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	<title>mfdc &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/mfdc/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "mfdc"</description>
	<pubDate>Wed, 19 Jun 2013 01:54:07 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Why Mine Action Matters: Landmines, Casamance and the End of a Thirty-Year War]]></title>
<link>http://landminesinafrica.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/why-mine-action-matters-landmines-casamance-and-the-end-of-a-thirty-year-war/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2013 17:48:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>landminesinafrica</dc:creator>
<guid>http://landminesinafrica.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/why-mine-action-matters-landmines-casamance-and-the-end-of-a-thirty-year-war/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In the last few months, some very positive news has emerged from Senegal suggesting that the thirty-]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In the last few months, some very positive news has emerged from Senegal suggesting that the thirty-year long conflict between separatist rebels in the southern Casamance region and the central government in Dakar may be near an end.  The Casamance region separated from the rest of Senegal by The Gambia which rests along the southern and northern banks of the Gambia River.  This physical separation is part of the reason for the conflict, but there are other issues at play including political and economic isolation (which probably weren’t helped by the geography).  Since his election in 2012, Senegalese President Macky Sall has emphasized efforts to bring peace to the region with the assistance of international and national mediators between his government and the separatist factions known collectively as the Movement of the Democratic Forces of the Casamance.</p>
<p>The heightened prospects of peace have brought a new focus on mine action in the Casamance region, from demining to risk education to victim assistance.  But in addition to the immediate benefits of mine action activities, work around landmines has aided in the cause of peace and provided indirect benefits that may secure a permanent peace in this troubled region.</p>
<div id="attachment_467" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 289px"><a href="http://landminesinafrica.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/map-of-senegal-showing-casamance-region.gif"><img class="size-medium wp-image-467" alt="Map of Senegal showing Casamance Region" src="http://landminesinafrica.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/map-of-senegal-showing-casamance-region.gif?w=279&#038;h=300" width="279" height="300" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Map of Senegal showing Casamance Region</p></div>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Direct Benefits of Mine Action in the Casamance</span></p>
<p>Mine action provides direct benefits in terms of increasing physical security of persons living in mine-affected regions, increased economic activity in mine-affected areas and provision of rehabilitation and reintegration services to victims.  Over the three decades of conflict, roughly 1,000 people have been killed or injured by landmines, but this number has been declining since 1997 when over 200 landmine accidents were reported.  In 2008, only one accident was reported, but in 2011 32 people were killed or injured by mines and in in 2013, 3 people have been killed in two separate incidents (<a href="http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=97907" target="_blank">IRIN News</a>; <a href="www.the-monitor.org/custom/index.php/region_profiles/print_profile/567" target="_blank">The Monitor</a>).  But the general trend has been positive due to heightened awareness through mine risk education and extensive clearance efforts.</p>
<p>Those clearance efforts were started by Handicap International (HI) which surveyed the portions of the Casamance under the control of the Senegalese government.  HI also engaged in clearance activities, but in recent months, demining activities have been led by Denel Mechem, a private South African firm, and Norwegian People’s Aid, an international non-governmental organization.  Between the three groups, over 600,000 square meters of land have been cleared representing half of the known contamination.  This has led some to suggest that Senegal will definitely meet its Mine Ban Treaty deadline of March 1, 2016 for clearance of all anti-personnel mines (<a href="http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=97907" target="_blank">IRIN News</a>).</p>
<p>In addition to reducing the number of landmine injuries, the clearance of former minefields is allowing refugees who fled the Casamance for safety and peace in the Gambia to return to their homelands.  Senegalese refugees poured into the Gambia 10, 15, 20 years ago and have been living in Gambian villages and communities ever since, putting strains on local agricultural resources.  But, with the clearance of mines from the Casamance and the increased prospects for peace, many of these refugees are returning to their home villages in Senegal.  These returns are accompanied by increased agricultural outputs from southern Senegal and therefore increased economic activity overall (<a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201302210480.html" target="_blank">All Africa</a>).</p>
<p>Senegal, through the national mine action center (CNAMS) and a variety of national and international NGOs strives to provide victim assistance services to those injured by landmines.  Since 2011, the availability of services has increased, but many barriers to access remain.  The complete range of victim assistance services, from emergency medicine to psycho-social counseling, is available in the Casamance region, but services are provided by different organizations and many are centralized in the regional capitol, Ziguinchor, making them inaccessible for survivors elsewhere.  This is an area in which the government could improve its response, but the fact that services are available at all is notable (<a href="www.the-monitor.org/custom/index.php/region_profiles/print_profile/567" target="_blank">The Monitor</a>).</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">The Indirect Benefits of Mine Action in the Casamance</span></p>
<p>While harder to quantify, the indirect benefits of mine action are sometimes more important than the direct benefits described above because they can impact the entire country, not just the persons living in mine-affected regions.  In Senegal, landmines are being used as an entry point into peace negotiations; mine action is building confidence and goodwill in the residents of Casamance towards the central government in Senegal; and it provides the basis for long-term economic development.</p>
<p>There are two international organizations actively engaged in the negotiating process between the government of Senegal and the MFDC.  Under official auspices, the Sant Egidio community, a Catholic lay community based in Rome has been mediating negotiations between the political wing of the MFDC and Macky Sall’s government.  Sant Egidio has been involved in a number of peace negotiations, including the one that concluded the twenty-year civil war in Mozambique, and have a strong reputation within the international community.  Their involvement is supported by the US State Department and has been welcomed by both parties to the conflict.</p>
<p>However, long before the entry of Sant Egidio, the NGO Geneva Call entered into negotiations starting in 2006 with the MFDC with the hope of getting the MFDC to sign a deed of commitment to ban the use of anti-personnel landmines.  Geneva Call’s deed of commitment is modeled on the Mine Ban Treaty and has served as an opportunity to engage with non-state actors to reduce the humanitarian impact of conflict.  But, it also provides the opportunity to build rapport with rebel groups, identify leaders and put Geneva Call in the position to facilitate and mediate peace negotiations between parties to a conflict.  Thus, using landmines as the entry point, Geneva Call has been able to facilitate humanitarian demining in Casamance while also engaging with the military wing of MFDC (<a href="http://www.genevacall.org/Africa/Senegal/senegal.htm" target="_blank">Geneva Call</a>; <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=97907" target="_blank">IRIN News</a>).  This relationship feeds into the negotiations mediated by Sant Egidio.</p>
<p>The thirty years of conflict and repeated promises by Senegalese leaders have left the people of the Casamance politically apathetic and generally feeling forgotten by Dakar.  In 2000, the newly elected Abdoulaye Wade promised to resolve the conflict in 100 days and the fact that he failed to do so (by some 4000 days), led to very low turnout in the 2012 election by people in the Casamance.  After years of unmet promises and thousands of victims, “forgotten Casamance… has been dying a slow death” (<a href="http://africanarguments.org/2012/03/30/macky%E2%80%99s-election-brings-the-politics-of-hope-to-senegal-%E2%80%93-by-amy-niang/" target="_blank">African Arguments</a>).  But the renewed engagement by Macky Sall’s government, which has established a de facto cease fire and, and the continued demining has allowed refugees to return to the region as described above.  Those returns, and the demonstration of belief that those returns represent on behalf of the people of Casamance, shows that Dakar has not abandoned the region.</p>
<p>And the conflict is not just receiving attention locally.  Macky Sall met with US President Barack Obama in March 2013 to discuss the Casamance conflict, a meeting well publicized in Senegal, which reflects the high level of interest concluding this conflict has in both Senegal and internationally.  And it starts with landmines.  By supporting demining, the US and Senegalese governments have shown to the people of the Casamance their interest in the region and their desire for peace.  Through this strategic investment, the US has been able to buy trust among Casamance civil society to be able to send a high level delegation to the region to put pressure on the Senegalese government and the MFDC to negotiate (<a href="http://www.humanrights.gov/2013/04/03/the-end-of-a-30-year-conflict-may-be-near/" target="_blank">State Department</a>).</p>
<p>Last, poverty has become endemic in the Casamance.  Between people fleeing the violence and agricultural lands abandoned due to landmine contamination, what was once the breadbasket of Senegal had been allowed to run fallow.  &#8220;For us the demining represents a return to normal life. This will allow people to escape from the poverty into which the landmines plunged them&#8221; (<a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201212271301.html" target="_blank">All Africa</a>). But in addition to alleviating poverty through cultivation, trade across the borders with the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau can resume.  Roads that had been closed due to fears of landmine contamination will now be opened allowing trade within the Casamance.  The World Bank estimates that 0.1% of contamination by landmines results in a 0.5% decrease in GDP.  For every field freed of landmines, the economy of the whole will grow.</p>
<p>This will also improve relations between the states and within the region.  While the Gambian president has pledged his support for peace (<a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201212311978.html" target="_blank">All Africa</a>), he has been suspected of aiding the MFDC which has soured relations between the two countries.  Once peace is consolidated in the Casamance and the mines are cleared, the rest of the refugees in the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau can return to their farms and enter productive cultivation and not rely on support from host governments as refugees.  Once the conflict in the Casamance is resolved, the Senegalese army can join regional peacekeeping units instead of being forced to fight in their own backyards.  And it starts with landmines; or rather it starts by using landmines to address the larger issues of isolation, poverty and political exclusion.  That’s why mine action is important.  Because it’s not just about landmines; it’s about development and the consolidation of peace.</p>
<p>Michael P. Moore</p>
<p>April 29, 2013</p>
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<title><![CDATA[March Madness at Notes on the Periphery!: Part 2 (Sub-Saharan Africa)]]></title>
<link>http://noteontheperiphery.wordpress.com/2013/04/04/march-madness-at-notes-on-the-periphery-part-2-sub-saharan-africa/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 05 Apr 2013 01:00:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Andrew Wojtanik</dc:creator>
<guid>http://noteontheperiphery.wordpress.com/2013/04/04/march-madness-at-notes-on-the-periphery-part-2-sub-saharan-africa/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[We’re now two weeks into the most exciting three weeks of the year—NCAA college basketball’s final t]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i style="color:#444444;line-height:1.5;">We’re now two weeks into the most exciting three weeks of the year—NCAA college basketball’s final tournament. For those of you who might not know: each year, 68 college teams (annoyingly bumped up from 65 a few years ago) compete for the national title in a </i><a style="line-height:1.5;" href="http://a.espncdn.com/i/ncaa/13mens_bracket.pdf"><i>single-elimination bracket</i></a><i style="color:#444444;line-height:1.5;">. The “bracket” is broken down into four regionals, with each regional consisting of teams seeded 1-16 (under the new format, there are two of one of the seeds in each regional). The winners of each regional advance to the Final Four, then the prevailing two meet in a final championship game, and a winner is crowned in early April. (Unfortunately my Georgetown Hoyas, like usual, </i><a style="line-height:1.5;" href="http://www.casualhoya.com/2013/3/23/4137910/an-imperfect-season"><i>flubbed</i></a><i style="color:#444444;line-height:1.5;"> in the first round.)</i></p>
<p><i>In the spirit of March Madness, as it is often called, I thought I would try out the bracket concept as it relates to </i>Notes on the Periphery<i>. This time, instead of basketball teams, I will use <b>64 “forgotten” conflicts around the world</b>—including active insurgencies, long-standing “frozen” conflicts, and tense territorial disputes.</i></p>
<p><i>The 64 flashpoints are arranged into four regionals (Middle East &#38; Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas). Each regional includes 16 conflicts—ranked roughly by how likely (in my completely subjective opinion) each is to escalate in the coming year.</i></p>
<p><i>Of course, this March Madness analogy is not meant to be an exhaustive nor testable model of prediction. (It’s more of a cheap trick to combine two of my interests—conflicts and basketball.) But the idea is to provide a brief introduction to a multitude of different disputes you may not have previously been familiar with!</i></p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</p>
<p>This post, the second in the series (see the first post <a href="http://noteontheperiphery.wordpress.com/2013/03/24/march-madness-at-notes-on-the-periphery-part-1-europe-and-the-middle-east/">here</a>!) will break down the “Sub-Saharan Africa” regional. With maybe the exception of Mali, it is fair to say that no conflict in this part of the world gets a good deal of international media attention. Fortunately, the list of viable candidates for this bracket is smaller than it was, say, 20 years ago (there was an explosion of violent conflict right after the end of the Cold War) – but many long-standing (and some new) challenges remain unresolved.</p>
<p>So: see below for the 16 flashpoints, in order of <span style="text-decoration:underline;">least to most likely</span> of escalation in the coming year. The bracket below:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://noteontheperiphery.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/africa-bracket.png"><img class="size-large wp-image-257 aligncenter" alt="Africa bracket" src="http://noteontheperiphery.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/africa-bracket.png?w=640&#038;h=520" width="640" height="520" /></a></p>
<p><b>#16 – Cabinda (Angola)</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) vs. Government of Angola</p>
<p>Angola’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War">devastating civil war</a> finally dissipated in 2002, but a low-level insurgency persists in the small but important Angolan <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38356000/gif/_38356713_angola_cabinda_150map.gif">exclave of Cabinda</a>. A leftover from the colonial era, Portugal bequeathed Cabinda to Angola upon independence—a mighty gift, as more than 60 percent of the country’s oil now comes from the province and its offshore deposits. FLEC holds the rather dubious honor of being one of the continent’s oldest insurgent groups, fighting (unsuccessfully) for Cabinda’s independence since 1963. The movement is best known, however, for an attack by one of its offshoots in 2010, when FLEC-affiliated <a href="http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/10243">gunmen shot dead three men</a> aboard a bus carrying the Togolese soccer team to the Africa Cup of Nations. Alas, little detail is known about the status of the FLEC since 2010, as a dearth of independent news outlets in the region has <a href="http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=4&#38;regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa">made reporting difficult</a>—but we can be almost certain that the conflict is ongoing at a low simmer.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Had to scrape the bottom of the barrel for this</span>: As possibly the most underreported state conflict in Africa, there is very little literature on Cabinda. I found a couple write-ups <a href="http://africasacountry.com/2012/03/29/cabinda-is-a-conflict-zone/">here</a> and <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8452228.stm">here</a>, but let me know if you find anything better!</p>
<p><b>#15 – Casamance (Senegal)</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) vs. Government of Senegal</p>
<p>Drawing predominantly from the minority Diola ethnic group (Christian/animist in a Muslim-majority country), the MFDC has led a low-level violent campaign against Senegalese forces since 1983. Having previously neglected the Diola homeland, Casamance (map <a href="http://www.guinguinbali.com/modules/mod_imagelibrary/images/w_LJOfgZmoX8stRguv.jpg">here</a>), the government in Dakar in the 1990s finally attempted to co-opt the local population by bolstering economic investment to the region. But it was too little, too late. Violence escalated in the 2000s and—despite a series of ceasefires, internal fractures within the MFDC, and the loss of the rebels’ primary backer (Guinea-Bissau) in 2005—<a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/02/us-senegal-rebels-idUSBRE91107F20130202">continues today</a>. Despite its reputation as being the <a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201208030343.html">darling</a> of Francophone West Africa, Senegal still has its hands tied in trying to put an end to the Casamance dispute.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Eager to read more?</span>: Check out a good historical summary <a href="http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=135&#38;regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa">here</a> and modern-day analysis <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/25/us-senegal-casamance-idUSTRE81O09C20120225">here</a>.</p>
<p><b>#14 –Ethiopia</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), and Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front (ARDUF) vs. Government of Ethiopia</p>
<p>Flying under the radar compared to its war-torn neighbors to its west and east (Sudan and Somalia), Ethiopia nonetheless faces a sporadic guerrilla threat from three ethnic separatist movements. The most prominent is the <a href="http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/">OLF</a>, fighting for Oromo self-determination since 1974. After the fall of Mengistu in 1991, the OLF participated in a transitional government, but following 1992 elections, the OLF again quit politics and continued its armed struggle against Meles Zenawi’s new Tigrayan-led regime. In the southeast, ethnic Somalis have been struggling just as long as the OLF, but the rebellion’s latest rendition—the <a href="http://onlf.org/">ONLF</a>—has fractured and lost its main foreign backer (Siad Barre-led Somalia), relegating it to only a low-level capacity for carrying out attacks. Finally, the <a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/+-Afar-Revolutionary-Democratic,998-+">ARDUF</a>, consisting of rebels from the pastoral Afar ethnic group, has primarily been a sideshow over the years, but an estimated 200 fighters sporadically claim attacks on Ethiopian forces and infrastructure, plus the occasional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Afar_region_tourist_attack">foreign tourist</a> (on the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jan/19/ethiopia-attack-british-tourist">edge of a volcano</a>?!). All three conflicts have regional dimensions—as Ethiopia’s neighbors (namely Sudan, Eritrea, and Somalia) have all at one point or another been accused of <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2012/0315/Ethiopian-Army-attacks-Eritrean-military-post-in-retaliation-for-rebel-violence">backing insurgents</a>.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">ONLF, OLF, ARDUF, IDK?</span>: A look at the various conflicts through <a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/ethiopia-eritrea/153-ethiopia-ethnic-federalism-and-its-discontents.aspx">the lens of ethno-federalism</a>, and IRIN Africa <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96658/Briefing-Ethiopia-apos-s-ONLF-rebellion">on the ONLF</a>.</p>
<p><b>#13 – Ethiopia-Eritrea</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Government of Ethiopia vs. Government of Eritrea</p>
<p>The Horn of Africa over the past 50 years could in part be described as a web of overlapping proxy wars—with Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea fighting rebel groups backed by the others. This makes outright state-on-state conflict more likely—and indeed brought Somalia and Ethiopia to a head in the late 1970s. But perhaps the most bitter modern-day rivalry involves Ethiopia and Eritrea (boasting two of the continent’s largest armies), which fought a bloody interstate <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/eritrea.htm">war from 1998-2000</a> (as well as a long civil war when Eritrea was part of Ethiopia). A long-stalled border demarcation process and proxy arming on both sides has <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2012/0315/Ethiopian-Army-attacks-Eritrean-military-post-in-retaliation-for-rebel-violence">left the door open</a> for renewed hostilities.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">The most tense border in Africa</span>: An <i>International Crisis Group</i> <a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/ethiopia-eritrea/141-beyond-the-fragile-peace-between-ethiopia-and-eritrea-averting-new-war.aspx">report</a> and <a href="http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1150">specifics</a> on the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission.</p>
<p><b>#12 – Lord’s Resistance Army (CAR, South Sudan, DRC)</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) vs. Governments of CAR, DRC, South Sudan, and Uganda</p>
<p>Of course you’ve heard of this one, because you probably watched that ubiquitous <a href="http://securingrights.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/lets-talk-about-kony/">Kony2012</a> video back in the day. But a recap in case you’ve forgotten: the LRA began in the 1980s as the personal army of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acholi_people">Acholi</a> messianic cult leader <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17299084">Joseph Kony</a>, who claims to be fighting on behalf of the Christian Ten Commandments. Particularly notorious for “recruiting” child soldiers to fight on his behalf, Kony terrorized entire swathes of northern Uganda for almost two decades before being pushed out of the country in 2005. Since then, Ugandan forces were granted permission to pursue Kony’s LRA into the jungles of neighboring DRC, South Sudan, and even the eastern reaches of the CAR. LRA-inspired violence has since subsided, but the group remains elusive—despite <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/14/obama-sends-troops-uganda">President Obama’s decision</a> to deploy 100 American officers to help with the hunt in 2011. With Bozize’s government recently unseated in the CAR, Uganda just this week <a href="http://www.nzweek.com/world/ugandan-military-suspends-lra-rebel-hunt-in-car-57539/">announced a temporary cessation</a> of its pursuit—giving Kony more time to elude his hunters.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">More on the LRA</span>: An awesome <a href="http://www.lracrisistracker.com/">“Crisis Tracker” map</a> and, of course, <a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/uganda/182-the-lords-resistance-army-end-game.aspx"><i>International Crisis Group</i></a>.</p>
<p><b>#11 – Chad<br />
</b><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Union of Forces of Resistance (UFR) vs. Government of Chad</p>
<p>Three years ago, Chad appeared to be a good news story. Mired in nearly half a decade of conflict with Sudanese-backed rebel groups, President Idriss Deby’s government signed an agreement with Sudan in 2010 that ended their proxy conflicts in Darfur/eastern Chad. But recent rumblings suggest Chad may be vulnerable once again (not a total surprise, considering the country’s almost never-ending civil war status since 1965). Just last month, the UFR announced <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/21/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321">it would continue its armed struggle</a> and is now attempting to fill its ranks with discontented former fighters in eastern Chad. With 2,400 troops fighting in Mali and 600 in the Central African Republic, Deby’s forces to deal with this threat are in short supply. The situation is almost certain to escalate in the coming year.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Hanging Chads</span>: An excellent book on the Chadian Civil War from 1965-1991 <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Africas-Thirty-Years-War-Chad-libya/dp/0813335663">here</a> and story on the new potential armed struggle <a href="http://reliefweb.int/report/chad/chad-rebel-group-ufr-resume-fighting-leader">here</a>. (It’s tough to find detailed and reliable info on Chad!)</p>
<p><b>#10 – Sudan-South Sudan</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Government of Sudan vs. Government of South Sudan</p>
<p>You know the basic story: after a long, bloody civil war, a mostly Christian and animist South Sudan gained independence from the predominantly Muslim north in 2011—the first successful partition in Africa since Eritrea/Ethiopia in 1991. But decades of animosity do not disappear overnight. An unresolved border demarcation, cross-border rebel proxies, and aggressive rhetoric drove the two countries back to the brink of war in early 2012. South Sudanese forces invaded Heglig, an important oil-rich region claimed by the north, in March 2012, but <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/04/2012420121142587117.html">were beat back almost a month later</a>. Fortunately, intense international pressure and domestic wariness for another long conflict scaled back the war rhetoric. A groundbreaking border deal earlier this month paved the way for restarting oil production in South Sudan (and transportation through northern pipelines), and Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir plans to <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/30/us-sudan-south-idUSBRE92T05F20130330">visit the South</a> for the first time since the 2011 split. Things are looking up for now, but continued instability in the border region <a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46048">could spell more trouble</a> in the future.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">The Two Sudans</span>: A recent <i>Reuters</i> <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/27/us-sudan-south-border-idUSBRE92Q0RN20130327">analysis</a> and <a href="http://www.usip.org/countries-continents/africa/two-sudans">extensive coverage</a> from the <i>US Institute of Peace</i>.</p>
<p><b>#9 – Kenya</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Mombasa Republican Council (MRC) vs. Government of Kenya</p>
<p>The good news is that Kenyan national elections this year did not precipitate the same disaster (i.e. election-related violence) that killed over 1,000 people in 2007. Despite losing this year’s election as well as a court ruling confirming Uhuru Kenyatta’s victory, Raila Odinga and his supporters have mostly <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21985744">acted responsibly</a> to prevent an outbreak of violence. The bad news in Kenya is that inter-ethnic feuds continue, especially in the ill-developed countryside, and a once-dormant separatist organization—the MRC—has picked up steam in its violent campaign for self-determination. The MRC does not hold territory per se; rather, as both a militant and political movement, it is embedded in coastal towns—making the violent perpetrators more difficult to catch. Just this week, authorities blamed the MRC for an attack on a <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/29/us-kenya-separatists-idUSBRE92S06W20130329">casino popular with tourists</a>, suggesting the group is gaining strength and widening its reach.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Ken-ya tell me some more?</span>: A long report on the MRC <a href="http://www.kecosce.org/downloads/MRC_Conflict_Assessment_Threats_and_Opportunities_for_Engagement.pdf">here</a>, a shorter piece <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/us-kenya-coast-mrc-idUSBRE86M0HK20120723">here</a>, and more on Kenya’s many inter-ethnic conflicts <a href="http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=85&#38;regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa">here</a>.</p>
<p><b>#8 – South Sudan</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: South Sudan Liberation Army (SSLA) and Yau Yau militia vs. Government of South Sudan</p>
<p>Though insurrections in the north (read: Darfur, SPLM-N) receive more attention, South Sudan also faces numerous armed threats. Most stem from individual grudges after a new South Sudan in 2011 did not bring certain politicians/soldiers (David Yau Yau, George Athor, and Peter Gadet) the power and influence they thought they deserved. While Athor’s militia dissipated shortly after <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16273758">he was killed</a> in December 2011, Yau Yau’s militia and Gadet’s SSLA continue to wreak havoc in long-troubled <a href="http://goo.gl/maps/Ctk4M">Jonglei state</a>. A reported clash with Yau Yau’s forces last week <a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46003">killed upwards of 100</a> rebels (though this number is likely exaggerated) and some 70 civilians. In addition to these threats against the central government, <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/10/world/africa/south-sudan-violence">communal violence in Jonglei state</a>, Unity state, and elsewhere has worsened the burden—and is likely to continue into 2013 and beyond.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">More on the South’s woes</span>: Profiles on <a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/+-Peter-Gadet,623-+">Peter Gadet</a> and <a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/+-David-Yauyau-David-Yau-Yau,1247-+">David Yau Yau</a>.</p>
<p><b>#7 – Central African Republic</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Seleka/transitional government vs. ??</p>
<p>Because the rebel Seleka coalition so swiftly and completely swept away President Bozize’s forces in late March, taking the capital and declaring a new government under Seleka leader Michel Djotodia, the likelihood of conflict in the coming year has probably diminished. Few serious pockets of resistance remain. But several factors work against the prospect of long-term stability: (1) as a barely coherent, <a href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g-0H3eydWG1K_r7571GCY855sf5w?docId=CNG.7437232f8a6d540d977d91c786d42cc0.101">“motley” coalition</a> that merged several rebel groups from different areas of the country, Seleka is likely to unravel to at least some degree; (2) in a country that is “<a href="http://www.crisisgroupblogs.org/africanpeacebuilding/2013/03/27/failure-has-many-fathers-the-coup-in-central-african-republic/">neither governed nor governable</a>,” it is difficult to exercise control over the large and ill-developed state; (3) it is possible that <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-african-counterattack-against-central-african-republic-rebels-would-be-complete-madness-8554072.html">South African forces will attempt</a> to undermine Seleka’s grip on power (though unlikely). Stay tuned to keep up with a rapidly-changing situation.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">“Baby, you can </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7dkn1ZnIPk">drive my C-A-R</a><span style="text-decoration:underline;">!”</span>: A recent look at the failed peace processes in the CAR <a href="http://lesleyannewarner.wordpress.com/2013/03/26/flawed-peace-process-leads-to-greater-unrest-in-the-central-african-republic/">here</a> and an <i>International Crisis Group</i> primer <a href="http://www.crisisgroupblogs.org/africanpeacebuilding/2013/03/27/failure-has-many-fathers-the-coup-in-central-african-republic/">here</a>.</p>
<p><b>#6 – Darfur (Sudan)</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) vs. Government of Sudan</p>
<p>Darfur attracted international attention in 2003 when Sudanese forces and their loyal proxy (Janjaweed) led a full-scale assault on the region to put down a growing rebellion headed by the SLM/A. Somewhere between 90,000-200,000, mostly civilians, were killed in this first phase of the war, which lasted until 2005. And low-level insurgency persisted throughout the rest of the decade, despite <a href="http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/sudan/darfur/darfurs-armed-groups/darfurs-armed-opposition-groups.html">splintering of the rebel coalition</a>. A <a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46015">few small factions</a> of the insurgency have signed ceasefire agreements with the Sudanese government—but the bulk of the opposition <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/03/us-sudan-fighting-idUSBRE91R1E420130303">remains committed to combat</a>. What began as a rebellion to simply achieve greater autonomy for the region has morphed into a war to unseat President Omar al-Bashir in Khartoum—a goal becoming more and more possible as Bashir’s control over the fragile country slowly withers.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Darfur, then…and now</span>: Mahmood Mamdani of “<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Good-Muslim-Bad-America-Terror/dp/0385515375">Good Muslim, Bad Muslim</a>” lore has an <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Saviors-Survivors-Darfur-Politics-Terror/dp/0385525966">excellent history of the Darfur conflict</a>, and <i>International Crisis Group</i> offers a <a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/sudan/194-sudan-major-reform-or-more-war.aspx">modern-day analysis</a> of the “Sudan Problem.”</p>
<p><b>#5 – Somalia</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Al-Shabaab vs. Government of Somalia and African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM)</p>
<p>Since President Siad Barre’s fall in 1991, Somalia has largely been in a constant state of chaos (excepting Somaliland and parts of Puntland in the north). A byproduct of the now-defunct Union of Islamic Courts, al-Shabaab held control over most of southern Somalia (Somaliland and Puntland operate essentially autonomously) from 2009 to 2012. During that time, as the al Qaeda-linked militants consolidated power over much of the country, an internationally-organized counterweight, the secular “Transitional Federal Government (TFG)” was relegated to only a small piece of Mogadishu. However, the tide began to turn in October 2011, when Kenyan troops invaded Somali territory. Together with the TFG, AMISOM, and Ethiopia, Kenyan forces pushed al-Shabaab out of most of its major strongholds, including (most of) Mogadishu and Kismayo. In June 2012, the Kenyan contingent was formally placed under the AMISOM umbrella, and Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was elected in September 2012 as president of a country looking more promising than any other moment during the past two decades. That said, as al-Shabaab shifts tactics, <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/18/somali-officials-car-bomb">suicide bombings</a> in the capital have become more frequent than ever before.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">More on Somalia</span>: <i>The Atlantic</i> on <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/how-africas-most-threatening-terrorist-group-lost-control-of-somalia/262655/">al-Shabaab’s undoing</a> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png">good map</a> of the current state of play.</p>
<p><b>#4 – SPLM-North insurgency (Sudan)</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) vs. Government of Sudan</p>
<p>Sporting more than 30,000 fighters and better armed than ever before, the Nuba-led resistance in <a href="http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/2011/07/08/sudan2_blog_main_horizontal.JPG">South Kordofan and Blue Nile states</a> represents the most potent challenge to President Omar al-Bashir’s rule in Sudan. Years of fighting—over land, economic, and political rights—have produced a bitter stalemate between government forces and the SPLM-N rebels. More than half a million civilians have been displaced by the conflict, with thousands more dead. Sudan has long accused the SPLM/A in newly-independent South Sudan of providing support to the SPLM-N rebels. Last month, however, Sudanese government posture, previously hardline, appeared to soften: Khartoum <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/20/us-sudan-rebellion-idUSBRE92J0X920130320">expressed willingness</a> to hold direct peace talks for the first time, invited SPLM-N rebels to <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/26/us-sudan-southsudan-rebels-idUSBRE92P0UH20130326">help prepare a new constitution</a>, and <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/apr/02/sudan-free-political-prisoner-amnesty">began releasing political prisoners</a> as a sign of good faith. Could this bring about a negotiated end to conflict? Barring an extremely enticing package presented to the rebels, my guess is no.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">In case you haven’t read enough about Sudan’s woes</span>: <i>International Crisis Group</i> <a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/sudan/198-sudans-spreading-conflict-i-war-in-south-kordofan.aspx">report</a> on South Kordofan and <i>Sudan Tribune</i> <a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot375">coverage</a>.</p>
<p><b>#3 – Eastern DRC</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: M-23 and Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) vs. Government of DRC</p>
<p>Foreign meddling (read: Rwanda and Uganda) and the sheer distance from the Congolese capital (Kinshasa) have ensured that violence in <a href="http://konexinfo.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/rdc432-nord-kivu.jpg">North and South Kivu</a> has persisted over the years. A rough descendent of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP) rebellion, the M-23 movement emerged in April 2012 after some 300 CNDP soldiers integrated into the Congolese army resigned and turned once again against the government. In November, M-23 took control of <a href="http://goo.gl/maps/wxVqQ">Goma</a>, an important border town. In February 2013, Rwandan and Ugandan commitments to halt financing for the M-23 opened up the possibility for a ceasefire. Two recent events suggest there could be progress in the coming year: (1) CNDP-turned-M-23 commander Bosco Ntaganda <a href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/rwandan-government-claims-ntaganda-us-embassy">turned himself</a> in at the US Embassy in Rwanda, removing a hostile and divisive leader who likely would have spoiled ceasefire negotiations; and (2) the UN <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/world/africa/un-approves-new-force-to-pursue-congos-rebels.html?_r=0">approved an “intervention brigade”</a> with a mandate to pursue and neutralize militants operating in the Kivus (including the Hutu, anti-Rwanda FDLR).</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">All you need to know about Congo…from Jason Stearns</span>: Stearns is hands down the best American scholar on the DRC. His <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Dancing-Glory-Monsters-Collapse-Africa/dp/1610391071">book</a> provides a great historical starting point, then his <a href="http://rvi.asilialtd.com/publication/cndp-m23#.UVuH_ZPCaSo">report</a> on “CNDP to M-23” brings us up to speed, and finally his <a href="http://congosiasa.blogspot.com/2013/03/monuscos-new-mandatesome-thoughts.html">thoughts</a> on the “intervention brigade” look to the future.</p>
<p><b>#2 –</b> <b>Mali</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Ansar Dine, Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO), and Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) vs. Government of Mali (and intervention forces)</p>
<p>Shortly after a March 2012 coup that sent President Amadou Toure fleeing from the capital, a secular Tuareg movement (National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad—or MNLA) pushed the disorganized and poorly-equipped Malian military out of all of northern Mali (a territory the size of Texas). The MNLA’s hold on power was fleeting, however, as Islamist forces—Ansar Dine, MUJAO, and AQIM—quickly nudged the secular group from power over the summer. The international community dithered in its response until January 2013, when a French-led invasion sent Islamists scattering—fleeing to remote mountain ranges and across borders, or immersing themselves into local populations. Since then, hardened Islamist fighters have <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/10/us-mali-rebels-idUSBRE91902V20130210">sporadically harassed</a> national, French, and West African security forces in an attempt to retake the territory they once had. Insurgency is unlikely to wither away in the near-term, and the French-led intervention <a href="http://africasacountry.com/2013/03/22/welcome-to-mali/">has done little</a> to address the problem of the separatist MNLA, which has moved back into key northern towns.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Mali mania</span>: This happens to be a <i>Notes on the Periphery</i> specialty, so check <a href="http://noteontheperiphery.wordpress.com/category/west-africa/mali/">here</a> for more. But don’t just take it from me: check out Andrew Lebovich’s <a href="http://www.jihadica.com/primer-on-jihadi-players-in-algeria-and-mali-pt-1-aqim/">four-part series</a> on the jihadist groups operating in Mali and Bruce Whitehouse’s splendid <a href="http://bridgesfrombamako.com/">reporting and analysis</a> from Bamako.</p>
<p><b>#1 – Northern Nigeria</b></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Primary belligerents</span>: Boko Haram and Ansaru vs. Government of Nigeria</p>
<p>Northern Nigeria earns the dismal distinction of claiming the #1 spot. While many of the other conflicts on this list have modest prospects for improvement over the next year, the ongoing scourge of terror led by Boko Haram and its new, smaller cousin Ansaru leaves little reason to be optimistic. Boko Haram, Hausa for “Western education is forbidden,” emerged in 2009, when its fanatical leader Mohammed Yusuf <a href="http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/07/nigerian_taliban_lea.php">was killed</a> after street violence that took the lives of more than 1,000 others. The Islamist group regrouped and remerged stronger than ever a year later, and has been terrorizing the (mostly Muslim) population of Nigeria’s north ever since. The predominantly indigenous terrorist group uses a mix of gun battles, explosions, and suicide attacks to put pressure on security forces—all in support for an eventual collapse of the present Nigerian state and replacement with an Islamic caliphate (modeled on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>). Ansaru, thought to have separated from Boko Haram in January 2012, favors a different tactic and a different target: <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21497044">kidnapping foreigners</a>. Both groups show little sign of dissipating.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">More on the chart-toppers</span>: A primer on Ansaru <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/rise-new-nigerian-militant-group">here</a> and perhaps the most comprehensive report to date on Boko Haram <a href="http://www.jamesforest.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Boko_Haram_JSOU-Report-2012.pdf">here</a>. Plus, two reports on Ansaru and Boko Haram’s international connections <a href="http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/boko-harams-international-connections">here</a> and <a href="http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/cooperation-or-competition-boko-haram-and-ansaru-after-the-mali-intervention">here</a>.</p>
<p><i>Other potential candidates</i>: <a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/b093-eastern-congo-the-adf-nalus-lost-rebellion.aspx">ADF-NALU rebellion</a> (DRC/Uganda), <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/04/us-nigeria-cameroon-bakassi-idUSBRE8930RL20121004">Bakassi dispute</a> (Nigeria-Cameroon), <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/23/us-ivorycoast-attack-idUSBRE92M0BG20130323">Cote d’Ivoire</a>, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/world/africa/25djibouti.html?pagewanted=all">Djibouti-Eritrea</a>, <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo-city-lubumbashi-attacked-240-fighters-18798897#.UVOp9xzCaSo">southern DRC</a>, <a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/west-africa/guinea-bissau/190-beyond-turf-wars-managing-the-post-coup-transition-in-guinea-bissau.aspx">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/26/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE92P1AB20130326">Guinea</a>, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/attacks-leave-more-than-50-dead-in-central-nigeria/2013/03/30/25ec847c-994c-11e2-97cd-3d8c1afe4f0f_story.html">religious violence in Nigeria</a>, <a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201304040573.html">Niger Delta</a> (Nigeria), <a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45517">east Sudan</a>, <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/25/tanzania-violence-zanzibar-idUSL5E8LPP7L20121025">Zanzibar</a> (Tanzania).</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</p>
<p>Well there you have it! 2 down, 2 (and ¼) to go! Stay tuned for the Asia and Latin America brackets coming up soon.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Shoe design competition and festival]]></title>
<link>http://keeweekeepaa.wordpress.com/2013/03/20/shoe-design-competition-and-festival/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2013 17:34:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>keeweekeepaa</dc:creator>
<guid>http://keeweekeepaa.wordpress.com/2013/03/20/shoe-design-competition-and-festival/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This is my design for the Malaysia International Shoe Festival and Malaysian Footwear Design Competi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://keeweekeepaa.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/wpid-facebook_706713577.jpg"><img title="" class="alignnone size-full" alt="image" src="http://keeweekeepaa.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/wpid-facebook_706713577.jpg" /></a></p>
<p> This is my design for the Malaysia International Shoe Festival and Malaysian Footwear Design Competition. My design is actually Street Motorcycle boot with a rattan for the strap. The theme for it is earth and speed because i used unique materials for a shoe that is made for speed. The unique part is the rattan which came from a dried coconut tree leaves for a strap to cover the boot, hence the description earth. I need help from the readers of wordpress if you happen to pass by here to like the page MISFshoe on facebook (if you have any), if you like this design, please like the page first and find this design in the album MFDC 2013. Appreciate all the likes given&#8230;thank you for the support in advance. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif' alt=':D' class='wp-smiley' />  If you happen to be in the country (Malaysia) between 25 March till 31 March 2013, pls stop by Putra World Trade Centre in Kuala Lumpur for the shoe festival. Thank you!!!!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[MFDC Agricultural Training Brings Hope to Farmers in Myanmar]]></title>
<link>http://cedarfundeng.wordpress.com/2013/02/21/eprayer20130221-c1/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2013 06:50:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>cedarfund</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cedarfundeng.wordpress.com/2013/02/21/eprayer20130221-c1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[[ePrayer - Pray for the farming and demonstrating project in Myanmar] Give thanks for a successful c]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="color:#888888;">[ePrayer - Pray for the farming and demonstrating project in Myanmar]</span></p>
<p><a href="http://cedarfundeng.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/20130221_eprayer_c21.jpg"><img class="alignnone  wp-image-1690" alt="20130221_eprayer_c2" src="http://cedarfundeng.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/20130221_eprayer_c21.jpg?w=610&#038;h=377" width="610" height="377" /></a></p>
<p>Give thanks for a successful completion of a two- week Agricultural Training attended by 25 farmers, two weeks field visit and a project evaluation by CEDAR Agricultural Consultant Mr Donn Armstrong. This time the training focused on growing of dry season crops, animal production and practical visits to commercial vegetable growers, flower growers, pig breeding and finishing unit and duck farms. The evaluation and field visits show that there was a good adoption of the ideas and principles promoted by previous course trainees in their area.</p>
<p><strong>Pray for the farming and demonstrating project in Myanmar:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Pray that farmers can practice what they learned and know how to care for the soil and to rest one seventh of their land each year. (Seven Year Rest Crop Rotation)    </strong></li>
<li><strong>Pray for the future long term development plans for the farming and demonstration farm. There is need to increase planting to give sustainable annual income.  </strong></li>
<li><strong>Pray for upcoming discussion with partner based on recommendations from the evaluation report.</strong></li>
</ul>
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<title><![CDATA[Refoulement : Le Taux est bas pour le Bateau le Jola]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/07/22/refoulement-le-taux-est-bas-pour-le-bateau-le-jola/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Jul 2012 00:57:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/07/22/refoulement-le-taux-est-bas-pour-le-bateau-le-jola/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Naufrage du Joola: Macky promet le renflouement et la relance judicaire Le président Macky Sall a pr]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120722-015031.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120722-015031.jpg" alt="20120722-015031.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Naufrage du Joola: Macky promet le renflouement et la relance judicaire</p>
<p>Le président Macky Sall a promis d&#8217;aider à renflouer l&#8217;épave du bateau le Joola, gisant sous les eaux. Selon les confidences de actuel secrétaire général de l&#8217;école de football des naufragés du Joola, Élie Diatta, à Jeune Afrique, &#8221;Macky Sall nous a dit qu&#8217;il remobiliserait tous les partenaires européens qui voulaient renflouer l&#8217;épave. Il a déploré le fait que la justice sénégalaise n&#8217;ait pas pris ses responsabilités et il souhaite relancer le dossier. Nous sommes très satisfaits de cette audience&#8221;.</p>
<p>Par ailleurs il est à noter que les assassins coupables du plus grand meurtre maritime du monde entier ne sont pas punis.<br />
La justice n &#8216;existe pas pour le Jola parceque la Casamance ne fait pas partie du Senegal mais exploitée seulement par le Gouvernement du Senegal pour leur propre compte.<br />
Nous attendons avec impatience les promesses de Macky Sall au peuple Casamançais jusque là désenclavée et laissée pour compte alors qu&#8217;elle peut nourrir le Sénégal .<br />
Le Mfdc de l&#8217;aile militaire à celle de la politique a suffisamment de potentialités pour se prendre en charge.<br />
Nous ne sommes plus disposés à collaborer avec des politiciens qui ne peuvent rien servir à la population : La Santé , l&#8217;éducation , l&#8217;eau , l &#8216;électricité, le gaz , l habitation n&#8217;en parlons même &#8230; Tout est payant ! Qu&#8217;est ce que le Gouvernement donne en contre partie des taxes et impôts ?<br />
Voilà une des raisons du soulèvement des vaillants guerriers de la Casamance  pour libérer la terre de leur ancêtre occupée illégalement par les Français et les sénégalais aujourd&#8217;hui .</p>
<p>La Coordination de la Section du Mfdc du Royaume Uni</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Senegal: President Sall Seeks Peace in the Casamance]]></title>
<link>http://sahelblog.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/senegal-president-sall-seeks-peace-in-the-casamance/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Jul 2012 12:11:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Alex Thurston</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sahelblog.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/senegal-president-sall-seeks-peace-in-the-casamance/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In February, as former Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade fought (unsuccessfully) for a third time,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In February, as former Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade fought (unsuccessfully) for a third time, the conflict in Senegal’s southern Casamance region seemed to be stagnant, or even to be getting worse. <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/25/us-senegal-casamance-idUSTRE81O09C20120225">Reuters</a> reported an uptick in violence in the run-up to the presidential elections, despite Wade’s renewed efforts at peacemaking. Both Wade and his predecessor President Abdou Diouf had grappled with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamance_conflict">conflict</a>, which began in 1982 – and whose political roots extend back to the time of Senegal&#8217;s first President Leopold Senghor. Rebels in the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) want the Casamance to secede from Senegal. Peace initiatives have repeatedly failed. The latest round of fighting began in 2009.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94895/SENEGAL-No-end-in-sight-to-Casamance-conflict">IRIN</a> reported in February that the rebels seemed to be losing support among Casamance residents, but added that “separatists operating in the north, with a base across the border in Gambia [which lies between northern Senegal and the Casamance], are increasingly &#8216;radicalizing&#8217; under their leader Salif Sadio.” IRIN said that at least five MFDC factions were present in the Casamance. <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/19/casamance-guinea-bissau-gambia-senegal?newsfeed=true">Divisions inside the movement</a> have grown since the death of its leader Augustin Diamacoune Senghor in 2007.</p>
<p>After coming to power this spring, new Senegalese President Macky Sall stated his intention, as Wade did when he came to power in 2000, of making peace with rebels in the Casamance. In late June, <a href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h0jMZwCoRPakwlKiKFC1KVbTsWZw?docId=CNG.5c96890db81119c59b43a9715acd76bf.421">Sall</a> stated, &#8220;We are ready to open talks with the fighters and actors involved in the peace process, religious leaders and men and women of good will&#8230;I extend a hand to Salif Sadio, Cesar Atoute Badiatte and the men of Ousmane Niantang Diatta,&#8221; the major factional leaders.</p>
<p>All three of these commanders have responded more or less favorably to Sall&#8217;s overture. In early July, <a href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifRFVquBq0qN-9H5e8OwQWGJsiFg?docId=CNG.684b4d7aacd3a292e3358aae5a0327af.391">Sadio</a> expressed willingness to negotiate with the government under certain conditions:</p>
<blockquote><p>Sadio said he wants Senegal&#8217;s government to agree to &#8220;sincere dialogue, to sit down with the MFDC on neutral ground, so outside of Africa&#8221; under &#8220;the mediation of the Catholic community of Sant&#8217;Egidio.&#8221;</p>
<p>The Sant&#8217;Egidio Community was founded in Rome in 1968 and got involved in sponsoring peace negotiations in the 1980s when it found that its humanitarian action in Mozambique would be largely useless without peace.</p></blockquote>
<p>This week, <a href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jQSOQdxFH769NqV2DKi2fvGYCrjg?docId=CNG.8114284937c0e227900c709b405f717c.01">Badiate </a>also evinced interest in negotiations. Badiate outlined similar conditions to Sadio&#8217;s, including a desire for mediation by Sant&#8217;Egidio, but Badiate also mentioned that he wants the MFDC to resolve its own internal divisions before entering into negotiations with the Senegalese government. To Badiate, it seemed to make a difference that a new president is in power; he referred to Wade&#8217;s having &#8220;trampled&#8221; on the situation in the Casamance.</p>
<p>Diatta&#8217;s faction, RFI recently <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120712-independantistes-casamancais-ousmane-niantang-diatta-repondent-macky-sall">reported </a>(French), also favors negotiations, although the movement demands that the government drop an arrest warrant against its secretary general.</p>
<p>I cannot predict the changes of success for this peace initiative, but it certainly bodes well for Sall that these rebel commanders have been willing to listen. To succeed, however, talks will probably have to address the key drivers of the conflict, including what <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/25/us-senegal-casamance-idUSTRE81O09C20120225">Reuters</a> calls a &#8220;low level &#8216;war economy&#8217; which benefits combatants on both sides and centers on illegal logging, the cashew nut industry and illegal cannabis growing and smuggling.&#8221; Reuters also reports allegations of Gambian President Yaya Jammeh&#8217;s support for the MFDC, a factor that could further complicate matters. The solution, then, may require political subtlety and economic transformation.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La Paix , un comportement de tous les jours!]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/07/11/la-paix-un-comportement-de-tous-les-jours/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Jul 2012 00:44:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/07/11/la-paix-un-comportement-de-tous-les-jours/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Une paix en Casamance qui n`est pas juste sur les levres mais qui est un véritable comportement.. La]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120711-014434.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120711-014434.jpg" alt="20120711-014434.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Une paix en Casamance qui n`est pas juste sur les levres mais qui est un véritable comportement..</p>
<p>La Casamance en a assez des promesses non tenues dans la tentative de resolution du conflit entre le MFDC et l`Etat du Senegal.</p>
<p>La Casamance veut une paix qui n`est pas juste sur les levres de l`Etat et du MFDC, mais une paix qui est un veritable comportement de l`Etat et du MFDC</p>
<p> Une paix en Casamance qui n`est pas juste sur les levres mais qui est un veritable comportement avait indique Monsieur Ibrahima Gassama, Directeur de la radio ZIG FM, 03-07-2012, sur RFM.</p>
<p>Cependant les conditions pour aboutir à une paix définitive dépendent de l&#8217;effort de l&#8217;Etat du Sénégal ensuite celui du Mfdc.<br />
Ensuite viennent les véritables interlocuteurs du peuple  Casamançais à savoir l&#8217;aile combattante du Mfdc, l&#8217;aile politique de la diaspora de Casamance, les sages , les femmes du Bois Sacré et les jeunes du Cercle des Intellectuels entre autre le Cercle des Cadres Casamançais &#8230;<br />
À la sortie des Assises de la Casamance , une feuille de route sera adoptée pour éclaircir sur quelle base négocier avec qui ? De quoi? Et comment? Ou? Et quand exactement ?</p>
<p>Des forums de discussions libres sur les antennes de radios et télévisions devraient être permis et encouragés par le Gouvernement du Senegal pour faire face à la réalité de la Guerre en Casamance et éventuellement ceci apportera des solutions à ce fléau .</p>
<p>L&#8217;utilisation des armes lourdes de part et d&#8217;autres finira toujours par des larmes &#8220;lourdes&#8221; &#8230;</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120711-023932.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120711-023932.jpg" alt="20120711-023932.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120711-023725.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120711-023725.jpg" alt="20120711-023725.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>L&#8217;armée est certes important pour un pays mais &#8220;barmée&#8221;( marmite) est plus important disait un sage Pulaar.<br />
Pour survivre l&#8217;être humain a besoin de la Paix pour manger autrement dit.</p>
<p>La Coordination de la Section du Mfdc du Royaume Uni</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ta vie (ta raison de vivre) est ton Engagement : "Sa-life Sa-adio" : Le hasard n'existe pas en Casamance.]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/ta-vie-ta-raison-de-vivre-est-ton-engagement-sa-life-sa-adio-le-hasard-nexiste-pas-en-casamance/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Jul 2012 14:52:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/ta-vie-ta-raison-de-vivre-est-ton-engagement-sa-life-sa-adio-le-hasard-nexiste-pas-en-casamance/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Toujours égal à lui même et comme son l&#8217;indique en Wolof , Sa Raison de vivre , c&#8217;est so]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Toujours égal à lui même et comme son l&#8217;indique en Wolof , Sa Raison de vivre , c&#8217;est son Engagement : &#8220;Sa -Life Sa -Adio&#8221;<br />
Salif Sadio sur RFI: «Pour avoir le MFDC autour d&#8217;une table, il faut un dialogue sincère hors de l&#8217;Afrique» </p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120703-154603.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120703-154603.jpg" alt="20120703-154603.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Le président sénégalais Macky Sall avait accepté la semaine dernière la main tendue par Salif Sadio, le principal chef de guerre du Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance (MFDC). Salif Sadio rompt aujourd&#8217;hui le silence et propose une médiation hors d&#8217;Afrique, souhaitant un dialogue « sincère » lors de ces futures discussions.</p>
<p>RFI : On ne vous a pas entendu depuis votre interview diffusée en 2005. Qu’êtes-vous devenu entre-temps ?<br />
 Salif Sadio : Je suis resté le même Salif, réel je dis bien. Beaucoup de gens pour se faire de l’argent ont tendance à jouer comme ils veulent, à manœuvrer comme ils veulent. Salif n’a jamais changé, ni d’options, encore moins de position, parce qu’il est toujours dans sa Casamance, où il est, en tout cas, en train de continuer sa lutte de libération.<br />
Je pense que j’aurais à dire, à quiconque est en train de m’entendre, que la Casamance, dans son multiséculaire et farouche combat pour conserver ou recouvrer son indépendance nationale, est parvenue à un point de non-retour. Le droit immémorial de la Casamance à l’indépendance nationale est un droit réel, absolu, inaliénable, imprescriptible, non négociable.<br />
Le Mouvement des forces démocratiques de la Casamance, celui-là qui s’est soulevé en 1982, a commencé par une marche que l’on devait écouter, on devait entendre. Malheureusement, cela n’a pas été. Pour nous entendre, on a préféré utiliser les armes, et la meilleure façon de se défendre, c’était donc de répondre à la guerre par la guerre. On nous l’a imposée. Nous n’avions jamais voulu la guerre. Pour nous, ôter la vie de quelqu&#8217;un, c&#8217;est tabou. C’est pourquoi nous tendons la main et nous continuons à prouver que le MFDC n’avait jamais opté pour la solution de la violence.<br />
 RFI : Vous avez récemment diffusé un communiqué dans lequel vous disiez que vous étiez prêt à négocier. Macky Sall, il y a peu, s’est prononcé en cette faveur. Il est prêt à dialoguer. Comment réagissez-vous à cela ?<br />
 Salif Sadio : Est-ce qu’il a d’abord répondu à notre appel ? Pour espérer avoir le MFDC, le Mouvement des forces démocratiques de la Casamance, espérer l’avoir autour d’une table, il faut au moins ces conditions-là : accepter le dialogue sincère, accepter de s’asseoir autour d’une table avec le MFDC en terrain neutre, donc, hors de l’Afrique, parce qu’on a vu depuis 1982, ce que nous avons vu, ce qui s’est passé : on se moquait de nous, on nous a menés tantôt en Gambie, tantôt à Bissau, comme si nous étions des moutons.<br />
À condition que le gouvernement sénégalais, ou l’Etat du Sénégal, accepte la médiation de la communauté chrétienne de Sant’Egidio, compte tenu de certains exemples dans ses médiations, pour ce qu’elle a fait dans certains conflits, et elle a réussi. Alors pourquoi ne pas user donc de sa compétence, pour tenter également de mener la médiation, parce que c’est une communauté qui n’a pas besoin d’être corrompue, comme il en est de certains.<br />
 RFI : Pourquoi ne pas passer par la Gambie et la Guinée-Bissau, comme cela a été préconisé jusqu’à présent ?<br />
 Salif Sadio : Mais, la Gambie et la Guinée-Bissau ont mené une médiation conjointe qui n’a abouti à rien. Deuxièmement, la Guinée-Bissau, ne peut pas être à la fois partie prenante et médiateur. N’est-ce pas la Guinée-Bissau qui a coalisé avec le Sénégal, je dis bien, avec le Sénégal, pour venir faire la guerre aux troupes du Mouvement des forces démocratiques de la Casamance.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120703-160143.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120703-160143.jpg" alt="20120703-160143.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120703-160352.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120703-160352.jpg" alt="20120703-160352.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>La Gambie qui est accusée par le Sénégal d’être le support de Salif Sadio, également, ne peut pas mener une médiation fiable. De ce fait, allons ailleurs, où on peut trouver au moins un médiateur auquel peut-être tout le monde pourrait faire confiance, aussi bien le Sénégal que nous.<br />
 RFI : Vous avez eu un engagement fort pendant trente ans. Avez-vous le sentiment que les populations de la Casamance vous ont soutenu dans ce combat-là ?<br />
Salif Sadio : Les populations de la Casamance sont derrière nous. Nous n’avons pas de problème avec ces familles-là, ce sont nos parents ! Surtout que nous ne luttons pas pour un pouvoir, ici. Salif n&#8217;est pas dans le maquis pour que demain il soit président de la République, non. Notre mission s’arrête seulement à dégager le Sénégal de la Casamance, pour que vive une Casamance, libre, souveraine, et en paix ! Nous, on ne peut pas dialoguer d’autre chose que le départ du Sénégal de chez nous.<br />
RFI : Seriez-vous prêt à libérer une partie des prisonniers pour montrer votre bonne volonté ?<br />
 Salif Sadio : Mais les conditions sont dans mon communiqué, je pense le deuxième communiqué. J’ai dis cela ! Si le Sénégal accepte ces maigres conditions que j&#8217;ai données, nous sommes prêts à commencer la libération de ces prisonniers. Regardez, regardez-les ! C’est malheureux ça, parce qu’ils sont prisonniers, qu’on les attache, mais sinon, c’est pas bon. Mais je pense bien qu’ils seront témoins d’eux-mêmes que, ici, sinon ils vivent mieux que moi. Parce qu’ils mangent mieux que moi, ils ne font rien, personne ne leur fait rien. Aujourd’hui, mon option, c’est de les libérer. Mais j’attends d’abord la réaction du gouvernement. Pour voir si le gouvernement est d’accord, donc, d’accepter la table là-bas, pas de problème ! Facilement, on les libère ! On commencera à les libérer !</p>
<p>La Coordination de la Section du Mfdc du Royaume Uni</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Guerre en Casamance: La Balle de la Mort ( Baldee) a encore parlé]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/07/01/guerre-en-casamance-la-balle-de-la-mort-baldee-a-encore-parle/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 01 Jul 2012 13:49:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/07/01/guerre-en-casamance-la-balle-de-la-mort-baldee-a-encore-parle/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Le maire de Ziguinchor, Abdoulaye Baldé estime que la crise casamançaise trouvera son épilogue si sa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120701-135929.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120701-135929.jpg" alt="20120701-135929.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Le maire de Ziguinchor, Abdoulaye Baldé estime que la crise casamançaise trouvera son épilogue si sa gestion est confiée à un organisme international neutre qui n’a aucun intérêt politique et économique dans ce dossier. Suffisant pour exclure tout ressortissant sénégalais de la gestion de ce conflit qui, selon lui, en fera un « fonds de commerce politique ». Par ailleurs, il considère l’annonce des 360 milliards du gouvernement pour le développement de la Casamance, comme des  « promesses politiciennes qui ne vont pas être tenues »</p>
<p>Le Président Macky Sall a accepté la main tendue du Mfdc pour le règlement de la crise casamançaise. Qu’est-ce que vous en pensez ?</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120701-140722.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/20120701-140722.jpg" alt="20120701-140722.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Je salue la sagesse du Président Macky Sall et de son gouvernement pour avoir répondu positivement, parce que c’étaient des appels réels qui venaient du maquis. Dans certains cercles, ils ont jugé que ce n’est pas Salif Sadio qui parlait, alors que ce n’est pas vrai. Ce sont  des appels qui provenaient de lui et des autres ailes combattantes du Mfdc. Il faut que ce soit inclusif et surtout choisir de bons interlocuteurs. Il ne faut pas se focaliser sur le lieu de la négociation. Que ce soit à Banjul, à Paris ou ailleurs, l’essentiel est de se mettre autour de la table. J’ai une connaissance très poussée de ce dossier, en ayant accès à certaines informations que beaucoup n’ont pas et je sais le degré d’implication de certaines structures internationales qui ont joué un grand rôle et ont déjà fini de gagner la confiance de certaines ailes du Mfdc. Je pense qu’il serait bien de les impliquer. Il faut avoir de bons intermédiaires.</p>
<p>La Coordination de la Section du Mfdc du Royaume Uni</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Les écologistes Casamançais dans l'arène...]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/313/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2012 12:44:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/313/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Jean-Marie François Biagui, le président du Mouvement pour le fédéralisme et la démocratie constitut]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120618-134348.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120618-134348.jpg" alt="20120618-134348.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Jean-Marie François Biagui, le président du Mouvement pour le fédéralisme et la démocratie constitutionnels (MFDC) et tête de liste du Rassemblement des écologistes du Sénégal (RES-les verts) dans le département de Ziguinchor (sud), a soutenu que sa candidature aux élections législatives du 1-er Juillet est une &#8220;consécration&#8221; sur le plan politique. &#8220;C&#8217;est pour moi comme une sorte de consécration politique, parce cela fait plus de quinze ans que je milite en faveur d&#8217;une autonomie de la Casamance dans le contexte d&#8217;une République fédérale du Sénégal&#8221;, a-t-il dans un entretien accordé au correspondant de l&#8217;APS à Ziguinchor. M. Biagui a renseigné que c&#8217;est fort de cette conviction qu&#8217;il a proposé au Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance (MFDC, rébellion) de se transformer en parti politique appelé Mouvement pour le fédéralisme et la démocratie constitutionnels (MFDC). A travers cette initiative, il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;abord de &#8220;politiser&#8221; les revendications du MFDC, puis de faire de ce mouvement une formation politique de dimension nationale pour répondre aux besoins des populations de la Casamance et des autres régions naturelles du Sénégal (le Fleuve, les Niayes, le Ferlo, le Sine-Saloum et le Sénégal-Oriental). L&#8217;ancien secrétaire général du mouvement indépendantiste a indiqué que sa candidature aux législatives du 1-er juillet constitue aussi &#8220;une réponse à une main tendue&#8221; du député Ousmane Sow Huchard et secrétaire général du RES-Les Verts. &#8220;Il (Huchard) nous a dit : +nous sommes le seul parti qui dispose d&#8217;un drapeau qui n&#8217;est autre que celui de la paix. Or, avec la paix que vous revendiquez à travers le Mouvement pour le Fédéralisme et la démocratie constitutionnels, (…), nous pouvons cheminer ensemble+&#8221;, a-t-il rapporté. Jean-Marie François a invité les populations de Ziguinchor à voter pour la liste des écologistes, estimant que &#8220;c&#8217;est une certaine façon de voter pour le retour définitif de la paix en Casamance&#8221;. Le Mouvement pour le fédéralisme et la démocratie constitutionnels (MFDC), a-t-il insisté, est un parti politique à &#8220;vocation nationale qui s&#8217;adresse à tous les Sénégalais et aux ressortissants de toutes les régions naturelles du Sénégal&#8221;. &#8220;Si vous aidez ce parti à se développer et à se promouvoir au plus haut niveau politique, vous aurez fait en sorte que plus jamais ce qui s&#8217;est passé en Casamance ne puisse se produire dans les autres régions naturelles du Sénégal&#8221;, a-t-il plaidé. Concernant son programme, M. Biagui a beaucoup insisté sur le retour de la paix en Casamance dont la région se trouve confrontée depuis trente ans à une rébellion armée dont les membres revendiquent l&#8217;indépendance de cette partie méridionale du pays. Cependant, il estime que &#8220;la paix n&#8217;est pas une fin en soi&#8221;. Selon lui, l&#8217;essentiel, c&#8217;est le développement de la Casamance à travers une exonération totale d&#8217;impôts des entreprises implantées dans la région, une défiscalisation pendant dix ans de la liaison maritime Dakar-Ziguinchor et une exonération de 50% de taxe sur les carburants sur le tronçon Kaolack-Tambacounda-Kolda.<br />
En dépit de tout cela JMB ignore sur toute la ligne que le Mfdc est un et indivisible et n&#8217;a pas des revendications ou doléances vis à vis du Sénégal et du monde entier&#8230;<br />
Les fils de la Casamance sont capables de s&#8217;auto-gérer sur tous les plans.<br />
Nous sommes un peuple libre!</p>
<p>La Coordination de la Section du Mfdc du Royaume Uni</p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDRjeCixfZU&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">cliquez sur vidéo </a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UU2HwSnUpiI&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">autre vidéo </a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Cynisme sénégalais face au conflit en Casamance]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/cynisme-senegalais-face-au-conflit-en-casamance/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 2012 11:41:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/cynisme-senegalais-face-au-conflit-en-casamance/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Depuis décembre 1960, le Sénégal combine le cynisme à l’opportunisme en Casamance avec une constance]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120613-124135.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120613-124135.jpg" alt="20120613-124135.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Depuis décembre 1960, le Sénégal combine le cynisme à l’opportunisme en Casamance avec une constance aussi profonde qu’abjecte.<br />
Le ministre des forces armées sénégalais, qui était pour sa première sortie, après la Gambie, la France et l’Arabie Saoudite, n’a pas échappé à la règle. Car en plus de fournir l’arsenal militaire nécessaire à l’écrasement physique des civils et des combattants du Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC), Mr. Alioune Tine, s’est dépêché sur place avec ses généraux pour booster ses troupes. Voilà pour le côté jardin. Côté cour ? Depuis son élection à la présidence du Sénégal, Macky Sall s’emploie à suivre une politique tout ce qu’il y a de byzantine vis-à-vis de la communauté internationale en général et des membres de la Communauté des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) en particulier. Bref, il joue le chaud et le froid.<br />
Il en va ainsi pour une raison se confondant avec l’intérêt très particulier, très égoïste du Sénégal. La Casamance s’avère la seule vache à lait du Sénégal. Elle est surtout « sa région » où il peut faire comme bon lui semble : tuer, violer, voler, manipuler les personnes, sans que rien ne se passe dans la plus absolue des impunités. C’est aussi en Casamance que le Sénégal adore à s’approprier gratuitement des biens de la forêt, de la flore et de la faune, des ressources halieutiques. On se paye même le luxe d’importer une femme à Dakar comme « Nbindane » (Femme à tout faire).<br />
Pourtant, Macky Sall est bien conscient que la sous-région est sous une vive tension : Mauritanie, Mali, Guinée, Guinée Bissau et Gambie. Tous sont des voisins immédiats. Tous ces pays ont de facto, perdu toute crédibilité pour tout ce qui a trait à la négociation d’un plan de paix avec le MFDC. Plus exactement, le Sénégal qui se sent fort en muscles sait que privilégier les armes embrassera l’Afrique de l’Ouest.<br />
Les membres du nouveau gouvernement de Dakar savent pertinemment que les facteurs géopolitiques inhérents à la région interdisent en fin de compte une intervention de ses forces. Car si intervention était menée, alors on assisterait à un débordement géographique du conflit. Selon plus d’un expert, la Gambie et les opposants de la junte actuelle à Bissau s’en mêleraient et pourraient renouer avec les passions qui avaient abouti à l’indépendance de la Guinée Bissau.<br />
 En fait, le seul espoir de paix réside tout entier dans les négociations en Europe. Toute autre formule serait vouée à l’échec.</p>
<p>Emile Tendeng</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Le MFDC et la lutte du peuple casamançais à travers la résistance à l’oppression, un droit naturel, inaliénable, imprescriptible et sacré de l’Homme.]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/le-mfdc-et-la-lutte-du-peuple-casamancais-a-travers-la-resistance-a-loppression-un-droit-naturel-inalienable-imprescriptible-et-sacre-de-lhomme/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 2012 11:23:08 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/le-mfdc-et-la-lutte-du-peuple-casamancais-a-travers-la-resistance-a-loppression-un-droit-naturel-inalienable-imprescriptible-et-sacre-de-lhomme/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ESSAI DE DEFINITION HISTORIQUE:La résistance à l’oppression est selon la Déclaration des droits de l]]></description>
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<p>ESSAI DE DEFINITION HISTORIQUE:La résistance à l’oppression est selon la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789, un droit naturel, inaliénable et sacré de l’Homme.Au terme de l’article 2 de la Déclaration de 1789 : « le but de toute association politique est la conservation des droits naturels et imprescriptibles de l’Homme. Ces droits sont la liberté, la propriété, la sûreté, et la résistance à l’oppression. »</p>
<p>Toute la question est donc de savoir comment résister à l’oppression ?</p>
<p>&#8220;L’insurrection (sous certaines conditions) a été brièvement le plus sacré des droits mais la constitution en vigueur ne le prévoit plus &#8220;.</p>
<p>Dans les déclarations suivantes, et notamment la déclaration « girondine » du 29 mai 1793, la possibilité de résistance à l’oppression est précisée.<br />
En son article 29, il est écrit que « dans tout gouvernement libre, les hommes doivent avoir un moyen légal de résister à l’oppression ; et lorsque ce moyen est impuissant, l’insurrection est le plus saint des devoirs ». Cette possibilité de soulèvement est également prévue à l’article 35 de la déclaration montagnarde du 24 juin 1793 (constitution de l’an I) : &#8220;Quand le gouvernement viole les droits du peuple, l’insurrection est pour le peuple, et pour chaque portion du peuple, le plus sacré des droits et le plus indispensable des devoirs.&#8221;.</p>
<p><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/EleanorRooseveltHumanRights.png" rel="nofollow">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/EleanorRooseveltHumanRights.png</a></p>
<p>D’après la lecture que l’on peut faire de ces différents textes, la résistance à l’oppression se traduit donc comme une opposition au gouvernement en place, qui dans ses actions ou inactions, aurait bafoué, violé, négligé les droits élémentaires et naturels du peuple, après que toutes les autres formes d’opposition légale aient été épuisées (pétition, manifestation,&#8230;). Cette notion a surtout servi à justifier tout d’abord l’opposition des conventionnels au roi puis la mise en place de nouveaux régimes, et on voit que les régimes les plus autoritaires (comme celui des Jacobins, le Premier Empire et le Second Empire) écartent cette possibilité d’insurrection.</p>
<p>DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA DEFINITION:</p>
<p>Une approche juridique de la résistance à l’oppression dans les sociétés démocratiques contemporaines ne s’inscrit pas dans les voies d’une conciliation entre les notions quelque peu antinomiques que sont l’ordre et la liberté ; elle ne s’insère pas non plus dans la recherche de définition d’un équilibre entre les notions de libertés ou de droits et d’obéissance à la loi. Plus que la seule « résistance » à l’oppression, la question concerne le « droit » de résistance à l’oppression.</p>
<p>Le « droit de résistance à l’oppression » est un des droits naturels et imprescriptibles cités à l’article 2 de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789. La résistance à l’oppression relève, du fait des expressions du préambule de cette Déclaration, de ces droits inaliénables et sacrés qui encadrent l’action des pouvoirs publics et fondent les réclamations des citoyens. Son objet est de lutter contre les abus et privilèges, de s’opposer au despotisme, à la tyrannie, de rappeler à tout système de gouvernement que la cause principale des malheurs publics sont « l’ignorance, l’oubli et le mépris des droits de l’homme ».<br />
<a href="http://journaldupays.com/?q=fr/node/113">lire la suite</a></p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120613-130417.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120613-130417.jpg" alt="20120613-130417.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CzYeJ_o_zA&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">cliquez sur vidéo </a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okCCzkPiTqg&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">Autre vidéo </a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Le Cinéaste Casamançais]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/10/le-cineaste-casamancais/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 10 Jun 2012 05:47:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/10/le-cineaste-casamancais/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Il y a cinq ans, le 9 juin 2007, disparaissait à Dakar le cinéaste et écrivain sénégalais Sembene Ou]]></description>
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<p>Il y a cinq ans, le 9 juin 2007, disparaissait à Dakar le cinéaste et écrivain sénégalais Sembene Ousmane, homme d’action et auteur d’une œuvre empreinte d’engagement dans les combats essentiels de son temps, pour la justice, la liberté et la dignité des peuples africains. </p>
<p>Jusqu’au bout, notamment lors du tournage de son dernier long métrage ‘’Moolaade’’, Sembene, décédé à l’âge de 84 ans, est resté fidèle à sa vocation de témoin de combat, montrant sa capacité d’indignation autant dans ses œuvres que dans ses interventions. Et quand on lui reprochait ce franc-parler souvent cru, il répondait : ‘’Ce n’est pas un défaut, c’est ma liberté’’. Libre, Sembene l’a été jusqu’au bout. </p>
<p>’’Il y a des combats que l’on mène pas à pas, jour après jour’’, aimait-il à dire aux journalistes qui parvenaient à lui arracher des mots, tant l’homme était avare en paroles. Il préférait l’action et en cela, il a fait preuve, tout au long de sa carrière, d’un courage et d’une ténacité sans pareille. Autant, il y avait la liberté dans son choix de faire du cinéma son métier pour ‘’parler à (son) peuple’’, autant il a usé de cette liberté dans ses œuvres littéraires comme cinématographiques. </p>
<p>Sembene Ousmane est né le 1-er janvier 1923 à Ziguinchor. Son père ne le déclare que huit jours plus tard. Il est très tôt confié à un de ses oncles, instituteur. Mais il ne fera pas d’études. Il a 13 ans lorsque, en 1937, en pleine époque coloniale, il sert une gifle au directeur de son école qui voulait lui apprendre le corse. </p>
<p>Renvoyé, il doit se débrouiller pour survivre. Il devient pêcheur, mécanicien, maçon pour finir militaire. Mobilisé dans l’armée coloniale en 1942, il est envoyé au Niger, au Tchad, en Afrique du Nord, puis en Allemagne. Après sa démobilisation, il participe à la grève des cheminots du Dakar-Niger (1947), la première en Afrique. Il en tire une de ses plus belles œuvres, ‘’Les bouts de bois de Dieu’’, roman publié en 1960. </p>
<p>En 1948, il décide de partir en France, en s’embarquant clandestinement dans un bateau pour Marseille. Dans cette grande ville du sud de la France, il s’instruit, milite au Parti communiste français en 1950, puis à la Confédération générale des travailleurs (Cgt). La France est alors en guerre au Vietnam : avec ses collègues, Sembene bloque le port de Marseille pendant trois mois pour empêcher l’embarquement d’armes destinées à l’Indochine. </p>
<p>Il devient ensuite responsable syndical, rencontre des écrivains de passage à Paris pour le premier Congrès des écrivains et artistes noirs (septembre 1956). Il se met à l’écriture, en se lançant dans le roman. Ça donne ‘’Le docker noir’’ (1956). Il publie aussi ‘’Ô pays, mon beau peuple’’ (1957), ‘’Voltaïque’’ (1962), ‘’L’Harmattan’’ (1964), ‘’Le Mandat’’ (1965), ‘’Xala’’ (1973), ‘’Le Dernier de l’Empire’’ (1981), ‘’Niiwam’’, suivi de ‘’Taaw’’ (1987). </p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120610-065503.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120610-065503.jpg" alt="20120610-065503.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
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<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120610-070046.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120610-070046.jpg" alt="20120610-070046.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Mais après la sortie de ses premiers livres, il commence à s’intéresser au cinéma, réfléchit à une démarche plus grand public, ‘’politique, polémique et populaire’’ comme il disait. A 38 ans, il se rend à Paris, avec l’idée de s’inscrire dans une école de cinéma. Il n’y trouve aucun soutien. Il va au studio Gorki à Moscou, où, avec Marc Donskoï et Serguei Guerassimov, il apprend à tenir une caméra. </p>
<p>Les films de Sembene sont une immersion dans les quartiers populaires. Il organise des projections aux prisonniers, parle d’art et de culture aux enfants. En 1963, il réalise son premier court métrage : ‘’Borom Sarrett’’, dans lequel il dépeint la journée d’un transporteur qui véhicule clients et marchandises. La même année, il réalise le documentaire ‘’L’Empire Songhay’’. </p>
<p>Son premier prix, il l’obtient en 1965 au Festival international du film de Locarno (Suisse), avec le court métrage ‘’Niaye’’ (réalisé en 1964) qui raconte l’histoire d’un chef de village qui a fait un enfant à la fille du griot. </p>
<p>Convaincu que le cinéma doit devenir ‘’le cours du soir du public africain’’, Sembene Ousmane se lance dans son premier long &#8211; en réalité un moyen métrage &#8211; ‘’La Noire de&#8230;’’ (1966) : une jeune Sénégalaise, que ses patrons blancs amènent avec eux en France, ne supporte pas les humiliations, le paternalisme, l’exil. Elle se suicide, préférant la mort à l’esclavage. Ce film obtient le Prix Jean Vigo, le ‘’Tanit d’or’’ aux Journées cinématographiques de Carthage (1966), le prix de meilleur réalisateur africain au Festival mondial des Arts nègres tenu la même année à Dakar. </p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y42w0f1jqRg&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">extrait film La Noire..</a></p>
<p>Sembene Ousmane réalise son deuxième long métrage en 1968. C’est ‘’Le Mandat’’, dans lequel le rôle principal est merveilleusement tenu par Makhourédia Guèye. Le cinéaste y offre une saisissante peinture de la société sénégalaise postindépendance, où tout le monde vole, est voleur et où le peuple est exploité par des Noirs dit ‘’modernes’’. </p>
<p>Il se penche en 1971 sur la seconde Guerre mondiale qu’il a lui-même vécue, en réalisant ‘’Emitaï’’, pour saluer la résistance des femmes, avant de dénoncer, dans ‘’Xala’’ (1974), l’attitude d’une bourgeoisie noire qui imite tous les défauts des Blancs (corruption, arrogance et défaut de scrupule). </p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-a15ZLKxjM&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">regardez ce film ici</a></p>
<p>En 1977, Sembene réalise ‘’Ceddo’’. Ce film porte sur la résistance d’une communauté africaine à l’avancée de l’islam au 17-ème siècle. A cette occasion, Sembene a le commentaire suivant : ‘’On peut faire autre chose que de regarder vers l’Arabie Saoudite ou vers l’Occident. On peut regarder vers l’intérieur de l’Afrique, sa culture, sa spiritualité’’. </p>
<p>Il revient à la seconde Guerre mondiale en réalisant en 1988 avec Thierno Faty Sow ‘’Camp de Thiaroye’’ : l’injustice faite aux tirailleurs qui, après avoir libéré la France de l’occupation nazie, se retrouvent démobilisés, sans décoration, ni reconnaissance. Dans ‘’Guelwaar’’ (1992), où le rôle principal est tenu par Thierno Ndiaye Doss, il s’en prend à l’aide internationale qui cache à ses yeux une exploitation des richesses des pays du Sud par l’Occident.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnVFX-QsCvM&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">cliquez sur vidéo </a></p>
<p>Au début des années 2000, Sembene Ousmane ouvre la trilogie intitulée ‘’l’héroïsme au quotidien’’. Le premier film de cette série est ‘’Faat Kiné’’, réalisé en 2000. Le deuxième, ‘’Moolaadé’’, aborde le thème sensible de l’excision. Mais pour le cinéaste, c’est une œuvre qui défend la liberté d’expression. Celle de femmes ayant décidé de s’opposer à une tradition qu’elles jugent archaïque. ‘’La Confrérie des Rats’’, le troisième de la série, était en préparation. </p>
<p>Sembene a reçu plusieurs récompenses pour ‘’Moolaadé’’ : prix du meilleur film étranger décerné par la critique américaine, prix Un Certain Regard à Cannes, prix spécial du jury au Festival international de Marrakech. Auparavant, il avait reçu, entre autres distinctions, le prix Harvard Film Archive décerné par l’Université Harvard de Boston en 2001. </p>
<p>Sa camera n’a pas tourné ‘’Samory’’, l’œuvre à laquelle il tenait, pour rendre hommage au résistant à la pénétration coloniale. Philosophe devant les difficultés rencontrées pour réaliser ce film, il disait : ‘’Si je ne fais pas +Samory+, d’autres le feront’’. Il ajoutait : ‘’On essaie de le faire mais il y a des priorités. Quand je pense aux souffrances que je peux avoir pour faire un film, quand je pense à nos hôpitaux, nos écoles, nos dispensaires, je dis que ce n’est pas un problème’’. C’était ça Sembene. Libre et sensible aux préoccupations de son peuple.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-a15ZLKxjM&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">film xala</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Hymne de la Casamance et son Histoire authentique]]></title>
<link>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/07/hymne-de-la-casamance/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 07 Jun 2012 11:09:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>essamay</dc:creator>
<guid>http://essamay.wordpress.com/2012/06/07/hymne-de-la-casamance/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Hymne National de La Casamance Oh Casamance,mon beau pays Lieu de mon enfance Du bonheur, des chanso]]></description>
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<p>Hymne National de La Casamance<strong></strong></p>
<p>Oh Casamance,mon beau pays</p>
<p>Lieu de mon enfance</p>
<p>Du bonheur, des chansons et des rires.</p>
<p>Ta souvenance</p>
<p>Laisse à ma doléance </p>
<p>Un peu d&#8217;espérance.</p>
<p>Hélas! sur cette terre</p>
<p>Où je suis exilé,</p>
<p>Mon âme est solitaire</p>
<p>Et mon coeur désolé:</p>
<p>J&#8217;attends chaque jour</p>
<p>Le moment du retour.</p>
<p>Finis chants d&#8217;allégresse,</p>
<p>Finis les clairs matins,</p>
<p>Voici que ma jeunesse</p>
<p>Au fond des yeux s&#8217;éteint:</p>
<p>Puisque je n&#8217;ai plus d&#8217;espoir de te revoir</p>
<p>Unité , Liberté et solidarité<br />
Justice et Vérité </p>
<p>Voilà pour tout moment </p>
<p>Ton commandement </p>
<p>Voilà ton fondement .</p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Od6z43NjNOA&#38;feature=youtube_gdata_player">écoutez l&#8217;hymne </a></p>
<p>En 1455, les Portugais ont découvert l&#8217;estuaire du fleuve peuplé par les Baïnuks sur la rive droite et les Floups sur la rive gauche. Le Vénitien Alvise Da Cada Mosto, au service du Portugal, baptisa ce pays Kassamansa (Kassa pour maison ou domaine et Mansa du nom du roi des Floups de l&#8217;époque) qui deviendra plus tard Casamance.<br />
C&#8217;est le premier fleuve, nommé Kawungha par les Floups (ce sont les Wolofs qui les appeleront Diola), que les Portugais à la recherche d&#8217;esclaves ont remonté à l&#8217;ouest de l’Afrique. Ils s&#8217;installent à Ziguinchor en 1645 pour y créer un comptoir commercial.</p>
<p>Les Français prospectent la région de l&#8217;estuaire en 1826 et s&#8217;installent deux ans après sur l&#8217;île de Diogué, à l’entrée du fleuve sur la rive droite, cédée par le Roi Quéniouma.</p>
<p>Avec l&#8217;autorisation du Roi de Cagnout, ils fondent en 1836 à Carabane, en face de Diogué sur l&#8217;autre rive, le premier comptoir commercial Français de Casamance.</p>
<p>Le Roi de Cagnout eut très tôt des relations commerciales avec les Français. Ils lui offrirent chéchia, manteau, culotte rouges et un bâton de commandement. Cette tenue est restée celle qu’arborent les Rois du Kassa pendant les cérémonies et les fêtes religieuses.</p>
<p>Le capitaine Aristide Protêt fut tué d&#8217;une flèche empoisonnée à la bataille de Hillol le 9 mars 1836 par les Diolas. Dans le cimetière de Carabane ,</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-213815.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-213815.jpg" alt="20120608-213815.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a><br />
Protêt est enterré selon ses souhaits debout face au rivage avec deux trous en face des yeux pour guetter l&#8217;ennemi. Les trous ont été rebouchés depuis cette époque.<br />
Les Français s&#8217;installent sur la côte Atlantique à Diembereng en 1837 et en amont du fleuve construisent la forteresse de Sédhiou.</p>
<p>En 1857 les Diolas, très indépendants et non habitués à vivre sous une quelconque autorité, s&#8217;insurgent contre les colons Français et attaquent Carabane en 1860.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-170453.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-170453.jpg" alt="20120608-170453.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-171335.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-171335.jpg" alt="20120608-171335.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>En 1861 les Français, sous le commandement d&#8217;Emile Pinet-Laprade, renforcent leur présence en Casamance, alors appelée Rivières du Sud, qui est rattachée à la Colonie Française depuis le décret du 18 février 1859.</p>
<p>Ils poussent les Portugais vers la Guinée et les Anglais vers la Gambie puis s&#8217;installent à Ziguinchor en 1888 après la signature d&#8217;une convention avec le Portugal, qui fixe aussi les frontières avec la Guinée Portugaise. En 1889, les Français et les Britanniques signent un traité qui délimite les frontières entre la Gambie et la Casamance.</p>
<p>La France accroit le comptoir commercial de Ziguinchor, la Compagnie Française pour l&#8217;Afrique Occidentale s&#8217;y implante en 1892, et Ziguinchor devient la capitale administrative de la Casamance en 1904.</p>
<p>L&#8217;administration coloniale impose peu à peu la culture de l’arachide au détriment du riz. Les Casamançais, qui n&#8217;utilisaient pas d’argent et cultivaient le riz pour se nourrir, sont forcés de cultiver et vendre l’arachide pour s’acquitter de l’impôt perçu uniquement en monnaie.</p>
<p>En 1912 la Casamance est divisée par la Colonie Française en trois régions administratives, Haute, Moyenne et Basse Casamance. La Haute Casamance, le pays Fouladou autour de Kolda, peuplé majoritairement de Peuls. La Moyenne Casamance, autour de Sédhiou, peuplé de Mandingues et de Balantes. La Basse Casamance, de Ziguinchor à l’estuaire du fleuve, le pays des Diolas et des Baïnuks.</p>
<p>Pendant la seconde guerre mondiale les Diolas menés par une jeune femme, Aline Sitoé Diatta, résistent contre la colonisation, qui réquisitionne de plus en plus le riz et le bétail, en iréclamant leurs droits de vivre en paix sur leurs terres, en boycottant la culture de l’arachide et en s’opposant au paiement de l’impôt.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-171710.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-171710.jpg" alt="20120608-171710.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a><br />
Leurs chefs symboliques sont emprisonnés, comme le Roi de M’Lomp en 1942 et Aline Sitoé Diatta qui est déportée à Tombouctou en 1943.</p>
<p>Morte en 1944 pendant son exil en prison Aline Sitoé Diatta est devenue le symbole de la résistance de la Casamance contre toutes autorités étrangères.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-165744.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-165744.jpg" alt="20120608-165744.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Le Sénégal déclare son indépendance le 4 Avril 1960.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-172129.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-172129.jpg" alt="20120608-172129.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Le gouvernement mis en place par Léopold Sédar Senghor envoie en Casamance des fonctionnaires venus du Nord du pays.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-201323.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-201323.jpg" alt="20120608-201323.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a>Depuis les Casamançais, qui ont l’impression de subir une deuxième colonisation et d’être exclus de leur terre, réclament leur autonomie. Ils contestent la légitimité du pouvoir de Dakar et reprochent aux gouvernements successifs du Sénégal de privilégier le développement des régions du Nord et du Centre au détriment de la Casamance.</p>
<p>Le 26 décembre 1982 a lieu à Ziguinchor une marche pacifiste d&#8217;un millier de Casamançais qui veulent hisser un drapeau blanc à la gouvernance.</p>
<p>Le 18 décembre 1983, après la condamnation de 19 indépendantistes, la répression d’une manifestation à Ziguinchor qui a fait 25 morts réveille l’irrédentisme. Le Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance (MFDC), dirigé par l&#8217;abbé Diamacoune Senghor, réclame l&#8217;indépendance de la Casamance.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-173004.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-173004.jpg" alt="20120608-173004.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>En 1984 Sidy Badji crée dans le maquis Atika (la flèche en Diola), la branche armée du MFDC qui mène une guérilla contre les autorités Sénégalaises.</p>
<p>En 2000 c’est l’alternance politique avec l’élection de Abdoulaye Wade à la présidence de la République du Sénégal, qui annonce qu’il va régler le conflit Casamançais en 100 jours …</p>
<p>Le naufrage le 26 septembre 2002 au large de la Gambie du bateau &#8220;Le Joola&#8221;, qui assurait la liaison maritime entre Dakar et Ziguinchor, a fait plus de victimes que &#8221; Le Titanic &#8221; officiellement 1.863 morts et seulement 64 rescapés.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-210742.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-210742.jpg" alt="20120608-210742.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-212146.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-212146.jpg" alt="20120608-212146.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Le 27 octobre 2002 pour exiger le retour de la paix 3.000 femmes ont défilé à Ziguinchor. A la tête du rassemblement les femmes du bois sacré qui se sont regroupées dans l’association Kabonkétor (pardonner en Diola). Jusqu&#8217;à présent elles accordaient leur soutien aux indépendantistes, mais elles ont déterré les fétiches destinés à les faire gagner … Le revirement de ces femmes respectées et écoutées donne un nouvel espoir de paix à la Casamance.</p>
<p>Lors d’une rencontre entre l’abbé Diamacoune Senghor et le président Wade en mai 2003, le président du MFDC annonce qu’il renonce à l’indépendance de la Casamance et propose des assises de son mouvement pour la recherche d’une paix définitive. Quelques jours plus tard Sidy Badji, le fondateur de Atika la branche armée du MFDC, meurt à l’âge de 88 ans.</p>
<p>Le 30 décembre 2004, l’abbé Diamacoune Senghor et Ousmane Ngom, Ministre de l’Intérieur du Sénégal, signent un accord destiné à ramener la paix en Casamance.</p>
<p><strong></strong>Accord de paix<strong></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-183732.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-183732.jpg" alt="20120608-183732.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>L’abbé Augustin Diamacoune Senghor, le chef charismatique du Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance (MFDC) est décédé des suites d&#8217;une longue maladie le 14 janvier 2007 à l’âge de 78 ans à l’hôpital du Val de Grâce à Paris où il était hospitalisé depuis octobre 2006. Il a été enterré au cimetière des prêtres de Brin dans la région de Ziguinchor.</p>
<p>L’abbé Diamacoune s’est toujours montré d’un irrédentisme intransigeant en réclamant à tous prix l’indépendance de la Casamance. C’est seulement pendant les dernières années de sa vie qu’il appelle à la paix : &#8220;le développement économique et social de la Casamance passe par la paix&#8221; disait-il comme pour exprimer sa dernière volonté.</p>
<p>Notre Histoire n&#8217;échappe pas à la règle des peuples aujourd&#8217;hui souverain ,la lutte sera longue et épouvantable mais la Casamance restera indivisible sur son objectif: La Paix et la Liberté .<br />
Les Hommes naissent libres et égaux devant le Créateur et non devant les lois terrestres assouvis par des interets personnels.<br />
Le droit à la Résistance existe !<br />
Sinon Dieu( Divinité Immense Éternel et Unique) n&#8217;existerait pas et nous pesons nos mots: nous ne blasphémons pas!<br />
Le Coran , la Bible ,(le Thora et l&#8217;Evangile) en passant par les 10 commandements &#8230; ont tous prône le Bien et haïssent le Mal&#8230;<br />
Qui a créé le Bien et le Mal?<br />
 Voilà la Résistance !<br />
En Mathématique  c&#8217;est le signe positif et le signe négatif<br />
La liste est longue et exhaustive: Dieu et le Diable , la nuit et le jour ,  le ciel et la terre,la lune et le soleil, le noire et le blanc, l&#8217;homme et la femme,<br />
le Casamancais et la Sénégalaise &#8230;.<br />
Le monde fonctionne dans la contradiction , dans la résistance.<br />
La charte fondammentale des Nations Unies dit clairement que les peuples ont le droit de disposer d&#8217;eux même : La Casamance étant un peuple à part entière culturellement et geopolitiquement séparee des royaumes regroupés par les colons francais qui aujourd&#8217;hui est le Sénégal .<br />
             Nous exigeons du gouvernement français sous administration de<br />
  </a></p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-201827.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-201827.jpg" alt="20120608-201827.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a> Monsieur Francois Hollande  un arbitrage équilibré sous l&#8217;égide des Nations Unies et le retour de la Reine Aline Sitoe Diatta déportée au Mali depuis 1943 par la France&#8230;</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-222938.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-222938.jpg" alt="20120608-222938.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>Nous lançons un message de Paix solennel à Monsieur Macky Sall actuel Président du Sénégal de prendre ses responsabilités pour le renflouement du bateau le Joola et de retirer  non seulement ses troupes militaires mais aussi les mandats d&#8217;arrêt internationaux contre Monsieur Mamadou Nkrumah Abou Sane et Salif Sadio respectivement en France et en Casamance .</p>
<p>Nous interpellons le Vatican pour la Bontification et la sacralisation de son Éminence Abbé Augustin Diamoucoune Senghor au plus grand rang de l&#8217;église orthodoxe  du Monde entier.</p>
<p>Nous saluons les efforts d&#8217;Amnesty International , de Human Right Watch de la Croix Rouge International &#8230;. et appelons leur soutien pour un monde juste et équitable en terre Casamancaise.</p>
<p><a href="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-223630.jpg"><img src="http://essamay.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/20120608-223630.jpg" alt="20120608-223630.jpg" class="alignnone size-full" /></a></p>
<p>La lumière devrait se faire sur les exactions de part et d&#8217;autres sur le génocide Casamancais du Joola , les violence faites aux femmes et enfants, les prisonniers et assassinats sommaires par les services secrets sénégalais , les réfugiés Casamancais délaissés sur leur sort par le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies charge des Refugies ( UNHCR) respectivement en Guinée Bissao et en Gambie.</p>
<p>Baye Modou Badji<strong></strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Myanmar MFDC Agricultural Development Project]]></title>
<link>http://cedarfundeng.wordpress.com/2012/01/09/myanmar-mfdc-agricultural-development-project/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 08:54:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>cedarfund</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cedarfundeng.wordpress.com/2012/01/09/myanmar-mfdc-agricultural-development-project/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In April 2011 thirty eight adults coming from 5 states and other high school youth attended a 2 week]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://cedarfundeng.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/myr-af.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-209 aligncenter" title="MYR-AF" src="http://cedarfundeng.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/myr-af.jpg?w=652&#038;h=300" alt="" width="652" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>In April 2011 thirty eight adults coming from 5 states and other high school youth attended a 2 week agricultural training organised by CEDAR’s partner MFDC in Yangon. CEDAR Agricultural Consultant D. Armstrong has been a volunteer of this programme in past 4 years. This year training lessons were on making of compost, preparation of banana planting materials, planting in rotation and fallow principles, techniques on sowing small seeds in a plot and planting seeds of different sizes and a session on rice &#38; demonstration of fertilizer &#38; lime for rice.</p>
<p>After this 2 week training, our consultant and one expert on rice cultivation visited Pathein Township to make a field visit to 3 course trainees who came from the Irrawaddy Delta region which was previously hit by a super cyclone in May 2008. One of the course trainees W is looking after a group of people who are mostly Christian and have been told to move out by their non-Christian families. W supports the villagers in spiritual and practical ways through the establishment of a community and guide the villagers how to get better yields from the land. W already seen an improvement on his paddy land after following the teaching from last year course, that is to add lime in the soil. This year he got 30 baskets of rice from each acre of paddy land, an increased from last year 25 baskets/acre. W is very hopeful by using improved rice seed, in three years time he will harvest 60 baskets/acre of land. This year two youths from his area also joined the training. One youth Zaw has attained Grade 9 education level but he is a very good farm worker, keen to learn new techniques and willing to share with other villagers. Zaw is learning to make heaps of compost as organic fertilizer. He is also helping to propagate fruit trees and trying new ways to manage insects and pests by applying non-chemical natural insecticides. Zaw will like to start a small nursery, something he learnt at the training, after this year planting of the paddy field season.  This way he can save some costs and at the same time can share his tree saplings to people in his community. CEDAR is delighted to witness how course participants benefit from the Agricultural training programme and ways that they are sharing their knowledge and fruits to people in their community.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Morgan Family Dry Cleaners Contact Information]]></title>
<link>http://morganfamilydrycleaners.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/morgan-family-dry-cleaners-contact-information/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 26 Jan 2011 18:15:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>morganfamilydrycleaners</dc:creator>
<guid>http://morganfamilydrycleaners.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/morgan-family-dry-cleaners-contact-information/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Welcome to our new blog. Hi, I am Matt Morgan, owner and operator of: Morgan Family Dry Cleaners 159]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Welcome to our new blog.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Hi, I am Matt Morgan, owner and operator of:<br />
</strong></p>
<p><strong>Morgan Family Dry Cleaners</strong></p>
<p><strong>15912 RR N. 620</strong></p>
<p><strong>Suite 105</strong></p>
<p><strong>Austin, Texas 78715</strong></p>
<p><strong>512-300-3417</strong></p>
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[USAFRICOM-related news stories (From the Beltway/From and About Africa)]]></title>
<link>http://africom.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/usafricom-related-news-stories-from-the-beltwayfrom-and-about-africa-4/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 2010 09:51:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>AFRICOM</dc:creator>
<guid>http://africom.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/usafricom-related-news-stories-from-the-beltwayfrom-and-about-africa-4/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Recent Publications on Somalia, Chad, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Senegal, Libya,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Recent Publications on Somalia, Chad, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Senegal, Libya,]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Farmers and Advocates Push for Land Reform Extension to Address Rural Poverty      ]]></title>
<link>http://rubythursdaymore.wordpress.com/2008/12/18/farmers-and-advocates-push-for-land-reform-extension-to-address-rural-poverty/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2008 03:50:10 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>rubythursdaymore</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rubythursdaymore.wordpress.com/2008/12/18/farmers-and-advocates-push-for-land-reform-extension-to-address-rural-poverty/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[by Ruby Thursday More The Philippine Human Rights Reporting Project Thursday, 18 December 2008 MABIN]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>by Ruby Thursday More</p>
<p><em>The Philippine Human Rights Reporting Project<br />
Thursday, 18 December 2008</em></p>
<p>MABINI, Compostela Valley &#8212; As lawmakers debate on the fate of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) before the session in Congress ends this year, farmers in this rural town believe &#8212; and have proven – that owning and having control of a piece of land and the means to cultivate it is their way out of hunger and poverty.</p>
<p>One of these is 36-year-old farmer Efren Cagumbay, who has lived all his life in this sleepy town, about two hours away from Davao City by bus.</p>
<p>After more than a decade of struggle, he and other agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs) in Sitio Mampising in Barangay (village) Tagnanan here have finally taken full control of their land &#8211; but not without effort and sacrifices.</p>
<p>Their struggle is a tale of ups and downs to have full control of their lands until receiving equal opportunities to develop these, Cagumbay recalled.</p>
<p>Passed in 1988, CARP aimed to address inequality in the countryside by providing landless farmers access and control of lands and means to cultivate these. It became the cornerstone program of former president Corazon Aquino two years after the 1986 People Power uprising ended the Marcos dictatorship and catapulted her to power.</p>
<p>CARP ended in June 2008 after 20 years of implementation but was extended for another six months until end of this year.</p>
<p>On December 17, the Philippine Congress on its last session day agreed to extend CARP for another six months until June 2009 but took out the compulsory acquisition of lands, a move that favors landowners opposing CARP. The extension period would give them &#8216;breathing space&#8217; to study proposals to extend CARP, lawmakers said as they issued Joint Resolution 19.</p>
<p>In Manila, the Congress resolution drew flak from several farmers on hunger strike including farmers from the lands of the husband of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in Negros Occidental in central Philippines.</p>
<p>The hunger strike, now on its 17th day in front of the House of Representatives, drew an unprecedented support from the Catholic Church to press for the extension of CARP. A total of six Catholic bishops have already joined the hunger strike, saying extension of CARP is crucial to end social unrest in the countryside.</p>
<p><strong>Watered down</strong></p>
<p>The recent deliberation is reminiscent of what CARP faced 20 years ago in the same halls of Congress, composed mostly of patriarchs or scions of landed clans, including former President Aquino&#8217;s family.</p>
<p>Critics say that a &#8216;watered down&#8217; land reform was passed, sparing vast tracts of privately owned agricultural lands or allowing arrangements that in effect take away farmers control of their own lands.</p>
<p>Such was the case in Cagumbay&#8217;s land.</p>
<p>The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) awarded the 707-hectare land to Cagumbay and 251 other ARBs in 1991 under CARP. A year after they were awarded their lands, the farmers signed a lease agreement with the Tortuga Valley Plantation Inc. (TVPI), a subsidiary of the Lapanday Agricultural Development Corporation (LADC), owned by the family of former agriculture secretary Luis Lorenzo Jr.</p>
<p>In retrospect, the farmers said it was a bad decision.</p>
<p>The agreement said TVPI would lease a total of 425 hectares for 30 years at PhP 3,500 (USD 71) per hectare per year with possible increase only after every five years. This was way below the average gross income of PhP 400,000 (USD 8,163) per hectare yearly.</p>
<p>&#8220;We really regretted leasing our land to TVPI. We could have earned more if the land was completely ours,&#8221; Susie Tabar, wife of a one of the farmer beneficiaries here and head of a women’s group in her village, told the Philippine Human Rights Reporting Project.</p>
<p>The farmers, grouped under the Mampising CARP Beneficiaries Multipurpose Cooperative (MCBMPC) pushed for the renegotiation of the arrangement but the TVPI refused to release the farmers from the agreement.</p>
<p>For more than 10 years, the farmers held protest actions &#8212; including land occupation and picket camps in DAR provincial and national offices &#8212; to defend their right to fair share in the produce and income from the land.</p>
<p><strong>Agrarian-related violence</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong>Across the country, landowners or corporations resisting land reform often use force, intimidation and legal harassment just to discourage farmers to pursue their land rights, land reform advocates say.</p>
<p>Task Force Mapalad (TFM), a national peasant group, said 12 of its farmer-members in Negros Occidental in central Philippines and Davao Oriental in the south have been killed since 2001 due to their claims to their lands.</p>
<p>&#8220;Strategies of landholders to prevent CARP include assassinations and murders, threat and harassments, beatings, burning of houses, confiscation of household belongings, destruction of crops, ejection and eviction,&#8221; TFM said in its 2008 study on agrarian-related human rights violations in its areas.</p>
<p>Included here is the May 2005 murder of TFM farmer leader Delia de Castro. The 52-year-old leader was killed in front of her home in Sitio Wason, Barangay Batobato in San Isidro, Davao Oriental, an hour drive from here, by still unidentified gunmen. De Castro&#8217;s murder was being linked to her group&#8217;s claim to the 23-hectare Catada Estate, whose former landowners were opposing CARP.</p>
<p>The Partnership for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development Services (PARRDS) documented a total of 415 cases of agrarian-related human rights violations that have victimized a total of 19,570 farmers mostly in privately owned agricultural lands.</p>
<p>But for farmers like Cagumbay, intimidation from opposing landowners and corporations has not deterred them to pursue their claim.</p>
<p>With support from land reform advocacy groups like the Mindanao Farm Workers Development Center (MFDC), the farmers asked in 2003 the DAR Adjudication Board (DARAB) to declare their contract with TVPI ineffective and asked to have full control of their land.</p>
<p>In 2005, DARAB ruled in favor of the farmers, calling the agreement &#8220;onerous&#8221; and asked both sides to settle amicably. But the TVPI filed a motion for consideration at the Court of Appeals.</p>
<p>In October 2006, the TVPI informed the farmers&#8217; cooperative that another firm, the Chiquitta-Unifrutti Philippines (CUP) now owned and managed the plantation.</p>
<p>For the farmers, it was the management&#8217;s move to derail their claim to the land. &#8220;They did not conduct any negotiations with us or our Board of Directors. They knew we wanted to take over the land but they gave it to CUP. They did not even have the courtesy to inform us first that CUP is taking over,&#8221; Cagumbay said.</p>
<p>The farmers negotiated with the new management for a mutual growership scheme instead of the lease scheme. Under such scheme, farmers retain ownership and control of their lands while corporations serve as buyers of their products. The scheme also ensures yearly review of produce prices between the parties to keep up with industry rates.</p>
<p>The next hurdle which the farmers faced was finding capital to develop land and infrastructures.</p>
<p>MCBMPC estimated it needs PhP 600,000 (USD 12,244) to develop a hectare.</p>
<p>Stringent rules and high interest rates at the Land Bank of the Philippines, the government&#8217;s subsidiary bank, discouraged farmers to secure loans.</p>
<p>&#8220;There was no way we could repay such loans. It would be like getting stones to pound our heads,&#8221; Cagumbay said. The government bank&#8217;s scheme would only push them to foreclose their lands, he said, allowing landowners to get their lands back.</p>
<p><strong>Opportunity</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong>But opportunity came in May 2008 when Datu Ibrahim &#8220;Toto&#8221; Paglas III, a known businessman and former mayor of Datu Paglas town in Maguindanao lent the farmers&#8217; coop capital with interests lower than that of the LBP. It was agreed that the farmers would pay not in cash but through deductions from earnings of their banana produce.</p>
<p>Paglas, owner of the La Frutera banana plantation in Datu Paglas, died in August due to meningitis. In his life time, he earned respect for bridging Muslim-Christian relations and leading his family&#8217;s plantation business to give opportunities to former Moro rebels.</p>
<p>Cagumbay said his group owed a great deal to the late Muslim leader. &#8220;He even put his plantation on collateral just to lend us money and helped facilitate negotiations with the CUP,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>With enough capital for development, the farmers finally took full control of their land on September 16.</p>
<p>Each ARB and at least another dependent in the family &#8211; or a total of 400 farmers &#8211; now work in the plantation. Each earns PhP 255 (USD 5) daily and receives equal shares of the plantation&#8217;s income.</p>
<p>&#8220;There&#8217;s a big difference between our life before and now,&#8221; Cagumbay said. Before taking over their own land, farmers used to work on a very controlled environment, with the capitalists calling the shots on the usage and management of the land even if it was due to the farmers, plus they get majority of the profit, he said.</p>
<p>He also recalled that other family members were allowed only five and a half months to work in the plantation and were terminated once the contract expires.</p>
<p>&#8220;Now that we have finally taken full control of our lands, our families will never go hungry again,&#8221; Cagumbay said.</p>
<p>MFDC executive director Mark Amor says the growership scheme between the MCBMPC and the CUP is the &#8220;first and only arrangement&#8221; in the banana industry that benefits both farmers and corporate partners.</p>
<p>&#8220;Many were surprised that such arrangement between a big company and a cooperative is possible,&#8221; says Ed Bullecer, CUP senior vice president and chief executive officer of La Frutera.</p>
<p>Cagumbay also credits their success to their wives and children, who helped them continue their protest actions to claim their lands.</p>
<p><strong>Full control of lands</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong>But apart from ventures, farmers stood to benefit from taking full control of their land &#8211; from planting and harvesting to marketing their products without any participation of or partnership with corporate firms.</p>
<p>Actual transfer of ownership and control of the lands to the farmers is the main essence of CARP. DAR studies showed that given a piece of land and means to cultivate it, farmers are able to improve their quality of live because they are able to address their families&#8217; needs in food, education, health and shelter from their farm incomes.</p>
<p>In Barangay Mayo in Mati, Davao Oriental, 414 farmers now cultivate and manage their own farms, which used to be part of 616-hectare hacienda formerly owned by Davao Oriental second district representative Thelma Almario.</p>
<p>A cooperative also used to manage the land dedicated to cacao, hiring the farmers only as mere workers. But the inability of the arrangement to address the farmers&#8217; income needs compelled the farmers to assert for direct control of their lands.</p>
<p>&#8220;Full control of their lands harnesses the potentials of farmers in areas of production and management,&#8221; TFM databank officer Abelardo Nayal told the Philippine Human Rights Reporting Project.</p>
<p>The farmers&#8217; cooperative still provides support but only in marketing. Farmers now have a strong sense of ownership and responsibility because they are the ones planning and doing ways to increase productivity, Nayal said.</p>
<p><strong>Extending land reform</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong>While many farmers have taken control of their lands, many still remain landless and face opposition from influential landowners.</p>
<p>Whether they would get their own pieces of land will be shaped in the next months as the landlord-dominated Congress resumes deliberation on the law on January 19.</p>
<p>About 1.3 million hectares of land remain undistributed, comprised mostly of private agricultural lands still owned and controlled by elite families. They resist by filing legal cases against farmer beneficiaries and even the DAR before lower courts, pressuring the DAR to spare their lands, or simply hiring armed guards to intimidate or harass the farmers, TFM said.</p>
<p>About 700,000 hectares or more than half of the undistributed lands are in Mindanao, DAR records showed.</p>
<p>Of this figure, about 32,000 hectares are in Davao del Sur, according to DAR regional director Yusoph Mama.</p>
<p>Davao del Sur has a total land area of 366,614 hectares and almost 45,000 hectares are dedicated to plantations, records of the environment department showed.</p>
<p>With CARP now due to end in June 2009, the contention is both now whether to allow acquisition of new lands and decide if the law should be extended for at least another five years.</p>
<p>DAR itself has been calling for the extension the law. In a position paper signed by Secretary Nasser Pangandaman last month, DAR said CARP extension &#8220;is not only vital and urgent for the department to have a fresh mandate&#8221; but it will also &#8220;allow the incorporation of essential reforms on the existing agrarian reform laws to achieve the CARP&#8217;s stakeholders clamor for genuine reform.&#8221;</p>
<p>But the removal of the compulsory acquisition provision during the extension period is “virtual interment” of the program, said Albay Rep. Edcel Lagman, principal author of a bill extending CARP with land acquisition and distribution component until 2013.</p>
<p>The resolution indicates that DAR could not touch about 700,000 hectares placed under compulsory acquisition – more than half of the distribution balance – although they have already been covered for CARP.</p>
<p>For farmers and advocates, extending the social justice program is their only means to alleviate their families from hunger and poverty.</p>
<p>&#8220;Compulsory acquisition of lands is the essence of land reform. Without it, there will be no agrarian reform,&#8221; said Amor of MFDC.</p>
<p>For Cagumbay, extending CARP is a chance for other farmers to get their own lands.</p>
<p>Said TFM hunger striker Jose Rodito Angeles: &#8220;We appeal to the President and her husband to distribute the lands they promised to us. We need it to give life and future to our families.&#8221;</p>
<p>Angeles is a claimant to the 197-hectare Hacienda Grande in Barangay Robles, La Castellana in Negros Occidental, central Philippines, which is among five estates which the President promised to give to farmers for free in 2001 to set an &#8220;example by leadership.&#8221;</p>
<p>But the lands have not been distributed because of the reported refusal of the President&#8217;s husband to comply with DAR&#8217;s distribution requirements.</p>
<p><em>(The author is a freelance writer based in Davao. She is also a member of AKP Images, an independent photo agency. ) </em></p>
<p><em>*You can also read the story <a href="http://www.rightsreporting.net/index.php?option=com_content&#38;task=view&#38;id=1949&#38;Itemid=130">here.</a></em></p>
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