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	<title>mendel &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/mendel/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "mendel"</description>
	<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 06:02:44 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Il giardiniere di Dio]]></title>
<link>http://pokankuni.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/il-giardiniere-di-dio/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 21:48:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Vittoria</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pokankuni.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/il-giardiniere-di-dio/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Giovedì 3 dicembre 2009 alle ore 18.00, presso l’Auditorium Giovanni Paolo II dell’Ateneo Pontificio]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote><p><span class="zem_olink">Giovedì 3 dicembre 2009 alle ore 18.00, presso l’Auditorium Giovanni Paolo II dell’Ateneo  Pontificio Regina Apostolorum a Roma, si terrà l’anteprima del film per la tv “The Gardener of God” (la storia di Gregor Mendel), scritto e diretto dalla regista Liana Marabini, con Christopher Lambert, Maria Pia Ruspoli e Anja Kruse.</span></p>
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<dl class="wp-caption alignleft">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gregor_Mendel.png"><img title="Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Gregor_Mendel.png" alt="Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)" width="163" height="197" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd zemanta-img-attribution">Image via <a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gregor_Mendel.png">Wikipedia</a></dd>
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<p>Il film, girato in Piemonte e a Salzburg, in Austria, racconta la straordinaria scoperta di Gregor Mendel, padre della moderna genetica e prete cattolico vissuto nella metà dell’Ottocento, interpretato magistralmente da Christopher Lambert.</p>
<p>“The Gardener of God” è il primo film su Gregor Mendel e rappresenta un affettuoso omaggio ad uno scienziato cattolico schivo e riservato che, con la sua rivoluzionaria scoperta delle leggi dell’ereditarietà, cambierà il destino del mondo.</p>
<p>L’anteprima del film sarà preceduta da un punto stampa tenuto dalla regista Liana Marabini, produttrice cinematografica  e presidente di “Mirable Dictu – International Catholic Film Festival” specializzata nella storia della Chiesa che, dopo il successo del film “Vivaldi”, affronta il tema della Fede che non ostacola la Scienza, bensì la incoraggia. (Al punto stampa saranno altresì presenti gli attori protagonisti Christopher Lambert, Maria Pia Ruspoli e Anja Kruse).</p></blockquote>
<p>via <a href="http://raivaticano.blog.rai.it/2009/11/26/the-gardener-of-god/">The Gardener of God &#124; raivaticano</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[LAJIEN SYNTY]]></title>
<link>http://simpanssifilosofiaa.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/lajien-synty/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 19:56:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>apina</dc:creator>
<guid>http://simpanssifilosofiaa.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/lajien-synty/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Tänään tulee kuluneeksi tasan 150 vuotta siitä, kun Charles Darwinin teos Lajien synty julkaistiin. ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><!-- 		@page { margin: 2cm } 		P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --><strong>Tänään tulee kuluneeksi tasan 150 vuotta siitä, kun <em>Charles Darwinin</em> teos <em>Lajien synty</em> julkaistiin. Se myytiin loppuun julkaisupäivänään, joten kyllä tieto kulki aika vauhdikkaasti jo paljon ennen internetaikaakin &#8211; jopa siis ennen kuin puhelimet </strong><strong>edes </strong><strong>oli kunnolla keksitty. Toinen painoskin saatiin markkinoille jo tammikuussa. Kustantaja oli lyönyt hakkunsa varsinaiseen kultakaivokseen, sillä uusia painoksia otetaan edelleen ympäri maapalloa. Harva tieteellinen kirjoitus on kestänyt aikaa näin hyvin ja harvasta teoksesta on kiistelty niin paljon kuin tästä.</strong></p>
<p>Eihän Darwin ollut ensimmäinen, joka kyseenalaisti kristillisen selityksen jumalallisen luomistyön tuloksena syntyneiden eliöiden muuttumattomuudesta. Mutta hänen evoluutuoteoriansa oli se, joka katkaisi kirkollisen manipulaation pitkän perinteen. Darwinilla on kunnia olla jumalilla ratsastavien vallanpitäjien riisuja, vapaan ajattelun merkkipaalu. Darwinin erityisansio on, että hän teki valtavan määrän työtä teoriansa varmistamiseksi ja että hän pystyi esittämään lajien muuttumisen mekanismin syyksi <em>luonnonvalinnan</em>. Sen hän oli oivaltanut jo vuonna 1838  lukiessaan <strong>Thomas Malthusin</strong> teosta <em>An Essay on the Principle of Population</em>.</p>
<p><a href="http://simpanssifilosofiaa.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/darwin1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1645" title="Darwin" src="http://simpanssifilosofiaa.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/darwin1.jpg" alt="" width="497" height="237" /></a></p>
<p>Oikeastaan voidaan pitää ihmeenä, ettei näin yksinkertaista asiaa ollut kukaan muu tullut aikaisemmin ajatelleeksi. Tai ehkä näin ei voi sanoa. Kaikki asiat on varmaan ajateltu moneen kertaan ennen julkituloaan, mutta kaikki ajatukset eivät jalostu tarpeeksi pitkälle. Pelkkä ajatus ei vielä todista mitään. Tarvitaan sitä raakaa työtä, jota Darwin teki lähes 30 vuoden ajan ennen kuin uskalsi panna aivojensa työn tulokset julkisesti arvioitaviksi. Ja siitä hetkestä alkoi biologian voittokulku, jonka tahti koko ajan vain kiihtyy. Vasta nyt olemme siinä vaiheessa, että ihmisen itsensä käyttäytyminen uskalletaan oikeasti panna samalle viivalle muun luonnon kanssa. Vasta nyt olemme oikeasti ymmärtämässä inhimillistä käyttäytymistä ja eloa, kiitos geenitutkimuksen, evoluutiobiologian ja evoluutiopsykologian.</p>
<p>Jos Lajien synnyn ensi painos suorastaan riistettiin myyntipöydiltä, samaa kiihkeyttä on saatu odottaa sen uppoamisessa syviin kansankerroksiin. Vielä 150 vuoden jälkeen voimme törmätä sellaisiin ihmeellisyyksiin, että Darwinista kertovan elokuvan esitys kielletään USA:ssa. Tai että 55 prosenttia yhdysvaltalaisista suhtautuu evoluutioon kielteisesti samaan aikaan kun 82 prosenttia uskoo jumalaan ja paholaiseenkin 62 prosenttia. Eivät taida nämä viimemainitut luvut olla Suomessakaan paljon lohdullisempia.</p>
<p>Kolmasosa suomalaisista pitää evoluutioteoriaa vääränä. He kai siis uskovat joihinkin luomiskertomuksiin. Tässä suhteessa Suomi on vallan surkealla tasolla muihin sivistysvaltioiksi itseään kutsuvien listalla, sillä 34 maan joukossa edustamme keskikastia. Ei siis mitään syytä olla rinta röyheänä koulujärjestelmämme kehumisessa. Kun muissa Pohjoismaissa sentään yli 80 prosenttia pitää evoluutioteoriaa oikeana, meillä vastaava luku on vain 65.</p>
<p>Monestihan toimittajat tekevät aivan uskomattoman typeriä kysymyksiä kuten <em>uskotko evoluutioteoriaan</em>? Mitä tähän nyt sitten pitäisi vastata? Eihän se ole mikään uskonasia. Eihän kukaan enää tosissaan kysy sitäkään, että <em>uskotko maan kiertävän aurinkoa</em>. Toimittajat paljastavat tällaisella typeryydellä vain oman hölmöytensä. Tai sitten he kuuluvat siihen porukkaan, joka väsäilee adresseja evoluutioteorian opetuksen kieltämiseksi kouluissa. Ihan totta, sellainen nettiadressi on oikeasti olemassa. Joku <strong>Teemu Niskanen</strong> on katsonut velvollisuudekseen pelastaa ihmislaji kadotukselta. Allekirjoittaneiden lista on vakuuttava. Sieltä löytyvät sekä <strong>Jeesus Nasaretilainen</strong> (Taivaasta) että <strong>Adolf Hitler</strong> (JumalanSylistä)&#8230;</p>
<p>Lajien synnyssähän ihmistä ei käsitelty ollenkaan, vaikka Darwin toki ymmärsi, että myös ihminen on evoluution tuote. Tämä varmaan oli strategisesti oikea valinta, sillä jos soppaan olisi sotkettu vielä ihminenkin, itse lajien kehitys olisi jäänyt turhan polemiikin ja vielä suuremman uskonnollisen kauhistelun varjoon. Toki Darwin myöhemmissä teoksissaan vielä ehti käsitellä ihmisenkin evoluutiota, mm. kirjassaan <em>The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</em> (1872).</p>
<p>Mutta mitä pitäisi ajatella siitä, että tämä evoluutiopsykologian perusteokseksikin mainittu kirja ilmestyi suomeksi vasta tänä vuonna! Kiitokset siitä Terra Cognitalle, joka jaksaa julkaista korkeatasoista globaalia ajattelua suomenkielellä – sekä tietysti myös suomentajana tomineelle elävälle legendalle, <strong>Anto Leikolalle</strong>. Vielä olisi tehtävää jäljellä, sillä Darwinin sukupuolivalintaa käsittelevä kirja <em>The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex</em> (1871) odottaa yhä suomentamistaan.</p>
<p>Geenimutaatiot ovat viime kädessä evoluution polttoainetta. Uudet lajit syntyvät vähitellen mutaatioiden ja luonnonvalinnan seurauksena. Eri lajeilla esimerkiksi hemoglobiinimolekyylit ovat hieman erilaisia ja niiden perusteella voidaan laskea lajien sukulaisuuden asteita. Hemoglobiinin muuttumisnopeus on ollut keskimäärin yhden aminohapon verran 10 miljoonassa vuodessa ja tämä nopeus on ollut suhteellisen vakio kautta aikojen. Esimerkiksi gorillan hemoglobiinin beetaketjussa löytyy vain yksi ero ihmisen 146 aminohappoon verrattuna. Hevosella eroja on jo 25 ja sammakolla 67 <a href="http://www.skepsis.fi/lehti/2004/2004-4mart.html">[1]</a>.</p>
<p>Perustan geeniteorialle loi <strong>Gregor Mendelin</strong> vuonna 1866 julkaisema tutkimus herneiden ominaisuuksien periytymisestä. Mendel havaitsi, etteivät ominaisuudet periytyneet sekoittuen vaan tiettyjen sääntöjen mukaan. Tanskalainen biologi <strong>Wilhelm Johannsen</strong> antoi perinnöllisyyden yksikölle nimen <em>geeni </em>sata vuotta sitten eli vuonna 1909.  Meillä on siis parhaillaan meneillään myös geenien juhlavuosi. Mutta Darwinilla on tähänkin termiin pieni omistusoikeus. Hän nimittäin puhui &#8220;pangeenistä&#8221; (pangenes), vaikkei vielä itse geeneistä mitään tiennytkään eikä hänen käsityksensä sekoittuvasta periytymisestä pitänytkään paikkaansa.</p>
<p>Geenit sijaitsevat kromosomeissa, kuten meidän kaikkien pitäisi maailman parhaaksi mainostetun koululaitoksen käyneinä tietää. Mutta ei tämäkään taida olla niin yksinkertaista. Meillä vaikuttaa yhäkin vanhoillinen kovaääninen (naaras)vähemmistö, jonka ainoa agenda on väittää, että sukupuoli on kulttuurinen tuote eikä biologinen ilmiö. Mitäpä tällaisen idiotismin edessä voi tehdä? Tietysti voisi aiheellisesti todeta, että kulttuurikin on perustaltaan biologiaa ja kehittyy evoluution lakien alaisena. Mutta aiheuttaisiko tämä tieto minkäänlaista aivosolujen aktivoitumista. Tuskinpa.</p>
<p>Y -kromosomi on pienempi kuin X -kromosomi ja siinä on vähemmän geenejä. Tästäkö jo alkaa urosten surkeus ja epätasa-arvoisuus naaraisiin verrattuna? Ainakin perinnölliset vajavuudet, kuten värisokeus ja verenvuototauti riivaavat siksi pääasiassa uroksia. Ehkä se ei olekaan testosteroni vaan geenien vähyys, joka altistaa urokset ääri-ilmiöille&#8230;</p>
<p>Ihmistieteilijät ovat asettuneet raivokkaaseen siilipuolustukseen omien reviiriensä säilyttämiseksi. Niinhän niiden evoluutioteorian mukaan pitääkin tehdä. Typeryydelläkin on siis luonnollinen selityksensä. Valitettavasti moinen itsekkyys tyhmentää ihmiskuntaa tai ainakin estää sitä kehittymästä älyllisempään suuntaan. Kaikkea pitänee kuitenkin sietää, sillä eihän maakeskeisestä maailmankuvastakaan kovin helposti irti päästetty. Ehkä siis pitäisi vain rauhallisesti odottaa ja sietää höpötyksiä sukupuolisensitiivisestä kasvatuksesta, kulttuurievoluutiosta ja pakollisista isäkuukausista? Kaikki ne kun ovat yhtä kaukana todellisuudesta.</p>
<p>Viime aikoina mediassakin on seurattu evoluution ja ”kulttuurievoluution” kädenvääntöä <a title="Helsingin Sanomat 24.10." href="http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/artikkeli/HMn+kuvasto+todistaa+Darwinin+teorian/1135250255505">[2]</a>. Filosofian professori <strong>Petri <a href="http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/historia/filosofia/henkilokunta/ylikoski.php">Ylikoski </a></strong>on niin huolissaan oppialansa tulevaisuudesta, että puhuu luonnontieteiden imperialismista. Mutta evoluutiotahan tämäkin vain on. Paremmin ympäristöönsä sopeutuva eliö (tässä tapauksessa luonnontieteilijä) menestyy muita paremmin. Ihmistieteilijöiden on siis syytäkin vavista. Kulttuurievoluutiotahan ei oikeasti ole olemassakaan. Termi on keksitty aikana, jolloin tietämys ihmislajin biologiasta oli vasta aamunkoiton asteella. Käsite voidaan nykytietämyksen perusteella nakata surutta roskikseen.</p>
<p>Ihan vaan huvin vuoksi kerron tässä yhden esimerkin, joka sattuu liippaamaan aika läheltä seksiä. Ei tietysti mikään sattuma, sillä seksi pyörittää maailmaa, pidämme siitä tai emme. Mitä mahtoikaan sanoa evoluutiopsykologi <strong>Geoffrey <a href="http://www.unm.edu/~psych/faculty/lg_gmiller.html">Miller</a></strong>, kun häneltä kysyttiin viimeaikojen huippupäivästään? Vastaus oli tällainen: <em>se kun näimme sylitanssitutkimuksemme ensimmäiset tulokset – sen kuinka saatoimme todistaa kuukautiskierron vaikuttavan seksityöntekijöiden ansioihin</em>.</p>
<p>Tämä vuonna 2007 julkaistu tutkimus<a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138%2807%2900069-4/fulltext"> [3]</a> on jo käsite sinänsä ja paljastaa ihmislajin todellisen luonteen ja kuinka kiiman vaikutus ihmisyhteisössä voidaan todistaa taloudellisilla mittareilla. Paitsi että urosapinat &#8220;haistavat&#8221; tanssijoiden ovulaatiohetken ja palkitsevat siitä ylenmääräisillä tipeillä, he myös pitävät luomunaaraita keskimäärin e-pillerin käyttäjiä seksikkäämpinä.</p>
<p>Ihmisen käyttäytymisen salat avautuvat vain todennäköisyyksien maailmaa tutkimalla. Millerin tutkimuksessa<em> n</em> eli tanssien lukumäärä oli yli 5000. Ihmistieteilijöiden ongelma on, että he mieluummin askartelevat mahdollisuuksien maailmassa. Jos he olisivat tutkineet sylitanssijoita, he olisivat &#8220;syvähaastatelleet&#8221; enintään kymmentä urosapinaa ja kysyneet heiltä, onko tanssijan ovulaatiolla merkitystä. Kaikki olisivat tietysti sanoneet, ettei missään tapauksessa, sikäli kuin olisivat edes ymmärtäneet koko kysymystä. Ihmisapina todellakin on paljon monimutkaisempi kone kuin mitä pelkkiä &#8220;roolimalleja&#8221; tuijottamalla saattaisi ikinä kuvitella. Ehkä Millerin tutkimusta kannattaisi lukea kaikkien niidenkin, jotka ovat huolissaan ”naisen eurosta”.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[MENDEL + STEREOHEROES REMIX]]></title>
<link>http://poneyklub.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/mendel-stereoheroes-remix/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 12:07:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>poneyklub</dc:creator>
<guid>http://poneyklub.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/mendel-stereoheroes-remix/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Mendel, ou le mec qui n&#8217;a pas fait parler de lui depuis presqu&#8217;un an, 8mois pour être pl]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://photos-f.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs229.snc1/7632_169945916292_587181292_4084160_999151_n.jpg" alt="mendel" width="499" height="374" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>Mendel</strong>, ou le mec qui n&#8217;a pas fait parler de lui depuis presqu&#8217;un an, 8mois pour être plus précis, depuis la sortie de son EP <em>&#8220;Beatburger&#8221;</em>. Il est de retour (pour nous jouer un mauv&#8230;) avec plusieurs nouvelles tracks, allez sur son profil myspace (en bas à droite de l&#8217;article) pour les découvrir. Je ne metterais que deux  de ses nouvelles tracks. Revenons à l&#8217;histoire <strong>Mendel</strong>, une de ses premières prods, je crois la plus violente, la traduction du titre est &#8220;du banger en veux-tu en voila&#8221;. En voila, et du gros (dans le même style que <em>&#8220;Parisienne&#8221;</em> de <strong>Felix Cartal</strong>, qui est sur le blog) :</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?fzlyfqjiwmw">Mendel &#8211; Cheesebangirls</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Ensuite, passage par l&#8217;EP <em>&#8220;Beatburger&#8221;</em> et le remix des <strong>Stereoheroes</strong> :</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?tmzwqyz4dk5">Mendel &#8211; Beatburger (Stereoheroes Remix)</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Puis les nouvelles tracks de <strong>Mendel</strong>, avec un remix de <strong>We Are Terrorists</strong>, et une originale (de la fidget en veux-tu en voila, vraiment cool) <em>&#8220;Burger Reloaded&#8221;</em>, qui m&#8217;a précisé qu&#8217;il n&#8217;y avait pas de liens avec <em>&#8220;Beatburger&#8221; </em>!</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?2fkd4uhvwig">WAT &#8211; Topics (Mendel Superbad&#8217;s Remix)</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?nm5e2krnvtn">Mendel &#8211; Burger Reloaded</a></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em><a href="http://www.myspace.com/musicbymendel">Myspace Mendel</a></em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em><a href="http://www.myspace.com/stereoheroes">Myspace Stereoheroes</a><br />
</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Ten Most Influential People of the 19th Century]]></title>
<link>http://ianthecool.wordpress.com/2009/11/07/the-ten-most-influential-people-of-the-19th-century/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 07 Nov 2009 16:39:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ianthecool</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ianthecool.wordpress.com/2009/11/07/the-ten-most-influential-people-of-the-19th-century/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[10. Marie Curie (1867-1934) Chemistry Marie Curie created the theory of radioactivity through her di]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><span style="font-size:x-large;">10. Marie Curie (1867-1934)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Chemistry</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/Mariecurie.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>Marie Curie created the theory of radioactivity through her discovery of radium and also developed a process for isolating isotopes. These were huge advancements in chemical science which have been used in many applications, not the least of which are major advancements in the medical field. Unfortunately the discoveries she made would eventually claim her life, yet she left in indelible mark on modern science.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><span style="font-size:x-large;">9. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Biology</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/Gregor_Mendel.png" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>This quiet Austrian Monk would go on to develop the foundations of genetic study. Sure genetics has come a long way since then, but Mendel was the one who started it all with his ideas on inherited traits through his experiments and the idea of genotypes. Mendel&#8217;s theories were not accepted by the scientific community during his life however. It would only be later when his work was revisited and validated.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<div id="post_message_2586942"><span style="font-size:x-large;">8. Michael Faraday (1791-1867)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Physics/Chemistry</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/463px-M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_184.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>One of the most important scientists in history, Faraday made huge contributions to the fields of chemistry and physics with his experiments in electromagnetism and chemistry. It would be hard to list all of his accomplishments in those fields. His experiments and findings have had a profound impact upon the scientific knowledge we hold dear today.</p></div>
<div><span style="font-size:x-large;">7. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Military</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/20070118_napoleon.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>He set out to conquer Europe and set an undying legacy for himself. Through his conquests and ambitions he spread many ideas, including the Napoleonic code, metric system, and others. He changed the face of Europe and remains a figure of legend, despite only being 200 years ago.</p></div>
<div><span style="font-size:x-large;">6. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Innovation</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/1876_Bell_Speaking_into_Telephone.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>In today&#8217;s modern world, communication happens instantly, even to the point where almost everyone has personal cell phones from which they can instantly call and talk to anyone they want. And it all began when Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone. Everyone once in a while an invention comes along which drastically changes the world, and the telephone is one of those inventions, shrinking the world we know through the lines of communication.</p></div>
<div><span style="font-size:x-large;">5. Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Politics</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/456px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoul.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>Perhaps the greatest of the American presidents, Lincoln is most widely praised for his stand against slavery. Even though is almost split his country in two, Lincoln did not refrain from doing what he believed was right. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and led America through their civil war. He remains a hero to many who value integrity and bravery.</p></div>
<div><span style="font-size:x-large;">4. Karl Marx (1818-1883)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Politics</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/Karl_Marx_001.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>Workers of the world unite! Marx&#8217;s ideas would end up shaking the world and would shape the political climate of the upcoming 20th century. He developed the political system of communism which many countries, notably Russia and China, would come to adopt. Whether the systems they produced faithfully represented Marx&#8217;s communal ideals remains up for debate, it was his ideas which sewed the seeds. This manifesto was revolutionary, for better or for worse, bastardized or not.</p></div>
<div><span style="font-size:x-large;">3. Thomas Edison (1894-1931)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Innovation</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/Thomas_Edison.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>The list of his inventions is large and his influence is wide-spreading, mostly for his invention of the light bulb, giving the world instant and lasting electric light. He also invented the phonograph, kinetoscope, and many others. He is also responsible for advancing the industrial revolution through mass production of his inventions and research.</p></div>
<div><span style="font-size:x-large;">2. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Microbiology</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/433px-Louis_Pasteur_foto_av_Flix_Na.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>Pasteur is really the father of microbiology whose findings have been immensely influential in the filed of medicine. Pasteur made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease, vaccine development, and food safety through his pasteurization of milk.</p></div>
<div><span style="font-size:x-large;">1. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:large;">Biology</span></p>
<p><img src="http://i190.photobucket.com/albums/z74/IanTheCool/467px-Charles_Darwin_01.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<p>There wasn&#8217;t a doubt in my mind who the number one person on this list would be. Darwin shook the world with his theory of evolution causing many to rethink everything they knew, including the origins of mankind. Darwin&#8217;s theory would grow as accepted fact in the realm of science and caused major turmoil with those of religious faith. The voyage of the Beagle to the Galapagos islands is now legend, and Darwin&#8217;s ideas now form the backbone of all biology. He is one of the most influential people in history and certainly the most influential to come from the 19th century.</p></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Genética Mendeliana]]></title>
<link>http://bioblogg.wordpress.com/2009/10/22/genetica-mendeliana/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2009 21:22:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>bioblogg</dc:creator>
<guid>http://bioblogg.wordpress.com/2009/10/22/genetica-mendeliana/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Les dejo un excelente link para trabajar con cruces de monohíbridos y dihíbridos. Link a la página! ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Les dejo un excelente link para trabajar con cruces de monohíbridos y dihíbridos.</p>
<p><a title="Mendel's Web" href="http://www.biologia.arizona.edu/mendel/mendel.html" target="_blank">Link a la página!</a></p>
<p>Saludos!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Rapid Prototyping 3D Printers: RepRap and Co]]></title>
<link>http://skylore.wordpress.com/2009/10/21/rapid-prototyping-3d-printers-reprap-and-co/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2009 20:05:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Jonas</dc:creator>
<guid>http://skylore.wordpress.com/2009/10/21/rapid-prototyping-3d-printers-reprap-and-co/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[What a coincidence. A few days ago I was musing how awesome it would be if 3D printers would be as r]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>What a coincidence. A few days ago I was musing how awesome it would be if 3D printers would be as readily available as normal printers and everyone could start printing own stuff.</p>
<p>Then I read some totally unrelated blog post which had a cross-reference to some build-it-yourself site which in turn had a cross-reference to a <em>print</em>-it-yourself blog which mentioned the <a href="http://www.reprap.org/bin/view/Main/WebHome">RepRap project</a>.</p>
<p>RepRap is intended to be a <strong>Rep</strong>licating <strong>Rap</strong>id Prototyping System. The goal of this project is to have a 3D printer that is able to replicate itself by producing its own parts and have humans assemble it. This currently doesn’t fully work, but the new RepRap Version <a href="http://objects.reprap.org/wiki/RepRap_Version_II_%22Mendel%22">Mendel</a> (successor of the first version called <a href="http://dev.www.reprap.org/bin/view/Main/RepRapOneDarwin">Darwin</a>) is able to print approximately 60% of its parts.</p>
<p>A printer that can replicate itself may be cool. But RepRap is cooler than that because it also allows you make things apart from itself. You can create a 3D model in your favorite modeling tool (if any) and have it print it. You can even download stuff from websites like <a href="http://www.thingiverse.com/">Thingiverse</a> and print it. Just <em>download</em> a <a href="http://objects.reprap.org/wiki/RepRap_coat_hook">coat hook</a> and <em>print</em> it. Isn’t this awesome? </p>
<p>As far as I know, there are three main ways to get the parts for building a RepRap:</p>
<ol>
<li>The way that is the spirit of the project: <a href="http://forums.reprap.org/list.php?94">Get someone to print</a> all the printable parts for you, <a href="http://parts.reprap.org/">buy the rest</a> and build it </li>
<li>Since getting someone to print the parts for you currently is the hardest part (how many of your friends own a RepRap?), the second most reprappy way is <a href="http://www.reprap.org/bin/view/Main/RepStrap">to build a RepSTrap</a> machine. It is a RepRap bootstrapper, a simplified 3D printer to help you print the parts for a real RepRap. Then continue as described in option 1 </li>
<li>Since option 2 is probably only for people who get bored easily (kidding), <a href="http://www.bitsfrombytes.com/">buying a RepRap kit</a> is another option. </li>
</ol>
<p>The whole “where the hell do I get the parts from” question is detailed <a href="http://dev.www.reprap.org/bin/view/Main/PartsSupplies">here</a>, along with a lot of answers.</p>
<p>There is a variant of option 3 which is worth being mentioned because it is an outstanding project itself. It’s called <a href="http://www.makerbot.com/">Makerbot</a>. It is probably the easiest to assemble and is also constantly improved. They also started an interesting test for <a href="http://blog.makerbot.com/2009/08/06/makerbot-is-pioneering-distributed-manufacturing-get-paid-to-make-parts-for-future-makerbots/">crowdsourced production</a>. Makerbot has a smaller printing area (10 cm x 10 cm) than Mendel (20 cm x 20 cm) but I believe that Makerbot could be used to print Mendel’s parts. Someone also mentioned that printing large things gets difficult quickly, so Makerbot sounds like a really good time-money-flexibility trade-off to get into this 3d printing business.</p>
<p>Still, I hope that there will be kits for Mendel just like they exist for Darwin today. The whole idea seems to be really exciting. Anyone else feeling alike?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[M3 :: 03411 :: DNA, Genetik, Vererbung]]></title>
<link>http://nevemie.wordpress.com/2009/10/17/m3-03411-dna-genetik-vererbung/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:00:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Neve</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nevemie.wordpress.com/2009/10/17/m3-03411-dna-genetik-vererbung/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Biologische Grundlagen der Psychologie &#8211; ahoi! Für den Einen ist es zu lange her, für die Ande]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Biologische Grundlagen der Psychologie &#8211; ahoi! Für den Einen ist es zu lange her, für die Ande]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[2ª Lei de Mendel]]></title>
<link>http://letsstudynow.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/2%c2%aa-lei-de-mendel/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2009 13:21:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Lets</dc:creator>
<guid>http://letsstudynow.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/2%c2%aa-lei-de-mendel/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O estudo Os cruzamentos foram realizados no mesmo esquema da elaboração da primeira lei. A geração p]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h2><span>O estudo</span></h2>
<p>Os cruzamentos foram realizados no mesmo esquema da elaboração da primeira lei. A geração parental(P) utilizava duas plantas homozigoticas para as caracteristicas estudadas, assim uma duplo-dominante (AA) era cruzada com um duplo-recessiva (aa). Desse cruzamento surgiu um hibrido heterozigotico (Aa). Mendel selecionou dois caracteres das sete estudadas na primeira lei para comparação, ervilhas amarelas(AA) e lisas(BB)(duplo-dominante) e ervilhas verdes(aa) e rugosas(bb)(duplo-recessiva).No primeiro cruzamento (F1) todas as ervilhas obtidas eram amarelas(Aa) e lisas(Bb). Na segunda geração(F2) foram obtidas ervilhas amarelas(A_) e lisas(B_), amarelas(A_) e rugosas(bb),verdes(aa) e lisas(B_) e verdes(aa)e rugosas(bb), Na proporção, respectivamente, 9:3:3:1 (P)AA/aa + BB/bb (F1)AAxaa=Aa BBxbb=Bb (F2)AaxAa=AA/Aa/Aa/aa BbxBb=BB/Bb/Bb/bb</p>
<p><a id="Cruzamentos_possiveis_de_todos_os_gametas_obtidos" name="Cruzamentos_possiveis_de_todos_os_gametas_obtidos"></a></p>
<h3><span> </span><span>Cruzamentos possiveis de todos os gametas obtidos</span></h3>
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Gametas</th>
<th>AB</th>
<th>Ab</th>
<th>aB</th>
<th>ab</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>AB</th>
<td>AABB</td>
<td>AABb</td>
<td>AaBB</td>
<td>AaBb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Ab</th>
<td>AABb</td>
<td>AAbb</td>
<td>AaBb</td>
<td>Aabb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>aB</th>
<td>AaBB</td>
<td>AaBb</td>
<td>aaBB</td>
<td>aaBb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>ab</th>
<td>AaBb</td>
<td>Aabb</td>
<td>aaBb</td>
<td>aabb</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>A_: Dominante(cor Amarela). B_: Dominante(forma Lisa). aa: Recessivo(cor Verde). bb: Recessivo(forma Rugosa).</p>
<p>Obs.: Foram obtidos dezesseis resultados entre os cruzamentos dos possiveis tipos de cromossomos. Obs.2: A proporção obtida na experiencia decorre da soma do número de ocorrencias. Exemplo: Amarela e Lisa(A_B_): 1/16&#215;9= 9/16.</p>
<p>Assim na geração F2 constata-se a existencia de quatro <a title="Fenótipos" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%B3tipos">fenótipos</a> distintos, sendo dois identicos da geração parental(A_B_) e dois novos(A_bb e aaB_). Todos os resultados confirmaram que os <a title="Genes" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genes">genes</a> de cada carácter passavam de forma independente dos demais, ou seja, o fenótipo dominante &#8211; amarelo &#8211; não era transmitido obrigatoriamente com o fenótipo dominate &#8211; liso, o mesmo ocorreu com a transmição dos fenótipos recessivos &#8211; verde e rugoso &#8211; para os decendentes.</p>
<p><a id="Conclus.C3.A3o" name="Conclus.C3.A3o"></a></p>
<h2><span> </span><span>Conclusão</span></h2>
<p>Duas caracteristicas ou mais localizadas em cromossomos diferentes não são herdadas juntas; Elas se separam de forma independente formando gametas com a mesma proporção de genes. Exemplo: O cromossomo que contem o <a title="Genótipo" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%B3tipo">genótipo</a> AaBb forma gametas AB;Ab;aB;ab. A partir dos dados obtidos a <a title="Meiose" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiose">meiose</a> pode ser explicada utilizando a segunda lei de Mendel como fundamento argumentativo.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Leis de Mendel]]></title>
<link>http://letsstudynow.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/26/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2009 13:03:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Lets</dc:creator>
<guid>http://letsstudynow.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/26/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A teoria de Darwin sobre a seleção natural foi brilhante até onde pôde, mas logo se chocou contra um]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p align="justify">A teoria de Darwin sobre a seleção natural foi brilhante até onde pôde, mas logo se chocou contra um obstáculo sério. Segundo as observações de Darwin, as características pessoais são passadas dos pais para sua prole em medidas iguais: dessa maneira, uma mãe inteligente e um pai estúpido produziriam filhos de inteligência mediana. Isso colocou um problema para a seleção natural.</p>
<p>Pois ainda que um indivíduo &#8220;superior&#8221; aparecesse em uma espécie, essa característica superior seria gradualmente diluída através da reprodução. Mesmo Darwin ficou engasgado com isso, e em resposta modificou sua teoria, incorporando a proposição de Lamark de que a forma de criação, assim como a natureza, deve guiar o desenvolvimento individual.</p>
<p>Darwin, entretanto, havia suposto que as mudanças evolucionárias aconteciam gradualmente; essa hipótese logo foi provada falsa. William Bateson, na Inglaterra, e Hugo de Vries, na Holanda, descobriram que as espécies parecem evoluir em passos bruscos e descontínuos, chamados por de Vries, em 1900, de &#8220;mutações&#8221;.</p>
<p align="justify">No mesmo ano, Vries se deparou com alguns artigos publicados uma geração anterior pelo monge austríaco Gregor Mendel (1822-1884).</p>
<p>Embora esse trabalho tivesse sido ignorado durante sua vida, Mendel, trabalhando com simples pés de ervilhas, tinha levado a cabo a descoberta de leis da hereditariedade que revolucionariam a biologia e traçariam as bases da genética.</p>
<p align="justify">Por sete anos, de 1856 a 1863, Mendel cruzou e produziu híbridos de plantas com características distintas &#8211; plantas altas com plantas anãs, ervilhas amarelas com ervilhas verdes e assim por diante.</p>
<p>Ele observou com surpresa que tais características não são diluídas nem resultam em meio-termo, mas se mantêm distintas: o rebento híbrido de uma planta alta e de uma anã era sempre alto, não de tamanho médio.</p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffff00;">Ervilhas amarelas </span>cruzadas com <span style="background-color:#99cc00;">ervilhas verdes </span>produziam <span style="background-color:#ffff00;">ervilhas amarelas</span>, em vez de ervilhas <span style="background-color:#999900;">verde-amareladas</span>.</p>
<p>E, ainda mais interessante, quando Mendel miscigenava os híbridos altos, a geração seguinte retinha as características distintivas encontradas nas plantas &#8220;avós&#8221;: a maioria era alta, porém mais ou menos um quarto delas eram anãs.</p>
<p>Da mesma forma, a terceira geração de plantas do cruzamento amarelo/verde eram 75 por cento amarelas e 25 por cento verdes.</p>
<p align="justify">Mendel logo deduziu a matemática por trás desse fenômeno. As plantas, como os mamíferos, têm dois &#8220;pais&#8221; e cada um aparentemente contribui com características (alta ou anã, amarela ou verde) para as gerações subseqüentes.</p>
<p>Portanto, embora a característica de tamanho pequeno possa desaparecer na segunda geração, ela vai aparecer em alguns indivíduos da terceira; dessa maneira, a segunda geração (híbridos altos) deve ainda conter &#8220;instruções&#8221; para produzir rebentos pequenos. De fato, tais instruções devem vir em pares, um par de cada pai, e um elemento do par é passado para cada rebento da terceira geração.</p>
<p align="justify">Mendel chamou isso de &#8220;lei da segregação&#8221;: características herdadas são passadas igualmente por cada um dos pais, e, em vez de se misturarem, elas se mantêm separadas.</p>
<p>Isto é, cada uma das características é gerada por um par de instruções, com as instruções «dominantes&#8221; determinando a aparência da prole e as instruções &#8220;recessivas&#8221; mantidas latentes. (As características recessivas aparecem somente quando ambos os fatores em um par são recessivos.)</p>
<p align="justify">Além disso, de acordo com a &#8220;lei da variação independente&#8221; de Mendel, a contribuição de cada pai com um fator é algo governado pelas leis da probabilidade &#8211; fatores dominantes não têm maior probabilidade de serem passados adiante do que os recessivos. Características herdadas também são independentes: as instruções para altura não têm nada a ver com as instruções para a cor.</p>
<p align="justify">Embora a questão da hereditariedade seja geralmente bem mais complicada do que o cruzamento de ervilhas, Mendel havia se deparado com um princípio genético fundamental.</p>
<p>Tão logo as descobertas de Mendel foram cruzadas com a biologia da célula, a genética emergiu como um novo campo. Com o melhoramento dos microscópios, os biólogos foram capazes de observar que as células se reproduzem dividindo-se em duas, e que cada célula resultante herda metade de cada cromossomo do original. Em idos de 1870, foi também descoberto que, quando um esperma fertiliza um ovo, os cromossomos se combinam.</p>
<p align="justify">Essas duas observações juntas explicam o mecanismo básico da hereditariedade. Os &#8220;fatores&#8221; de Mendel foram eventualmente renomeados de genes&#8217;, e descobriu-se que cada par de cromossomos em uma célula carrega vários pedaços de informação genética.</p>
<p>De um modo geral, a genética abriu caminho para uma linha darwiniana modificada: a evolução se processa algumas vezes por mutação súbita, com as novas características sendo passadas geneticamente, mas principalmente pela variação genética natural (recombinação de genes).</p>
<p>Em cada caso, a natureza &#8220;seleciona&#8221; as mudanças favoráveis à sobrevivência e rejeita as mudanças que não são para melhor (como são geralmente as mutações radicais).</p>
<p align="justify">
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<title><![CDATA[Trivia of the Day- July 22, 2009]]></title>
<link>http://wkozy.wordpress.com/2009/07/22/trivia-of-the-day/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2009 20:36:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>wkozy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wkozy.wordpress.com/2009/07/22/trivia-of-the-day/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Gregor Johann Mendel was born this day, July 22, in 1822. The Austrian monk/botanist/geneticist  dis]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Gregor Johann Mendel was born this day, July 22, in 1822. The Austrian monk/botanist/geneticist  discovered the basic laws of heredity, but was never was able to pass the examination to become a full-fledged teacher of science.<br />
(Ripley&#8217;s Believe It or Not!: Weird Inventions and Discoveries, p. 67)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Lab 7 (Genetics): Best Practices]]></title>
<link>http://survivingapbiology.wordpress.com/2009/07/19/lab-7-genetics-best-practices/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 19 Jul 2009 15:00:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kfoglia</dc:creator>
<guid>http://survivingapbiology.wordpress.com/2009/07/19/lab-7-genetics-best-practices/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Over time, many experienced AP Biology teachers have put their own personal spin on the original AP ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Over time, many experienced AP Biology teachers have put their own personal spin on the original AP &#8220;dirty dozen&#8221; labs — changing, improving, augmenting, editing them. Here are comments from AP teachers on their best practices for AP Lab 7 — Genetics.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La niña que ridiculizó al Apartheid.]]></title>
<link>http://kurioso.es/2009/10/13/la-nina-que-ridiculizo-al-apartheid/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:01:35 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kurioso</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kurioso.es/2009/10/13/la-nina-que-ridiculizo-al-apartheid/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Nacida de padres blancos, ultraconservadores y prosélitos del Apartheid, Sandra Laing heredó por la ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div style="text-align:justify;">Nacida de padres blancos, ultraconservadores y prosélitos del <a id="gmpd" title="Apartheid" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_del_apartheid" target="_blank">Apartheid</a>, <em><a id="dwye" title="Sandra Laing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Laing" target="_blank">Sandra Laing</a></em> heredó por la gracia de <em><a id="nv8p" title="Mendel" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" target="_blank">Mendel</a></em> y de unos lejanos antepasados, la piel negra de una raza por siempre agraviada. El pigmento silente de un ancestro desconocido había despertado en el peor sitio y momento. <em>Sandra</em> nació negra, pero la ofuscación y presión familiar la convirtieron en una blanca &#8216;postiza&#8217; hasta que la mentira reventó. Esta es la fantástica y ridícula historia de la búsqueda de una identidad perdida dentro de un régimen tan absurdo como irracional.</div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://kurioso.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/11164.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4077" title="11164" src="http://kurioso.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/11164.jpg" alt="11164" width="650" height="278" /></a><span style="color:#888888;"><em>Sandra Laing</em> posa junto a sus padres <em>Abraham y Sannie</em>. <a href="http://www.grioo.com/ar,when_she_was_white_quand_elle_etait_blanche_ou_la_terrible_histoire_de_sandra_laing,13293.html" target="_blank">Fuente</a></span></p>
<p><em>Sandra </em><em>Laing</em> tiene ahora más de 50 años. En el gesto recio de su retrato se adivina un pasado difícil. Medio siglo luchando por encontrar un hueco en la misma sociedad que por la mañana, en el seno de una familia de fieles &#8216;<a id="ei5q" title="afrikaners" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik%C3%A1ner" target="_blank">afrikaners</a>&#8216;, le daba de comer; mientras que por la tarde, con el carné de su piel por toda documentación, le impedía circular libremente por la calle. Una infancia con dos identidades de derechos opuestos que minaron su confianza en el sistema y ridiculizaron las bases ideológicas del oscuro régimen.</p>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
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<p style="padding-left:30px;"><span style="color:#444444;">&#8220;Mi padre siempre me decía que era blanca.</span><span style="color:#444444;"> Él pensaba en mí como &#8217;su niña blanca&#8217; &#8220;. Sandra Laing</span></p>
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<div style="text-align:justify;">Sandra nació en 1955 en <em><a id="txxs" title="Piet Retief" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief" target="_blank">Piet Retief</a></em>, epicentro del integrismo &#8216;negrero&#8217; y afortunado paraje de bosques perennes y minas doradas. Cuentan las fuentes familiares que la cara de sus padres al recibirla en este mundo fue épica. Dos árboles genealógicos más blancos que el pulido marfil africano ahijaban, por la gracia de su Dios blanco, el castigo de una niña &#8216;manchada&#8217; de piel pero con sangre de su misma sangre. <strong>Paradójicamente el mismo &#8216;principio de segregación&#8217; que profesaban en comunión con la doctrina &#8216;<em>afrikaner&#8217;</em></strong> es el que determinó el color de la piel de su discípula:</div>
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<p style="padding-left:30px;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_de_Mendel#2.C2.AA_Ley_de_Mendel:_Ley_de_la_segregaci.C3.B3n" target="_blank">Segunda Ley de Mendel o Principio de la segregación</a> “ [...] Ciertos individuos son capaces de transmitir un carácter aunque en ellos no se manifieste”.</p>
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<div style="text-align:justify;">Sus progenitores (Abraham y Sannie) defendían a muerte la pureza de sus ancestros; catalogación muy común, por entonces, para atestiguar &#8216;alto pedigree&#8217; y el abolengo de los pulcros linajes afines al movimiento. Pero un gen recesivo de alguna generación muy lejana y descatalogada -seguro por vergüenza- pasó a manifestarse como &#8216;dalla justiciera&#8217; en manos del inocente. Los ojos mostraban una certeza que la razón anulaba por deshonra de la impureza de su casta. <a id="oal6" title="Una prueba de ADN posterior confirmó" href="http://www.geocities.com/kempcountrymen/sandralaing.htm" target="_blank"><strong>Una prueba de ADN posterior confirmó</strong> </a>la paternidad de <em>Abraham </em>y Sannie. En 1967 el gobierno sudafricano, a instancias del padre de <em>Sandra</em>, aprobó una ley que declaraba &#8216;blancos&#8217; en derecho a todos los hijos de padres blancos. <em><a id="ecdg" title="Sandra Laing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Laing" target="_blank">Sandra Laing</a> </em>blanca<em> y </em>la incoherencia al servicio del racismo.</div>
<div style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#ffffff;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://kurioso.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/sandra_laing.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4083" title="sandra_laing" src="http://kurioso.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/sandra_laing.jpg" alt="sandra_laing" width="650" height="364" /></a><span style="color:#888888;"><em>Sandra Laing</em> <em>con su hermano y su madre y en el colegio de blancos &#8216;Deborah Retief</em>&#8216;. <a href="http://guanabee.com/2008/12/how-sandra-laings-black-appearance-became-an-embarrassment-for-her-white-south-african-family" target="_blank">Fuente</a></span></div>
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<p>Los primeros años de la infancia de <em>Sandra</em> fueron tan blancos como el expediente de sus progenitores en el ritual burgués ultraconservador. Colegio y costumbres de blancos salpicados con adoctrinamiento antisubversivo en la <a id="hpn6" title="iglesia Reformista holandesa" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_reformada_holandesa" target="_blank">Iglesia Reformista Holandesa.</a> El color de la piel y los rizos del pelo eran obviados con disimulo ignorante por su progenitor, no así por los extraños. Siempre que podía, su madre la apartaba del sol para impedir remarcar su pigmento natural mientras peinaba sus rizos diariamente con potingues oleosos en una lucha alisadora imposible. <em>Sandra</em> no entendía nada. Más adelante su padre abusaría de las cremas despigmentantes que abrasarían varias veces la cara de <em>Sandra</em>.</p>
<p>Después de 5 años en la ortodoxa escuela infantil <em>Deborah Retief </em>y tras la marginación ejercida por toda la comunidad infantil al grito de &#8220;<em><a id="dld9" title="cafre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffir_%28racial_term%29" target="_blank">cafre</a></em>&#8221; o &#8220;<em>negra sucia</em>&#8221; fue expulsada, con 10 años, por la dirección, que informó convenientemente a las autoridades. Dos policías la escoltaron, entre lágrimas, a su casa. Sólo el test de ADN y la potestad de su padre al frente del Partido Nacional-racista salvaron a <em>Sandra</em> de una segura deportación al &#8216;gueto negro&#8217; de la ciudad, abandonando el domicilio familiar.</p>
<p>Pero la niña fue rechazada por la iglesia tradicionalista y repudiada por todo su comunidad. No podía relacionarse con ningún blanco y hasta nueve colegios negaron su nueva escolarización. El padre apeló a la recalificación de 1967 pero la ley fabricada por él mismo no cambiaba el color de su piel para evitar los prejuicios ajenos.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/wbj691Z1Z1E&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/wbj691Z1Z1E&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#888888;">Trailer de la película <a href="http://www.peliculas.info/23-06-2009/trailers/trailer-skin-la-historia-de-sandra-laing-y-el-apartheid" target="_blank">Skin, de Anthony Fabian</a>.</span></p>
<p><em>Sandra</em> empezó a frecuentar entonces amistades de color. A los 16 años se fugó a <em><a id="tp9." title="Swazilandia" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suazilandia" target="_blank">Swazilandia</a></em> con un frutero zulú llamado <em>Petrus Zwane </em>con el que más tarde se casó y tuvo dos hijos. Su padre no se lo perdonó nunca por traicionar los &#8216;ambiguos&#8217; principios que le había inculcado. Le retiró el saludo, acusó a su marido de secuestro y prometío recibirla con disparos, primero a ella y luego a <em>Petrus</em> si pisaban de nuevo sus tierras. Murió antes de volver a hablar con ella.</p>
<p>A la vuelta a su tierra natal, <em>Sandra</em> tuvo que asentarse en el gueto, sin agua ni electricidad y sometidos a la dureza del Apartheid. Le retiraron la custodia de sus propios hijos por la misma ley que modeló su padre y que impedía la convivencia de dos razas bajo un mismo techo: ella era todavía legalmente blanca. Sobrevivió hasta la caída del Apartheid en 1990 y a otro matrimonio, para, después de 30 años, volver a ver a su madre y reconciliarse.</p>
<h3><span style="color:#ffffff;">.</span></h3>
<h3><strong>Enlaces y Fuentes</strong></h3>
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div id="attachment_4080" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 240px"><a href="http://kurioso.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/sandra_and_mom_12-11-thumb.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-4080" title="sandra_and_mom_12.11-thumb" src="http://kurioso.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/sandra_and_mom_12-11-thumb.jpg" alt="El reencuentro" width="230" height="249" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">El reencuentro</p></div>
<p>Muy pronto se va a estrenar una película sobre la vida de <em>Sandra Laing</em>. <a id="sqro" title="Skine" href="http://www.skinthemovie.net/home" target="_blank">Skin</a>, dirigida por <em><a id="x5c6" title="Anthony Fabián" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0003745/" target="_blank">Anthony Fabián</a></em>, ha ganado varios premios internacionales y es una apuesta por dignificar la vida de <em>Sandra</em>. Puedes encontrar otras fuentes al servicio de documentación aquí: <a id="d-dt" title="1" href="http://www.grioo.com/ar,when_she_was_white_quand_elle_etait_blanche_ou_la_terrible_histoire_de_sandra_laing,13293.html" target="_blank">1</a>,<a id="icup" title="2" href="http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article6725566.ece" target="_blank">2</a>,<a id="g5q6" title="3" href="http://itpworld.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/skin-uksouth-africa-2008/" target="_blank">3</a>,<a id="g5v3" title="4" href="http://www.geocities.com/kempcountrymen/sandralaing.htm" target="_blank">4</a>,<a id="wpu-" title="5" href="http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/3-17-2003-37452.asp" target="_blank">5</a>,<a id="pxux" title="6" href="http://guanabee.com/2008/12/how-sandra-laings-black-appearance-became-an-embarrassment-for-her-white-south-african-family" target="_blank">6.</a> También podéis ver un documental muy interesante sobre <em> Sandra</em> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYZyvxpsCjQ" target="_blank">aquí</a>.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Si te ha interesado esta entrada, no deberías perderte:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="../2009/03/09/granjas-para-el-engorde-de-jovenes-esposas/">-Granjas para el engorde de jóvenes esposas</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="../2009/04/02/el-largo-y-tortuoso-camino-al-colegio-de-los-ninos-palestinos/">-El largo y tortuoso camino al colegio de los niños palestinos</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="../2008/09/25/el-nino-que-ha-robado-la-sed-a-medio-millon-de-africanos/">-El niño que ha robado la sed a medio millón de africanos.</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#ffffff;">.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#ffffff;">.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://meneame.net/story/nina-que-ridiculizo-apartheid" target="_blank"><img src="http://kurioso.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/menefanteli.gif?w=16&#038;h=16#38;h=16&#38;h=16" alt="" width="16" height="16" /> menéame</a> si te pareció interesante y mira más comentarios. Gracias !</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://bitacoras.com/anotaciones/votos/la-nina-que-ridiculizo-al-apartheid/7541739" target="_blank"><img src="http://kurioso.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/bita.jpg?w=16&#038;h=16#38;h=16&#38;h=16" alt="" width="16" height="16" />Vota la anotación</a> en Bitacoras.com. Gracias!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=La niña que ridiculizó al Apartheid%20http://kurioso.wordpress.com/2009/10/13/la-nina-que-ridiculizo-al-apartheid/" target="_blank"><img title="twit" src="http://kurioso.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/twit.jpg?w=18&#038;h=18#38;h=18&#38;h=18" alt="twit" width="18" height="18" />Twitea</a> esta entrada o sigue el Twitter de <a href="http://twitter.com/kurioso" target="_blank">Kurioso</a> . Gracias!</p>
<p>ah!, y recuerda. Este blog se presenta en la categoría cultura a los premios  <a href="http://bitacoras.com/premios09/votar/kurioso.wordpress.com" target="_blank">Bitácoras.com. Vótalo!!</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Quegli occhi blu...]]></title>
<link>http://pianetabimbo.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/quegli-occhi-blu/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 10:30:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Pam</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pianetabimbo.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/quegli-occhi-blu/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[C&#8217;è chi dice che deve passare almeno un anno, chi sostiene che si debba aspettare il sesto mes]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>C&#8217;è chi dice che deve passare almeno un anno, chi sostiene che si debba aspettare il sesto mese e chi invece è convinto che già il terzo mese sia sufficiente per stabilire quale sarà l&#8217;esatto colore degli occhi del proprio bimbo. Diego è nato con gli occhi di un colore grigio-azzurro e a quattro mesi compiuti nulla è cambiato, forse ha ragione chi sostiene la terza tesi&#8230;e che dire della <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratteri_ereditari">teoria di Mendel sull&#8217;ereditarietà dei caratteri</a>? Pare che gli occhi di colore grigio o azzurro siano maggiormente diffusi nei paesi del Nord Europa, considerata l&#8217;entità della mia famiglia e di quella di Luca, probabilmente abbiamo qualche parente anche lì!</p>
<div id="attachment_33" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 290px"><img class="size-full wp-image-33" title="280px-Map_Hair_and_Eyes_" src="http://pianetabimbo.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/280px-map_hair_and_eyes_.jpg" alt="280px-Map_Hair_and_Eyes_" width="280" height="214" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Mappa della pigmentazione di capelli e occhi in Europa</p></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Por que sim não é resposta]]></title>
<link>http://impressaodigital2.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/por-que-sim-nao-e-resposta/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 12:52:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Fábio Jacques</dc:creator>
<guid>http://impressaodigital2.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/por-que-sim-nao-e-resposta/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Bill Bryson estava sobrevoando o Oceano Atlântico. Distraído, olhava pela janela do avião, pensando ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Bill Bryson estava sobrevoando o Oceano Atlântico. Distraído, olhava pela janela do avião, pensando ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[I don't want to pay for an art gallery.]]></title>
<link>http://becausenooneasked.com/2009/09/24/i-dont-want-to-pay-for-an-art-gallery/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 05:52:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Michele</dc:creator>
<guid>http://becausenooneasked.com/2009/09/24/i-dont-want-to-pay-for-an-art-gallery/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[$58 million?  For an art gallery? Seriously? The city of Saskatoon is on the hook for $17 million fo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://www.thestarphoenix.com/travel/With+provincial+federal+funding+gallery+Saskatoon+riverbank+becomes+official/2024405/story.html" target="_blank">$58 million?  For an art gallery? </a> Seriously?</p>
<p>The city of Saskatoon is on the hook for $17 million for the Art Gallery of Saskatchewan which is supposed to be some kind of &#8220;destination center&#8221; which is absurd.  I hate to break it to the tourism and business people but very few people are going to make a trip to Saskatoon just because we&#8217;ll have a new art gallery.</p>
<p>$22 million for a city of  218,000 people seems like a lot of money.</p>
<p>Don&#8217;t forget the underground parking.  That&#8217;s another $7 million which equals $28,000 per parking spot.  Yeeesh.</p>
<p>I know, I know.  Gormley would say I&#8217;m crazy for not supporting progress and growth.  Yippee.  I do not believe that this is part of the role of government.  (Looks like I&#8217;ve <a href="http://becausenooneasked.com/2009/04/05/no-public-money-for-an-art-gallery/" target="_blank">ranted about this before</a>.)</p>
<p>Gosh.  I wonder if the mill rate will go up next year.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Pre-selection hits tomorrow, where will you be rolling?]]></title>
<link>http://sleeplesslegion.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/pre-selection-hits-tomorrow-where-will-you-be-rolling/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 19:56:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mendel</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sleeplesslegion.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/pre-selection-hits-tomorrow-where-will-you-be-rolling/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The pre-selection for Aion begins September 18th at 12pm PDT. Most people have their server all line]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">The pre-selection for Aion begins September 18th at 12pm PDT. Most people have their server all lined up and ready to go. If you are still debating on where to go and PvP is your thing, NA server <strong>ZIKEL</strong> is the place to be. A Large community of well known PvP guilds have designated this server as their home. Expect countless hours of fun PvP, epic forum drama, and of course some top of the line PvP movies. Myself and my legion Sleepless will be rolling here to make our mark.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">If you want to know more about this PvP community hit up #Zikel on IRC@quakenet and check out Aionsource&#8217;s Zikel forum <a href="http://www.aionsource.com/forum/zikel-east/" target="_blank">http://www.aionsource.com/forum/zikel-east/</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://sleeplesslegion.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/pvp4.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-128 aligncenter" title="PvP" src="http://sleeplesslegion.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/pvp4.jpg" alt="PvP" width="496" height="310" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">See you all on the battlefield</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">~Mendel</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Evolution oder Schöpfung? ]]></title>
<link>http://donralfo.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/evolution-oder-schopfung-teil-1/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 13:38:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>donralfo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://donralfo.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/evolution-oder-schopfung-teil-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Man wird ja doch mal fragen dürfen, oder? ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Man wird ja doch mal fragen dürfen, oder? ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Teoria de la belleza.]]></title>
<link>http://expatriada.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/teoria-de-la-belleza/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 06:00:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Míriam</dc:creator>
<guid>http://expatriada.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/teoria-de-la-belleza/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Teoría de la Belleza De casi todas las cosas, tengo una teoría. A veces, ha sido elaborada por algui]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;">
<div id="attachment_3761" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 510px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3761 " title="Teoría de la Belleza" src="http://expatriada.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/belleza.jpg" alt="Teoría de la Belleza" width="500" height="436" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Teoría de la Belleza</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">De casi todas las cosas, tengo una teoría. A veces, ha sido elaborada por alguien que sabe más que yo del tema, y entonces <em><strong>adopto sus bases matizando algunas cosas para que no me desmonte todo el tinglao de teorías y macroteorías que tengo montado gracias al inexorable paso de los años y de las dudas metafísicas.</strong></em> Pero otras veces no: otras veces me la invento directamente (igualito que en los exámenes a desarrollar, hay cosas que nunca cambian).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Es el caso de la belleza. Yo tengo la teoría de que <strong>los niños que nacen rematadamente guapos, se transforman en adultos feos</strong>, tras la metamorfosis de la adolescencia. Y <strong>los niños que nacen absolutamente feos, se transforman en adultos guapos</strong>. Luego estamos los que nacemos con media aritmética de normal y que pasamos la asolescencia siendo del montón para finalmente transformarnos en adultos que no llaman la atención.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Esas son las bases de la teoría. Claro que luego, los adultos guapos, feos y normales se cruzan como los <span style="color:#339966;">guisantes de Mendel</span> y hay un despiporre de cánones de belleza que aquello no es normal. Vamos a resumirlo en una pregunta: <strong>¿en tu caso, se cumple la regla?</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Flughafen in Bozen schließen; er ist unrentabel, steuergeldverschwendend, luftverschmutzend, lärm- und umweltbelastend. - Chiudere l'aeroporto di Bolzano; è non rentabile, spreco di soldi dei cittadini, inquinamento dell'aria, incremento del rumore e distruzione della natura. - Close the airport of Bozen.]]></title>
<link>http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/2009/09/08/flughafen-in-bozen-schliesen-er-ist-unrentabel-burgergeldverschwendend-luftverschmutzend-larm-und-umweltbelastend-chiudere-laeroporto-di-bolzano-e-non-rentabile-spreco-di-soldi-dei-cittadin/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2009 20:22:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr. Christa Pardeller</dc:creator>
<guid>http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/2009/09/08/flughafen-in-bozen-schliesen-er-ist-unrentabel-burgergeldverschwendend-luftverschmutzend-larm-und-umweltbelastend-chiudere-laeroporto-di-bolzano-e-non-rentabile-spreco-di-soldi-dei-cittadin/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Der Flughafen in Bozen ist zu schließen; er ist unrentabel, steuergeldverschwendend, luftverschmutze]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div>
<div><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:small;">Der Flughafen in Bozen ist zu schließen; er ist unrentabel, steuergeldverschwendend, luftverschmutzend,  lärm- und umweltbelastend und auch gefährlich  (Flugzeuge fliegen über die  &#8220;vollzementierte&#8221; Stadt Bozen mit über 100.000  Einwohner).</span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:small;">Daher soll auch der Flughafen in Bozen geschlossen werden, um weitere Verluste zu vermeiden  und um nicht weiteres Geld zu verschwenden, um nicht die Luft noch mehr zu  verschmutzen, den Lärm zu reduzieren, die Natur nicht noch mehr zu zerstören und  die Gesundheit der Personen und Tiere nicht noch mehr zu gefährden. Die Flächen,  die für den Flughafen verwendet werden, sind zu renaturalisieren (Bäume  setzen) und dies bringt für Tier und Mensch mehr natürlichen Lebensraum,  Wohlbefinden, usw.</span></div>
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<div id="attachment_1134" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1134" title="Flugplatz Bozen, 25 Mai 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/flugplatz-bozen-25-mai-2009.jpg?w=300" alt="Foto: Flugplatz Bozen. - Aeroporto di Bolzano. 25.05.2009" width="300" height="225" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Flugplatz Bozen. - Aeroporto di Bolzano. 25.05.2009</p></div>
<div id="attachment_1135" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1135" title="Verbaute Aussicht von oben nach Bozen, 7 Juni 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/verbaute-aussicht-von-oben-nach-bozen-7-juni-2009.jpg?w=300" alt="Foto: Verbaute Aussicht von oben nach Bozen. Vista cementificata verso Bolzano. 07.06.2009" width="300" height="225" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Verbaute Aussicht von oben nach Bozen. Vista cementificata verso Bolzano. 07.06.2009</p></div>
<div id="attachment_1136" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1136" title="Flugplatz mit Umgebung, Bozen, 7 Juni 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/flugplatz-mit-umgebung-bozen-7-juni-2009.jpg?w=300" alt="Foto: Flugplatz mit Umgebung. Aeroporto e dintorni. Bozen. 07.06.2009" width="300" height="225" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Flugplatz mit Umgebung. Aeroporto e dintorni. Bozen. 07.06.2009</p></div>
<div id="attachment_1137" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1137" title="Flugzeuge fliegen über die vollzementierte Stadt mit über 100000 Leuten, 7 Juni 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/06/flugzeuge-fliegen-uber-die-vollzementierte-stadt-mit-uber-100000-leuten-7-juni-2009.jpg?w=300" alt="Foto: Flugzeuge fliegen über die vollzementierte Stadt Bozen mit über 100.000 Einwohner. - Aeri volano sopra la città cementificata con piu di 100.000 abitanti. 07.06.2009 " width="300" height="225" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Flugzeuge fliegen über die vollzementierte Stadt Bozen mit über 100.000 Einwohner. - Aeri volano sopra la città cementificata con più di 100.000 abitanti. 07.06.2009 </p></div>
<div id="attachment_1842" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 465px"><img class="size-full wp-image-1842" title="Stopp, Abgase vermeiden, gesund ewig hier leben, 19 September 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/stopp-abgase-vermeiden-gesund-ewig-hier-leben-19-september-2009.jpg" alt="Foto: Stopp, Abgase vermeiden. Gesund ewig hier leben. Mendelstraße Richtung Mendel. - Stop, evitare inquinamento. Vivere sani eternamente qui. La strada sulla Mendola. 19.09.2009" width="455" height="341" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Stopp, Abgase vermeiden. Gesund ewig hier leben. Auf der Straße Richtung Mendel. - Stop, evitare inquinamento. Vivere sano eternamente qui. La strada sulla Mendola. 19.09.2009</p></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Johann (Gregor) Mendel]]></title>
<link>http://pensaresolucionar.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/johann-gregor-mendel/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2009 13:16:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Pensar e Solucionar</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pensaresolucionar.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/johann-gregor-mendel/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Biólogo e Botânico austríaco de origem checa 22 de junho de 1822, Heinzendorf (atual República Checa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Biólogo e Botânico austríaco de origem checa 22 de junho de 1822, Heinzendorf (atual República Checa]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Strassen-, Wegeausbau. Stopp, nicht übertreiben. Natur erhalten und renaturalisieren. - Ampliamento di strade, vie. Stop, non esagerare. Mantenere la natura e rinaturalizzare.]]></title>
<link>http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/2009/08/28/strassen-wegeausbau-stop-nicht-ubertreiben-natur-erhalten-und-renaturalisieren-ampliamento-di-strade-vie-stop-mantenere-la-natura-e-rinaturalizzare/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2009 16:39:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr. Christa Pardeller</dc:creator>
<guid>http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/2009/08/28/strassen-wegeausbau-stop-nicht-ubertreiben-natur-erhalten-und-renaturalisieren-ampliamento-di-strade-vie-stop-mantenere-la-natura-e-rinaturalizzare/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Foto: Wege, Straßen, Verbauung, usw. zerstören die Natur. Schöne Umgebung vom Völser Weiher in Völs.]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_1684" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 465px"><img class="size-full wp-image-1684" title="Umgebung vom Völser Weiher und ich, 26 August 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/umgebung-vom-volser-weiher-und-ich-26-august-2009.jpg" alt="Foto: Wege, Straßen, Verbauung, usw. zerstören die Natur. Umgebung vom Völser Weiher in Völs. - Vie, strade, cementificazione, ecc. distruggono la natura. Dintorni del Lago di Fiè a Fiè. 26.08.2009" width="455" height="606" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Wege, Straßen, Verbauung, usw. zerstören die Natur. Schöne Umgebung vom Völser Weiher in Völs. - Vie, strade, cementificazione, ecc. distruggono la natura. Belli dintorni del Lago di Fiè a Fiè. 26.08.2009</p></div>
<div id="attachment_1850" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 465px"><img class="size-full wp-image-1850" title="Stop den Abgasen, Mendelfahrad, 19 September 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/stop-den-abgasen-mendelfahrad-19-september-2009.jpg" alt="Foto: Asphalt/Teerstraßen stinken und sind ungesund. Nicht übertreiben, renaturalisieren. Straße zum Mendelpaß. - Asfalto buzza e non è sano. Non esagerare a fare strade, rinaturalizzare. La strada verso il Passo Mendola. 19.09.2009" width="455" height="341" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Asphalt/Teerstraßen stinken und sind ungesund. Nicht übertreiben, renaturalisieren. Straße zum Mendelpass. - Asfalto puzza e non è sano. Non esagerare a fare strade, rinaturalizzare. La strada verso il Passo Mendola. 19.09.2009</p></div>
<p><strong>Diskussion um das Planen der Berufspolitiker die dritte Autobahnspur durch das Unterland bis nach Bozen zu realisieren.</strong></p>
<div id="commenttitle"><strong>Es bedarf keiner dritten Autobahnspur.</strong></div>
<p>Es bedarf keiner dritten Autobahnspur.<br />
Es wäre nur wieder mal Naturzerstörung, Verschwendung von Steuergeldern, Lobbyismus und Größenwahnsinn.<br />
Die Autobahn ist fast nie überausgelastet. Und außerdem unnötigen Verkehr vermeiden.</p>
<div id="attachment_1752" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 235px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1752" title="Die Früchte von meinem Vater, 6 September 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/die-fruchte-von-meinem-vater-6-september-2009.jpg?w=225" alt="Foto: Die Früchte von meinem Vater, gewachsen in relativ reiner, verkehrsfreier Luft und auf natürlicher Weise ohne Chemie und ohne Gentechnik. Deutschnofen. - I frutti di mio padre, cresciuti nell'aria relativamente puliti ed in un'ambiente senza traffico e naturale senza chimica. 06.09.2009" width="225" height="300" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Die Früchte von meinem Vater, gewachsen in relativ reiner, verkehrsfreier Luft und auf natürlicher Weise ohne Chemie und ohne Gentechnik. Deutschnofen. - I frutti di mio padre, cresciuti nell&#39;aria relativamente pulita ed in un&#39;ambiente senza traffico e naturale senza chimica. Nova Ponente. 06.09.2009</p></div>
<div id="attachment_1755" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1755" title="Biologische Vielfalt, 6 September 2009" src="http://christapardeller.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/biologische-vielfalt-6-september-2009.jpg?w=300" alt="Foto: Die Natur ist schön, ist richtig und man fühlt sich wohl. - La natura è bella, è giusta e si sta bene. Nova Ponente. 06.09.2009" width="300" height="225" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Foto: Die Natur ist schön und man fühlt sich wohl. - La natura è bella e si sta bene. Nova Ponente. 06.09.2009</p></div>
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<title><![CDATA[I'm Finally Back! Also: On the Nature of the Average of Infinite Sums]]></title>
<link>http://ethanmendel.wordpress.com/2009/08/27/im-finally-back-also-on-the-nature-of-the-average-of-infinite-sums/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2009 16:19:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ethan Mendel</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ethanmendel.wordpress.com/2009/08/27/im-finally-back-also-on-the-nature-of-the-average-of-infinite-sums/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It&#8217;s been quite awhile, but this is the problem of having a life. There&#8217;s really no excu]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>It&#8217;s been quite awhile, but this is the problem of having a life. There&#8217;s really no excuse for not being here for this long, and I apologize for it.</p>
<p>Also I&#8217;m loath not to put up another blog post after reading this http://www.xkcd.com/621/</p>
<p>Makes me feel particularly exciting&#8230;</p>
<p>Ok not really.</p>
<p>But onwards! I figured today we should go through a little thought experiment:</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s ask the question, &#8220;What is the average of infinitely many things?&#8221;</p>
<p>Now the classic definition of an average looks like this:</p>
<p>Given a sequence:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n+%5Cequiv+%5C%7Ba_o%2C+a_1%2C+a_2%2C+...+a_%7Bn-1%7D%2C+a_n%5C%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n \equiv \{a_o, a_1, a_2, ... a_{n-1}, a_n\}' title='a_n \equiv \{a_o, a_1, a_2, ... a_{n-1}, a_n\}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>The average of that sequence is the series of the sequence divided by the number of terms:</p>
<p>Let Av represent the average of a sequence.</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Av+%5Cequiv+%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5En+a_n%7D%7Bn%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Av \equiv \frac{\sum_{i=0}^n a_n}{n}' title='Av \equiv \frac{\sum_{i=0}^n a_n}{n}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>However, if we have an infinite sequence, then the series:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bn%7D+a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sum_{i=0}^{n} a_n' title='\sum_{i=0}^{n} a_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Can either converge (that is, the series has a finite value) or it diverges (the series has a value of either positive or negative infinity). Note that in this case, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> must either be equal to <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cinfty&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\infty' title='\infty' class='latex' /> or the step <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5CDelta+i&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\Delta i' title='\Delta i' class='latex' /> must be infinitesimally small.</p>
<p>Noting that these are two distinct and special cases, it is clear that we will have to analyze these separately.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Convergent Series</span></p>
<p>For any convergent series:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bn%7D+a_n+%3D+c+%3A+c+%26%2360%3B+%5Cinfty&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sum_{i=0}^{n} a_n = c : c &lt; \infty' title='\sum_{i=0}^{n} a_n = c : c &lt; \infty' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Recall:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Av+%5Cequiv+%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5En+a_n%7D%7Bn%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Av \equiv \frac{\sum_{i=0}^n a_n}{n}' title='Av \equiv \frac{\sum_{i=0}^n a_n}{n}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctherefore+Av+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5En+a_n%7D%7Bn%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bc%7D%7Bn%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bc%7D%7B%5Cinfty%7D+%3D+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\therefore Av = \frac{\sum_{i=0}^n a_n}{n} = \frac{c}{n} = \frac{c}{\infty} = 0' title='\therefore Av = \frac{\sum_{i=0}^n a_n}{n} = \frac{c}{n} = \frac{c}{\infty} = 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csquare&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\square' title='\square' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Therefore by the classical definition of an average, the sum of a convergent infinite series is zero. Note that <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> here is determined to be zero because the number of terms in the sequence is infinite.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Divergent Series</span></p>
<p>For any divergent series:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5En+a_n+%3D+%5Cpm+%5Cinfty&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sum_{i=0}^n a_n = \pm \infty' title='\sum_{i=0}^n a_n = \pm \infty' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctherefore+Av+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5En+a_n%7D%7Bn%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bc%7D%7Bn%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpm+%5Cinfty%7D%7B%5Cinfty%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\therefore Av = \frac{\sum_{i=0}^n a_n}{n} = \frac{c}{n} = \frac{\pm \infty}{\infty}' title='\therefore Av = \frac{\sum_{i=0}^n a_n}{n} = \frac{c}{n} = \frac{\pm \infty}{\infty}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Which is undefined since positive or negative infinity could converge to anywhere.</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csquare&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\square' title='\square' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Therefore under the classical definition, the average of an infinite series is either zero or undefined.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Negation of the Convergent Sum Proof</span></p>
<p>In order to negate the proofs above, we need to find a situation that is unnecessarily true in those proofs. The easiest way to do that is to consider what a series actually is. In this case a series is the <em>sum of infinitely many things</em>! Those of you who know calculus should be perking up your ears by now. This is the conceptual definition of an integral.</p>
<p>Now of course integrals apply to functions, so in order to apply the integral in place of summation notation the following assumption has to be made:</p>
<p>The values of the sequence:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Are given by the function:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x)' title='f(x)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>For any value <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> within a specific range denoted by <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=i&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='i' title='i' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=j&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='j' title='j' class='latex' />, if the step <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5CDelta+i&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\Delta i' title='\Delta i' class='latex' /> in the summation notation is infinitely small.</p>
<p>Recall the formula for the average value of a function:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Av+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bj-i%7D+%2A+%5Cint_%7Bi%7D%5Ej+f%28x%29+dx&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Av = \frac{1}{j-i} * \int_{i}^j f(x) dx' title='Av = \frac{1}{j-i} * \int_{i}^j f(x) dx' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Since we have assumed that the values of the sequence $a_n$ are given by the function <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x)' title='f(x)' class='latex' /> we can replace the summation notation with the integral:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bn%7D+a_n+%3D+%5Cint_%7Bi%7D%5E%7Bj%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sum_{i=0}^{n} a_n = \int_{i}^{j}' title='\sum_{i=0}^{n} a_n = \int_{i}^{j}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Now if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=i&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='i' title='i' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=j&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='j' title='j' class='latex' /> are both finite, then it is possible to attain a meaningful average value if the integral of the function also converges:</p>
<p>Given:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint_%7Bi%7D%5E%7Bj%7D%3Dc+%3A+c+%26%2360%3B+%5Cinfty&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\int_{i}^{j}=c : c &lt; \infty' title='\int_{i}^{j}=c : c &lt; \infty' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Recall:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Av+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bj-i%7D+%2A+%5Cint_%7Bi%7D%5Ej+f%28x%29+dx&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Av = \frac{1}{j-i} * \int_{i}^j f(x) dx' title='Av = \frac{1}{j-i} * \int_{i}^j f(x) dx' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctherefore&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\therefore' title='\therefore' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Av+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bj-i%7D+%2A+c&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Av = \frac{1}{j-i} * c' title='Av = \frac{1}{j-i} * c' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Observe that if <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=i&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='i' title='i' class='latex' /> and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=j&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='j' title='j' class='latex' /> are both finite, then <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bj-i%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{j-i}' title='\frac{1}{j-i}' class='latex' /> must also be finite:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bj-i%7D%3Dk+%3A+k%26%2360%3B%5Cinfty&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{j-i}=k : k&lt;\infty' title='\frac{1}{j-i}=k : k&lt;\infty' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctherefore&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\therefore' title='\therefore' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Av+%3D+k+%2A+c+%3A+c%26%2360%3B%5Cinfty+and+k%26%2360%3B%5Cinfty&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Av = k * c : c&lt;\infty and k&lt;\infty' title='Av = k * c : c&lt;\infty and k&lt;\infty' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctherefore&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\therefore' title='\therefore' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=k+%2A+c+%26%2360%3B+%5Cinfty&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='k * c &lt; \infty' title='k * c &lt; \infty' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Av+%26%2360%3B+%5Cinfty&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Av &lt; \infty' title='Av &lt; \infty' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csquare&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\square' title='\square' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Since the values used in this case are all finite (excluding the number of terms utilized), the final average is also finite. I also did not disprove that the average value of whatever function is being utilized is not zero, but rather since <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=i&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='i' title='i' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=j&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='j' title='j' class='latex' />, and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint_%7Bi%7D%5E%7Bj%7D+f%28x%29+dx&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\int_{i}^{j} f(x) dx' title='\int_{i}^{j} f(x) dx' class='latex' /> are all finite values and there is no division of a finite value by infinity the average value <em>does not have to be zero</em>. Therefore the conclusion reached here contradicts the conclusion above, and proves that infinite sums can have meaningful average values, but only on the condition that the range within which the infinite sum exists is finite. That is to say: averages as defined by the definitions utilized can only operate on either a finite number of values or a finite range within which an infinite number of terms exists.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">The Set as Represented by a Function with Relation to Averages</span></p>
<p>Interestingly enough, we should note that for ANY set consisting of real numbers, there is an equivalent function <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x)' title='f(x)' class='latex' /> such that the average of that function is the true average of that set.</p>
<p>That is to say:</p>
<p>Given a set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> such that:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S+%3D+%5C%7BS_0%2C+S_1%2C+S_2%2C...S_%7Bn-1%7D%2C+S_n%5C%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S = \{S_0, S_1, S_2,...S_{n-1}, S_n\}' title='S = \{S_0, S_1, S_2,...S_{n-1}, S_n\}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> is the number of terms in that set.</p>
<p>There exists a function such that:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bj-i%7D%2A%5Cint_%7Bi%7D%5E%7Bj%7D+f%28x%29+dx+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum%7Bk%3D0%7D%5E%7Bn%7D+S_n%7D%7Bn%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{1}{j-i}*\int_{i}^{j} f(x) dx = \frac{\sum{k=0}^{n} S_n}{n}' title='\frac{1}{j-i}*\int_{i}^{j} f(x) dx = \frac{\sum{k=0}^{n} S_n}{n}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>In order for this to be the case note that:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28c%29+%3D+K&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(c) = K' title='f(c) = K' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Such that</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=K+%5Cin+S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='K \in S' title='K \in S' class='latex' /></p>
<p>In order for this to be true then the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> must follow the function <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x)' title='f(x)' class='latex' />, implying that they both either converge or diverge.</p>
<p>To show that this is true, let us create a new set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' /> such that:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y+%3D+%5C%7BY_0%2C+Y_1%2C+Y_2%2C...Y_%7Bq-1%7D%2CY_%7Bq%7D%5C%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y = \{Y_0, Y_1, Y_2,...Y_{q-1},Y_{q}\}' title='Y = \{Y_0, Y_1, Y_2,...Y_{q-1},Y_{q}\}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Where the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' /> consists of the all the solutions to the function <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x)' title='f(x)' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>In order for the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> to follow the function $f(x)$, then both it and the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' /> need to pass the Limit Comparison Test.</p>
<p>However note that we cannot simply apply the limit comparison test normally because the cardinality of the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' /> is much higher than the cardinality of the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />. That is to say that the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' /> is much larger than set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> in the number of terms.</p>
<p>To resolve this, note that the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> has certain elements that will appear in the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' /> with a certain regularity. That is to say that:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S_n+%3D+Y_%7Bq+%2B+%5Cbeta+%2A+%5Calpha%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S_n = Y_{q + \beta * \alpha}' title='S_n = Y_{q + \beta * \alpha}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=alpha&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='alpha' title='alpha' class='latex' /> is a constant value and <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbeta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\beta' title='\beta' class='latex' /> represents the current iteration. Since <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> also denotes the current iteration, I could have used it instead of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbeta&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\beta' title='\beta' class='latex' /> but separating the variable and then defining it makes things more clear I think.</p>
<p>If we rewrite the set <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y' title='Y' class='latex' /> so that it reads:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Y+%3D+%5C%7BY_0%2C+Y_1%2C+Y_2%2C...Y_%7Bx-1%7D%2C+Y_%7Bx%7D%5C%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='Y = \{Y_0, Y_1, Y_2,...Y_{x-1}, Y_{x}\}' title='Y = \{Y_0, Y_1, Y_2,...Y_{x-1}, Y_{x}\}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Where x is the actual x value utilized, then we can say that:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=q+%3D+x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='q = x' title='q = x' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctherefore+n+%3D+x+%2B+%5Cbeta+%2A+%5Calpha&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\therefore n = x + \beta * \alpha' title='\therefore n = x + \beta * \alpha' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Where</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Calpha+%3D+%5CDelta+x&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\alpha = \Delta x' title='\alpha = \Delta x' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Then, by the limit comparison test:</p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7BS_n%7D%7BY_%7Bx+%2B+n+%2A+%5CDelta+x%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{S_n}{Y_{x + n * \Delta x}}' title='\frac{S_n}{Y_{x + n * \Delta x}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clim_%7Bn+%5Crightarrow+%5Cinfty%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}' title='\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbecause+S_n+%3D+Y_%7Bq+%2B+%5Cbeta+%2A+%5Calpha%7D+s.t.+%5Cbeta+%3D+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\because S_n = Y_{q + \beta * \alpha} s.t. \beta = n' title='\because S_n = Y_{q + \beta * \alpha} s.t. \beta = n' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csquare&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\square' title='\square' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Therefore the set follows the given function <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=f%28x%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='f(x)' title='f(x)' class='latex' /> and therefore the average applies, but only in the case where <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Calpha&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\alpha' title='\alpha' class='latex' /> is a constant for any given value of <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=q&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='q' title='q' class='latex' />. That is to say that the values of the set $S_n$ follow the function with a regular interval rather than being simply random values from that function. Therefore it is actually possible to take the average value of a set by using the method of the average value of a function on an interval.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[This Collection of So-Called Poems]]></title>
<link>http://ericchaet.wordpress.com/2009/08/26/this-collection-of-so-called-poems/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2009 14:43:31 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ericchaet</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ericchaet.wordpress.com/2009/08/26/this-collection-of-so-called-poems/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[You can access the so-called poems by clicking on their titles in the right-hand column. There is al]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>You can access the so-called poems by clicking on their titles in the right-hand column.  There is also an introduction, called &#8220;*Eric Chaet.&#8221;</p>
<p>Tho, given<img src="http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Kilauea/30424305-045_med.JPG" align="right" /><br />
prevailing conditions<br />
it is approximately<br />
impossible<br />
this collection<br />
of so-called poems<br />
<i>exists</i>&#8212;<br />
as much as<br />
Homer&#8217;s <i>Iliad</i><br />
or Lao Tzu&#8217;s <i>Tao Te Ching</i><br />
or Isaiah&#8217;s <i>Book</i><br />
or Dante&#8217;s <i>Divine Comedy</i><br />
or Whitman&#8217;s <i>Leaves of Grass</i>&#8212;<br />
or a rock or water<br />
or the Chinese Communist Party<br />
or the American<br />
Republican or Democratic Parties<br />
or the Iranian or Russian government<br />
or the national oil companies<br />
of Brazil, Malaysia, or Mexico<br />
as Somalia, Sudan, or Guinea<br />
or BP or Shell or Exxon-Mobil<br />
or Al-Qaeda or JPMorgan Chase<br />
or the Bank of England<br />
or Apple or Google or Microsoft<br />
or various nuclear arsenals<br />
or politically-awarded subsidies<br />
or the cost of getting elected to represent people<br />
who can&#8217;t afford to contribute to your campaign<br />
even if they weren&#8217;t so furiously cynical, so fatalistic<br />
so trapped in the herd they wrap themselves in for warmth<br />
as light, photosynthesis, sight, as blood, bone, breath<br />
or the place where you buy groceries, or the groceries.</p>
<p>Patience &#38; perseverance<br />
learning &#38; practice<br />
integrity &#38; adaptability<br />
refusal to accept what&#8217;s wrong<br />
initiative &#38; follow-thru<br />
one life-time at a time.</p>
<p>I don&#8217;t find most poetry<br />
whether ancient, modern, or contemporary<br />
of much value to me&#8212;<br />
but the poetry I find that <i>is</i> valuable<br />
is valuable as little else is.<br />
I hope you find these so-called poems of real value to you.<br />
I wrote them with that intent.</p>
<p>/// </p>
<p>///</p>
<p><i>Picture: U.S. Geological Survey</i></p>
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