLEASE READ SEMINAR INFORMATION CAREFULLY!

ABOUT THE SEMINAR: Topic - SHINDEN FUDO RYU:

Dakentaijutsu Shoden / Jutaijutsu Shoden / Tanto (knife) / Ken (sword)

EQUIPMENT TO BRING: Bokken Katana  (wood long sword), Bokken Kodachi (wood short sword), Wood Tanto (knife). All training gear MUST be carried in a bag or wrapped in a blanket or towel.

** PLEASE, NO LIVE BLADES WILL BE ALLOWED.

DATE: May 9th & 10th, 2009

LOCATION: Turning Stone Casino & Resort / Verona, NY

TIME:

Saturday, May 9th: 12 noon – 6pm / Event Center, Cypress Room A+B

Sunday, May 10th: 12 noon – 4:30pm / Event Center, Cypress Room A+B

PLEASE ARRIVE 30-45 MINUTES EARLY TO SIGN IN, CHANGE, AND STRETCH.

HOTEL: The Inn: $99 per night / The Tower: $149 per night. An additional 8% tax is applied at check-out for all rooms.

* Special rates have been arranged for this seminar. The casino, along with surrounding hotels and motels are charging up to 3X more otherwise. Prices are the same for single or double occupancy.

The Inn is located 1 mile north of the casino, with a free round-trip shuttle bus service running to Turning Stone every 30 minutes. However, they will make special trips for 3 or more people at any given time. The Tower is on the resort premises and offers a few extra amenities.

When booking, make sure to mention you are with the “Bujinkan Seminar”. It is advised to book your room as soon as possible. That particular weekend, hotels everywhere are accommodating a flux of guests for the multitude of college and university graduations occurring. We have blocked off a section of rooms for our seminar guests, but unreserved rooms will be released for general sale beginning April 9th, 2009. After that date availability can NOT be guaranteed, but the special pricing is contractually guaranteed. Insist on the seminar rate if anyone gives you a hard time. If there is a problem contact me immediately and I will handle it. My contact info is near the bottom of the page. Trust me, every hotel room in Central New York will be booked solid that weekend. No need to pay for it up front. Just reserve your room and hold it with your credit card. You will not be charged until check-in. You have up until 48 hours prior to check-in to cancel your reservation with no penalty.

HOTEL BOOKING: 1-800-771-7711    OR    315-361-7711

PARKING: Lot and Garage parking is free. Valet parking is free for overnight guests. Day guests may use valet parking for $5 per day.

FOOD: There are many places to eat on the casino premises. Prices range from cheap and affordable sandwiches and pizzas to pricey high class restaurants. A list will be provided of suggested eateries at the seminar. Plenty of time will be allotted during breaks. Reservations for dinner at restaurants that particular weekend are encouraged ASAP. Remember, you can always cancel.

ACTIVITIES: There’s an array of things to do on your downtime. Check Turning Stone’s website for more details. www.turning-stone.com

NOTES: Please wear street clothes to and from the seminar and carry your uniforms and training gear in bags. The casino doesn’t want us spooking the other patrons. If you get lost in the casino, feel free to ask any employee or security guard for directions, that’s part of their job. It is also advised that you bring a set of “formal clothing” if you plan on eating at fine restaurants or attending any of the clubs and bars that have strict dress codes.

Video taping is strictly prohibited and photographs require prior permission from Kacem.

CLICK ICON TO ENLARGE MAP

TRAVEL: Turning Stone Casino & Resort is located directly off NY State Thruway (I-90) Exit 33, in Verona NY. Just a 35 minute drive east of Syracuse, and only 4 hours from New York City, Montreal, Toronto, and Washington DC. Flights from these major cities into Syracuse are only 30-40 minutes. Airport pick-up can be arranged if needed.

SEMINAR FEES: 2 Days: $200 / 1 Day: $120

Pre-Pay Rate: 2 Days: $175 **available now through April 17, 2009

Pre-Pay by sending a check  or money order (post marked by April 17th for discounted rate) to the following name and address:

Marc Osmun / 55 Windemere Dr. / Fulton, NY 13069 / USA

On a separate piece of paper or email, please include your name, email, phone, how many days you plan on attending, and which hotel you will be staying at. This will be kept for our reference and in case any necessary last minute information must be communicated.

SPECIAL SESSION: We will have an extra private training session for a few hours with Kacem on Friday, May 8th at 6pm. Fee is $20. This is only available to people who  will be attending the weekend’s seminar. It will be held at Spectrum Fitness on 554 S. First St., Fulton, NY, 13069.

The seminar is limited to 50 participants and WILL fill up. BOOK SOON!

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For more info on Turning Stone Casino &  Resort: www.turning-stone.com

FOR ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE EMAIL: m.osmun@gmail.com

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2009 SEMINAR LIST FOR DR. KACEM ZOUGHARI

Washington, DC - January 17-18 : Togakure Ryu & Bojutsu

Kiev, Ukraine – January 24-25 : Kihon Shinken Taihenjutsu

Novi Sad, Serbia - Jan 31-Feb 1 : Togakure Ryu/Gyokko Ryu /Hanbo/Sword

Hemel Hempstead, UK - Feb 21-22 : Gyokko Ryu Koshijutsu & Sword

Bochum, Germany - Feb 28-Mar 1 : Takagi Yoshin Ryu & Sword

Athens, Greece - Mar 7-8 : Shinken Jutsu/Knife/Sword/Hanbo

Poughkeepsie, NY - Mar 14-15 : Koto Ryu no Heikito Gata / Hanbo & Sword

Barcelona, Spain - Mar 21-22 : Koto Ryu

Los Angeles, CA - Mar 28-29 : Takagi Yoshin Ryu Shoden no Maki Ura Gata & Kukishinden Ryu Happo-Biken

Rotterdam, NL – April 4-5 : TBA

Bucharest, Romania - April 11-12 : Gyokko Ryu Koshi Jutsu & Biken Jutsu

Montreal, QC - April 25-26 : Koto Ryu no Hekito Gata / Hanbo & Sword

Maastricht, NL - May 2-3 : TBA

Syracuse/Verona, NY - May 9-10 : Shinden Fudo Ryu Dakentaijutsu & Jutaijutsu Shoden /Knife/Sword

Vancouver, BC – May 16-17 : Takagi Yoshin Ryu Jutaijutsu Shoden/Kodachi (short sword)

Margate, UK – May 23-24 : Koto Ryu Koppojutsu/Kukishinden Ryu Jojutsu

Toronto, ON – June 13-14 : Takagi Yoshin Ryu Shoden/Bojutsu

Girona, Spain - June 27-28 : Takagi Yoshin Ryu Ura Gata/Kodachi

Poughkeepsie, NY - Sept 26-27 : CANCELLED