<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!-- generator="wordpress.com" -->
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>michel-foucault &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/michel-foucault/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "michel-foucault"</description>
	<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 05:37:31 +0000</pubDate>

	<generator>http://en.wordpress.com/tags/</generator>
	<language>en</language>

<item>
<title><![CDATA[Mektuplaşanlar]]></title>
<link>http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/mektuplasanlar/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 11:30:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Cengiz Erdem</dc:creator>
<guid>http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/mektuplasanlar/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Sevgili Psikiatristim, Uzun bir yolda yürümek mi, yoksa yolu sırtına alıp her şeyi, tüm olasılıklar]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong><em> </em></strong>Sevgili Psikiatristim,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Uzun bir yolda yürümek mi, yoksa yolu sırtına alıp her şeyi, tüm olasılıkları ve tüm olanaksızlıkları silmek mi irade sahibi olmak? Bu soru aklıma takılalıberidir uyuyamaz oldum. Uyumsuz da oldum üstelik. Sonu olduğu bilinen bir yolda yürümek ve işte bunu bir amaç edinmek. Amaç sona varmak mı, yoksa yolda yürümek mi? Aziz dostum Takamura Kootaro, “Benim önümde yol yok. Ben yürüdükçe arkamda yol oluşuyor” dememiş miydi? Nerde görülmüş sorulara sorularla yanıt bulunabileceği? Görülmüş işte; Doğru soruyu bilmiyoruz ki bulalım doğru cevabı. Hep sorular soruyor ve bu sorulara hep yenilerini ekliyoruz. Peki bulsak ne olacak yanıtı? Hiç. Sırtına almak yolu ve öyle durmak. Yol olmazsa yürünmez ya…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Yürünür aslında. Yolsuz da yürünür. Yolsuzluk kimilerinin mesleğidir hatta. Yol olmadığı halde yürürler onlar.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Umutsuzluğa kapılmak istemiyorum. Beni naklettikleri bu yeni açık hava tımarhanesi gerçekten çok güzel. Ve üstelik Carlo Cotarelli de her şeyin yoluna gireceğini söyledi. Burada çok mutluyum sevgili psikiatristim. Burası yazan, üreten, bütün gün okuyan filozoflarla ve sanatçılarla dolu. Bütün günümü kütüphanede geçiriyorum. Oradaki insanlarla iletişim kurmaktan çekiniyorum ama çünkü onlar her zaman meşgul ve ben de onları rahatsız etmek istemiyorum, bazen de yemek yemek istemiyorum.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dün bir örümcekle konuştum sevgili psikiatristim ben aslında bir artistim. Örümcek bana dedi ki: “Buradan kaçmanın yolunu biliyorum ben. Eğer kaçmak istersen tarif edebilirim sana.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ama ben kaçmak istemiyordum sevgili psikiatristim ve bu yüzden de ona şöyle dedim: “Neden kaçayım ki buradan? Burada her şey istediğim gibi. Bu ülkeyi seviyorum ben. Etrafta yazan, çizen okuyan insanları gördükçe kendimi bir rüyadaymış gibi hissediyorum. Onlar farkında olmasalar da bu ülke dünyanın en güzel ülkesi.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Örümcek: “Sen delisin!” dedi ve gitti.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Benim bir deli olduğumu nereden anlamıştı acaba?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/panopticon_layout1.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-125" title="panopticon_layout" src="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/panopticon_layout1.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="382" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sevgili Psikiatristim,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Bu gün sana çok önemli bir haberim var. Sabahleyin yolda yürürken yerde bir felsefe dergisi buldum. Adı şeydi sanırım, hah, SEDATİF ya da PROSPEKTÜS, öyle bir şeyler işte; hangisinin derginin adı olduğunu tam anlayamadım. Geçen gün de VALIUM adında bir edebiyat dergisi bulmuştum yemekhanede. Her neyse bu sabah bulduğum felsefe dergisinde ne yazıyordu biliyor musun? Yazıyordu ki, “yemeklerden sonra günde bir, duruma göre iki tablet”. Bu ne demek şimdi? Ben bunu şöyle yorumladım sevgili psikiatristim: Yemeklerden sonra gün bir gelirse, duruma göre iki tablet. Yani sanırım demek isteniyor ki eğer bir gün yemek stoklarımız tükenirse tablet şeklindeki bir maddeden günde iki adet yiyerek besleneceğiz. Gelecekte bu olacak yani sevgili psikiatristim… Yemek stoklarımız tükenecek ve biz de tabletlerle besleneceğiz.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ah! Ne güzel bir ülke burası, insan her gün yeni şeyler öğreniyor. Felsefeyle, edebiyatla, sanatla iç içe bir yaşam. Adeta içi çilekli bu yaşamın.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ama size sormak istiyorum sevgili psikiatristim; O örümcek benim bir deli olduğumu nereden anladı?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/goz4.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-120" title="GÖZ" src="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/goz4.jpg" alt="" width="234" height="95" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sevgili Psikiatristim,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"> Dün çok sevdiğim bir arkadaşım bana gelip yazdığı şiiri gösterdi ve elma kurtlarının sosyal yaşamı üzerine yazmakta olduğu kitabından bahsetti. Elma kurtlarının çok sosyal yaratıklar olduğunu ve onların dinine göre her hafta sonu birinin elmasında buluşup elma çayı içmek zorunda olduklarını biliyor muydunuz sevgili psikiatristim?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Herneyse, şimdi ben size bu arkadaşımın yazdığı şiiri okuyacağım sevgili psikiatristim:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“Öldürecekler beni! Öldürecekler beni!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Elmalarındaki kurdu öldürdüm diye öldürecekler beni.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dünyanın bütün elma kurtlarını toplayıp üstüme salacaklar.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Elma kurtları beni yiyecek bitirecek. Bütün elmalara ölüm…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Beni öldürecekler! Beni öldür!”<em></em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nasıl sevgili psikiatristim, beğendiniz mi dostum Pavlov’un şiirini?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">O örümcek meselesiyle ilgili yanıtınızı da bekliyorum hala… Gittikçe kafamı bozuyor o örümcek meselesi. Nerden bilebilir ki benim deli olduğumu? Kim söyledi acaba ona? Bana cenneti ne zaman göstereceksiniz sevgili psikiatristim? </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/invisiblesphere21.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-126" title="invisiblesphere2" src="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/invisiblesphere21.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="353" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Mektuplaşanlar-2</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sevgili John Donne,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ne kadar doğru bir laf etmişsin “her şey paramparça, tutarlılığın emaresi bile yok” demekle. Evet sevgili Con(sana kısaca Con diyebilirim herhalde, öyle değil mi sevgili Con?) seninle ilk konuşmamızla son konuşmamız arasındaki konuşmalardan birinde etmiştin bu lafı. O zamanlar oldukça doğru gelmişti bana bu laf, hala daha da öyle geliyor zaten. Ne var ki, geçen gün filozof arkadaşlarımdan biri bana senin bu dünyaca ünlü lafının aslında düşünülmeden söylenmiş bir laf olduğunu, zira her şeyin son derece tutarlı ve hatta durağanlık izlenimi verecek derecede bir bütünlük teşkil ettiğini söyledi. Bilemiyorum sevgili Con, yani mesela bu aralar kafamdaki düşünceler o kadar parça parça ki, neyin doğru neyin yanlış olduğunu bilemiyorum. Üstelik siyasi yaşamım da altüst olmuş vaziyette. Biliyorsun son seçimlerde “hayali ihracatçı” ve “beyaz kadın ticaretiyle uğraşan kimse” olduğumu ortaya çıkarıp beni yemişlerdi. Karım bile oy vermemişti bana. Oysa seninle ben ne kadar da umutluyduk gençken, öyle değil mi sevgili Con?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Eğer bugün hala daha hayattaysam bu senin sayendedir sevgili Con. Bana asıl işimin politikacılık değil ruh doktorluğu olduğunu hep sen hatırlattın. Bana yazdığın o “Sevgili Psikiatristim”le başlayan mektuplar inan ki benim için sandığından çok daha önemli ve sandığından çok daha büyük birer mutluluk kaynağıydılar. Seninle aramızdaki ilişki, gittikçe bir hasta doktor ilişkisinden çok, bir arkadaşlık ilişkisine dönüşmüştü. Zaten öyle olmasaydı ben hastaneden ayrılıp politikaya atıldıktan sonra yazışmaya devam eder miydik hiç?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Unutmadan söyleyeyim, bu aralar hayatımda bir kadın var sevgili Con. Senin kadınları sevmediğini biliyorum ama bunu görsen eminim sen de severdin. Nasıl ki sen diye tabir ettiğin o yerde mutlusun, ben de işte belki de en az senin kadar ve dünyanın bütün yürüyüşleri ve uzayabildiği kadar uzayan yolları kadar seviyorum onu ve o kadar mutluyum. Sana cenneti ben gösteremem sevgili Con. Ben kendi cennetimi kendim yaratırım, sen de kendin yaratacaksın kendi cennetini. Benim en ufak bir müdahalem cehenneme çevirir en derin cenneti bile… Zira bir başka dünyayım ben ve nedense hiç kucaklaşamaz farklı dünyalar.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dostun Takamuro’nun, önünde yol olmadığını, o yürüdükçe yolun arkasında oluştuğunu söylemesinden daha öteye söz yok sanırım özgürlüğün ne mene bir şey olduğu üzerine söylenebilecek. Önümde bir yol göremiyorum artık. Yoksa, yoksa sevgili Con, gerçekten de umudun tükendiği yerde mi başlar asıl yürüyüş?  Asıl o zaman mı gerçekten irade sahibi oluruz? Ancak önümüzde bir yol olmazsa mı çizebiliriz yürüyeceğimiz yolu?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Evet sevgili Con, kendi yazgımızı yazmanın tek yolu öncelikle bizim yürümemiz için çizilmiş olduğu iddia edilen yolları silmektir yeryüzünden. Umut tükenmeden ne ümit edebilmenin değerini anlayabiliriz, ne de kendimiz olmayı başarabiliriz.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Paramparça etmişler insanların hayatlarını. Çizilen yolun dışında yürümek yasak. Bir adım, bir adım daha ama hep ince bir ayarla önceden belirlenmiş nereye basacağımız. “Yolun biraz dışına çıkarsan, dünyadan düşersin!” iddia bu, tehdit bu! Ama ben dünyadan düşmeyi yeğlerim dünyada düşkün bir yaratık olarak yaşamaktansa… Öyle dünyaya fırlatılmış bir yaratık olmak istemiyorum ben. Kendi ayaklarım üzerinde durmak ve attığım her adımın sorumlusu olmak istiyorum.  Yürüyüşümün benim kontrolüm altında olmasını istiyorum. Gözlerim kapalıyken özgür olmak değil benim istediğim; gözlerim açıkken ve önümü görebildiğim halde özgür olmak istiyorum ben. Ben yürüyüşüme bindiğimde kendi istediğim yönde ilerlemek arzusundayım sevgili Con.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dostun Takamuro Kootaro da öyleydi, sen de öylesin değil mi sevgili Con?!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"> <a href="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/cropped-goz3.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-116" title="cropped-goz3.jpg" src="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/cropped-goz3.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="239" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Mektuplaşanlar-3</strong> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sevgili Psikiatristim,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dün akşam bir aşk daha yenildi hayata; bir dünya daha yıkıldı. Derslerde neyi öğretmeye çalışıyorlardı bizlere? İki nokta arsındaki en kısa mesafenin düz bir çizgi olduğunu mu? Yoksa bir üçgenin üç kenarı olduğunu mu? Sonucun nedenden önce gelemeyeceğini mi yoksa? Yoksa ışığın suya girerken kaç derecelik bir açıyla kırıldığını mı? Peki neden bize üç nokta arasındaki en kısa mesafenin bir üçgen olabileceğini <strong><em>düşünmeyi öğretmediler</em></strong> hiç?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Olasılıklardan korkmamakta fayda var. Neden bizim prizmanın odak noktasının, o tam merkezdeki noktanın önemi üzerine <strong>düşünmemize izin vermiyorlar? Ne sakıncası olabilir ki bunun?</strong> Derinliklere dalmamızdan korkuyorlar da ondan. Bir örümcek ağı gibidir kitle; her an dağılabilir. Ama dağılmazsa da çok sağlam bir ağdır, sinekleri o tutar. Devlet, işte bu ağdan çıkan bir örümcektir. O ağın yakaladığı sineklerle beslenir devlet. Yakalamayın bakalım sinek minek, kalır mı örümcek mörümcek. Sizsiniz devleti de devletin iktidarını da besleyen. Prizma gibidir işte bu sistem. Ağa benzer <strong>prizma.</strong> Nasıl ki ağ dağılırsa örümcek ölür, işte prizma da dağılırsa özünü kaybeder ve odak noktası yok olur.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sayenizde bir aşk daha yenildi dünyaya, ben bir adım gerideydim hep, bir dünya daha dayadı başını hayatın omzuna, bir hayat daha yıkıldı dünyanın aşkına&#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sessizlikten bile öğrenilecek çok şey vardır sevgili psikiatristim. Duymak suretiyle algılamak, anlamak, kulaklarla düşünmek veya düşüncenin kulak yoluyla gerçekleşmesi, yaşadığının ne olduğunu anlamak; yokuş aşağı tırmanmanın tadına varmak; deforme olmak belki; belki aç kalmak; belki bir dünya da bu gece atacak hayatın ayaklarını omzuna. Belki sonra dünya misyonere yatacak. Belki de biz sadece tüm bunları bir anahtar deliğinden izleyen <strong>röntgenciler </strong>olacağız. Ama kimse bilmeyecek; bir tek <strong>o</strong> görecek. Bir tek <strong>o</strong> görecek çünkü o bizim içimizdeki odak noktası olacak ve biz sadece basit birer çizgi olacağız… Kırık bir prizmadan yayılan <strong>ışık </strong>huzmeleri olacağız… Ama birleştiğimiz bir yer mutlaka olacak; prizmanın tam ortası; <strong>kaynağımız…</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Birer ışık huzmesi olduğunu düşünürsek insanların ve bu ışık huzmelerinin uzayda dağılarak ilerlediğini var sayarsak, birleşme noktalarının aslında çıkış noktalarından, yani kaynaklarından, köklerinden başka bir yer olamayacağını görürüz bu insanların<strong>. Birleşebilmek ve o özlenen bütünlüğü yaratabilmek için insanların özlerine dönmeleri gerekiyor yani.</strong> Kültürün önemi de işte bu noktada ortaya çıkıyor zaten. Gerek yerel, gerekse evrensel kültürün birleştiriciliği, kültür dediğimiz şeyin insanların özüne dayanıyor olmasından doğar. Her şeyi gören ve sorunları çözen de işte o ortak göz olacaktır; prizmanın odak noktası. Tek gözün görebildiği farklı vizyonlar. Tek gözün barındırdığı milyonlarca bakış açısı işte…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Oysa onlar derslerde neleri öğretmeye çalışıyorlardı bizlere? Bana sormayın; hiç hatırlamıyorum… Ben o günleri görmedim ama bu günleri görüyorum. Ben gene de size iki öneri sunayım: <strong>Üçgen mi olsun istersiniz hayatınız, prizma mı? </strong>Ben gene de teşekkür edeyim size: Siz bana daha öğreneceğiniz çok şey olduğunu öğrettiniz sevgili psikiatristim. Teşekkür ederim size.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ürettiniz, beslediniz beni, ben bir sinektim ve şimdi <strong>devlet</strong> karşımda, kara bir örümcek ve beni yemeye geliyor.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hayatla dünya aşkı da aralarına alıp <strong>prizmanın odağı</strong> oldular bu arada. Onların zevki de insanlık yeryüzünden tamamen silinince daha da kalkacak şaha ve dönüşecek bir hazza, bir başka prizmaya… Odağında aşkın, hayatın ve dünyanın çocukları…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">İki nokta arasındaki <strong>düz çizgi</strong> aslında o<strong> iki nokta</strong> arasındaki en uzun mesafeymiş, zira o noktalar arasında gidip geliyormuşuz biz asırlardır ve bunun da bir anlamı yokmuş. Mühim olan o iki noktayı gerçekten anlamlı kılmak ve hayata kazandırabilmekmiş… Çizgi ne kadar eğri, mesafe ne kadar uzun olursa olsunmuş… Mühim olan anlamlı yaşamakmış.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Benim kazancım yenilgimdir, yenilgimse kazancım…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Zira ben yaşamımın iki nokta arasında gidip gelmekten ibaret olmasını değil, anlamlı bir <strong>yolculuk </strong>olmasını istiyorum. Ne dersin sevgili psikiatristim, haksız mıyım? Onlar sınıfı geçerse kazanan ben olmaz mıyım?!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Mektuplaşanlar-4</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sevgili Con,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“Cezasız kalmamalı hiç bir suç ve tedavi edilmeden bir köşeye atılmamalı hiç bir hasta” derdin sen hep. Senin demek istediğini anladığımı sanmıştım o zamanlar. Meğerse ne kadar da yanılmışım; işte şimdi de bunu anladım. Senin için hasta ile suçlunun aynı şey demek olduğunu sanmıştım ben. Ve senin hastalığını bir suç olarak gördüğünü düşünüyordum. Günlerce seni aslında hiç olmayan bir <strong>“kendini suçlu ve aşağılık hissetme”</strong> sorunundan kurtarma yönünde yürütmüştüm tedaviyi. Şimdi anlıyorum ki aslında sen tımarhaneye tıkılmanı bir ceza olarak görüyor ve bu cezanın da tedavi edilmek olduğunu düşünüyordun. <strong><em>Ah!</em></strong> Ne kadar da yanılmışım senin hakkında. Seni hasta olduğun için bir suçlu gibi görmek gafletine düştüğüm için kendimden utanıyorum şimdi. Asıl hastanın kim olduğunu biliyorum ama artık. Sen normal insanları gördükçe üzüntüden anormalleşiyordun ve ben senin üstüne geldikçe şiddetle kaçıyordun benden ve tedaviden. Çünkü sen biliyordun gerçek anormallerin kimler olduğunu…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Normalleştirme, tedavi etme adı altında o insanlardan insanlıklarını aldığımızı ve onları bu hale getirenin aslında sistemin birer kuklası olan bizler olduğunu biliyordun sen. Bu yüzden içeri atılmıştın zaten. <strong>Hapse atacaklardı seni</strong>, ama çıktığında daha da hırçınlaşacağını bildikleri için tımarhaneye attılar. Evet, ben de şimdi anlıyorum değişmesi gerekenin aslında insanları fark ettirmeden çıldırtan bu sistemin olduğunu.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Senin <strong>cezan tedavi edilmekti</strong> ve sen işte suçsuz olduğunu bildiğin için bu cezayı çekmeyi, tedavi edilmeyi şiddetle reddediyordun.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sadece yapacak başka bir şeyin olmadığı için direnmiyordun sen sevgili Con. Bir insanlık suçunu cezalandırıyordun da aynı zamanda. Zamanda ve mekânda <strong>yalnızdın</strong>; bu dünyada yoktu adeta sana ait hiç bir şey… Ve ben sevgili Con son derece bencildim. Kıskanıyordum çünkü seni ve benden üstün olduğunu bildiğim için cezalandırıyordum seni. Sen bendin sevgili Con, ben de sen…<strong><em></em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Unutmak istiyorum o günleri ve bunun için de kendimi iç dünyama hapsettim. Şimdi bir tek sen varsın iletişim halinde olduğum. Çünkü hissediyorum ki senin için de aynı şey geçerli. Zira sen bensin sevgili Con, ben de sen…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Uzaklara yürüyoruz biz aslında. Buradan çok uzaklara. Kendi gerçeklerimizi yaratıp, kendi gerçekliğimizde özgürce yaşayabileceğimiz bir uzama doğru yürüyoruz; yol yok ama önümüzde…Yürüyoruz biz arkamızda bir yol ve bir sürü ayak izi bırakarak; bu mektupları bırakarak…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hangi dili konuştuğumuzu bir tek biz biliyoruz. Bir tek biz duyabiliyoruz çünkü gerçek hastaların çığlıklarını ve bir tek biz biliyoruz onların nasıl tedavi edileceğini… Evet sevgili Con, biz tedavi edebiliriz onları… Cezalandırarak değil ama, cezalandırmadan&#8230; Hastalıkları onların suçu değil çünkü…<strong> Hastalıkları insanlığın cezası</strong>. Hastalıkları insan olmanın ne demek olduğunu bilmeksizin insan olmaya çalışmak çünkü… Biz öğrendik mi peki insan olmanın ne demek olduğunu? İşte orası muamma. Boşver sevgili Con, ne dediğimi bilmiyorum ben. Öyle konuşuyorum işte. Ben de insanım neticede. Biliyorsun Tanrı kafa veriyor insanlara, ama o kafa orda öyle duruyor… Boşuna dememiş tabii ekselansları, “ortalık yerde tütün içenin tez kellesi vurula!” diye…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Biliyorsun ben Tanrı’ları pek severim sevgili Con, ama onlar da ölüyorlar…Arkalarında yarım kalmış suçlar ve cezalar bırakarak…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Çekilmez oldu bu hayat. Kendimi dine mi versem ne?!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ben ne istediğimi bilmiyorum sevgili Con. Sanırım kimlik bunalımı kronikleşti bende. En ufak bir anlam zerreciği barındırmasa da istedikleri oldu. Umarım mutlu mutlu ölmektedirler şimdi o kemikleşmiş zihniyetler…Suçlarına suçlar ekleyerek ve cezalarını çekerek…Elma yemek suçtu, cezası dünyaya fırlatılmaktı. Biz dünyaya fırlatıldık, hala daha elma yiyoruz… Ama suç değil artık elma yemek; ceza…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Tanrı adına senden <strong>özür dilerim</strong> sevgili Con; suçun “normal” olmamakmış, cezansa insan olmak…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Tabii ben şimdi burada bunun ahlaki ve siyasal yanlarını tartışmıyorum. Kimim ki ben?!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Keşke kral olsaydım da ülkedeki bütün elma ağaçlarını kestirseydim. Bazı kellelerin yerlerinden edilmesi kuvvetle muhtemeldir sevgili psikiatristim.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Bundan böyle ben de sana psikiatristim diyebilir miyim sevgili Con?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Mektuplaşanlar-5</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"> Sevgili Psikiatristim,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sen nereden bileceksin ki bana nelere mal olduğunu tedavi adı altında bana yaptıklarının. Tabii ben şimdi burada bunun ahlaki ve siyasal yanlarını tartışmıyorum. Kimim ki ben?!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Keşke kral olsaydım da ülkedeki bütün elma ağaçlarını kestirseydim. Bazı kellelerin yerlerinden edilmesi kuvvetle muhtemeldir sevgili psikiatristim.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Çıplak bir gerçeklik ve doğal bir güzellik insana pahalıya patlar ama değil mi? Güzelliği buldun mu bırakmayacaksın; sahiplenmeden ama… Bütün dünya benimdir sevgili psikiatristim, sahibi ben değilim ama&#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Evet sevgili psikiatristim, sana katılıyorum; insan olmak insanların suçu değildi. İnsan olmak insanların cezasıydı. Yaşamakta olan her insan pişmandır aslında. Zira doğmuş olmaktır suç ve yaşıyor olmak da çekilen ceza&#8230; Bunu herkes bilir ve bu yüzden de doğduğuna pişmandır herkes. Hâlbuki ne güzel olurdu değil mi gerçeği kaldırabilecek güce sahip olsaydık; korkmasaydık gerçeklerden ve kendimize itiraf edebilseydik aslında asla özgür olmak istemediğimizi?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hangi devirdeyiz şimdi biliyor musun sevgili psikiatristim? Herkesin maske takmakta olduğuna üzülme devrinde değil, maskenin ardındaki yüzün nasıl bir yüz olduğu üzerine kafa yorma devrinde değil, maskenin ardındaki yüzün aslında maskenin ta kendisi olduğunu anlamak zorunda olduğumuz ve maske yüzümüzden düştüğü anda yok edileceğimiz bir devirdeyiz. Bağırsaklarımızın görüntüsü çirkindir, ama tenimiz güzeldir ve tenimiz bağırsaklarımızın çirkinliğini saklar; öyle değil mi sevgili psikiatristim? Maskenin yüzü sakladığı değil, yüzün maskeyi, maskenin de yüzü şekillendirdiği gerçeğini kabullenme devrindeyiz, çünkü biliyorsun ki eğer bir maske yüze uymuyor ve oturmuyorsa düşer. Bir insan güzel bir maske takmaktadır belki, belki de çirkin… Ama o maske ne derece gerçektir? Belki de asıl yüzünden bile daha gerçektir o insanın maskesi… Belki de gerçek dediğimiz şey dipsiz bir kuyunun dipsizliğidir… Belki de bu yüzden asla uzlaşamaz insanlar ve hep didişirler birbirleriyle; hepsinin de farklıdır çünkü gerçek bellediği…Ve belki de işte bu yüzden ulaşılmazdır ideal ütopyalar… Gerçek ve güzeldirler de ondan…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sen bana diyebilir misin ki bedelsiz güzellik vardır dünyada? İnsan olmak güzeldir bence ve bedeli de insan olmaktır bu güzelliğin. Dünya güzeldir ve ölmek istemeyiz hiçbirimiz ama sen de biliyorsun ki bir gün yok olacağı için güzeldir dünya…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Kapat gözlerini ve özgür olmaya devam et istersen. Ama eğer bir gün gözlerini açmaya karar verirsen karşında beni göreceksin ve ben gene de elimi uzatacağım sana. Maskelerimizle de olsa bütünleşeceğiz ve el ele yürüyeceğiz önümüzde yol olmaksızın. Devam et sen maskeni takmaya, savaşmak için değil ama… Mastürbasyon, evet, mastürbasyon! Hayat bile bir mastürbasyondan ibarettir zaten… Ama ben kendimi tatmin ederken başkalarını da tatmin edebiliyorsam eğer, onun adı mastürbasyon değil, üretim ve paylaşımdır&#8230; İnsanlık bunun fiziksel veya cinsel yanına kısaca sex diyor sevgili psikiatristim. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Duraksamadan yürümek nasip olmuyor ne yazık ki insanlara sevgili psikiatristim. Kimi zamanlarda insanlar üzerlerinden bir yük kalktığını hissederler ya, ve işte hep karanlık bir odadaki beyaz bir koltukta gözlerini kapatıp hayal kurarlarken olur ya bu; işte tüm yanılsamalarının ve geçmişte yaptıkları tüm hataların pişmanlık anıdır o anlar… Ve onlar isteseler de istemeseler de hayatlarının geriye kalan zamanlarında geçmişe dair her şeyin, tüm yaşadıklarının boşa geçirilmiş zamanlar ve yaşanmışlıklar olduğunu fark ederler. İşte bunun ağırlığıdır aslında gözlerini açtıklarında üzerlerine binen… Ve ışığı açtıklarında odanın aslında orda olmadığını, beyaz koltuğunsa aslında kara bir koltuk olduğunu anlarlar. Ve yapacak başka bir şeyleri olmadığı için gidip o kara koltuğa otururlar. Gerçekle kucaklaşmışlardır istemeye istemeye olsa da&#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Her şey sürekli değişiyor sevgili psikiatristim. Bir zamanlar sadece bendim hasta, şimdi işte sen de benim gibi bir hasta&#8230;  Maske gerekiyorsa parçalanmamak için, aşkolsun takmayana!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Benim ülkemde yer var sana…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Kaldırabilecek misin özgürlüğü, yoksa tedavi edilmek mi istiyorsun hala?!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sen işte asıl onu söyle bana!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"> <a href="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/panopticon2_jan-03.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-127" title="Panopticon2_Jan-03" src="http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/panopticon2_jan-03.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="718" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Mektuplaşanlar-6</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sevgili Con,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Eskiden delirenler bana gelirlerdi ama artık gelmiyorlar; öyle deli deli yaşamaya devam ediyorlar. Geçmişte merak edilenler ve bu merak sayesinde ulaşılan bilgiler iki dünya savaşına engel olamadı ne yazık ki. İki dünya savaşı ve sadece ikincisinde 55 milyon ölü. İşte bu delirtti insanları. Bu muydu medeniyet?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Yıkılan hayaller ve sadece gözlerimizi kapadığımızda yıkılan duvarlar…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dikenli teller, ah o dikenli teller… Gül dikeni değil ki bu, katlanasın da sevesin.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Şeffaf bir perdenin ardındaki bir manzaraya dokunmaya çalışmak gibidir anlamaya çalışmak. Kara bir perdenin ardındakilerin görünürlüğü ve anlaşılırlığı ne kadar az ise, işte o kadar artar anlama hevesi. Meraktır bilginin temeli. Ve insanın başına ne gelirse biliyor olmaktan, bilmekten gelir. Bilgi işte bu yüzden delirticidir.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Neden deli diye tımarhaneye tıkmışlardı Niçe’yi? Kırbaçlanan atların boynuna sarılıp ağladığı ve “Dayan! Dayanmalısın!” diye haykırdığı için…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Bir saniye, bir saniye daha biniyor sırtıma; ben bir esirim ve tüm yapmak istediklerim aslında zincire vurulmuş hislerim…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Söylenecek ne kaldı ki sevgili Con? Tüm yaptıklarım mecburiyetten, isteklerim ve hislerim zindanlarda. Hislerimin cesetleri savrulmuş parça parça Akdeniz’e. Bildiklerim diri diri duruyor karşılarında ve o yüzden ben bir zindanda…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">İliklerime işledi yalnızlık. Bu hücrede, evet bu boş hücrede…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sen kendi hücrende sevgili Con, ben kendiminkinde… Sana hasta diyorlar, bana suçlu… İkimiz de ceza çekiyoruz… Ben bildiklerimi ve aslında herkesin bilip de söyleyemediklerini söylediğim için, sense benim bildiklerimin nedenini bildiğin  ve varlığınla onları rencide ettiğin, onların gerçeklerini yıktığın için.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">İkimizin de özgürüz sevgili Con. Dışarıda olanları görmememiz ve insanları uyarmamamız için içerdeyiz. Çünkü onlar da biliyor sevgili Con; biz onların kölesi olmayacak, onların çizdiği yolda yürümeyecek kadar, kendi yolumuzu bile çizmeden sadece öyle arkamızda derin izler bırakarak yürüyebilecek kadar özgürüz. Onlar hayatı ne sanıyor ki de insanları yargılamak hakkını görüyorlar kendilerinde? Onlar değil mi asıl yargılanması gerekenler? Yaptıklarından dolayı değil ama, yapmadıklarından dolayı. Bu sistem çökecek sevgili Con ve onu içeriden kendi kendileri çökertecek.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">İrademizi yok etmişlerdi, şimdi de yaşamlarımızı kendi tekellerine almaya çalışıyorlar. Bana ait olan bir yaşamı nasıl tıkabilirler hücreye? Ben geçmişteki siyasi yaşamım boyunca yaptığım hataları kabullendim ve kendimden nefret ettim. Bu sistemin insanı dürüst olmaktan menettiğini gördüm. Bu sistemin insanları bir örümceğin sinekleri yutması gibi yuttuğunu gördüm. Sinekleri yedikçe şişen örümceğin bir gün patlayacağını biliyorum ama… Ve o gün geldiğinde ortalık sinek cesetleriyle dolacak ve leş gibi kokacak. Beni de yiyecek örümcek, şimdilik bu ağların içine attı beni; kıpırdayamıyorum yerimden. Beni de yiyecek. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ama gün gelecek çıkacağım bu hücreden sevgili Con ve gerçek mücadele de işte o zaman başlayacak, zira o zaman ne bir yol olacak önümüzde yürüyecek, ne de biraz umut kalacak içimizde bizi istediklerimizi yapmaktan alıkoyacak!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Yolun açık olsun sevgili Con… Kimsenin izinden gitme, bırak sen yürüdükçe izler seni takip etsin. Ben bunu yaptım; ben bu yüzden içerdeyim. Yürüyeceğim yollar, bırakacağım izler vardı benim oysa daha.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ben içerdeyim, ama dışarıda kaldı aklım da, gönlüm de…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Senin de kaldı, dostun Takamuro Kootaro’nun da, öyle değil mi sevgili John Donne?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“Benim ülkemde yer var sana” dedin bana…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“Kaldırabilecek misin özgürlüğü, yoksa tedavi edilmek mi istiyorsun hala?!”diye sordun.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Söyle! Tüm bu sorduklarının yanıtını bildiğini ve aklının da gönlünün de hücrenin dışında kaldığını söyle! Zindanlarda bile açacak bir yasemin olduğunu…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Birazcık adalet istediğini, sadece adalet istediğini söyle sevgili dostum Con!</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">                                                                           Kadim dostun ve eski psikiatristin,</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">Michel Foucault.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Saviano e la «potenza vitale della scrittura», di Andrea Sartori]]></title>
<link>http://lapoesiaelospirito.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/saviano-e-la-%c2%abpotenza-vitale-della-scrittura%c2%bb-di-andrea-sartori/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 07:00:03 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>andrea1sartori</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lapoesiaelospirito.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/saviano-e-la-%c2%abpotenza-vitale-della-scrittura%c2%bb-di-andrea-sartori/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I. Un nuovo libro? In questi mesi è stato più volte rimarcato come il secondo libro di Roberto Savia]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://lapoesiaelospirito.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/roberto-saviano.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-27087" title="roberto saviano" src="http://lapoesiaelospirito.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/roberto-saviano.jpg" alt="" width="89" height="123" /></a></p>
<p>I. <em>Un nuovo libro?</em> In questi mesi è stato più volte rimarcato come il secondo libro di Roberto Saviano – <em>La bellezza e l’inferno</em>, Milano, Mondadori, 2009 – non sia un vero e proprio libro inedito, caratterizzato da una sua organicità testuale, da un’identità compatta e riconoscibile, ma una raccolta di interventi già apparsi altrove, quasi si volesse classificare come disdicevole l’operazione editoriale in sé, alla base della pubblicazione. Se tuttavia prendessimo sul serio il pensiero espresso da Saviano nell’introduzione – «Questo libro va ai miei lettori. A chi ha reso possibile che Gomorra diventasse un testo pericoloso per certi poteri che hanno bisogno di silenzio e ombra» – ci troveremmo condotti a riflettere su una responsabilità: quella consistente nel ricambiare il gesto di scrittura dell’autore con un’attività di lettura, di appropriazione, che non renda affatto <em>La bellezza e l’inferno </em>un prodotto neutrale ed inoffensivo, ovvero schiacciato, quanto al suo significato, su delle onnipresenti logiche di consumo. Saviano scrive, e con ottimi risultati, rendendosi refrattario all’incasellamento in un genere, ma egli sembra anche dirci che c’è modo e modo di leggere. L’autore, infatti, mette in conto di porci nel «pericolo di leggere», ovvero in un pericolo analogo a quello in cui egli incorre scrivendo. Qual è dunque una logica probabile, o un senso possibile, di un testo come questo, che mette a disposizione quanto è già passato nei <em>media</em>?<!--more--> Una risposta risiede forse nel lavoro interpretativo unitario che il lettore può praticare su dei contenuti eterogenei, se non d’occasione, benché esposti in maniera tale da rivelare di volta in volta un’insospettata centralità. Un lavoro agevolato dal fatto che i differenti interventi sono ora raccolti in una singola opera, e sono quindi suscettibili d’essere messi a confronto e in relazione gli uni con gli altri, anche in maniera analitica.</p>
<p>II. <em>Dall’io a tutti</em>. Due dati preliminari balzano agli occhi, e segnano non tanto uno scarto, quanto un approfondimento rispetto all’esordio che ognuno ricorda. Innanzitutto l’autore parla decisamente in prima persona, senza preoccuparsi, come a tratti ancora accadeva in Gomorra, di dare uno spessore romanzesco e filtrato ad un io narrante. Non ci sono tante storie (anche nel senso del <em>plot</em> narrativo): chi parla è lo stesso Saviano che scrive per resistere alle minacce e alle calunnie, per provare a pensare ad un futuro, per «non disperare», per «esistere». In secondo luogo, i temi toccati includono e trascendono le vicende della camorra, e riguardano le esemplarità di alcune vite individuali e il senso della lotta, la cosiddetta economia non criminale e la guerra, le potenzialità e i limiti del sistema mediatico, la letteratura e l’arte nel loro rapporto con la verità e il potere. Dalle cose – la violenza, la sopraffazione, lo sfruttamento, ma anche la bellezza, la fiducia, la speranza – alle parole – le riflessioni sul ruolo critico dell’espressività umana, e della scrittura in particolare – lo sforzo di Saviano appare coeso, e compone, senza cadere nelle banalità risapute di certo <em>engagement</em> di facciata, la rinnovata immagine di <em>una vita</em> intellettuale impegnata nella varietà delle sue forme. Io e mondo, in altri termini, si tengono insieme sul filo dell’esperienza, ed è quest’ultima, pervicacemente inseguita dall’autore, a restituire una dimensione dello scrivere come <em>apertura</em>, anzi, come «uscire»: dalla gabbia di un’esistenza minacciata, ma anche dal «cinismo» e dal «distacco» di quel lavoro culturale e mediatico, che si incaglia nello <em>status quo</em>, nella tautologia rassegnata secondo la quale «se si ha bisogno di mostrare che tutti sono sporchi (…), allora qualsiasi cosa vale un’altra, tutto è lecito e possibile». Così facendo, tuttavia, l’io sulla scena del libro è consapevole di non essere più il portatore di una vita idiosincratica, ma di avere assunto, anche suo malgrado – secondo una paradossalità delle intenzioni su cui già una volta Truman Capote si era pronunciato – una caratura politico-sociale. Il folgorante accoglimento di <em>Gomorra</em>, scrive Saviano, ha testimoniato «che la mia vicenda era divenuta la vicenda di tutti, perché lo erano divenute le mie parole». Laddove un’esistenza individuale, con il suo portato di contingenza e particolarità, s’incrocia significativamente con un tratto di storia che parla anche ad altri, diviene possibile una trasposizione della voce propria nella voce altrui, come in altre circostanze accadde secondo Saviano a Miriam Makeba, morta a Castel Volturno dopo il suo ultimo concerto nei pressi di quella Soweto d’Italia, che è il mostro immobiliare della speculazione nostrana, il Villaggio Coppola: «Miriam Makeba è morta in Africa».</p>
<p>III. <em>Contro il misticismo mediatico</em>. Pur sapendo d’essere divenuto un simbolo – per l’opinione pubblica e i mezzi di comunicazione ed informazione – Roberto Saviano lavora sull’esattezza della conoscenza («La conoscenza è essenziale, la <em>conditio sine qua non </em>per conquistarsi il diritto al racconto»), e sul simbolismo della speranza, senza cercare l’immersione redentrice e fusionale nell’immagine di lui che i <em>media</em> inevitabilmente alimentano. Egli sta di certo nei <em>media</em> – avendo così una vita pubblica che schizofrenicamente compensa l’assenza di un’intimità sotto scorta – ma ha anche ben presente la necessità di salvaguardare la dimensione più profonda della propria individualità. Le sue paure sono le paure di un io concreto e vivo, non i timori artefatti e sofisticati di un intellettuale garantito da un sistema che incondizionatamente lo sorregge. Sono queste paure ad individuarlo come Roberto Saviano: come un uomo pervaso da un retto senso dell’onore, al punto da temere non tanto la morte, quanto «che riescano a diffamarmi, a distruggere la mia credibilità, a infangare ciò per cui mi sono speso e ho pagato», analogamente a quanto successe, tra gli altri, a don Peppino Diana, «prete ammazzato e infamato dal giorno dopo la sua morte». Di più: Saviano sa anche che il narcisismo legato alla contemplazione della propria immagine in televisione comporterebbe il pericoloso baratto del personaggio reale che egli è, con l’essere «troppo “personaggio”», ovvero la fine del suo io individuale, il non essere più «ciò che ho voluto essere». Come un agente infiltrato nei meccanismi della criminalità organizzata, Saviano deve sempre tenere a mente chi è, per non perdersi nel labirinto di menzogne sul quale intende fare luce. Questo è infatti il talento di un narratore di razza come William Trevor Vollman, per il quale l’arte è «riuscire a trasformarsi senza confondersi, esserci nelle situazioni più diverse pur restando uguale a se stessi». I <em>media</em>, d’altra parte, costituendo anch’essi un potere, danno voce indifferentemente alla lode e al biasimo, all’elevazione e allo stillicidio dei propri idoli, alla stregua di un destino a cui non si sfugge, simile a quello che sembra legare la camorra ad una terra, ad un Paese, ad un’economia, in cui tuttavia è dato preservare l’autonomia di una condotta critica e pugnace, di una misura del carattere: «nessuno sceglie il suo destino. Però può sempre scegliere la maniera in cui starci dentro». Questa maniera è ciò a cui Saviano si affida per evitare la mistica distorta di un’esistenza virtualizzata, ed essa traspare anche nella sensazione urticante che lo scrittore prova sul palco di Cannes, alla premiazione del film tratto da <em>Gomorra</em> («“che ci faccio qui?” oppure “che c’entro io con tutto questo?”»). Paradigmatica, quanto al rapporto con il diritto e con i <em>mass-media</em>, è stata secondo lo scrittore la condotta di Beppino Englaro. Una condotta tragica in senso stretto, che ha racchiuso in sé i caratteri antinomici di Creonte e di Antigone (della ragione di stato e dell’amore famigliare), e che si è concretizzata nel combattere «all’interno delle istituzioni e con le istituzioni», senza tuttavia voler «vincere con la forza del ricatto dell’immagine».</p>
<p>IV. <em>L’eco di un’insurrezione armoniosa</em>. È Albert Camus a suggerire il titolo del libro, allorché ne <em>L’uomo in rivolta </em>racconta di un tenente tedesco imprigionato in Siberia, che prestava orecchio ad una melodia che <em>egli solo </em>poteva udire, quasi essa, scrive Camus, fosse l’«eco di un’insurrezione armoniosa», il muto risuonare di «misteriose melodie e immagini crudeli della bellezza fuggita», nel cuore stesso dell’«inferno» in cui erano state «gettate». Non v’è esperienza più crudele dell’inferno, non v’è esperienza che più dell’inferno richieda all’uomo lo sforzo di una comprensione e di un gesto. Saviano intende agire però su uno specifico riquadro della relazione io-mondo in cui s’inscrive l’esperire: «mi concentro su quel che per me rimane l’esperienza più importante. La letteratura e il potere, la scrittura che diviene pericolo solo grazie a ciò che di più pericoloso esiste: il lettore (…). Nelle democrazie non è la parola in sé che fa paura ai poteri, ma quella che riesce a sfondare il muro del silenzio». La parola come rivolta, la parola accolta ed alimentata come armonia che insorge, diventano così il fulcro di un’etica della scrittura che riluce grazie al proprio valore estetico, non rinunciando all’apparentamento tra bellezza e giustizia. La letteratura può allora essere una critica capace di incidere sulla società, se mette a tema senza tentennamenti e ritrosie l’orrore del potere ovunque esso si annidi e si cristallizzi. Le democrazie secondo Saviano – che su questo punto fondamentale pare dare alla sua analisi un’impostazione foucaultiana – non sono affatto estranee all’istituzionalizzazione di un ordine del discorso in cui domini l’esclusiva ed escludente logica del potere. Anche laddove non vige la censura, infatti, «ciò che ne prende le veci è la disattenzione, l’indifferenza, il rumore di fondo del fiume di informazioni che scorrono senza avere la capacità di incidere». Potremmo dire, in altre parole, che in una democrazia come quella italiana, l’indifferenza civile e la narcosi mediatica sono le perverse forme “istituzionali” assunte da quel dispositivo di potere che è l’omertà camorristica. Che cosa può fare – deve fare – la letteratura, da questo punto di vista? Dire la verità. Per dirla, tuttavia, e perché essa venga espressa come critica dell’esistente, occorre che ci sia qualcuno disposto a pronunciarla. L’esemplarità delle esistenze individuali di cui Saviano scrive nella sezione intitolata «Uomini», ma di cui riferisce anche altrove (si pensi ad esempio a Gustaw Herling, Varlam Šalamov e ad Anna Politkovskja) sono altrettante figure di dicitori di verità, sia che essa riguardi la verità civile, politica, sociale, giornalistica, investigativa (Joe Pistone – a cui si ispira la figura cinematografica dall’agente sotto copertura Donnie Brasco – Giancarlo Siani, Enzo Biagi, Beppino Englaro, Felicia Bartolotta, madre di Peppino Impastato), sia che riguardi la verità delle risorse e dei talenti dell’essere umano in quanto tale (come nei casi del musicista Michael Petrucciani, del calciatore Lionel Messi e del pugile di Marcianise Clemente Russo). In entrambe le situazioni la verità, come la bellezza, è ciò a cui, nelle viscere dell’inferno, alcuni individui in rivolta non hanno potuto fare a meno di prestare attenzione.</p>
<p>V. <em>Parlar chiaro</em>. Nel mondo letterario antico e poi nei testi patristici, scriveva Michel Foucault, esiste dai tempi di Euripide (V sec. a. C.) la parola <em>parresia</em>, per indicare il <em>parlare chiaro</em>. Nel successivo periodo greco-romano, ad esempio in Plutarco e in Luciano, compare per derivazione il termine <em>parresiastes</em>, che denota colui che utilizza la <em>parresia</em>, cioè chi dice la verità. <em>Parresiastes</em> è ciascuna delle figure esemplari evocata da Saviano, poiché il suo dire la verità condivide con l’antecedente antico due tratti caratterizzanti: il correre un pericolo e l’esercitare una critica (M. Foucault, <em>Discorso e verità nella Grecia antica</em>, Roma, Donzelli, 1996, pp. 3-8). Decisivo è che il <em>parresiastes </em>sia «sempre meno potente della persona con cui sta parlando», poiché in caso contrario la sua parola non potrebbe essere accolta come <em>critica del potere</em>. La <em>parresia</em>, secondo Foucault, è così «un requisito del discorso pubblico», e «si esercita dunque tra cittadini in quanto individui, ed anche tra cittadini costituiti in assemblea. Anzi, è l’<em>agora</em> il luogo in cui la <em>parresia</em> più propriamente si manifesta» (<em>ivi</em>, p. 11). La <em>Bellezza e l’inferno </em>è un testo <em>parresiastico</em>, e non può essere compreso prescindendo dal contesto politico-civile italiano a cui è indirizzato, ovvero da un’idea di democrazia in cui deve vigere l’uguale diritto di parola. Esperienze democratiche ed autenticamente partecipate, esperienze di una vera democrazia possibile, divengono però in Italia soprattutto quelle del «teatro civile», il quale riesce talvolta a colmare il vuoto di verità lasciato proprio dalla politica: «Nei teatri ci si è incontrati dopo la catastrofe di tangentopoli, nei teatri si va ad ascoltare chi non può parlare in altri posti (…). Il paradosso che trova soluzione è che proprio il teatro, che è in assoluto il luogo della menzogna, della rappresentazione della finzione, divenga il luogo della verità possibile. Delle verità, quindi». Il teatro come compensazione della disertata <em>agora</em> nazionale; il teatro come «luogo che interrompe la solitudine», laddove «una verità detta in solitudine non è altro che una condanna in molta parte di questo Paese».</p>
<p>VI. <em>Critica ed exemplum</em>. La descrizione del vero che in <em>Gomorra</em> pareva serrare a maglie strette ogni spazio di emancipazione dall’ingiustizia e dal dolore, rinvia qui esplicitamente ad un senso pieno dell’essere umano, ad una fioritura potenziale della significatività umana, che trovano espressione nella “categoria” del <em>bello</em>, oltre che in quelle del diritto, e quindi della legalità, tanto più da difendere quanto più entrambe vengono di fatto revocate in dubbio. Il bello, al di fuori d’ogni retorica dottrinale, è il lato sensibile del vero, ciò che può ancora motivare gli individui a praticare uno scarto tra la forza d’uno stato di cose che sembra imporsi con la propria cieca ed inalterabile necessità, e la forza ideale d’un <em>altrimenti</em>, d’una promessa di felicità e libertà che configuri quello stato di cose diversamente. Situandosi nella medietà tra l’inferno in cui scorrono le cose, e il regno incontaminato delle idee, il bello di certe vite “finite” conferisce attrattiva e senso agli esempi narrati da Saviano: la bellezza che essi irradiano, accresce la consapevolezza cognitiva delle circostanze in cui determinate vicende d’ingiustizia si svolgono, ambendo allo stesso tempo a smuovere la coscienza di chi legge, a motivare all’indignazione. Il gesto artistico e di scrittura non si limita pertanto ad essere un fatto estetico, ma assume una specifica legalità in ambito civile, morale ed etico, incardinando, personificando, le ragioni di una critica rivolta all’esistente, nell’esemplarità contingente di una moltitudine di condotte esistenziali, che sovente rimangono non dette proprio da quella parola che s’immerge inconsapevole nel fluire della comunicazione, e si attiene ai <em>diktat</em> d’un apparato mediatico che punta alla smemoratezza, all’assenza di riflessione. «Nell’<em>exemplum</em>», scrive Paolo Costa (<em>Esemplarità e dovere</em>, in <em>La società degli individui</em>, 6, 1999/3, p. 79), «la realtà come è e come dovrebbe essere trova un punto di conciliazione insperato e inaspettato». «La cosa affascinante degli <em>exempla</em>», prosegue Costa, «è che essi continuano ad esistere anche quando dubitiamo della loro stessa possibilità; ci sorprendono come eventi inattesi che fanno segno a delle possibilità che magari non riusciamo più a rappresentarci, a difendere argomentativamente» (<em>ivi</em>, p. 82). Laddove la nostra capacità di argomentazione è sfiancata, o non riesce a farsi udire, la letteratura, al pari dell’opera d’arte, innesca quella che Costa chiama la «<em>passione per il bello</em>» (<em>ivi</em>, p. 80), il cui esserci, il cui resistere, è «alla base della forza dell’esemplarità» (<em>ibidem</em>). Una forza, tuttavia, nient’affatto unilateralmente irrazionale o privilegio esclusivo d’un individuo dotato di carisma, ma all’opposto in grado di riattivare dei potenziali sopiti o abbattuti di critica e di ragione, nella misura in cui riconosce la propria appartenenza ad una sfera pubblica, oggettiva, “di parola”, in cui la difesa del diritto, non meno dell’esercizio del linguaggio, è la strada maestra per la lotta alla prepotenza, alla brutalità, al crimine organizzato. Saviano, d’altra parte, non ha mai cessato d’essere “uomo del diritto”, ed è fuori luogo imputargli alcuna speculazione in merito al carisma e all’aura che gli sono stati attribuiti, e con cui deve piuttosto fare i conti. Alle spalle di questa valorizzazione dell’<em>exemplum</em> quale sorgente di un dovere, di una normatività, di un punto di vista critico incarnati in esistenze suscettibili d’essere imitate creativamente, v’è un retroterra filosofico – mai tematico ne <em>La bellezza e l’inferno</em> – che risale all’indagine kantiana intorno al bello e alla teoria del giudizio riflettente esposta nella <em>Critica del giudizio</em>, e più tardi rivisitata da Hannah Arendt nelle sue <em>Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy </em>(trad. it. <em>Teoria del giudizio politico. Lezioni sulla filosofia politica di Kant</em>, Genova, Il Nuovo Melangolo, 2005). Se il termine <em>critica</em> significa, dall’etimo greco, <em>krinein</em>, ovvero <em>distinguere</em>, <em>giudicare</em>, nel senso di <em>rovistare dentro</em>, di <em>andare a vedere nel dettaglio</em>, la postura del giudizio assunta da Saviano rinvia ad un giudizio sulla realtà sociale che non si limita ad essere «determinante» in senso kantiano. Alla forza deontologica della legalità, della normatività della legge, consistente nel determinare una realtà particolare sussumendola al di sotto delle categorie del diritto valide universalmente (ovvero in modo indifferenziato ed asettico), Saviano affianca il lavoro dello scrittore, la forza che scaturisce dalla narrazione di identità esemplari. Come nel giudizio riflettente kantiano, infatti, una vita singolare diviene portatrice, in virtù d’una sua legalità interna, immanente, in nessun modo ipostatizzata come un’entità metafisica, d’un messaggio che trascende la particolarità storica dell’individualità narrata. Le storie di «Uomini» che Saviano ci racconta, e che a torto alcuni ritengono solo edificanti, sviluppano esattamente agli occhi di tutti – in una dimensione partecipata, “sentita” – quella che Georg Simmel, sulla scia della sua reinterpretazione dell’ideale regolativo kantiano e con gusto per il paradosso, avrebbe chiamato «universalità soggettiva», o «legge individuale» (G. Simmel, <em>La legge individuale e altri saggi</em>, Parma, Pratiche, 1995). L’universalità concreta e situata dell’<em>exemplum</em>, dunque, incorpora una valenza critico-sociale, nella misura in cui porta alla luce dei «distillati di significatività umana» (P. Costa), che per il lettore sono sia vincolanti in senso morale, sia oggetto d’esperienza estetica, al di là di quegli steccati che proprio Kant per primo intese ergere tra ragione pratica e percezione artistica. Tra la realtà dell’inferno e la promessa di felicità racchiusa nell’armonia della bellezza, gli esempi svolgono un ruolo terzo, analogo, scrive Alessandro Ferrara, a quello di alcuni «atomi di riconciliazione in cui “essere” e “dover essere” si fondono, e come effetto, liberano un’energia che attiva la nostra immaginazione» (A. Ferrara, <em>La forza dell’esempio. Il paradigma del giudizio</em>, Milano, Feltrinelli, 2008, p. 11). La filosofia, come sostiene Ferrara, ha però innanzitutto e per lo più compreso l’approccio esemplarista alla normatività e alla critica come una ricostruzione del giudizio sotto le spoglie di «una capacità esercitata quasi esclusivamente nel foro interno» (<em>ivi</em>, p. 12. Si veda il caso di Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ma prima ancora di S. Agostino). La letteratura nelle mani di Saviano si trasforma invece senza troppe mediazioni e filosofemi in una parola, in una critica, in un appello che risuonano in chi legge, divenendo proprie di quest’ultimo, per creare, soprattutto nelle società democratiche a cui si rivolgono, quella «rabbia della fratellanza» che pare espunta dal lessico delle democrazie stesse, tutto incentrato sugli ideali (per altro disattesi) di libertà ed eguaglianza. Nominare la camorra – tanto con i nomi dei suoi esponenti, da Michele Zagaria ad Antonio Iovine, quanto delle sue vittime – assume allora il significato di fissare uno dei volti del male in modo che non ne vada persa la cognizione <em>pubblica</em>, nella quale possa attecchire e trovare ascolto la forza narrativa delle vite esemplari. Se in un mutamento è dato sperare – e Saviano nel suo libro mostra di sapere bene che la camorra è solo uno degli i<em>dentikit</em> dell’inferno – esso può appunto avvalersi della significatività dell’<em>exemplum</em>. «L’esemplarità di <em>ciò che è come dovrebbe essere</em>», sostiene Ferrara, «rende in larga parte conto dei mutamenti che nel corso del tempo interessano il nostro mondo, della nascita di nuovi modelli e dell’aprirsi di nuovi sentieri», dotandoci di un senso possibile «del nostro potenziale trasformativo» (<em>ivi</em>, p. 19). Condannata a narrare gli eventi già accaduti, la letteratura è impotente, ma è in altro senso <em>potere</em> dell’<em>anthropos</em>, allorché esempla secondo verità ciò che è stato, tramandandone memoria in funzione del domani tramite la capacità di giudizio. Per quest’ultima, scrive Saviano riprendendo il russo Victor Serge, «la verità, nonostante tutto, esiste».</p>
<p>VII. <em>Democrazia e verità</em>. Mentre la letteratura post-moderna si balocca con il gradito incubo della latitanza della verità, gli incubi di Saviano sono di ben altra natura, e riguardano tutt’altro tipo di latitanze. Tra il 2 maggio e il 16 settembre 2008, la camorra uccide sedici persone, perpetrando una strage a seguito della quale «qualsiasi Paese democratico (…) avrebbe vacillato». In Italia, invece, è la stessa criminalità organizzata ad agire dotandosi d’un sistema organizzativo aziendale, da multinazionale dello spaccio e del reinvestimento di capitali. Alle spalle dei venditori al dettaglio, vi sono i <em>broker</em> del «petrolio bianco», e scopo delle entità criminose è dare vita a delle solide <em>joint venture </em>transnazionali. Intanto i cittadini hanno l’opzione di votare i politici di queste <em>joint venture</em>, i quali «riescono, come dichiarano i pentiti, ad arrivare alle più alte cariche istituzionali», con l’obiettivo di favorire operazioni di risciacquatura di denaro soprattutto in ambito edilizio ed immobiliare. La «ferocia borghese» delle organizzazioni italiane è tale da sconvolgere perfino un uomo come l’ex infiltrato Joe Pistone, abituato a misurarsi con <em>gangster</em> americani che si atteggiano a <em>gangster</em>, non con esponenti delle professioni mimetizzati nella società civile. La domanda che Saviano rivolge agli abitanti della sua terra è retorica: «Siete fieri di vivere nel territorio con i più grandi centri commerciali del mondo e insieme uno dei più alti tassi di povertà?». Nella democrazia italiana il potere criminale segue strade che rendono ingenuo pensare che il bene e il male siano circoscrivibili in zone geografiche separate, in sistemi di produzione distinti: «Alitalia sarà in crisi», scriveva Saviano nel settembre 2008, «ma a Grazzanise, in un territorio marcio di camorra, si sta per costruire il più grande aeroporto italiano, il più vasto del Mediterraneo». In queste condizioni – «non c’è riparo», «non esiste nessun ambito protetto» – dire la verità e documentare la bellezza (volgendo l’occhio ai «bisogni primari», come fanno le immagini sociali di quel «maestro di metodo» che è stato il regista Vittorio De Seta), divengono gesti per nulla scontati, eppure l’unica alternativa ad «abituarsi che non ci sia null’altro da fare che rassegnarsi, arrangiarsi o andare via». In Italia, ci dice Saviano, esiste un problema di verità, dunque di conoscenza, e questa sembra essere la radice dell’imperfezione democratica nel nostro Paese. D’altra parte, allo stato attuale non sarebbe possibile scorgere con nitore un brano di verità e dire: <em>ecco, la verità si trova laggiù in fondo, la verità è quella, apprestiamoci a raggiungerla</em>. Le cose sono molto più complicate. La verità non si mostra a colpo d’occhio, e lascia per lo più delle <em>tracce</em> sul nostro cammino civile, che tuttavia non costituiscono dei segni inequivocabili. «Come valutare lo stato della verità in Italia? Lo stato della possibilità di dirla, di rintracciarla?». Come isolare la positività singolare del vero, in un Paese dove «non ci sarà più confine, posto che ce ne sia ancora uno, tra economia legale e illegale», dove è inane «decidere di chiedere uno straordinario senza venire licenziati, decidere di aprire un negozio senza doversi orientare automaticamente su determinate forniture», o dove, ancora, la «camorra imprenditrice» specula economicamente sulle ricostruzioni post-sismiche? La democrazia in Italia non dice la verità, e rende quest’ultima un compito, anziché un presupposto. Un compito è regolamentare il meccanismo della cessione di appalti e sub-appalti per il controllo dello smaltimento dei rifiuti, dei trasporti, della movimentazione della terra; un compito è analizzare caso per caso il «sistema dei consorzi» privato-pubblico, che «rappresenta il sistema ideale per aggirare tutti i meccanismi di controllo». Se il vero diviene una questione che intreccia aspetti cognitivi, morali ed estetici, la letteratura è legittimata a chiedersi «dove possono essere racimolate le storie che ce ne tracciano i contorni», senza potersi attendere delle risposte semplificate. Saviano non minimizza la difficoltà dei problemi che affronta, né la sua presunta popolarità scaturisce dalla riduzione della complessità dei contenuti che egli comunica. Quello in direzione della verità è essenzialmente un lavoro congetturale, che non si esaurisce facendo i nomi dei <em>boss </em>latitanti. Saviano ha un’idea di scrittura e di letteratura più articolata della preliminare e pur necessaria registrazione di cronaca, un’idea all’altezza dell’odierno cortocircuito tra verità e democrazia.</p>
<p>VIII. <em>La narrazione a due dimensioni</em>. La premessa di Saviano è identica a quella di chi cede alla rassegnazione e al cinismo, ma la reazione, come quella di tanti altri, è differente, poiché non si appiattisce sulla sua premessa: «conosco un Paese dove la vita di ciascuno sconta l’assenza di principi primi». È una tale assenza a rendere tortuoso il percorso che separa la verità dalla menzogna, la bellezza dall’inferno. Da scrittore, Roberto Saviano nota che l’incomunicabilità tra Nord e Sud e la focalizzazione dell’attenzione pubblica sulla politica come ginepraio di opinioni interessate ed egoistiche, fanno sì che il Paese sia un luogo «dove tutto possiede un’unica dimensione del racconto». Ovvero la dimensione dell’identico e della sua infinita ripetizione, in cui l’unico imperativo sensato è quello dell’autoconservazione (degli interessi di casta e di partito, delle rendite derivanti da commerci poco o punto puliti). La letteratura, in quanto originariamente scrittura, è un gesto fisico e corporeo, quasi pugilistico, e come il pugilato ha però una radice epica, «perché si fonda su regole della carne che pongono l’uomo di fronte alle sue possibilità». La letteratura, dunque, può sviluppare una narrazione che tenga conto sia della dimensione del possibile, dell’apertura del significato, della prospettiva, sia dell’ancoramento di queste nella realtà di fatto, nel dato. Da tale punto di vista, la narrazione può e deve attenersi ad una concezione realistica (giornalistica) ed insieme prospettica, nella quale gli elementi postivi della realtà sono indagati alla luce del loro slittare gli uni sugli altri, gli uni contro gli altri, in assenza di uno o più principi primi che rendano intelligibili a senso unico questi spostamenti. La letteratura – come voleva il metodo foucaultiano d’investigazione storica – è <em>archeologia</em> (del dato, del reperto) e insieme <em>genealogia </em>(dei movimenti, delle traslitterazioni di significato, dei sistemi di accettazione di quel dato). Enzo Biagi, sostiene Saviano, è stato il guardiano del faro della democrazia in Italia, proprio perché ha personificato un’attitudine archeologica che ha consentito «di raccontare l’Italia attraverso la chiarezza del dato». Permanendo nel giornalismo, è però la figura giovane e fragile di Giancarlo Siani, ad essersi fatta carico sino all’esito estremo, cioè con il sacrificio della vita, di un’idea del giornalismo d’inchiesta come decifrazione delle traiettorie di potere, che ad un tempo costituiscono, stratificano e sgretolano i dati di realtà. «Il suo», scrive Saviano, «era un giornalismo fondato sull’analisi della camorra come fenomenologia di potere e non come fenomeno criminale. In tal senso la congettura, l’ipotesi, divenivano nei suoi articoli strumenti per comprendere gli intrecci tra camorra, imprenditoria e politica», e ciò gli evitava di «arenasi sul mero dato di cronaca». La letteratura può dunque trarre il proprio metodo dal giornalismo d’inchiesta – un genere che in Italia va rilanciato – dal momento che questo, senza nutrire ingenui sogni di palingenesi, intende vedere prospetticamente oltre il <em>caos </em>della cortina dei singoli fenomeni criminali. E la prospettiva è quella poco incoraggiante della commistione tra mercati legali ed illegali, come ha sostenuto il generale Gaetano Maruccia, comandante provinciale dei carabinieri di Napoli, di cui Saviano riporta le parole: «È fondamentale comprendere come il mercato legale sia non soltanto infiltrato dai capitali generati dalla coca, ma fortemente determinato da questi capitali». Il crimine non è solo crimine, e comprenderlo, giudicarlo, criticarlo, ma anche combatterlo fattivamente, significa comprendere, giudicare e criticare, ma anche contrastare, delle ben più ampie e trasversali linee di potere. Queste ultime sono i vettori di forza che attraversano i contesti di camorra anche internazionali descritti da Saviano già in <em>Gomorra</em>. L’innovazione nel parlare di criminalità organizzata non risiede solo, come ha sostenuto Goffredo Fofi (<em>La vocazione minoritaria. Intervista sulle minoranze</em>, a cura di O. Pivetta, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2009) in un ammodernamento del linguaggio, ma anche nel cogliere il contesto in cui si colloca l’oggetto d’analisi, un contesto in cui non è possibile praticare una cesura netta tra i buoni e i cattivi. L’orizzonte della crisi, o se vogliamo della tragedia, è già acquisito, non è facile pensarne uno diverso, ma in esso possono ancora sprigionarsi delle energie inedite. La letteratura contemporanea in senso stretto, non solo il giornalismo, offre degli esempi di narrazione a due dimensioni, in cui una di esse è la conoscenza ripartita del fatto, l’altra il respiro, la ricostruzione <em>ex post facto</em>, «la nottola di Hegel che giunge tardi», per la quale l’occhio «che si coinvolge e si camuffa per comprendere», «non riuscirà mai a essere fino in fondo ciò che vuole conoscere. E quindi lo racconta». Nella saga de <em>La camicia di ghiaccio</em>, Vollmann narrativizza, rende mitico sottoforma di romanzo, il materiale storico ed etnografico che documenta il millennio di storia d’America che precede la colonizzazione europea. Il mito è qui, per Saviano, il collante che monta come in un prodotto cinematografico i dati della storia. Vollmann «si fa interprete dei dati che raccoglie», non tanto per scrivere «un romanzo storico, quanto piuttosto un racconto epico, dove la trasformazione delle vicende di uomini singoli in vicende mitiche è la cifra centrale della sua letteratura». Le sue complesse genealogie sono dovute all’impossibilità di ricondurre il materiale trattato ad un solo principio, ed anche di separare nettamente realtà e invenzione, come se la verità si collocasse al riparo dall’immaginazione: «c’è il dato, ma capace di trascendersi in mito, che non è la negazione della storia, ma la sua sublimazione in novella storica, racconto, parola letteraria». Per comprendere il presente, Vollmann si volge alle sue «tracce», e ricerca «come un archeologo le sedimentazioni del passato, lì dove l’uomo rimane identico, nella brama di potere, nel sangue, nella conquista». Il potere è sì una costante, ma non è mai uguale a se stesso, cambia continuamente volto. La narrazione, con il suo afflato mitico ed epico, mette di conseguenza in movimento e in relazione le differenti tracce, le diverse sedimentazioni, saldandole nel racconto che dà profondità prospettica a ciò che apparirebbe inalterato dalla notte dei tempi: l’uguale violenza, l’uguale rancore. Anche il reporter-scrittore  Michael Herr, con i suoi <em>Dispacci</em> sulla guerra in Vietnam, effettua un’operazione analoga, da cui hanno tratto ispirazione per le loro ricostruzioni epiche registi come Francis Ford Coppola e Stanley Kubrick. Nei <em>Dispacci</em>, la sintassi della narrazione restituisce una verità, che si compone di un lessico in cui rientrano «le sensazioni, i dati, le percezioni, le interviste, la partecipazione alla battaglia, il vomito, l’allegria, il cinismo, la crudeltà, l’euforia, la dannazione». Un intreccio di geometria del reale e di barocchismo della visione, che è l’opposto della riduzione delle vicende narrate a «budino mass-mediale» (M. Herr). C’è modo è modo, infatti, di accogliere la commistione di bene e di male. Il lato epico della letteratura, come per altre vie il giornalismo d’inchiesta, dà visione e profondità laddove sembra distendersi a perdita d’occhio un unico labirinto soffocante. La narrazione a due dimensioni è costellata di esemplarità del carattere, di maniere peculiari di stare nel proprio destino: con essa, «la storia diviene epica, i fatti raccontati divengono fondativi di un immaginario e di una cosmogonia di valori». Una cosmogonia, tuttavia, che è da reperire, come voleva Hölderlin riguardo alla salvezza, proprio là dove sorge il pericolo, nella decadenza che si incide sulla carne prima che nelle menti. A partire da questa soglia di confronto con il male, la letteratura può ancora fare paura, perché in tal modo parla al «cuore, allo stomaco, alla testa dei lettori», che per Saviano sono i veri alleati dello scrittore (posto che sappiano responsabilmente vedere oltre le immagini <em>glam</em> dei vari <em>Scarface </em>e <em>Il Padrino</em>). I meri dati di fatto non bastano, la cronaca che resta cronaca non fa un buon servizio neppure alla cronaca: «ciò che fa paura anche al potere criminale, è proprio la letteratura quando non racconta solo dei dati di fatto che lo riguardano, ma trasforma quelle vicende in storia della condizione umana». La letteratura è critica della società, allorché sconta un’inevitabile <em>parzialità </em>rispetto alle sorti dell’essere umano, di cui gli <em>exempla</em> sono imperfette narrazioni catalizzanti, imprecise immagini della bellezza, dal momento che quella letteraria è una verità «che è nella parola, non nella persona». Saviano non ha tuttavia mai scritto un vero e proprio romanzo, né un vero e proprio saggio: il <em>suo</em> oggetto narrativo, benché dotato di orizzontalità e verticalità, è ancora da determinare, ammesso che questo sia l’importante, proprio perché un saggio o un romanzo lineare non avrebbero dato così fastidio (al potere criminale innanzitutto).</p>
<p>IX. <em>L’esercizio del dubbio e la carne</em>. Con la sua parzialità, le sue slabbrature, il suo vitalismo anche esasperato, con la paradossalità del senso di colpa di chi non può scendere direttamente in campo e contrastare il potere non limitandosi all’utilizzo della parola, la scrittura di Saviano in <em>La bellezza e l’inferno </em>è un laboratorio del dubbio critico, del congetturare che non rinuncia al <em>pathos</em> radicale della verità (schematizzando, Alessandro Bellan ha sostenuto che <em>Gomorra</em> era invece un esempio di lettura del reale attraverso la lente interpretativa della <em>reificazione</em>, quale categoria per nulla desueta di imprigionamento dell’umano). Proprio dove i principi primi mancano, ecco che lì si avverte la necessità del loro darsi. In questo Saviano sembra rivivere dentro di sé il dramma ebraico della diaspora, testimoniato da Isaac Bashevis Singer nel suo <em>Satana a Goray</em>, che lo scrittore napoletano ripercorre sinteticamente così: «È nell’irrealizzata possibilità di una terra, nell’impossibilità ad avere una costituzione e un patriottismo, è nell’assenza del diritto che nasce la domanda sul proprio esserci». Rispetto alla sua terra d’origine e all’Italia, lo scrittore si sente fuori luogo, perché il suo punto di vista critico ha difficoltà ad assestarsi da qualche parte nella geografia d’un Paese che pur si ritiene democratico. Uwe Johnson (1934-1984), fuggito nel 1959 dalla DDR in cui si formò, con le sue <em>Congetture su Jakob </em>diede vita ad «un testo singolarissimo, che impose un nuovo modello di scrittura», e che ben rende l’idea di uno scrivere “migrante” – tra i generi, tra i temi, tra i reperti narrativi – quale quello dello stesso Saviano. La storia di Jakob si basa «su un avvicendarsi d’ipotesi, indagini, ricordi, descrizioni, memorie, che nel loro procedere costituiscono la vicenda del testo, l’epoca dei fatti, senza però ricorrere a una narrazione lineare». Qui «tutto può essere vero o verosimile», sebbene in diverso grado, e si articola in una “trama” fatta dei «tasselli ricomponibili» della «memoria, del ricordo, delle parole dette e trasentite». Anche gli incompiuti <em>Jahrestage</em> di Johnson seguono la medesima logica non unidimensionale, e mettono capo ad «una scrittura reale ma non realistica, pronta a inventare la realtà senza però tradire la storia», quasi in essa si potesse spalancare improvvisamente ed accidentalmente una benjaminiana <em>Jetzeit</em>, un tempo-ora in cui confluisce il passato, capace di ridare significatività all’agire umano. Sulla questione del realismo, pare che Saviano abbia meditato anche qui intorno a quanto Wu Ming 1 chiosa in <em>New Italian Epic 2.0</em>, riferendosi all’e<em>xploit</em> di Gomorra: «un nuovo approccio epico può cambiare la natura del “realismo”». Il paradosso della scrittura e del suo rapporto con la verità, è da Saviano vissuto fino in fondo: essa deve essere «capace di dare senso e giustizia a una realtà confusa e ingiusta, ma che non riuscirà mai a sostituirsi alla vita». La vicinanza intuitiva ad alcune posizioni della teoria critica francofortese è sempre più palese: «Rifacendoci a un pensiero di Theodor Adorno si potrebbe dire che Johnson incanala la vita dei suoi personaggi nel flusso delle “forze che si liberano nella decadenza”». Il potere, in altri termini, va conosciuto per essere affrontato, e la sua conoscenza esatta e motivante in direzione di un altrimenti, si condensa in una letteratura che è archeologia e genealogia del potere, senza però cedere al vezzo dell’estetismo tipico di molte prove del post-moderno, né all’illusione di cogliere in un sol colpo la totalità del reale o l’incontrovertibilità di un principio primo. Qui è ancora Adorno a tornare utile, e a dare la misura della <em>tensione al realismo </em>in Saviano: «la realtà, come realtà intera, si presenta al conoscere unicamente in modo oppositivo, perciò la speranza di ottenere una realtà giusta e corretta offre solo frammenti e rovine» (Th. W. Adorno, <em>L’attualità della filosofia. Tesi all’origine del pensiero critico</em>, Milano, Mimesis, 2009, p. 37). La direzione seguita da Saviano è quella di libri come <em>Se questo è un uomo </em>di Primo Levi, di «libri che non sono testimonianze, reportage, non sono dimostrazioni» (di una verità precostituita), «ma portano il lettore nel loro stesso territorio, permettono di essere carne nella carne. In qualche modo questa è la differenza reale tra ciò che è cronaca e ciò che è letteratura». Quel che spiazza, nello scrivere di Saviano, al di là della disputa sul realismo, è il modo in cui egli lega in un gesto letterario unitario, il dubbio critico e la «carne nella carne», la scepsi relativa ad una verità tradita da quella democrazia che dovrebbe essere il luogo eletto della verità (perlomeno giuridica), e il bisogno somatico, mimetico, viscerale, di certezza, bellezza, giustizia. Un bisogno che si concretizza in una critica, avrebbe detto Foucault, che «esiste solo in relazione con qualcosa di diverso da se stessa: essa è strumento, mezzo per un avvenire o una verità che non conoscerà e che non sarà; essa è sguardo su un campo in cui intende mettere ordine <em>senza poter dettare legge</em>» (M. Foucault, <em>Illuminismo e critica</em>, Roma, Donzelli, 1997, p. 35). «La forza della letteratura», ci dice Saviano, «continua a essere questa sua incapacità di ridursi a una dimensione, di essere soltanto una cosa, sia essa notizia, informazione o sensazione, piacere, emozione». «La potenza vitale della scrittura», in altri termini, consiste nell’essere uno «strumento ingovernabile e capace di forzare ogni maglia possibile». In questa rivolta, che secondo le parole di Foucault è una rivolta contro l’essere <em>eccessivamente</em> governati, o contro l’«essere governati così, in una maniera specifica», «in questo modo» (<em>ivi</em>, p. 71 e p. 37), non c’è alcun impulso anarchico fondamentale, né per il francese archeologo dei saperi, né tantomeno per Saviano, bensì «indocilità ragionata» (<em>ivi</em>, p. 40), vero marchio di fabbrica di una critica illuministica, che in Saviano è informata dalla bellezza (quest’ultimo aspetto è forse il vero tratto differenziante rispetto alla precedente letteratura sulla mafia, incluso Leonardo Sciascia e il cinema di Francesco Rosi. La differenza non sta cioè in un presunto congedo da una critica di stampo illuministico in quanto tale).</p>
<p>X. <em>L’ineffabile bugiardo</em>. Ferdinando Imposimato ha definito «ineffabile bugiardo» il <em>premier </em>Silvio Berlusconi (<em>Un attacco continuo alla Costituzione</em>, in <em>Il Ponte</em>, 65, 2009/4, pp. 5-8), e ciò la dice lunga riguardo il problema di verità caratterizzante l’Italia, in cui il diritto è fondato sulla Costituzione scaturita dall’Assemblea Costituente post-bellica (quella stessa Costituzione che il <em>premier </em>alternativamente sostiene di difendere e allo stesso tempo di voler cambiare, in quanto risente <em>ab origine</em>, secondo lui, dell’influenza del comunismo sovietico). Il tentativo di riforma costituzionale è in questo caso palesemente il tentativo di mettere il premier al riparo dai suoi guai giudiziari, ed è sorprendente che Saviano non faccia il nome del Presidente del Consiglio nel proprio libro. La sorpresa va tuttavia minimizzata per due motivi. Saviano plausibilmente teme che vengano attenuate le misure di sicurezza a salvaguardia della sua persona, soprattutto dopo le dichiarazioni, queste sì davvero sorprendenti, del capo della squadra mobile di Napoli, Vittorio Pisani. In secondo luogo, Saviano è recentemente uscito dal suo silenzio sul <em>premier</em> cercando un dialogo, ovvero promuovendo un appello per il ritiro della norma sul cosiddetto processo breve, che farebbe cadere in prescrizione «reati gravissimi, in particolare quelli dei colletti bianchi», i quali rendono opaco lo sconfinamento dei meccanismi dell’economia illegale nell’economia legale. La pratica politica della de-penalizzazione di certi reati, d’altra parte, finisce per toccare nel profondo il quadro esposto da Saviano, e per investire non solo il problema della normatività e del diritto nel Paese, ma l’antropologia stessa dell’individuo, del soggetto che chiede verità e giustizia (i casi a cui si attaglia la diagnosi di Pasolini sulla «mutazione antropologica» non si sono ancora esauriti, purtroppo). Togliendo l’imputabilità dei reati economici, si crea di fatto una pericolosa e delicatissima scollatura nella continuità tra azione e responsabilità, soggetto che agisce ed effetto delle azioni. Cosa accadrebbe se nelle relazioni di scambio di cui vive la sfera economica, si facesse piazza pulita del concetto di responsabilità? Con il venir meno della responsabilità attribuibile agli individui, questi non si sentirebbero più in dovere di aderire al vero, e non sarebbero motivati ad una condotta regolata dal diritto. Con ciò verrebbe meno un elemento centrale nella continuità della vita delle persone, le quali sono tali anche perché responsabilmente vincolate le une alle altre nella società. Nel vicolo cieco a cui porta la de-penalizzazione dei reati economici, non vanno a finire le ideologie, già tramontate da un pezzo, ma gli individui stessi, con la loro capacità di immaginarsi un futuro migliore e di lavorare per esso con responsabilità. Molte delle norme proposte da questo governo, non costituiscono affatto i presupposti per dei buoni <em>exempla</em>.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[İşin İçindeki Bit Yeniklerinin Hikmeti]]></title>
<link>http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/panopticon/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 18:01:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Cengiz Erdem</dc:creator>
<guid>http://panopticomania.wordpress.com/2009/11/27/panopticon/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[İşin içindeki bit yeniklerini saymaktan bitap düştüğüm günlerdi. Ölümün tek çözüm olduğu düşüncesini]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">İşin içindeki bit yeniklerini saymaktan bitap düştüğüm günlerdi. Ölümün tek çözüm olduğu düşüncesini gün geçtikçe daha da benimsiyor ve bu vesileyle de intihara meyilli bir kişiliği bir elbise misali her sabah üstüme geçiriyor her akşam üstümden çıkarıyordum. Ölümümü erteliyordum ama&#8230; Yavaş bir ölümün kölesi olarak geçirdiğim günlerin sonu gelmek bilmiyor, ben ölüme övgüler düzen yazılar neşreyledikçe ölüm bana hiç yabancı gelmemeye başlıyordu. Ölmeye ölümü düşünerek başlamış, ölümümü ölüm düşüncesini en uç noktasına kadar taşıyarak hayatıma geçirmeyi marifet beller hale gelmiştim. Bu vesileyele kapı her çalındığında gelenin ölüm olduğunu düşünerek neşe içerisinde, o kadar neşe içerisinde ki neşe doğru kelime olmaktan çok uzak içinde bulunduğum hissiyatı tanımlamaya, öyle ki adeta salakça bir sevinçti benimki, şöyle ki: Yaşasın, ölüm geldi kapıma dayandı, geberiyoruk artık, ne ölümü beklemek var bundan sonra, ne yaşamla mücadele.<br />
***<br />
Evrenin tüm karadeliklerini toplasam benim içimdekinin dörtte biri ya eder ya etmez. Belki de gerçekten de nicelik değil niteliktir önemli olan. Yani öyle şeyler vardır ki, öyle boşluklar yaratır ki o şeylerin varlığı içimizde, ancak bizi tatmin eden, sevindiren, hatta ileri gidecek olursak içimizi neşe ile dolduran küçük şeylere bakarak anlarız içimizdeki boşluğun büyüklüğünü. Bazı insanları tatmin eden şeylerin küçüklüğü onların kayıplarının büyüklüğünü gösterir; doğruymuş Hegel’in dediği ve tilkinin dönüp dolaşıp geleceği yer kürkçü dükkanınından başkası değilmiş gene işte.<br />
***<br />
Hayatın bu boktanlığı karşısında başımı vuracak duvar sayısındaki artış bile teselli etmeye yetmiyor beni. Geberene kadar abık sabık işler yağacağım işte; aleme ibret olsun diye zevk ile bok da yerim belki. Kim söyleyecek bana hangisidir benim başımı vurmam gereken duvar, hangisi değil?<br />
***<br />
Hayatlarımın aşkları oldu, ölümlerime giden yollarda emin adımlarla ilerledik aşk içinde sevgililerimle zevk ile. Her seferinde hah tamam işte bu sefer hayatımnın aşkını buldum bunun ile ölüm döşeğime yatabilir oradan hiç kalkmayabilirim artık diye düşünür oldum. İçinde bulunduğum durumun farkına, daha doğrusu kendimi içinde bulduğum bütün durumların birbirleriyle benzerliğinin farkına vardığımda hayatlarımın bütün aşklarının ancak ölümümle birlikte bir bütünlük izlenimi vereceğini idrak ettim. Ben aşık olduklarımın, aşık olduklarım da benim yansımamdan ibaretti; beni onlar, onları da ben varetmiştik/yoketmiştik. Biz aşk ateşiyle yana yana ve ölümüne varedişmiş/yokedişmiştik. Hepsinin dediği gibiydi aynen hadise, hepsi de doğruyu söylüyor ama bunu yaparken hiçbiri kendisi olmuyordu; amanın da amanın kim gelmişti, eski sevgilim yenisinin kılığına girmiş karşıma geçmişti. Lanet olsundu üstümdeki bu lanete ki etkisini gün geçtikçe arttırarak hissetiriyordu. Narsist bir köpek değilsem neydim ben a erenler, ben neydim ki de üstümdeki bu lanet bile her ne hikmetse kendini bana layık görmüyor ve bu vesileyle de etkisini gün geçtikçe arttırarak hissettiriyordu?</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/vVTKHI5ovyc&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/vVTKHI5ovyc&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Foucault and Lacan Walk Into A Bar...]]></title>
<link>http://pervegalit.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/foucault-and-lacan-walk-into-a-bar/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 17:58:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mikhail Emelianov</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pervegalit.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/foucault-and-lacan-walk-into-a-bar/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Here&#8217;s an interesting piece from Global-e: One day, way back in the 20th century, Michel Fouca]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Here&#8217;s an interesting piece from Global-e:</p>
<blockquote><p>One day, way back in the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Roland Barthes sat under an equatorial tree, living in their own imagined primitive past, discussing Global Studies. “What,” asked Barthes, “might the four of us contribute to a field that analyzes the world as a global system, stitched together—as Michael Curtin deftly puts it—by trade protocols, governance covenants, and communications networks?” Lévi-Strauss checked his notes, Lacan thought introspectively, and Foucault answered complicatedly. Each spoke of the cultural schemes that inform public policy and that structure debate about contemporary life. Let me summarize their conversation—translated from French.</p></blockquote>
<p>Read the rest <a href="http://global-ejournal.org/2009/08/11/what-20th-century-theorists-have-to-say-about-our-world-today/" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Manlighet(s) är en psykisk sjukdom (Eller: Jag är inte kvinna för att jag är impotent)]]></title>
<link>http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/manlighets-ar-en-psykisk-sjukdom-eller-jag-ar-inte-kvinna-for-att-jag-ar-impotent/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 22:13:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Immanuel Brändemo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/manlighets-ar-en-psykisk-sjukdom-eller-jag-ar-inte-kvinna-for-att-jag-ar-impotent/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[En fjollig Carl von Linné à la 2007 Vad är manlighet? Jag har ingen aning; ändå är det ett ord jag a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_10732" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 235px"><a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/1-114.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-10732" title="1 114" src="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/1-114.jpg?w=225" alt="Skylt med Carl von Linné i rosa skjorta i fjollig pose" width="225" height="300" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">En fjollig Carl von Linné à la 2007</p></div>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>Vad är manlighet?</strong></p>
<p>Jag har ingen aning; ändå är det ett ord jag använder ganska ofta. Senast i <a href="http://twitter.com/trollhare/statuses/5982641151">en tweet</a> för bara en liten stund sedan. Jag försökte locka <a href="http://psykbryt.com/"><strong><em>Psykbryts</em></strong></a>-<a href="http://twitter.com/alvunger">Jonas</a> att komma och hälsa på mig med löfte om att prova min spikmatta:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong><em>&#8220;Du får komma hit och prova min spikmatta, så kan jag utnyttja dig för min uppsats om manlighet som psykisk sjukdom <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';)' class='wp-smiley' />  &#8220;</em></strong></p></blockquote>
<p><em><strong>Manlighet som psykisk sjukdom</strong></em>; det är ungefär så jag har formulerat <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/jag-behover-jobba-pa-min-narcissism-och-borja-inbilla-mig-att-jag-ar-nagot/">den spirande uppsatsen</a> när det har behövts, eller när någon frågar. Egentligen är det inte riktigt det jag skriver om, men det låter mer snärtigt än <strong><em>En studie av skönlitterära beskrivningar av snäva mansroller och frigörelsen från dem ur ett <a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Crip_Theory">crip</a>perspektiv med inslag av såväl transteori, queerteori och psykradikalism, inspirerat av Foucaults teorier om galenskap, kön och sexualitet</em></strong>. Det är detta jag pysslar med när jag inte bloggar: Jag skriver på min D-uppsats i Engelska, även om det hittills mest består i att läsa in mig på den teoretiska bakgrunden.</p>
<div id="attachment_10395" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/foucault.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-10395" title="foucault" src="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/foucault.jpg?w=300" alt="Böcker: History of madness och History of sexuality (1-3) av Michel Foucault, och Melankoliska rum av Karin Johannisson" width="300" height="252" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Böcker jag läser just nu: Galenskap och sex</p></div>
<p>Hursomhelst borde jag alltså veta vad manlighet är. Det är ju det hela min uppsats bygger på, och det är också det som <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/tag/mansmystik/">en stor del av den här bloggen kretsar runt</a>: Att utforska könsutrymmen och <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/category/manskap/">provspela könsroller</a>, grubbla över <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/tag/genus/">var könen sitter</a> och <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/tag/transigheter/">hur man isåfall lockar fram dem</a>, samla små analyser av <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/tag/heterosexism/">hur kön konstrueras</a>, fundera över växelverkan mellan <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/tag/biologismer/">biologi och beteende</a> &#8211; och <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/tag/bogigheter/">driva med mig själv i min jakt på manligheten</a>. Jag är <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2008/10/15/men-are-from-earth-women-are-from-earth-deal-with-it/">diagnosticerad transsexuell</a>, går på <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/besprutad-i-rumpan/">testosteron</a> sedan <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/fran-penisavund-till-kukhuvud/">snart fem månader</a> och väntar på en <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/ett-fjompigt-mantimmer-far-brev-fran-kirurgen">kallelse till kirurgen för att ta bort brösten</a> &#8211; och allt detta för att <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/tag/min-transition/">jag vill leva med en <strong><em>&#8220;manlig&#8221;</em></strong> kropp i en <strong><em>&#8220;manlig&#8221;</em></strong> social roll</a>.</p>
<p>Jag borde veta vad manlighet är, men jag gör det inte. Så jag <a href="http://www.google.se/search?q=manlighet&#38;ie=utf-8&#38;oe=utf-8&#38;aq=t&#38;rls=org.mozilla:sv-SE:official&#38;client=firefox-a">googlar</a> ordet.</p>
<p><a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/manlighet.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-10729" title="manlighet" src="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/manlighet.jpg?w=300" alt="Vad är manlighet? Länk till Potenslinjen på Google" width="300" height="112" /></a></p>
<p>Det första som kommer upp är <a href="http://www.potenslinjen.se/default____9355.aspx">en länk till <strong><em>Potenslinjen</em></strong></a>; Viagraprånglarna Pfizers försök att sprida <strong><em>&#8220;information&#8221;</em><em> </em></strong> om potensproblem. De hänvisar till en undersökning från 2003 där svenska män och kvinnor har fått svara på vad de anser är <strong><em>&#8220;viktigt för manligheten&#8221; </em></strong>och sätta betyg efter hur viktigt de tycker att det är:</p>
<ol>
<li>Vara praktiskt händig (7,1)</li>
<li>Ha bra potens (6,4)</li>
<li>Ha välavlönat jobb (5,9)</li>
<li>En attraktiv partner (5,9)</li>
<li>En vältränad kropp (5,8)</li>
<li>Ett attraktivt yttre (5,5)</li>
<li>Vara sportintresserad (4,9)</li>
<li>Alltid vara redo för sex (4,9)</li>
<li>Äga tekniska prylar (3,9)</li>
<li>Ha en häftig bil (3,3)</li>
</ol>
<p>Att vara händig är alltså det som är viktigast för manligheten, följt av att ha bra potens. Man kan tillochmed <a href="http://www.potenslinjen.se/flash____11245.aspx">testa sin potens</a> på sidan, ifall man är osäker. Har man lägre än 21 räknas det som erektionsproblem. Jag får åtta poäng &#8211; och då har jag ändå <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/testosteronoverdosen-gjorde-mig-hormonrubbad-och-jag-tappade-forstandet/">gått med konstant stånd i två månader</a>. Jag är impotent för att jag inte penetrerar någon partner, misstänker jag.</p>
<div id="attachment_1177" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><strong><a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/cimg3701.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1177" title="cimg3701" src="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/cimg3701.jpg?w=300" alt="Hemgjord penisprotes" width="300" height="213" /></a></strong><p class="wp-caption-text">Hemgjord penisprotes</p></div>
<p>Jag kan hänga upp hyllor, tavlor och lampor och montera IKEA-möbler, och jag vet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozidriv">skillnaden mellan phillipskruv och pozidriv</a> &#8211; men mitt mest välavlönade jobb någonsin gav 80 kronor i timmen, och jag har ingen partner och hade jag någon skulle jag inte kunna använda min egen kuk för att penetrera henom. Min kropp har en ansamling av lös hud på magen och inte mycket till muskler, och dessutom har jag gigantiska <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moob">moobs</a>. Något säger mig att det inte är det som de flesta menar med <strong><em>&#8220;en vältränad kropp&#8221;</em></strong> och <strong><em>&#8220;ett attraktivt yttre&#8221;</em></strong>. Mitt sportintresse är ungefär lika stort som mitt intresse för att äga statusmarkörer, som båda tillsammans är ungefär lika stora som mitt intresse för att skaffa mig ett sexliv med någon annan. Inte stort, alltså.</p>
<p>Jag är omanlig i de avseendena &#8211; men jag lider inte av det, lika lite som jag lider av att vara androgyn och fjollig. Jag lider av att min kropp inte fungerar och ser ut som jag tycker att den borde göra, men <strong><em>jag lider inte av att vara omanlig</em></strong>. Manlighet för mig sitter inte i hur lång och hård kuk man har, eller i silhuetten av ens bröstkorg, eller i kroppsbehåring, röstläge, skäggväxt, muskelmassa, kromosomer, hormoner, avsaknaden av äggstockar eller förekomsten av testiklar eller förmågan att producera spermier som kan befrukta ett ägg. Med undantag av det sistnämnda är det sånt jag önskar mig &#8211; men längtan efter att ha en kropp med alla dessa egenskaper är inte nödvändigtvis något som har med manlighet att göra.</p>
<div id="attachment_10733" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/cimg5252.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-10733" title="CIMG5252" src="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/cimg5252-e1259009363964.jpg?w=300" alt="Knapp med texten &#34;Men are from earth - Women are from earth - Deal with it&#34;" width="300" height="292" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">&#34;Men are from earth - Women are from earth - Deal with it&#34;</p></div>
<p>Alla transsexuella är naturligtvis olika, och jag vet att många inte håller med mig, men för mig är det så: Jag känner mig inte mer manlig när jag skruvar ihop en Billy än när jag bakar en kaka &#8211; däremot har jag större chans att lyckas med hyllan eftersom kakbak kräver oerhört mycket större precision och timing än IKEA-möbler, och därmed är det roligare. Jag känner mig inte mer manlig för att jag numera ser ett myller av svarta hårstrån kika fram under hakan &#8211; däremot känner jag mig mer som mig själv.</p>
<p><em>Manlighet</em> är bara ett ord jag använder för att kommunicera <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/09/23/sorgen-over-den-snopp-som-aldrig-blev/">mitt behov och min längtan</a>; för att översätta det till något som andra verkar kunna förstå, och för att kunna få den vård jag behöver. Men oavsett om man är född med snopp eller snippa kan strävan gå för långt ibland; risken finns att man överdriver och börjar må dåligt. Könshets &#8211; <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2008/11/15/dagens-ord-kvinnlighets-och-manlighets/"><em>manlig-hets och kvinnlig-hets</em></a> &#8211; beror på att könsrollerna skaver. Kostymen sitter tight, man får svårt att andas och kläderna är så snäva att det är svårt att röra sig utan att snubbla och ramla utanför &#8211; och ju snävare de är desto hårdare blir också fallet, eftersom man skuldbelägger sig själv:<em> Om jag bara hade varit lite smalare och elegantare hade man inte ramlat.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<div id="attachment_10735" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 235px"><em><em><a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/grek.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-10735" title="grek" src="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/grek.jpg" alt="Torso från antika Grekland" width="225" height="300" /></a></em></em><p class="wp-caption-text">En man utan rörelsefrihet</p></div>
<p><em> </em>Det är lättare att lägga skulden på den som ramlar än att se till att det finns fler storlekar på kostymer tillgängliga, fast i stort sett alla människor förmodligen någon gång känner av <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2009/10/15/ar-det-till-en-pojke-eller-till-en-flicka-rosa-glitter-relaterad-konsskav/">könsskav</a>. Det råkar bara drabba <a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperson">transpersoner</a> hårdare än <a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisperson">cispersoner</a>. Vad spelar det för roll om det finns både rosa och blå kostymer och man så generöst får <strong><em>&#8220;välja&#8221; </em></strong>en om de är sydda efter Barbie och Ken och inte finns i fler storlekar, och om den som vill ha en regnbågsfärgad kostym blir utskrattad av skräddarna?</p>
<p>Manlighet och kvinnlighet i sig är inte en psykisk sjukdom, men att gå upp i en snäv könsroll kan leda till manlig-hets eller kvinnlig-hets. De i sin tur är båda orsaker till psykisk ohälsa, i allra högsta grad. Själv är jag inte särskilt manlig &#8211; men <a href="http://trollhare.wordpress.com/2008/11/03/ni-kvinnor-snackar-om-att-foda-barn-ni-skulle-bara-veta-hur-det-ar-for-en-man-att-ga-till-gynekologen/">ett riktigt mantimmer</a>.</p>
<p>***</p>
<p><a href="http://blogg.aftonbladet.se/1/2009/11/veckans-bloggtema-manlighet"><em>Veckans bloggtema: Manlighet</em></a> kändes som klippt och skuret för mig. Läs även andra bloggares <a href="http://intressant.se/intressant">intressanta</a> åsikter om <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/k%F6n">kön</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/genus">genus</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/manlighet">manlighet</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/mansroller">mansroller</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/k%F6nsroller">könsroller</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/manligt">manligt</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/kvinnligt">kvinnligt</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/transsexualism">transsexualism</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/transpersoner">transpersoner</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/normer">normer</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/f%F6rdomar">fördomar</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/stereotyper">stereotyper</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/bilder">bilder</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/psykologi">psykologi</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/psykisk+oh%E4lsa">psykisk ohälsa</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/psykisk+sjukdom">psykisk sjukdom</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/sjukdom">sjukdom</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/crip+theory">crip theory</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/Michel+Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/studier">studier</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/vetenskap">vetenskap</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/forskning">forskning</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/litteratur">litteratur</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/b%F6cker">böcker</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/h%F6gskolan">högskolan</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/k%F6nsuttryck">könsuttryck</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/k%F6nsidentitet">könsidentitet</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/cispersoner">cispersoner</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/k%F6nsskav">könsskav</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/sexism">sexism</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/j%E4mst%E4lldhet">jämställdhet</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/queerteori">queerteori</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/genusvetenskap">genusvetenskap</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/uppsatser">uppsatser</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/funktionshinder">funktionshinder</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/sex">sex</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/k%F6nsorgan">könsorgan</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/Viagra">Viagra</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/potens">potens</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/impotens">impotens</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/HBTQ">HBTQ</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/sexualitet">sexualitet</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/kukar">kukar</a>, <a rel="tag" href="http://bloggar.se/om/sexism">sexism</a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[DUBTAR DE LA CIÈNCIA MATA: La secta negacionista entre nosaltres.]]></title>
<link>http://glamboy69.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/dubtar-de-la-ciencia-mata-la-secta-negacionista-entre-nosaltres/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 18:32:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Arqueòleg Glamurós</dc:creator>
<guid>http://glamboy69.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/dubtar-de-la-ciencia-mata-la-secta-negacionista-entre-nosaltres/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Barcelona ha estat l’escenari triat per una de les sectes destructives més perilloses del mon, per r]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://glamboy69.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/assassins2.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3941" title="TERESA FORCADES I LLUIS BOTINAS" src="http://glamboy69.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/assassins2.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="239" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Barcelona ha estat l’escenari triat per una de les sectes destructives més perilloses del mon, per reunir-se aquest cap de setmana i captar noves víctimes a qui eliminar de la forma més lenta i cruel imaginable.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sota un innocent títol de <strong>“<a href="http://www.cienciayespiritu.com/">II Congrés de Ciència i Esperit</a></strong><strong>”</strong> s’han donat cita el grupuscle dels “<em>Negacionistes</em>”, conegut en altres llocs del món com <em>“teoria de la dissidència” </em>o<em> “The Perth Group”</em>. A continuació us narraré de que son capaços aquests insaciables i embogits assassins, als quals porto molts anys seguint la pista:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;">LLUÏS BOTINAS</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Aquest economista es sens dubte el Guru del grup a Catalunya i el més perillós. Bàsicament es dedica a fer creure a la gent desinformada que el VIH no existeix, que no s’emprin preservatius per evitar-lo, que el<strong> SIDA es una malaltia imaginària</strong> i psicosomàtica inventada per les farmacèutiques; aconsella als seropositius que no es mediquin i que <strong>morin lentament</strong> dels síndromes de les infeccions oportunistes.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Al telenotícies de dissabte va sortir l’esfereïdor <strong>testimoni d’una mare</strong> que narrava com el seu fill estava amb un llit agonitzant després d’haver seguit els consells negacionistes i negar-se a prendre antirretrovirals.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Aquesta teoria ja va causar la mort al filòsof Michel Foucault i var ser seguida pel president de Sud-àfrica els anys 90’s, causant un augment exponencial de casos de SIDA al continent, així com una <strong>catàstrofe humanitària </strong>de proporcions abismals, provocant que la comunitat científica en ple firmés la <a href="http://www.aids.org/atn/a-346-03.html">Declaració de Durban</a>, afirmant que no hi havia ni el més remot dubte empíric sobre l’existència i la relació VIH-SIDA.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Botinas segueix afirmant que el SIDA no existeix i que totes les morts son culpa de que la civilització actual ha oblidat la dimensió espiritual i la tradició<em><span style="color:#ff0000;">.ES POT SER MÉS FILL DE PUTA???</span></em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><em><span style="color:#ff0000;"><br />
</span></em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;">TERESA FORCADES</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Aquesta monja benedictina és la nova estrella de la Secta, després de fer-se famosa per You Tube, explicant exactament la mateixa teoria que Botinas&#8230; però aplicada a la Grip A, que està més de moda. De nou ens trobem els mateixos arguments irracionals, conspiranoics, idealistes i anticientífics:la pandèmia es un complot de les farmacèutiques i els governs mundials, i per tant recomana que no ens mediquem ni vacunem. Totes i cada una de els suposades proves que va presentar van ser<a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Desmontando/monja-bulo/elpepusoc/20091101elpepisoc_1/Tes"> fulminantment rebatudes en un article a El Pais</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Es obvi que aquesta criatura sorgida dels antres del Vaticà es proposa eliminar la raó, la ciència i el progrés, per substituir-lo per l’obscurantisme medieval, esdevenint una icona del ciberespai. Si pel camí s’endu la vida d’uns quants innocents, no passa res!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://glamboy69.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/poster21.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-3937" style="margin:5px;" title="poster2" src="http://glamboy69.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/poster21.jpg?w=107" alt="" width="107" height="150" /></a>Les teories de Forcades van ser aprofitades per un dels altres líders de la Secta, el Dr.Miquel Pros Casas, per vendre els seus remeis naturistes com alternativa a les vacunes. (La Secta ha vingut a fer negoci, que us pensaveu?)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Es evident que si tinguessin cap argument de pes acudirien a una revista professional o a un congrés de debò, però en comptes d’això el <strong>tandem genocida Botinas-Forcades</strong> va convidar al seu Congrés una llista de Freaks grillats ben peculiars, tot i que aquests no pretenien matar a ningú:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Alfred Webre</strong>: <em>Expert en extraterrestres</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Iris Aneas</strong>: <em>Cantant que creu que pot curar invocant les esteles químiques del aire</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Diana Castillo</strong>: <em>Especialista en la conspiració del 11S</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Gabriel Silva: </strong><em>Esotèric que busca la màgia de les piràmides egípcies.</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Goto Iturriegui:</strong> <em>L’aigua com a cura universal de tot.</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Jordi Orus:</strong> <em>La seva ponència va versar sobre l’existència d’una ànima col•lectiva </em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Xavier Pedro y Blanca:</strong> <em>Fundadors de la secta “<span style="color:#0000ff;">Triangulo Sagrado de Convergéncia Armónica”</span></em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Montserrat Gascón:<em> </em></strong><em>Creu que la vida s’origina al Pericardi (múscul del cor)</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Manel:</strong> C<em>reu que la orientació sexual de la gent està sent manipulada amb productes químics llençats a l’atmosfera.</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Jo no dic que la indústria farmacèutica sigui perfecte, és part del capitalisme i soc partidari de socialitzar-ne la producció i la distribució; però mai d’aconsellar a algú que es contagií voluntàriament d’una malaltia i no es mediqui fins a la mort!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><em><span style="color:#ff0000;">I jo pregunto: no podrien dubtar de la Llei de la Gravetat de Newton i llençar-se tots daltabaix de les Torres Mafre?</span></em></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[The Chomsky-Foucault Debate (excerpt).]]></title>
<link>http://earlierwork.net/2009/11/19/the-chomsky-foucault-debate-excerpt/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 16:39:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Jesse Trussell</dc:creator>
<guid>http://earlierwork.net/2009/11/19/the-chomsky-foucault-debate-excerpt/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Originally broadcast on Dutch TV in 1971. Full text.]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/WveI_vgmPz8&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/WveI_vgmPz8&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/S0SaqrxgJvw&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/S0SaqrxgJvw&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Originally broadcast on Dutch TV in 1971. <a href="http://www.chomsky.info/debates/1971xxxx.htm">Full text</a>.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Cinema as Exorcism (three): 2012 and the Persistence of the Apocalyptic Imagination]]></title>
<link>http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/cinema-as-exorcism-three-2012-and-the-persistence-of-the-apocalyptic-imagination/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 03:04:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Eric Repphun</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/cinema-as-exorcism-three-2012-and-the-persistence-of-the-apocalyptic-imagination/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It is not expected of critics as it is of poets that they should help us to make sense of our lives;]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">It is not expected of critics as it is of poets that they should help us to make sense of our lives; they are bound only to attempt the lesser feat of making sense of the ways we try to make sense of our lives.<a href="#_ftn1"> </a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="#_ftn1">Frank Kermode</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">And now for the next instalment of the <a href="http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/cinema-as-exorcism-one-the-case-of-white-australia/">ongoing</a> if <a href="http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/2009/08/19/cinema-as-exorcism-two-district-9-as-postcolonial-science-fiction/">irregular</a> series on cinema and/as exorcism (and further proof that I am incapable of writing anything of reasonable length, even on a weblog) …</p>
<div id="attachment_1538" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/2012_tsr_5001.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1538" title="2012_tsr_500" src="http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/2012_tsr_5001.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="202" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">A Promotional Image from the film 2012</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Roland Emmerich’s newest disaster film <em>2012</em>, is many things.  Taken as a simple story, it tells the tale of what might happen if the disaster of 2012, the one predicted by the Mayan calendar, brings about the end of the world, an end that comes through the massive shifting of the earth’s crust, which is somehow related to the alignment of the planets.  As a piece of storytelling, it is monumentally stupid and filled to the brim with plot holes large enough to sail an ark through (if you don’t believe me, re-read that last sentence).  It is also lazily written, bafflingly paced, and at least half an hour too long.  It is a dramatic and narrative sinkhole where a number of decent actors – Danny Glover, Amanda Peet, John Cusack, Chiwetel Ejiofor, and Thandie Newton (here saddled with a naff, unconvincing American accent) – go to die for more than two hours in dark rooms all over the world.  There is also no denying that it is a visual feast, a thrilling compilation of some of the very best large-scale CGI ever rendered.  As a spectacular piece of moderately entertaining cinema, it goes one more step towards proving Guy Debord’s theory that spectacle is becoming all, that the spectacle will soon be, if it is not already, the sole remaining element in contemporary culture.  It also offered this viewer the guilty pleasure of watching Los Angeles and Las Vegas, two of the worst cities on earth, crumble to dust.</p>
<div id="attachment_1533" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 210px"><a href="http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/2012-poster-3-filmshaft.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1533" title="2012-Poster-3-FilmShaft" src="http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/2012-poster-3-filmshaft.jpg?w=200" alt="" width="200" height="300" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">An International Poster for 2012</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;">All aesthetic matters aside, as a cultural document and as a virtual catalogue of Orientalist stereotypes, the film is almost perversely fascinating.  We get the wise old Tibetan lama telling his student that the end of things is not all that bad, and then he surprises us all by producing the keys to an old pickup so the apprentice can escape.  Good ol’ lama!  So clever he is, just like those Mayans, who had it all figured out way before we, with all our fancy science, ever did!  We see the devout – and vaguely feminine – but still stridently technological modern Indian man who dies with a crushing dignity with his family in his arms, his saviours from America having failed to pick him up on their way to the secret giant arcs built in the Chinese hinterlands.  At the very end of the film, we are left with the image of the earth’s survivors – mostly wealthy, white, powerful Europeans, of course – sailing in giant arks towards Africa, where, given how profoundly dull all of these people are, will probably build strip malls and Red Lobster franchises.  Due to the massive geological upheavals, there is a new mountain range in the south of the African continent, to which our heroes are heading.  In a final Orientalist master-stroke, this mountain range, before any of the Europeans ever see it, has <em>already</em> been given a European name.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">One of the reasons <em>2012 </em>is so fascinating, and ultimately so worrying, is that how we imagine our end is an important element of who we are as a culture, as the literary theorist Frank Kermode reminds us in his classic study, <em>The Sense of an Ending</em> (1967). Kermode argues compellingly that every human culture <em>needs</em> visions of the end of things and that they are a necessary element in how we seek to find and maintain narratives that make the world <em>coherent </em>and thus liveable.  Kermode writes,</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;padding-left:30px;">[C]risis, however facile the conception, is inescapably a central element in our endeavours towards making sense of the world.  It seems to be a condition attaching to the exercise of thinking about the future that one should assume one’s own time to stand in an extraordinary relationship to it.  The time in not free, it is the slave of a mythical end.  We think of our own crisis as pre-eminent, more worrying, more interesting than other crises.<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">We in the twenty-first century have a number of crises to choose from, from climate change to overpopulation to the very real possibility of a global conflict over dwindling resources, a number of which are poised to, perhaps inevitably, lead to the end of life as we know it.  The seemingly endless cinematic drive to show us just how these ends might be met is in itself very interesting, as is the fact that such representations appear more frequently as the threat of <em>real-world</em> destruction grows more prominent.  No wonder we have Emmerich, who threatens us with the end of the world not only in <em>2012</em> but also in <em>Independence</em> <em>Day </em>(1996), his dismal New York-set English-language remake of<em> Godzilla </em>(1998), and<em> The Day after Tomorrow</em> (2004), to serenade us as we march towards the end that people for all time have thought lies just around the next corner.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">On top of all this, in important ways, <em>2012 </em>offers a fascinating case study of the depths in which modern, even ostensibly secular cultures remain indebted to the Bible, and to its vision of the end of days.  One of the biblical traditions’ greatest legacies, still readily accessible through such works as <em>2012</em>, is that it has solidified and given form to that apocalyptic imagination that we still seems to haunt us.  Literature, in the form of the modern novel, from which the narrative feature film is a direct descendant, has taken over from the biblical imagination to some degree, but many if not all of the images of the end that we see today (at least in the European and American contexts) are deeply rooted in the Bible’s vision of apocalypse.  There is even an interesting and even necessary historical linkage between the two.  Kermode notes that there is a crucial point of historical contact between the decline of Christianity’s earthly authority in modernity and the rise of the novel: ‘It is worth remembering that the rise of what we call literary fiction happened at a time when the revealed, authenticated account of the beginning was losing its authority’.<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> Fiction, then, is crucial to our own self-understanding as modern people living in modern cultures.  Michel Foucault, in <em>The Order of Things</em>, his maddening account of the rise of the modern subject, in fact establishes the absolute importance of literary language for modernity:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;padding-left:30px;">It may be said in a sense that ‘literature’, as it was constituted and so designated on the threshold of the modern age, manifests, at a time when it was least expected, the reappearance of the living being of language &#8230; literature achieved autonomous existence, and separated itself from all other language with a deep scission, only by forming a sort of ‘counter-discourse’, and by finding its way back from the representative or signifying function of language to this raw being that had been forgotten since the sixteenth century … Through literature, the being of language shines once more on the frontiers of Western culture – and at its centre – for it is what has been most foreign to that culture since the sixteenth century; but it has also, since this same century, been at the very centre of what Western culture has overlain.  This is why literature is appearing more and more as that which much be thought; but equally, and for the same reason, as that which can never, in any circumstance, be thought in accordance with a theory of signification.<a href="#_ftn3">[3]</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Literary fiction then becomes an important site for examining the complexities of the relationship between modernity and the religious, the ways in which modernity both receives and mutates the different elements of its religious inheritance.  However, precisely describing any relationship between the religious and the literary is a difficult task, as Franco Moretti acknowledges:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;padding-left:30px;">Virtually all book historians agree that the publication of fiction developed, throughout Western Europe, at the expense of devotion.  This said, one major question must still be answered:  did the novel replace devotional literature because it was a <em>fundamentally secular form</em> – or because it was <em>a religion under a new guise</em>?  If the former, we have a genuine opposition, and the novel opens a truly new phase of European culture; if the latter, we have a case of historical transformism, where the novel supports the long duration of symbolic conventions.<a href="#_ftn4">[4]</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<div id="attachment_1532" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 210px"><a href="http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/2012-poster-2-filmshaft.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1532" title="2012-Poster-2-FilmShaft" src="http://dunedinschool.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/2012-poster-2-filmshaft.jpg?w=200" alt="" width="200" height="300" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">An International Poster for 2012</p></div>
<p>To a scholar of religion, two sequences in <em>2012 </em>are of particular interest: in one, we see on television a mass of people being crushed by a massive stone statue of Jesus as Rio de Jeneiro’s <em>O Cristo Redentor </em>tumbles to the ground, broken from its hillside eyrie by an earthquake; in the second, we get to see St Peter’s Basilica – which for some reason is given the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel &#8211; collapse and crush thousands of people gathered in the Vatican City for desperate prayer.  In a nice, subtle touch (and this in a film where subtlety is the enemy), the first cracks in the dome of St Peter’s separate God’s finger from Adam’s, pointing to depths that this film doesn’t even begin to address.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Even in this deadly, apocalyptic mayhem &#8211; in which the audience is treated with almost perverse regularity to the sight of thousands upon thousands of little digital people falling into massive rents in the Earth’s crust, being crushed by falling cars and buildings, drowned, impaled, etc., etc. – not one of the characters, not even Lama Profundity, stops to ask any of the questions that I imagine most people would be asking in such a situation: What is humanity?  What is civilisation?  Can people make sense of a world in which they are separated from their traditions and their hopes, as the crack in Michelangelo’s fresco seems to imply?  Do we in some sense deserve this sort of treatment?  Can there be any meaning in any of this?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In <em>2012</em>,<em> </em>do the people either in front of the camera or behind it ever wonder about any of these things?  No, they do not.  What is perhaps the most singular disturbing thing about <em>2012</em> is just how banal and superficial it makes the literal end of the world.  It offers no existential or religious insights, and does not even consider the idea that such events could lead to a real crisis of meaning.  It doesn’t even seem to give the people who survive it any pause for thought.  The world ends because it ends, because it is necessary to the spectacle of the thing.  Despite its lame, ultimately callow conclusions – that humanity must work together to survive, that the home is love, not location – <em>2012</em> is perhaps the single most nihilistic film in recent memory.  It is enough to make one nostalgic for the cinematic world of even a decade ago, when in October 1999 David Fincher was able to offer an honest, challenging look at nihilism in his visionary take on Chuck Palahniuk’s novel <em>Fight Club</em>.  In this sense, the quiet, gradual end of things that appears in Douglas Coupland’s new novel <em>Generation A</em> is far more chilling and far more plausible than the one so vividly visualised by Emmerich and his cohorts.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;"><em>2012</em> does nothing to exorcise the demons of the apocalypse that seem to still posses us all.  Its vision of the end of things is both utterly implausible and repellently appropriate for the times.  The world may indeed come to an end someday, it tells us, but it really won’t matter all that much.  By stripping the end of the world of its weight and by refusing to consider its meaning, the film (and so many others like it) give us new spectres to fear in the long moments when we’re alone and afraid in the dark.  What is gives us most of all is the fear that indifference is the new fall-back response, even to our own ignominious finale.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">When this world ends, the film suggests (though I am sure it doesn&#8217;t intend to), no one in their right mind is going to miss it.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<hr size="1" />
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="#_ftnref">[1]</a> Frank Kermode, <em>The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction</em> (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 94.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="#_ftnref">[2]</a> Kermode, <em>Ending</em>,<em> </em>67.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="#_ftnref">[3]</a> Michel Foucault, <em>The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences</em>, translator unknown (London: Routledge Classics, 1966), 48-49.<em><ins datetime="2008-07-31T12:52" cite="mailto:University%20of%20Otago"></ins></em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="#_ftnref">[4] </a>Franco Moretti, <em>Atlas of the European Novel 1800-1900 </em>(London:Verso, 1998),  169, note 30.<del datetime="2008-08-10T11:14"></del></p>
<hr size="1" />
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Mass Incarceration, Higher Education and the Legitimacy of Violence]]></title>
<link>http://kevinkarpiak.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/mass-incarceration-higher-education-and-the-legitimacy-of-violence/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 15:36:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kevinkarpiak</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kevinkarpiak.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/mass-incarceration-higher-education-and-the-legitimacy-of-violence/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;ve got a post over at Anthropoliteia in reaction to some provocative commentary by Jonathan ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>I&#8217;ve got a <a href="http://anthropoliteia.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/jonathan-simons-provocative-thoughts-on-the-uc-strike/">post</a> over at <a href="http://anthropoliteia.wordpress.com/">Anthropoliteia</a> in reaction to some <a href="http://governingthroughcrime.blogspot.com/2009/11/strike-against-prisons-not-education.html">provocative commentary by Jonathan Simon</a> on the current UC Strike.  Here&#8217;s a tidbit:</p>
<blockquote><p>What Jonathan’s work in Governing through Crime has shown, however, is that one of the few remaining–maybe the only remaining–domain in which the violence of governance seems legitimate to American voters is in the domain of crime control and punishment.  It therefore has become the trope through which all American governance is filtered.</p>
<p>What we’re left with is, on the one hand, a massively inflated, impractical and unjust incarceration system and–importantly–on the the other hand, no way of conceiving any other legitimate form of governance.</p>
<p>This is not a question of corporate greed versus educational egalitarianism, or even good guys versus bad guys (as much as I’d like to hate on Mark Yudof along with everyone else), but of finding a way–literally–of justifying the very real kinds of violence involved in supporting education; of including higher education into the political calculus of life and death.</p>
<p>via <a href="http://anthropoliteia.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/jonathan-simons-provocative-thoughts-on-the-uc-strike/">Jonathan Simon’s provocative thoughts on the UC Strike « Anthropoliteia: the anthropology of policing</a>.</p></blockquote>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Jonathan Simon's provocative thoughts on the UC Strike]]></title>
<link>http://anthropoliteia.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/jonathan-simons-provocative-thoughts-on-the-uc-strike/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 14:40:03 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kevinkarpiak</dc:creator>
<guid>http://anthropoliteia.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/jonathan-simons-provocative-thoughts-on-the-uc-strike/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Over at Governing through Crime, UC Professor Jonathan Simon has some provocative words for those pa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Over at <a href="http://governingthroughcrime.blogspot.com/">Governing through Crime</a>, UC Professor Jonathan Simon has some provocative words for those participating in the current 3-day <a href="http://www.ucstrike.com/news.php">UC strike</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8230;.We ought to be united in mobilization to save higher education in California. But in choosing to make the fight a convenient and ideologically satisfying (but for the most part phony) story about privatization, down-sizing, and pernicious, corporate minded university leadership, UC&#8217;s unions and their student and faculty allies are missing a historic opportunity to engage our fellow citizens in a critical dialog about our state&#8217;s future.</p>
<p>That future has been mortgaged to expensive dysfunctional prisons and a bipartisan law-enforcement establishment that is committed to mass incarceration at any price. But across three decades in which that project of exiling tens of thousands of largely poor and minority Californians to a prison archipelago of mammoth proportions (which yet remains grotesquely overcrowded) has been constructed, the supporters of higher education in this state have remained silent, assuming that the incarceration of people who don&#8217;t go to college anyway is not our problem. Now the chickens have come home to roost.</p>
<p>via <a href="http://governingthroughcrime.blogspot.com/2009/11/strike-against-prisons-not-education.html">Governing through Crime: Strike Against Prisons not Education</a>.</p></blockquote>
<p>I think Simon is dead on here, and offers a framing that explains some of the ambivalence I&#8217;ve had about the political mobilization that&#8217;s been developing.</p>
<p>Most of that ambivalence, I think, revolves around my hesitation at some of the explanatory narratives that have been used as organizational and motivational tools by unions and protesters&#8230; what Simon calls the&#8221;convenient and ideologically satisfying (but for the most part phony) story about privatization, down-sizing, and pernicious, corporate minded university leadership&#8221;.</p>
<p>Part of what I&#8217;ve been trying to point out, both <a href="http://kevinkarpiak.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/the-death-of-the-university-cultural-studies-and-unicorns-not-necessarily-in-that-order/">vis-a-vis the strike</a> and in <a href="http://kevinkarpiak.wordpress.com/about/research/">my work on French policing</a>, is that&#8211;as both <a href="http://www.ne.jp/asahi/moriyuki/abukuma/weber/lecture/politics_vocation.html">Max Weber</a> and <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/12200144/Benjamin-Walter-Critique-of-Violence">Walter Benjamin</a> have shown&#8211;all politics is necessarily about violence.  This includes, especially includes, such mundane acts of governance as budgetary allocations.  As everyone from Michel Foucault to <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DtNroGmuV4sC&#38;printsec=frontcover&#38;dq=nikolas+rose&#38;lr=&#38;ei=4AIES93TM6LwNPi20PcO#v=onepage&#38;q=&#38;f=false">Nikolas Rose</a> have also tried to show, these decisions are literally choices between life and death.  This is one aspect of what scholars are referring to when they talk about the biopolitical.</p>
<p>On the other hand, Californians are not completely comfortable with this violence and, for good reasons <a href="http://kevinkarpiak.wordpress.com/2009/09/16/what-is-neoliberalism-and-how-can-we-tell/">which I&#8217;ve also tried to explore</a>, have tried to devise ways to limit it as much as possible.</p>
<p>What Jonathan&#8217;s work in Governing through Crime has shown, however, is that one of the few remaining&#8211;maybe the <em>only remaining</em>&#8211;domain in which the violence of governance seems legitimate to American voters is in the domain of crime control and punishment.  It therefore has become <em>the </em>trope through which <em>all </em>American governance is filtered.</p>
<p>What we&#8217;re left with is, on the one hand, a massively inflated, impractical and unjust incarceration system and&#8211;importantly&#8211;on the the other hand, no way of conceiving any other legitimate form of governance.</p>
<p>This is not a question of corporate greed versus educational egalitarianism, or even good guys versus bad guys (as much as <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/magazine/27fob-q4-t.html">I&#8217;d like to hate on Mark Yudof </a>along with everyone else), but of finding a way&#8211;literally&#8211;of justifying the very real kinds of violence involved in supporting education; of including higher education into the political calculus of life and death.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Dictionnaire des lieux sebaldiens (12): les Archives d'Etat de la Karmelitska]]></title>
<link>http://norwitch.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/dictionnaire-des-lieux-sebaldiens-12-les-archives-detat-de-la-karmelitska/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 08:07:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Sebastien Chevalier</dc:creator>
<guid>http://norwitch.wordpress.com/2009/11/18/dictionnaire-des-lieux-sebaldiens-12-les-archives-detat-de-la-karmelitska/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[W. G. Sebald, Austerlitz, p.174 « (&#8230;) de sorte que l&#8217;ensemble du bâtiment, qui de l]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><!-- 		@page { margin: 2cm } 		P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong><a href="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/proces-welles.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2707" title="Procès welles" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/proces-welles.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="270" /></a></strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong>W. G. Sebald, Austerlitz, p.174</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">« (&#8230;) de sorte que l&#8217;ensemble du bâtiment, qui de l&#8217;extérieur fait plutôt songer à un hôtel particulier, est constitué de quatre ailes d&#8217;une profondeur de trois mètres tout au plus ceinturant la cour intérieure un peu comme un décor en trompe-l&#8217;oeil et ne comportant ni couloirs ni dégagements, à l&#8217;image de l&#8217;architecture carcérale de l&#8217;époque bourgeoise dans lequel le modèle de quartiers de cellules, construits autour d&#8217;une cour rectangulaire ou ronde et complétés à l&#8217;intérieur par des passerelles de circulation, s&#8217;est imposé comme le plus adéquat pour l&#8217;exécution des peines. Mais la cour intérieure des Archives de la Karmelitska ne me rappelait pas seulement une prison, dit Austerlitz, elle évoquait aussi l&#8217;idée du cloître, du manège, de l&#8217;opéra ou de l&#8217;asile d&#8217;aliénés, et toutes ces images se mêlaient dans ma tête tandis que je levais les yeux vers le clair-obscur tombant d&#8217;en-haut et croyais voir dans cette lumière parcimonieuse, sur les rangées de galeries, une foule compacte où des gens agitaient qui des chapeaux, qui des mouchoirs, comme en d&#8217;autres circonstances les passagers d&#8217;un paquebot prenant la mer. En tout cas je mis un certain temps à recouvrer mes esprits (&#8230;) »</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">(Edition Actes Sud, traduction Patrick Charbonneau)</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">C&#8217;est par le début qu&#8217;on achèvera cet arpentage provisoire des rues de<strong> <a href="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/2009/10/01/dictionnaire-des-lieux-sebaldiens-9-prague/">Prague</a></strong>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">A peine descendu de l&#8217;avion, un jour de mars 1993, <strong>Jacques Austerlitz</strong> se rend en taxi de l&#8217;<strong>aéroport de Ruzyne</strong> (dont sa mère avait dû, il l&#8217;apprend plus tard, déblayer les pistes sur ordre des nazis (p.211)) aux Archives d&#8217;Etat sur la <strong>Karmelitska</strong>, au coeur de Prague, espérant retrouver <a href="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/dictionnaire-des-lieux-sebaldiens-10-le-12-de-la-sporkova/">l&#8217;adresse du domicile familial</a>. En pénétrant dans ce qui fut à l&#8217;origine l&#8217;<strong>église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine</strong>, avant d&#8217;être transformé en poste, en caserne, et finalement en archives, il est pris d&#8217;un de ses fréquents malaises. Sous la haute voûte en berceau qui rappelle autant celle du <a href="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/category/dictionnaire-sebald/great-eastern-hotel-dictionnaire-sebald/"><strong>Great Eastern Hotel</strong></a> que celle du palais de justice de Bruxelles, ou encore le plafond de la salle des pas perdus de la <strong><a href="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/2009/07/09/dictionnaire-des-lieux-sebaldiens-6-la-gare-danvers/">Gare d&#8217;Anvers</a></strong>, il est immédiatement déstabilisé par l&#8217;air de famille qu&#8217;il remarque entre le bâtiment et les autres productions de « l&#8217;époque bourgeoise ».</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2352" title="verrière GEH" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/verriere-geh.jpg?w=198" alt="verrière GEH" width="198" height="300" /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong>Austerlitz</strong> est maître dans l&#8217;art de dégager, sous l&#8217;infinie variété des choses, le soubassement archéologique qui dit l&#8217;esprit d&#8217;un temps. Mais il n&#8217;est pas <strong>Michel Foucault</strong>, et c&#8217;est le corps ici qui parle plus que la raison, la mémoire davantage que l&#8217;histoire. Les images les plus contradictoires se mêlent dans son esprit, qui révèlent ses obsessions, ses angoisses, son érudition: un cloître (refuge, bibliothèque, prison), un paquebot (de touristes, de migrants? le Titanic?), un asile, un manège où hommes et bêtes tournent en rond, mais aussi un opéra, écho anticipé à la mère, Agata, et à ses répétitions au Théâtre des Trois-Ordres. Point commun: la dimension carcérale, panoptique, de ces constructions.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2343" title="Panopticon" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/panopticon.jpg?w=291" alt="Panopticon" width="291" height="300" /><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2344" title="la-scala" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/la-scala.jpg?w=300" alt="la-scala" width="300" height="208" /><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2361" title="Sainte anne" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/sainte-anne.jpg?w=300" alt="Sainte anne" width="300" height="249" /><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2358" title="Pont intérieur france" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/pont-interieur-france.jpg?w=300" alt="Pont intérieur france" width="300" height="227" /></strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Au lendemain de cette première visite, armé cette fois-ci de son petit appareil photo et de son savoir d&#8217;historien de l&#8217;architecture, Austerlitz échappe au vertige en prenant quelques clichés et en identifiant de nouvelles formes, plus anciennes. L&#8217;escalier, en particulier, retient son attention du fait de sa parenté avec les folies architecturales d&#8217;une noblesse anglaise aujourd&#8217;hui disparue.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><a href="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/karmelitzka-sebald21.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-2714" title="Karmelitzka sebald2" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/karmelitzka-sebald21.jpg?w=70" alt="" width="70" height="150" /></a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">L&#8217;inquiétante étrangeté du lieu rappelle bien sûr <em><strong>le Procès</strong></em> dans lequel les bâtiments du pouvoir, spécialement ceux qui rendent la justice, ont un caractère labyrinthique, démesuré, déconcertant. Le narrateur a d&#8217;abord bien du mal à se pencher et à se faire comprendre du portier reclus dans son minuscule guichet. Au troisième étage de la Karmelitska, depuis la balustrade de la galerie intérieure, les choses prennent à se yeux des dimensions inhabituelles, disproportionnées.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><a href="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/proces-21.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-2711" title="Procès 2" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/proces-21.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="164" /></a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Il se perd dans les couloirs tel <strong>Joseph K</strong> à la recherche de son juge d&#8217;instruction, dans un immeuble d&#8217;un faubourg de la ville. A la différence du récit de <strong>Kafka</strong>, celui de <strong>Sebald</strong> n&#8217;est pourtant pas irrémédiablement marqué du sceau de l&#8217;échec. Même si Austerlitz, à son retour de Prague, sombre dans une profonde dépression, il parvient à retrouver la précieuse adresse et la rencontre avec son ancienne nourrice Vera, le récit qu&#8217;elle lui fait de ses années de jeunesse sont une étape décisive de sa recherche <strong><a href="#niehauscarré">(1)</a></strong>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">La tension dialectique entre un passé subi et une histoire maîtrisée résume assez bien l&#8217;oeuvre dans son ensemble. Le récit dispose à tout instant des traces, des indices, qui permettent de mettre en scène la mémoire involontaire d&#8217;Austerlitz, mais ce dernier progresse aussi grâce à la mise en œuvre de techniques spécifiquement historiennes: consultation des archives (qui sont déjà le résultat d&#8217;un choix, d&#8217;une sélection), y compris les archives cinématographiques (p.290-291) recherches en bibliothèque (rue <strong>Richelieu</strong> ou <strong>BNF </strong>(p.324-325)), lecture de thèses (celle d&#8217;<strong>Adler</strong> sur <strong>Theresienstadt</strong> (p.277)), mise à distance par la photographie, le discours érudit. Dans ce jeu de va-et-vient constant entre histoire et mémoire, entre savoir rationnel et connaissance plus intuitive et émotionnelle, entre mémoire volontaire et involontaire, la Karmelistka apparaît comme un lieu central, l&#8217;épisode un moment charnière.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Comme le souligne <strong>J. J. Long <a href="#long">(2)</a></strong>, le personnage est un familier des archives, qu&#8217;il utilise dans la première partie du roman et de sa vie comme des substituts à son histoire personnelle. Les monceaux de documents relatifs à l&#8217;architecture de l&#8217;ère capitaliste qu&#8217;il a rassemblés dans son bureau de <strong>Londres</strong> (p.42) forment ainsi un rempart à l&#8217;histoire plus récente et plus tragique, celle qui débute au moment de sa naissance, en 1934, celle qu&#8217;il ne veut pas voir, et à laquelle il n&#8217;accède le plus souvent qu&#8217;incidemment et sans l&#8217;avoir cherché. A  Prague, pour la première fois, en ces deux jours du printemps 1993, dans la grande bâtisse des Archives d&#8217;Etat, Austerlitz plonge volontairement au cœur de son histoire.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2348" title="Ariane" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/ariane.jpg" alt="Ariane" width="450" height="359" /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong>L&#8217;archiviste Teresa Ambrosova </strong>est une figure étrange à bien des égards, avec sa pâleur diaphane, ses yeux de pervenche, sa petite veine au cou dont la pulsation attire le regard d&#8217;Austerlitz, mais elle n&#8217;a plus l&#8217;aura angoissante des dépositaires kafkaïens de l&#8217;autorité. Elle apparaît en <strong>Ariane</strong>, elle qui, sans se départir de sa réserve et de son efficacité professionnelle, sait accueillir Austerlitz « avec la plus exquise courtoisie », identifier le malaise qui le prend subitement, et y mettre fin en lui offrant un simple verre d&#8217;eau.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Le lecteur d&#8217;aujourd&#8217;hui, en revanche, ne s&#8217;y retrouvera pas tout à fait. Le 2/4 de la Karmelitzka abrite depuis 2004 le musée national de musique.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2349" title="Karmelitzka2004" src="http://norwitch.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/karmelitzka2004.jpg" alt="Karmelitzka2004" width="193" height="280" /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong><a name="niehauscarré">(1)</a></strong> <strong>Michael Niehaus</strong>, dans un article que j&#8217;ai déjà évoqué, insiste davantage sur la dimension déceptive de la recherche. Selon lui l&#8217;épisode pragois ne permet aucune véritable libération (p.330) et les personnages sebaldiens semblent  condamnés à traverser les institutions et les bâtiments qui les abritent comme des non-lieux dont ils seraient irrémédiablement exclus. C&#8217;est sans doute juste, et à bien des égards le travail d&#8217;historien mené par Austerlitz apparait comme un échec, mais on peut aussi, en suivant le propos de <strong>Martine Carré</strong>, voir dans le retour à Prague une étape essentielle d&#8217;une véritable reconstruction, et <em><strong>Austerlitz</strong></em> comme un récit qui couronne le <strong>triptyque Vertiges-Emigrants-Anneaux de Saturne</strong> en permettant pour la première fois une forme de résolution (p.293) grâce au passage du statut d&#8217;historien à celui de témoin oral (p.293), et grâce à la mise au premier plan de la Shoah.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><em>Voir <strong>:</strong></em></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong>Michael Niehaus, &#8220;No Foothold. Institutions and Buildings in W. G. Sebald&#8217;s Prose.&#8221;, in Scott Denham et Mark McCulloh (ed) W. G. Sebald, History, Memory, Trauma, Walter de Gruyter, 2006, p.330 </strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong>Martine Carré, <em>W. G. Sebald, le retour de l&#8217;auteur</em>, PUL, 2008, p.281-293.</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><a name="long">(2)</a> <strong>J. J. Long, W. G. Sebald, <em>Image, Archive, Modernity</em>, CUP, 2007, chapitre 8: &#8220;The Archival subject: Austerlitz&#8221;</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[The History of Sex]]></title>
<link>http://goldenstate.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/the-history-of-sex/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:41:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>goldenstate</dc:creator>
<guid>http://goldenstate.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/the-history-of-sex/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Adam and Eve Discussing Foucault&#39;s Theory Now that I have your attention, I’m going to briefly t]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Adam and Eve Discussing Foucault&#39;s Theory Now that I have your attention, I’m going to briefly t]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Michel Foucault]]></title>
<link>http://leung310mc.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/michel-foucault/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 15 Nov 2009 15:30:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>st3ph3n701</dc:creator>
<guid>http://leung310mc.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/michel-foucault/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Foucault&#8217;s work on power and the relationships among power, knowledge and discourse has been w]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Foucault&#8217;s work on power and the relationships among power, knowledge and discourse has been widely discussed. He is best known for his work on medicine, psychiatry, human sciences and the prison system. Foucault helped find the prison information group, this was a way for prisioners to voice their concerns. This lead Foucault to study the disciplinary instiututions with a book called &#8216;Discipline and Punish&#8217; which is based upon the micro power structures that devolped in western societies since the eighteenth century, specifically on a focus on prisons and schools.</p>
<h2 style="text-align:center;"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Discipline and Punish</span></h2>
<p>This book opens with a graphic description of the brutal public execusion in 1757 of Robert &#8211; Francois Damiens who attempted to kill the king of France at the time. This book also shows colourless prison timetable from just over 80 years later. Foucault then goes on to say how such a change in French society&#8217;s punishment of convicts could have developed in such a short time. There are two snapshots of two constrasting types of Foucault&#8217;s &#8216;Technologies. The first type &#8216;Monarchical Punishment&#8217;, involves the repression of the populace through brutal public displays of executions and toture. The second &#8216;Disciplinary Punishment&#8217; is what Foucault says is practiced in the modern era. Disciplinary punishment gives &#8216;professionals&#8217; power over the prisoner, especially the prisoners length of stay depends on the professionals judgement. Foucault compares modern society with &#8216;Panopticon&#8217; where a single guard can watch over many prisoners while the guard remains unseen. The dark times have been replaced with the bright modern prison but Foucault argues that that visibility is a trap. Foucault says it is through this visibility that the modern society exercises its controlling systems of power and knowledge. Foucault also says that increasing visibility leads to power located on an increasingly individualised level, shown by the possibility for institutions to track individuals throughout their lives.</p>
<p>I have learnt so much from researching Michel Foucault. I have clearer understand of his views on the prison system. Foucaults views on the prison system has been talked about in lectures but I fell from doing my own research I have a much more clearer understanding of his theories.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[SOBRE FOUCAULT - Toni Negri (2004)]]></title>
<link>http://colaboratorio1.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/sobre-foucault-toni-negri-2004/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2009 15:46:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>colaboratorio1</dc:creator>
<guid>http://colaboratorio1.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/sobre-foucault-toni-negri-2004/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[  Visit Multitud DESCARGAR TEXTO EN FORMATO PDF Traducción: Diego L. Sanromán Pregunta 1: ¿Los análi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><strong><img class="size-full wp-image-565  aligncenter" title="negrifoucault" src="http://colaboratorio1.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/negrifoucault.jpg" alt="negrifoucault" width="300" height="400" /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong> </strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<a href="http://multitud.ning.com">Visit <em>Multitud</em></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?jcwknmmlrnt">DESCARGAR TEXTO EN FORMATO PDF</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Traducción: Diego L. Sanromán</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Pregunta 1</strong>: ¿Los análisis de Foucault mantienen su actualidad para comprender el movimiento de las sociedades? ¿En qué terrenos le parece que deberían ser renovados, reajustados, prolongados?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Respuesta 1</strong>: La obra de Foucault es una extraña máquina; en realidad, no permite pensar la historia más que como historia presente. Probablemente, una buena parte de lo que Foucault escribió (Deleuze lo subrayó muy acertadamente) debería hoy ser reescrito. Lo que resulta asombroso –y conmovedor- es que en ningún momento cese de buscar; hace aproximaciones, deconstruye, formula hipótesis, imagina, construye analogías y cuenta fábulas, lanza conceptos, los retira o los modifica… Es un pensamiento de una inventiva formidable. Pero esto no es lo esencial; yo creo que lo fundamental es su método, porque éste le permite estudiar y a la vez describir el movimiento del pasado al presente y del presente al porvenir. Es un método de transición del cual <em>el presente representa el centro</em>. Foucault está ahí, en ese hueco, ni en el pasado, del que hace la arqueología, ni en el futuro, del que a veces esboza la imagen –“como en los límites del mar, un rostro sobre la arena”-. Es a partir del presente como resulta posible distinguir los demás tiempos. A menudo se le ha reprochado a Foucault la legitimidad científica de sus periodizaciones; es comprensible la actitud de los historiadores, pero al mismo tiempo me gustaría decir que no se trata de un verdadero problema: Foucault se encuentra allá donde se instale la problemática, y esto partiendo siempre de su propio tiempo.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">El análisis histórico se convierte, con Foucault, en una <em>acción</em>; el conocimiento del pasado, en una <em>genealogía</em>; la perspectiva futura, en un <em>dispositivo</em>. Para quienes proceden del marxismo militante de los años 60 (y no de las tradiciones dogmáticas caricaturescas de la Segunda y la Tercera Internacional), el punto de vista de Foucault se percibe, de forma natural, como absolutamente legítimo; se corresponde con la percepción del acontecimiento, de las luchas, y de la alegría de arriesgarse fuera de toda necesidad y de toda teleología preestablecida. En el pensamiento de Foucault, el marxismo queda completamente desmantelado, ya sea desde el punto de vista del análisis de las relaciones de poder o de la teleología histórica, del rechazo del historicismo o de cierto positivismo; pero, al mismo tiempo, el marxismo se ve también reinventado y remodelado desde el punto de vista de los movimientos y de las luchas, es decir, desde el punto de vista, en realidad, de los sujetos de tales movimientos y tales luchas: porque <em>conocer es producir subjetividad</em>.<!--more--></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Pero antes de seguir avanzando, me gustaría volver atrás por un instante. Es habitual distinguir tres Foucault: hasta finales de los años 60, Foucault estudia la aparición del discurso de las ciencias humanas, es decir, de lo que llama una arqueología del saber y, al mismo tiempo, de su economía después de tres siglos, y lleva a cabo una gran lectura de la modernidad occidental a través del concepto de <em>episteme</em>; más tarde, en los años 70, vienen las investigaciones sobre las relaciones entre los saberes y los poderes, sobre la aparición de las disciplinas, del control y de los biopoderes, de la norma y de la biopolítica, es decir, una analítica general del poder y, al mismo tiempo, la tentativa de hacer la historia del desarrollo del concepto de soberanía desde su aparición en el pensamiento político hasta nuestros días; y finalmente, en los años 80, el análisis de los procesos de subjetivación bajo la doble perspectiva de la relación estética con uno mismo y de la relación política con los otros –aunque, sin duda, en este caso se trata de la misma indagación: el cruce entre la estética de uno mismo y la preocupación política es lo que también se llama ética-.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">En realidad, no sé si podemos distinguir tres Foucault, ni siquiera dos, pues antes de la publicación de <em>Dichos y Escritos</em> y de los cursos en el <em>Collège de France</em>, se tendía a no tener verdaderamente en consideración al último Foucault. Me parece, en efecto, que los tres temas sobre los que se centró la atención foucaultiana son perfectamente continuos y coherentes; coherentes en el sentido de que forman una producción teórica unitaria y continua.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lo que cambia es, probablemente, la especificidad de las condiciones históricas y de las necesidades políticas a las que Foucault se enfrentaba y que determinan de forma absoluta los campos por los que se interesa. Desde este punto de vista, asumir la perspectiva foucaultiana consiste también –se lo digo con mis propias palabras; sólo espero que también hubieran podido ser las de Foucault- poner un estilo de pensamiento (ese que reconocemos en la genealogía del presente, ese que no deja de reactivarse cuando habla de producción de las subjetividades) en contacto con una situación histórica dada. Y dicha situación histórica es una realidad histórica de las relaciones de poder. Foucault lo repite a menudo cuando habla de su pasión por los archivos y del hecho de que la emoción de su lectura procede de que nos narran fragmentos de existencia: la existencia, pasada o presente, ofrecida en papeles amarillentos o vivida día a día, es siempre un encuentro con el poder; no es más que eso, pero es algo enorme.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Cuando Foucault se pone a trabajar sobre la transición de finales del siglo XVIII a comienzos del XIX –es decir, a partir de <em>Vigilar y Castigar</em>-, se encuentra frente a una dimensión específica de las relaciones de poder, de los dispositivos y estrategias que éste implica, es decir, en realidad frente a un tipo de relaciones de poder totalmente articuladas sobre el desarrollo del capitalismo. Éste exige un control total de la vida en la medida en que la constitución de una fuerza de trabajo, por un lado, y las exigencias de la rentabilidad de la producción, por otro, lo demandan. <em>El poder se convertía en biopoder</em>. Ahora, si bien es verdad que Foucault utiliza a continuación el modelo de los biopoderes para tratar de hacer una ontología del presente, se buscarán en vano, en los análisis consagrados al desarrollo del capitalismo, la determinación del paso del <em>Welfare-State</em> a su crisis, de la organización fordista a la organización posfordista del trabajo, de los principios keynesianos a los de la teoría neoliberal de la macroeconomía. Pero es verdad también que en esta sencilla definición de la transición del régimen de la disciplina al de control, a comienzos del siglo XIX, ya se puede comprender que lo posmoderno no representa una retirada del Estado con respecto al dominio sobre el trabajo social, sino un perfeccionamiento de su control sobre la vida.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">En Foucault, uno encuentra, en realidad, esta intuición desarrollada por todas partes, como si el análisis de la transición a la era post-industrial constituyese un elemento central de su pensamiento, cuando lo cierto es que nunca habla de ello directamente. El proyecto de una genealogía del presente, que estructura por completo su relación con el pasado desde comienzos de los años 70, y la idea de una producción de subjetividad, que permite, desde el interior del poder, tanto modificar y quebrar su funcionamiento como crear subjetividades nuevas, son impensables al margen de la determinación material de dicho presente y la transición que ha encarnado en él. <em>El paso de la definición de lo político moderno a la de lo biopolítico posmoderno</em>, he aquí lo que –a mi parecer- Foucault intuyó de forma extraordinaria.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">En Foucault, el concepto de lo político –y el concepto de la acción en un contexto biopolítico- difieren radicalmente tanto de las conclusiones de Max Weber y sus epígonos del siglo diecinueve como de las concepciones modernas del poder (Kelsen, Schmitt, etc.). Foucault fue probablemente sensible a sus tesis, pero tengo la impresión de que, a partir del 68, el marco cambia radicalmente y Foucault no puede dejar de tenerlo en cuenta. Para nosotros que continuamos utilizando a Foucault a su pesar, más allá de él mismo –y es un regalo el que nos hizo de una generosidad extraordinaria; Foucault fue un hombre de pensamiento generoso, es demasiado raro para que se insista lo suficiente-, no hay nada que renovar ni que corregir en sus teorizaciones: basta con prolongar sus intuiciones sobre la producción de subjetividad y sus implicaciones.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Cuando Foucault, Guattari y Deleuze apoyan, por ejemplo, las luchas sobre la cuestión carcelaria en los años 70 construyen una nueva relación entre el saber y el poder: tal relación no concierne solamente a la situación en las prisiones, sino al conjunto de situaciones en las que pueden desarrollarse, conforme al mismo modelo, espacios de libertad, pequeñas estrategias de torsión del poder desde el interior del poder mismo, la reconquista de la propia subjetividad individual y colectiva, la invención de nuevas formas de comunidad, de vida y de lucha; en una palabra: lo que nosotros llamamos subversión. Foucault no es grande solamente por la notable analítica del poder que llevó a cabo, por sus fulgores metodológicos, o por la manera inédita en que entremezclo la filosofía, la historia y la preocupación por el presente. Foucault nos deja intuiciones cuya validez no cesamos de constatar; en particular, redefinió el espacio de las luchas políticas y sociales y la figura de los sujetos revolucionarios con respecto al marxismo “clásico”: la revolución, para Foucault, no es –o, en todo caso, no es sólo- una perspectiva de liberación; es una práctica de libertad. Es producirse a uno mismo y con los otros en las luchas; es innovar, inventar lenguajes y redes; es producir, reapropiarse del valor del trabajo vivo. Es volar el capitalismo desde su interior.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Pregunta 2</strong>: ¿No le parece que asistimos a una cierta marginación de Foucault por parte de la mayoría de las corrientes que afirman querer retomar la crítica social y política en Francia? ¿Qué ocurre en el resto de Europa (en Italia, por ejemplo) y en los Estados Unidos?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Respuesta 2</strong>: Los medios académicos detestan a Foucault. Creo que se le marginó ya en los años 60; después, vino la promoción en el <em>Collège de France</em> para aislarlo aún mejor –y no solamente porque la Universidad no perdona el éxito a los intelectuales-. El positivismo sociológico a lo Bourdieu ha resultado sin duda muy fecundo, pero no ha sido capaz de asimilar el pensamiento foucaultiano, del que ha denunciado su subjetivismo. Ahora bien, evidentemente no hay subjetivismo en Foucault. Bourdieu, probablemente, se dio cuenta en sus últimos años.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lo que Foucault refuta siempre, en todos los rincones de su obra, es el trascendentalismo, las filosofías de la historia que no aceptan poner en juego todas las determinaciones de lo real frente a la red y al conflicto de las potencias subjetivas. Por trascendentalismo, en suma, entiendo todas las concepciones de la sociedad que pretenden poder evaluarla o manipularla desde un punto de vista externo, autoritario. No, tal cosa no es posible. El único método que nos permite el acceso a lo social es el de la <em>inmanencia</em> <em>absoluta</em>, el de la invención continua de la producción del sentido y de los dispositivos de acción. Como otros autores importantes de su generación, Foucault ajusta las cuentas con todas las reminiscencias del estructuralismo; es decir, con la fijación trascendental de las categorías epistemológicas que ésta prescribe (hoy en día, este error se reproduce con una cierta renovación del naturalismo, en funcionamiento en la filosofía y en las ciencias sociales…).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Y luego, en Francia, Foucault es rechazado porque, desde el punto de vista de la crítica, no se inscribe en las mitologías de la tradición republicana: no hay nadie más alejado que él del soberanismo, aunque sea jacobino; de la laicidad unilateral, aunque sea igualitaria; del tradicionalismo en la concepción de la familia y de la demografía patriótica, aunque sea integradora, etc. Pero, entonces, ¿la metodología de Foucault no se reduce a una posición relativista, escéptica; es decir, a la degradación de una concepción idealista de la historia? No, de nuevo no. El pensamiento de Foucault propone fundar la posibilidad de la subversión –el término es más mío que suyo; Foucault hablaría de “resistencia”- mediante un liberación total con respecto a la tradición moderna del Estado-nación y del socialismo. Una propuesta que es del todo distinta de la del escéptico o el relativista; una propuesta que, por el contrario, se construye sobre la exaltación de la <em>Aufklärung</em>, de la reinvención del hombre y de su potencia democrática, después de que todas las ilusiones del progreso y de la reconstrucción común hayan sido traicionadas por la dialéctica totalitaria de lo moderno. En suma, Foucault podría apropiarse de la frase del joven Descartes: <em>Larvatus</em> <em>prodeo</em>, “camino enmascarado”.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Cada uno de nosotros debe –creo yo- admitir lo siguiente: el nacional-socialismo es un puro producto de la dialéctica de lo moderno. Liberarse de él significa ir más lejos. La <em>Aufklärung</em>, nos recuerda Foucault, no es la exaltación utópica de las luces de la razón; al contrario, es la des-utopía, es la lucha cotidiana en torno al acontecimiento, es la construcción de la política a partir de la problematización del “aquí y ahora”, de los temas de la emancipación y la libertad. La batalla de Foucault en torno a la cuestión de las prisiones, llevada a cabo con el GIP a comienzos de los años 70, ¿le parece a usted relativista o escéptica? ¿O la toma de posición en apoyo de los autónomos italianos en el momento más difícil de la represión y del compromiso histórico en Italia?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">En Francia, Foucault ha sido a menudo víctima de la lectura que hacían de él sus amigos, sus alumnos y sus colaboradores. El anticomunismo ha desempeñado aquí un papel crucial. Se ha presentado la ruptura metodológica con el materialismo y el colectivismo como una reivindicación del individualismo neoliberal. Cuando deconstruía las categorías del materialismo dialéctico, Foucault era muy apreciado; pero también reconstruía las del materialismo histórico, y eso ya no valía. Y cuando la lectura de los dispositivos y el trabajo sobre la ontología crítica del presente hacen referencia a la libertad de las multitudes, a la construcción de bienes comunes, al desprecio por el neoliberalismo, entonces sus alumnos se retiran. Tal vez Foucault murió en buen momento.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">En Italia, en Estados Unidos, en Alemania, en España, en América Latina y ahora, cada vez más, en Gran Bretaña, no hemos conocido este perverso juego parisino que se ha puesto en marcha para marginar a Foucault de la escena intelectual. Foucault no ha pasado por la criba asesina de las <em>querellas</em> ideológicas de la intelligentsia francesa; se le ha leído en función de lo que dijo. La analogía con respecto a las tendencias de renovación del pensamiento marxista de finales de los años 70 también se ha considerado a menudo fundamental. Sin embargo, no sólo se reconoce la coincidencia cronológica: se trata, más bien, de la sensación de que el pensamiento foucaultiano ha de comprenderse en medio de toda una serie de tentativas –prácticas o teóricas- de emancipación y de liberación, en un enmarañamiento de preocupaciones epistemológicas y perspectivas ético-políticas que implica una crítica violenta de los partidos, de la lectura de la historia y de los sujetos que en ella se reconocen. Creo que los obreristas europeos y las feministas americanas, por ejemplo, han encontrado en Foucault numerosas pistas para la investigación y, sobre todo, la incitación a transformar sus metalenguajes en una lengua común, tal vez universal, para el mundo que viene, o en todo caso para el siglo que viene.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Pregunta 3</strong>: Michael Hardt y usted mismo escriben, en <em>Imperio</em>, que “el contexto biopolítico del nuevo paradigma es absolutamente central para nuestro análisis”. ¿Puede explicarnos el vínculo, que no tiene nada de inmediatamente evidente, entre las nuevas formas de poder imperial y el “biopoder”?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Pregunta 4</strong>: Su deuda con respecto a Michel Foucault, de la que da fe a menudo, no está exenta de ciertas críticas. Así, escribe usted que Foucault no consiguió aprehender “la dinámica real de la producción en la sociedad biopolítica”? ¿Qué quiere decir con esto? ¿Hay que deducir de aquí que los análisis foucaultianos conducirían a una suerte de callejón sin salida político?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Respuestas 3 y 4</strong>: Partiendo de estas dos cuestiones, quisiera tratar de esclarecer lo que, en <em>Imperio</em>, Michael Hardt y yo hemos tomado en préstamo a Foucault y aquello a propósito de lo cual hemos, por el contrario, hecho ciertas críticas. Al hablar de imperio, no solamente hemos tratado de identificar una nueva forma de soberanía global diferente de la forma del Estado-nación; hemos tratado de captar las causas materiales, políticas y económicas de tal desarrollo y, al mismo tiempo, de definir el nuevo tejido de contradicciones que necesariamente encierra. Para nosotros, desde un punto de vista marxiano, el desarrollo del capitalismo (incluida la forma extremadamente desarrollada del mercado mundial) echa raíz en las transformaciones, así como en las contradicciones, de la explotación del trabajo. Son las luchas de los trabajadores las que transforman las instituciones políticas y las formas de poder del capital. El proceso que ha conducido a la afirmación de la hegemonía de la regla imperial no es una excepción: después de 1968, después de la gran rebelión de los trabajadores asalariados en los países desarrollados y de los pueblos colonizados en el tercer mundo, el capital ya no puede (en el terreno económico y monetario, militar y cultural) controlar y contener los flujos de la fuerza de trabajo dentro de los límites del Estado-nación. <em>El nuevo orden mundial corresponde a la exigencia de un nuevo orden en el mundo del trabajo</em>. La respuesta del capitalismo toma forma en diferentes niveles, pero el de la organización tecnológica de los procesos de trabajo es fundamental.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Se trata, en efecto, de la automatización de la industria y de la informatización de la sociedad: la economía política del capital y la organización de la explotación comienzan a desarrollarse cada vez más a través del trabajo inmaterial, la acumulación concierne a las dimensiones intelectuales y cognitivas del trabajo, a su movilidad espacial y a su flexibilidad temporal. La sociedad entera y la vida de los hombres se convierten así en objeto de un nuevo interés por parte del poder. Marx había previsto perfectamente (en los <em>Grundrisse</em> y en <em>El Capital</em>) tal desarrollo, al que él llamaba “subsunción real de la sociedad en el capital”. Foucault comprendió –creo yo- este paso histórico, puesto que, por su parte, describió la genealogía del control de la vida – tanto de la vida individual como de la vida social- por el poder. Pero la subsunción de la sociedad en el capital (así como la aparición de los biopoderes) es mucho más frágil de lo que creemos, y, en particular, mucho más frágil de lo que el capital mismo cree, o de lo que el objetivismo de los epígonos marxistas (como la Escuela de Francfort, por ejemplo) quiere reconocer.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">En realidad, la subsunción real de la sociedad (es decir, del trabajo social) en el capital generaliza la contradicción de la explotación a todos los niveles de la sociedad misma, del mismo modo que la extensión de los biopoderes abre la puerta a una respuesta biopolítica de la sociedad: no ya los poderes sobre la vida, sino la potencia de la vida como respuesta a tales poderes; en suma, esto abre la puerta a la insurrección y a la proliferación de la libertad, a la producción de subjetividad y a la invención de nuevas formas de lucha. <em>Cuando el capital se adueña de la vida entera, la vida se revela como resistencia</em>. Es, pues, en este punto en el que los análisis foucaultianos de la transformación de los biopoderes en biopolítica han influido en los nuestros sobre la génesis del imperio: en suma, cuando las nuevas formas del trabajo y de las luchas, producidas por la transformación del trabajo material en trabajo inmaterial, se revelan como productoras de subjetividad.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Con todo, no sé si Foucault estaría totalmente de acuerdo con nuestros análisis -¡yo espero que sí!-; porque producir subjetividad, para Michael Hardt y para mí, es en realidad hallarse en una metamorfosis que conduce al comunismo. En otros términos, pienso que la nueva condición imperial en la que vivimos (y las condiciones sociopolíticas en las que construimos nuestro trabajo, nuestros lenguajes y, en consecuencia, a nosotros mismos) pone en el centro del contexto biopolítico lo que nosotros llamamos <em>lo</em> <em>común</em>: no lo privado o lo público, no lo individual o lo social, sino lo que, todos juntos, construimos para asegurar al hombre la posibilidad de producirse y reproducirse. En lo común, nada de lo que constituía nuestras singularidades queda suspendido o borrado: simplemente, las singularidades se articulan las unas con las otras para obtener un “agenciamiento” –el término es de Deleuze- en el que cada potencia se ve multiplicada por la de los otros, y en la que cada creación es también inmediatamente la de los otros.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La vías que unen la revisión creativa del marxismo (a la que nos adherimos) con las concepciones revolucionarias de lo biopolítico y de la producción de la subjetividad elaboradas por Foucault son –creo yo- muy numerosas.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Pregunta 5</strong>: Las dos últimas obras de Foucault sobre los modos de la subjetivación parecen haber atraído menos su atención. ¿La construcción de una ética y de estilos de vida ajenos o resistentes al biopoder es una vía demasiado alejada de lo que ustedes proponen (la figura del militante comunista)? ¿O bien existen posibilidades de un acuerdo más profundo que nosotros no hemos percibido?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Respuesta 5</strong>: Las últimas obras de Foucault han tenido una gran influencia sobre mí; creo que lo que acabo de decirle a propósito de <em>Imperio</em> lo muestra con claridad. Permítame que le cuente un recuerdo un tanto curioso: a mediados de los años 70 escribí un artículo sobre Foucault en Italia –sobre eso que hoy se llama el “primer Foucault”, el Foucault de la arqueología de las ciencias humanas-. Trataba de señalar los límites de ese tipo de indagación y esperaba una especie de paso hacia delante, una insistencia más fuerte sobre la producción de subjetividad. En aquella época, yo mismo estaba intentado salir de un marxismo que, sin bien resultaba profundamente innovador en el terreno teórico –puesto que se preguntaba si era factible un “Marx más allá de Marx”-, presentaba en cambio, en el terreno de la práctica militante, el riesgo de terribles errores.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Quiero decir con esto que, en los años de lucha apasionada que siguieron a 1968, en la situación de feroz represión que los gobiernos de derecha ejercieron contra los movimientos sociales de protesta, muchos de nosotros corrimos el peligro de una deriva terrorista y algunos cedieron a ella. Pero, tras este extremismo, estaba siempre la convicción de que el poder era uno y solamente uno, de que el biopoder convertía a la derecha y a la izquierda en algo idéntico, que sólo el partido podía salvarnos –y si no el partido, las vanguardias armadas estructuradas como pequeños partidos en versión militar, en la gran tradición de los “partisanos” de la Segunda Guerra Mundial-. Nosotros comprendimos que esa deriva militar era algo de lo que los movimientos no se recuperarían; y que no sólo se trataba de una elección humanamente insostenible, sino de un suicidio político. Foucault, y junto a él, Deleuze y Guattari, nos pusieron en guardia contra dicha deriva. A este respecto, eran ellos los auténticos revolucionarios: cuando criticaban el estalinismo o las prácticas del “socialismo real”, no lo hacían de manera hipócrita y farisaica, como los “nuevos filósofos” del liberalismo; trataban de hallar el medio de afirmar una nueva potencia del proletariado contra el biopoder del capitalismo.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La resistencia al biopoder y la construcción de nuevos estilos de vida no están, pues, alejados del militantismo comunista, si se acepta pensar que el militantismo es una práctica común de libertad y que el comunismo es la producción de lo común. Como en <em>Imperio</em>, la figura del militante comunista no se toma en préstamo de un viejo modelo. Al contrario, se presenta como un nuevo tipo de subjetividad política que se construye a partir de la producción (ontológica y subjetiva) de las luchas por la liberación del trabajo y por una sociedad más justa.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Para nosotros, pero creo que también para los movimientos sociales de hoy en día, la importancia de las últimas obras de Foucault es, en consecuencia, excepcional. <em>La genealogía pierde aquí todo carácter especulativo y deviene política –una ontología crítica de nosotros mismos-, la epistemología es “constitutiva”, la ética asume dimensiones “transformadoras</em>”.<em> </em>Pero no se trata de un nuevo humanismo; o, más exactamente, se trata de reinventar al hombre en el seno de una nueva ontología: así, sobre las ruinas de la teleología moderna, recuperamos un <em>telos</em> materialista.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://seminaire.samizdat.net/Une-contribution-sur-Foucault.html">Artículo-entrevista para <em>FSU-Nouveaux Regards</em>, agosto de 2004.</a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[]]></title>
<link>http://floodll.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/8/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2009 04:16:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>floodll</dc:creator>
<guid>http://floodll.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/8/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Political Consciousness 15 | 10 | 09      Your question is: why am I so interested in politics? But ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>Political Consciousness</strong><br />
15 &#124; 10 &#124; 09</p>
<p>     Your question is: why am I so interested in politics? But if I were to answer you very simply, I would say this: why <em>shouldn’t</em> I be interested? That is to say, what blindness, what deafness, what density of ideology would have to weigh me down to prevent me from being interested in what is probably the most crucial subject to our existence, that is to say the society in which we live, the economic relations within which it functions, and the system of power which defines the regular forms and the regular permissions and prohibitions of our conduct. The essence of our lives consists, after all, of the political functioning of the society in which we find ourselves.</p>
<p>     So I can’t answer the question of why I should be interested; I could only answer it by asking why I shouldn’t be interested? Not to be interested in politics, that’s what constitutes a problem. So instead of asking me, you should be asking someone who is not interested in politics and then your question would be well-founded, and you would have the right to say, “Why, damn it, are you not interested?”<br />
_________________________<br />
1. <em>The Chomsky-Foucault Debate: On Human Nature</em>. New York: New Press, 2006.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Chase and Katie Read Foucault]]></title>
<link>http://tntufts.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/chase-and-katie-read-foucault/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2009 02:40:11 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>exphaaandonthat</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tntufts.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/chase-and-katie-read-foucault/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignnone" title="Way more fun." src="http://i462.photobucket.com/albums/qq344/peacenik8_photo/chasekatiereadfoucault.jpg" alt="" width="442" height="770" /></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Foucault on Truth and Ethics; Nussbaum’s Error]]></title>
<link>http://stockerb.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/foucault-on-truth-and-ethics-nussbaum%e2%80%99s-error/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 20:35:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>stockerb</dc:creator>
<guid>http://stockerb.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/foucault-on-truth-and-ethics-nussbaum%e2%80%99s-error/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Recently I read Michel Foucault’s Fearless Speech (edited by Jospheph Pearson, Semiotext(e), Los Ang]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Recently I read Michel Foucault’s <em>Fearless Speech </em>(edited by Jospheph Pearson, Semiotext(e), Los Angeles CA, 2001), based on lectures he gave in California about <em>parrhesia</em> in Ancient Greek philosophy, literature and politics.  <em>Parrhesia</em> is translated in my abridged Liddell and Scott <em>Greek-English Lexicon</em> (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1891) as ‘free speaking’.  It does not appear in Georg Autenrieth’s <em>Homeric Dictionary </em>(translated by Robert Keep, Duckworth, London, 1984), which is only to be expected, because as Foucault points out it’s a word that comes into use in Golden Age Athens.  It does appear in Alexander Souter’s <em>Pocket Lexicon to the Greek New Testament</em> (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1916) as ‘boldness, freedom, liberty, shown especially in speech’.  All of this, and more is incorporated into Foucault’s discussion of the negative and positive uses of the term in Euripides’ tragedies, commentary on Athenian democracy, Cynic philosophy, and so on.  In a rather indirect way Foucault himself develops a position on ethics, communication and liberty.  More of that on another occasion I hope.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Recently I was also listening to a podcast of Martha Nussbaum being interviewed  on Australian radio about Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, on the reissue of her recent classic <em>The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics </em>(original edition: Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1994) with a new introduction.  <a href="http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2009/11/pze_20091107.mp3">Click here to go directly to the podcast.</a> <a href="http://earideas.com/earideas/explore/show/78888/2009-11-07+-+The+Therapy+of+Desire+-+Epicureans+and+Stoics+on+the+good+life+">Click here to go to the relevant link at the podcast aggregator site <em>earideas</em></a>.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>A great summary of her work in that area, and it is a great body of work.  Nussbaum has some grudging respect for Foucault, in contrast to her attacks on anyone else who might be regarded as influenced by, or adjacent to, Foucault’s approach.  Her somewhat prejudiced mindset gets the better of her in the podcast, when she shows some regard for Foucault’s work on antique ethics.  Nussbaum claims that Foucault ignores  truth in his discussion of self-formation through ethics in the ancient world.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>The lectures in <em>Fearless Speech</em> focus in the importance of truth, the right fort he lower classes to speak truth in a vulgar manner in Athenian democracy, the value and danger Euripides sees in unrestrained truth telling.  There are ways in which Foucault would say that these truths are subjective not absolute, but that is not the same as devaluing truth.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>In an approach reminiscent of Mill in <em>On Liberty</em>, Foucault emphasises the value of struggle for truth, the great <em>agon</em>.  No one condemns Mill as a dangerous sceptic, subjectivist etc, for emphasising the value of a permanent conflict over truth in which no one ever has a complete victory, so maybe there’s no need to condemn Foucault on the basis of such accusations.</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Bewildered Fragments]]></title>
<link>http://narratingwaste.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/bewilderment/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 20:19:07 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>William Viney</dc:creator>
<guid>http://narratingwaste.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/bewilderment/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[[health warning: much of what follows is absolute gibberish] Bewilderment is, I think, quite an easy]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">[health warning: much of what follows is absolute gibberish]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Bewilderment is, I think, quite an easy thing to write about. I have often observed how writing can operate as the writing of the bewildered, for those that are not sure what they are doing but must somehow resolve this unknowing through acts of description. Not only can we belittle what is wild about these confused moments, but we assume to know what is meant by a misunderstanding that is caught in the writing act. Writing is, I think, a wild thing that can never safely assume a wilderness but it seems to need and want this place. We find a text – occasionally of our own making – and we say, ‘text! There you are!’ We tend to treat it like a reluctant and rather stubborn hound (Snoopy and other beagles spring to mind). We call to it and we come to it with love, despair and anger, but the thing neither cares for you nor does it care about your fits of rage. If, as Beckett once said, habit is the ballast that chains a dog to its vomit, then, in writing, there comes this maddening urgency about how long that chain is and what kind of vomit is being consumed. Writing is the habit that chains us and frees us, to the ballast of vomit that we cannot help but sign in writing.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[...]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">I’m worried (how can I not be?) that writing is an odd sort of mania that cannot find a proper home. One might write on tablets or on paper, but a sense of exodus and exile will always prevail. Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud and Maurice Blanchot all posed this problem at different times and in different ways. And if we searched for what is common to these writers we might construct a single question that encapsulates but does not exhaust the problem; ‘Whither the Logos?’ But to even ask this question one must assume the wilderness and exile of uncanny acts of inscription. Describing our confusion is symptom, cause and cure but writing does not and cannot have a home that can be of its own making. There is no cave on earth that carries the secret key to this spider’s web. I might mix my metaphors but that’s because metaphor can never be singular, hence the unhomeliness that writing gives and takes in equal measure.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[...]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Someone once said, ‘every act of thought is an act of misunderstanding’; every ‘ism’ is a misdirected act since it assumes to know what action assumes.  If this is true – and I’m not sure that it is – then what do we do about our confusion? Do we seal it, wrap it, or put it in a newspaper? Yes, always. We always want to make our uncertainties a public and, if we are canny creatures, a rather spectacular occurrence. Writing, like architecture or ballet, is one of many explications of an interior. What follows is an explication and exposition of bewilderment. But if I might make a simple claim, I do not think that the way I describe waste (i.e. the thing that currently bewilders me) is any more or less reducible to other types of enquiry. Waste, its effects, and the way that we scribe those effects  relates to broader issues that touch and are touched by countless lines of flight. So this thesis is not a mockery of discipline, It assesses things without leaving at home the notion of time, narrative and objects. It is this self-satisfied trinity that will help us understand what perplexes us, about the meaning of waste, and its relation to time.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[...]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Foucault searched for the basic unit of the source, and he found nothing. What he did find is things but he was searching for one and by not finding the one found the many. This problem of the one and the many is not false, nor is it a ‘false problem’. It is inherent in the falsification of the problem in its entirety. Falsity is neither one nor many but one and another. And falsity is a matter of accretion not loss, things but not &#8216;mere nothings&#8217;. Satre described something, he never understood what nothing actually was, is, or could be. This was his contribution. In consequence, <em>waste is neither reducible to a part or a whole. It is a material consequence of the idea of the problem</em>. What should we do with this position? Well, I don’t think we can do what Foucault attempted in the <em>Archaeology of Knowledge</em>, we cannot search for the sake of searching. This is the road to mania upon which Nietzsche made such a heavy impression.  We should search for an adequate description of the impressions that waste creates, and, against the inevitable moans about its outmoded and dogmatic associations, it is my view that &#8216;belief&#8217; might be a good way to describe the effects of waste. Without an idea of belief we cannot chain the dog of writing to the vomit of writing’s effects. If we are to approach waste in a way that is intellectually appropriate to the theoretical premise of this thesis, that is, that things ‘can come to be by ceasing to be’, then we should ignore the templates to reduce what is beyond reducibility.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[...]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Whither the logos? Well, we cannot approach this question without commanding waste, knowing what it is and does, and cannot be. This does not abdicate responsibility in offering an answer to plastic questions. It merely designs the laboratory of enquiry towards the inevitability of defeat.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[...]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">So defeat, error, irreduction is the default position of our enquiries but we cannot help but delight in our answers to the questions we pose to ourselves. The text, that thing of our passions, does not yield to our desire, nor does it resist all our advances. We are the text insofar that our thinking must have an external consequence to the positions we impose upon it. Foucault did not lead the way in these ethics. He did not give it a name. The torch is a scorched-earth technique that is made by the marking and making of umarking and unmaking. If we unmake the narratives that we tell, we can only hope to look for the constructions that the waste gives us. This is no construction in the normal sense. It is an inductive, speculative form of realism – a speculative realism. There is satisfaction to be gained from things as they occur before us. But this satisfaction cannot be taken upon the terms that we permit it. We must – if we are committed to the world as it appears to us – they offer nothing but the time we make and take by the time we offer. Time is the guardian of narrative, waste is the guardian of time, and the mobility of these things cannot be collapsed into one another. Waste, time, narrative; time, narrative waste; narrative, waste, time: the first and the last and the middle-term shall never become the past, present or future.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[O altă interpretare a simbolurilor comunismului]]></title>
<link>http://albaidaq.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/o-alta-interpretare-a-simbolurilor-comunismului/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 16:30:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>al-baidaq</dc:creator>
<guid>http://albaidaq.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/o-alta-interpretare-a-simbolurilor-comunismului/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Este 1923, Lenin se apropie de moarte, dar a apucat să-i vadă pe comunişti sărbătorind triumfători. ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Este 1923, Lenin se apropie de moarte, dar a apucat să-i vadă pe comunişti sărbătorind triumfători. ]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[The Deleuzian society - more Orwell than Orwell, and right around the corner]]></title>
<link>http://huxwelliantimes.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/the-deleuzian-society-more-orwell-than-orwell-and-right-around-the-corner/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 14:01:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>huxwelliantimes</dc:creator>
<guid>http://huxwelliantimes.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/the-deleuzian-society-more-orwell-than-orwell-and-right-around-the-corner/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The document &#8216;Postscript on the Societies of Control&#8216; was written back in 1992 by a Fren]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img alt="" src="http://samsmyname.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/panopticsson1.jpg?w=350&#038;h=360" title="Panopticon" class="alignright" width="350" height="360" />The document &#8216;<strong>Postscript on the Societies of Control</strong>&#8216; was written back in 1992 by a French philosopher known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a>. Apparently he is the friend of another famous French philosopher, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> once remarked that: &#8220;One day, perhaps, this century will be called Deleuzian&#8221;. And, admittedly, if one thought Orwell was prescient, one has never read the following postscript by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Deleuze">Deleuze</a>.</p>
<p>Here, in summary, is what <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Deleuze">Deleuze</a> says in his &#8216;<a href="http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/netzkritik/societyofcontrol.html">Postscript on the Societies of Control</a>&#8216;:</p>
<ul>
<li>The family, the school, the industry, the hospital, the prison are all dead. They&#8217;re giving them their &#8216;last rites&#8217; as we&#8217;re speaking.</li>
<li>Most of them will be incorporated into the &#8216;corporation&#8217; &#8211; wages will be even lower and even less substantial, because the &#8216;bonus&#8217; so to speak will be more of a &#8216;psychological&#8217; bonus.
<ul>
<li>He admits that the whole corporate &#8216;group session&#8217; is all meant as a therapeutical conditioning game &#8211; it&#8217;s meant so people get into fights over prestige &#8211; to encourage the &#8216;dog-eats-dog&#8217; mentality as it is on the workplace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the future, there will be &#8216;perpetual&#8217; learning &#8211; continuous exams and so on.</li>
<li>ID cards and electronic bracelets (whatever shape they may take on) will monitor you day and night and WILL be able to prevent you from entering certain residential areas or (for instance) being able to leave the country.</li>
<li>In the &#8216;hospitals&#8217;, the doctor and patient relationship is to be abolished. The &#8216;computer&#8217; will decide if you are a &#8216;risk&#8217;, and if so you will be quarantined accordingly.</li>
<li>Computers are central in all this &#8211; well, gee whiz.</li>
<li>Our &#8216;economies&#8217; (that of the &#8216;First world&#8217; western countries) are only meant to be &#8217;service economies&#8217; &#8211; all the production is in the Third World (well, that would be China, India &#8211; that have now grown to be First World).</li>
<li>Some talk about one single corporation that only has stockholders (think back to the movie Network with the guy who played Howard Beale)</li>
<li>You will be eternally in debt.</li>
<li>Convicted persons will get an electronic collar and be forced to stay at home during certain hours depending on their penalty. I guess they will drag you in front of a Project Natal-type device and &#8216;reprogram you&#8217;, but that&#8217;s just something I added.</li>
<li>They want to break up the unions. And if the unions &#8216;reject&#8217; this new society of &#8216;control&#8217; &#8211; then something has to be done about them.</li>
<li>Every person individually will &#8217;serve&#8217; the society of control. That&#8217;s in this Frenchmen&#8217;s own words: &#8220;It&#8217;s up to them to discover what they&#8217;re being made to serve&#8221;.</li>
</ul>
<p>it also talks about Role-Based Access Control (though not by name but the allusion is clear) &#8211; what this means is that everything you will be able to do on your computer will be regulated by role-based access control &#8211; what YOU are allowed to access, and at any given time they can revoke those rights. And this will count for everything in society &#8211; not just your Internet, not just your computer, not just your access to data at work &#8211; it means your money, your social security, everything. They can make you &#8216;unexist&#8217;, to make a reference to Nineteen Eighty Four&#8217;s O&#8217;Brien here. Think of <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113957/">The Net</a> &#8211; a similar scenario is played out there where they erase a dissident&#8217;s personal identity and give her another fake identity and frame her for committing a computer crime.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/netzkritik/societyofcontrol.html">http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/netzkritik/societyofcontrol.html</a></p>
<h2>Society Of Control &#8211; Gilles Deleuze (1992)</h2>
<blockquote><p><strong>I. Historical</strong></p>
<p>Foucault located the disciplinary societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; they reach their height at the outset of the twentieth. They initiate the organization of vast spaces of enclosure. The individual never ceases passing from one closed environment to another, each having its own laws: first the family; then the school (&#8220;you are no longer in your family&#8221;); then the barracks (&#8220;you are no longer at school&#8221;); then the factory; from time to time the hospital; possibly the prison, the preeminent instance of the enclosed environment. It&#8217;s the prison that serves as the analogical model: at the sight of some laborers, the heroine of Rossellini&#8217;s Europa &#8216;51 could exclaim, &#8220;I thought I was seeing convicts.&#8221;</p>
<p>Foucault has brilliantly analyzed the ideal project of these environments of enclosure, particularly visible within the factory: to concentrate; to distribute in space; to order in time; to compose a productive force within the dimension of space-time whose effect will be greater than the sum of its component forces. But what Foucault recognized as well was the transience of this model: it succeeded that of the societies of sovereignty, the goal and functions of which were something quite different (to tax rather than to organize production, to rule on death rather than to administer life); the transition took place over time, and Napoleon seemed to effect the large-scale conversion from one society to the other. But in their turn the disciplines underwent a crisis to the benefit of new forces that were gradually instituted and which accelerated after World War II: a disciplinary society was what we already no longer were, what we had ceased to be.</p>
<p><strong>We are in a generalized crisis in relation to all the environments of enclosure&#8211;prison, hospital, factory, school, family. The family is an &#8220;interior,&#8221; in crisis like all other interiors&#8211;scholarly, professional, etc. The administrations in charge never cease announcing supposedly necessary reforms: to reform schools, to reform industries, hospitals, the armed forces, prisons. But everyone knows that these institutions are finished, whatever the length of their expiration periods. It&#8217;s only a matter of administering their last rites and of keeping people employed until the installation of the new forces knocking at the door. These are the societies of control, which are in the process of replacing disciplinary societies. &#8220;Control&#8221; is the name Burroughs proposes as a term for the new monster, one that Foucault recognizes as our immediate future</strong>. Paul Virilio also is continually analyzing the ultrarapid forms of free-floating control that replaced the old disciplines operating in the time frame of a closed system. There is no need to invoke the extraordinary pharmaceutical productions, the molecular engineering, the genetic manipulations, although these are slated to enter the new process. <strong>There is no need to ask which is the toughest regime, for it&#8217;s within each of them that liberating and enslaving forces confront one another. For example, in the crisis of the hospital as environment of enclosure, neighborhood clinics, hospices, and day care could at first express new freedom, but they could participate as well in mechanisms of control that are equal to the harshest of confinements. There is no need to fear or hope, but only to look for new weapons.</strong></p>
<p><strong>II. Logic</strong></p>
<p>The different internments of spaces of enclosure through which the individual passes are independent variables: each time one us supposed to start from zero, and although a common language for all these places exists, it is analogical. One the other hand, the different control mechanisms are inseparable variations, forming a system of variable geometry the language of which is numerical (which doesn&#8217;t necessarily mean binary). Enclosures are molds, distinct castings, but controls are a modulation, like a self-deforming cast that will continuously change from one moment to the other, or like a sieve whose mesh will transmute from point to point.</p>
<p><strong>This is obvious in the matter of salaries: the factory was a body that contained its internal forces at the level of equilibrium, the highest possible in terms of production, the lowest possible in terms of wages; but in a society of control, the corporation has replaced the factory, and the corporation is a spirit, a gas</strong>. Of course the factory was already familiar with the system of bonuses, but the corporation works more deeply to impose a modulation of each salary, in states of perpetual metastability that operate through challenges, contests, <strong>and highly comic group sessions. If the most idiotic television game shows are so successful, it&#8217;s because they express the corporate situation with great precision. The factory constituted individuals as a single body to the double advantage of the boss who surveyed each element within the mass and the unions who mobilized a mass resistance; but the corporation constantly presents the brashest rivalry as a healthy form of emulation, an excellent motivational force that opposes individuals against one another and runs through each, dividing each within. The modulating principle of &#8220;salary according to merit&#8221; has not failed to tempt national education itself. Indeed, just as the corporation replaces the factory, perpetual training tends to replace the school, and continuous control to replace the examination. Which is the surest way of delivering the school over to the corporation.</strong></p>
<p><strong>In the disciplinary societies one was always starting again (from school to the barracks, from the barracks to the factory), while in the societies of control one is never finished with anything&#8211;the corporation, the educational system, the armed services being metastable states coexisting in one and the same modulation, like a universal system of deformation</strong>. In The Trial, Kafka, who had already placed himself at the pivotal point between two types of social formation, described the most fearsome of judicial forms. The apparent acquittal of the disciplinary societies (between two incarcerations); and the limitless postponements of the societies of control (in continuous variation) are two very different modes of juridicial life, and if our law is hesitant, itself in crisis, it&#8217;s because we are leaving one in order to enter the other. The disciplinary societies have two poles: the signature that designates the individual, and the number or administrative numeration that indicates his or her position within a mass. This is because the disciplines never saw any incompatibility between these two, and because at the same time power individualizes and masses together, that is, constitutes those over whom it exercises power into a body and molds the individuality of each member of that body. (Foucault saw the origin of this double charge in the pastoral power of the priest&#8211;the flock and each of its animals&#8211;but civil power moves in turn and by other means to make itself lay &#8220;priest.&#8221;) <strong>In the societies of control, on the other hand, what is important is no longer either a signature or a number, but a code: the code is a password, while on the other hand disciplinary societies are regulated by watchwords (as much from the point of view of integration as from that of resistance). The numerical language of control is made of codes that mark access to information, or reject it. We no longer find ourselves dealing with the mass/individual pair. Individuals have become &#8220;dividuals,&#8221; and masses, samples, data, markets, or &#8220;banks.&#8221;</strong> Perhaps it is money that expresses the distinction between the two societies best, since discipline always referred back to minted money that locks gold as numerical standard, while control relates to floating rates of exchange, modulated according to a rate established by a set of standard currencies. <strong>The old monetary mole is the animal of the space of enclosure, but the serpent is that of the societies of control</strong>. We have passed from one animal to the other, from the mole to the serpent, in the system under which we live, but also in our manner of living and in our relations with others. The disciplinary man was a discontinuous producer of energy, but the man of control is undulatory, in orbit, in a continuous network. Everywhere surfing has already replaced the older sports.</p>
<p>Types of machines are easily matched with each type of society&#8211;not that machines are determining, but because they express those social forms capable of generating them and using them. The old societies of sovereignty made use of simple machines&#8211;levers, pulleys, clocks; but the recent disciplinary societies equipped themselves with machines involving energy, with the passive danger of entropy and the active danger of sabotage; <strong>the societies of control operate with machines of a third type, computers, whose passive danger is jamming and whose active one is piracy or the introduction of viruses.</strong> This technological evolution must be, even more profoundly, a mutation of capitalism, an already well-known or familiar mutation that can be summed up as follows: nineteenth-century capitalism is a capitalism of concentration, for production and for property. It therefore erects a factory as a space of enclosure, the capitalist being the owner of the means of production but also, progressively, the owner of other spaces conceived through analogy (the worker&#8217;s familial house, the school). As for markets, they are conquered sometimes by specialization, sometimes by colonization, sometimes by lowering the costs of production. <strong>But in the present situation, capitalism is no longer involved in production, which it often relegates to the Third World, even for the complex forms of textiles, metallurgy, or oil production.</strong> It&#8217;s a capitalism of higher-order production. It no-longer buys raw materials and no longer sells the finished products: it buys the finished products or assembles parts. <strong>What it wants to sell is services but what it wants to buy is stocks</strong>. This is no longer a capitalism for production but for the product, which is to say, for being sold or marketed. Thus is essentially dispersive, and the factory has given way to the corporation. <strong>The family, the school, the army, the factory are no longer the distinct analogical spaces that converge towards an owner&#8211;state or private power&#8211;but coded figures&#8211;deformable and transformable&#8211;of a single corporation that now has only stockholders</strong>. Even art has left the spaces of enclosure in order to enter into the open circuits of the bank. The conquests of the market are made by grabbing control and no longer by disciplinary training, by fixing the exchange rate much more than by lowering costs, by transformation of the product more than by specialization of production. Corruption thereby gains a new power. Marketing has become the center or the &#8220;soul&#8221; of the corporation. We are taught that corporations have a soul, which is the most terrifying news in the world. The operation of markets is now the instrument of social control and forms the impudent breed of our masters. Control is short-term and of rapid rates of turnover, but also continuous and without limit, while discipline was of long duration, infinite and discontinuous. <strong>Man is no longer man enclosed, but man in debt. It is true that capitalism has retained as a constant the extreme poverty of three-quarters of humanity, too poor for debt, too numerous for confinement: control will not only have to deal with erosions of frontiers but with the explosions within shanty towns or ghettos</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>III. Program</strong></p>
<p><strong>The conception of a control mechanism, giving the position of any element within an open environment at any given instant (whether animal in a reserve or human in a corporation, as with an electronic collar), is not necessarily one of science fiction</strong>. Felix Guattari has imagined a city where one would be able to leave one&#8217;s apartment, one&#8217;s street, one&#8217;s neighborhood, thanks to one&#8217;s (dividual) electronic card that raises a given barrier; but the card could just as easily be rejected on a given day or between certain hours; what counts is not the barrier but the computer that tracks each person&#8217;s position&#8211;licit or illicit&#8211;and effects a universal modulation.</p>
<p>The socio-technological study of the mechanisms of control, grasped at their inception, would have to be categorical and to describe what is already in the process of substitution for the disciplinary sites of enclosure, whose crisis is everywhere proclaimed. It may be that older methods, borrowed from the former societies of sovereignty, will return to the fore, but with the necessary modifications. <strong>What counts is that we are at the beginning of something</strong>. In the prison system: the attempt to find penalties of &#8220;substitution,&#8221; at least for petty crimes, <strong>and the use of electronic collars that force the convicted person to stay at home during certain hours</strong>. For the school system: continuous forms of control, and the effect on the school of perpetual training, the corresponding abandonment of all university research, the introduction of the &#8220;corporation&#8221; at all levels of schooling. For the hospital system: <strong>the new medicine &#8220;without doctor or patient&#8221; that singles out potential sick people and subjects at risk</strong>, which in no way attests to individuation&#8211;as they say&#8211;but substitutes for the individual or numerical body the code of a &#8220;dividual&#8221; material to be controlled. In the corporate system: new ways of handling money, profits, and humans that no longer pass through the old factory form. These are very small examples, but ones that will allow for better understanding of what is meant by the crisis of the institutions, which is to say, the progressive and dispersed installation of a new system of domination. <strong>One of the most important questions will concern the ineptitude of the unions: tied to the whole of their history of struggle against the disciplines or within the spaces of enclosure, will they be able to adapt themselves or will they give way to new forms of resistance against the societies of control</strong>? Can we already grasp the rough outlines of the coming forms, capable of threatening the joys of marketing? Many young people strangely boast of being &#8220;motivated&#8221;; they re-request apprenticeships and permanent training. <strong>It&#8217;s up to them to discover what they&#8217;re being made to serve, just as their elders discovered</strong>, not without difficulty, the telos of the disciplines. The coils of a serpent are even more complex that the burrows of a molehill.</p></blockquote>
<h3>Footnotes</h3>
<p><strong>1.</strong> This document was published in full in the book &#8216;<strong>Rethinking architecture: a reader in cultural theory</strong>&#8216; (1997) by Neil Leach. A preview can be found <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=o5Q56G7opmcC&#38;pg=PA309&#38;dq=Postscript+on+the+societies+of+control&#38;client=firefox-a#v=onepage&#38;q=Postscript%20on%20the%20societies%20of%20control&#38;f=false">here</a>. Go to page 309.</p>
<p>This document appeared in all the major university papers in the US.</p>
<p>Here is the same document from the Journal Storage &#8211; a United States-based system for archiving academic journals.</p>
<p><strong>Link:</strong> &#8211; <a href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/778828">http://www.jstor.org/pss/778828</a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Embracing paleostructuralism]]></title>
<link>http://leitourgeia.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/embracing-paleostructuralism/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 01:18:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Richard Barrett</dc:creator>
<guid>http://leitourgeia.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/embracing-paleostructuralism/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It is late afternoon on Wednesday, and I have somehow managed to accomplish everything I needed to a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>It is late afternoon on Wednesday, and I have somehow managed to accomplish everything I needed to accomplish by this time. On Friday, this seemed like a goal that was unattainable, so I am reasonably pleased.</p>
<p>Somebody mentioned to me this last Saturday, &#8220;I occasionally read your rants against post-structuralism.&#8221; It had not been explicitly discussed in class that Foucault and company actually constitute an &#8220;-ism&#8221;, so I&#8217;m sure I was a deer in the headlights for a second while I figured out what my friend meant. Flesh of My Flesh has been explicitly exposed to more theory than I have, so I&#8217;ve been hearing about the supposed difference between signifier and signified for some time, but again, that this movement had a name was new information for me. A couple of things clicked once I understood the label; this is the same friend who a few years ago overheard me saying that it made no sense to me to read modern ideas of sexual equality and identity into texts for which those ideas would be anachronistic, and consequently chided me for &#8220;not believing in gender theory,&#8221; adding, &#8220;Applying theory is not &#8216;reading something into&#8217; anything. That&#8217;s just you having an ideological problem.&#8221;</p>
<p>For all I know, maybe he&#8217;s right. He&#8217;s in the English department, and maybe there&#8217;s a way these things actually make sense from the standpoint of literature. Maybe, too, this is the difference between a &#8220;scholar&#8221; and an &#8220;intellectual&#8221; &#8212; I do not give a fat, furry, flying rat&#8217;s hindquarters about <em>theory</em>. I have not entered an academic discipline because I am interested in the &#8220;isms&#8221; which seem to plague the humanities right now. (I am told that &#8220;thing theory&#8221; was rather well-represented at last week&#8217;s Byzantine Studies Association of North America conference, which makes me want to tear out my own teeth with a rusty screwdriver.) I have entered an academic discipline, because, funny and naïve and idealistic as it may sound, I am actually interested in, and even <em>like</em>, my subject of study.</p>
<p>What does that make me? A paleostructuralist? If so, then so be it. (&#8220;Paleostructuralist&#8221; sounds cooler and more dignified than &#8220;anti-post-structuralist&#8221; anyway.)</p>
<p>I still have more to write on Foucault in this space, but it&#8217;s going to have to wait a bit yet while I finish some other things. In the meantime, my most recent (and last) response paper for my &#8220;Introduction to the Professional Study of History&#8221; course starts to sketch out some of the thoughts that will show up there. Certain elements will be no surprise to those who visit here somewhat regularly, there are a couple of moments where it will be evident that I just got through watching all of Christopher Nolan&#8217;s movies in chronological order (which merits its own post), and the couple of somewhat coy suggestions that certain things should be discussed elsewhere will be developed in my final paper for this course.</p>
<p>&#8211;</p>
<p>The Safe Retreat into Omniscient Third-Person:</p>
<p>The Problem of Historicizing Oneself</p>
<p>Or</p>
<p>A Response to Kate Brown’s “A Place in Biography for Oneself”</p>
<p>(As Well as a Number of Other Bits and Pieces from the Fall 2009 H601 Course)</p>
<p>“Historians,” writes Kate Brown in her essay “A Place in Biography for Oneself,” “expose <em>other</em> people’s biographies, not their own.”<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a> How can this be, however, when according to Marx, “[m]en make their own history” <a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a>? How, ultimately, may historians be their own agents of history while being true to their own profession? How might historians assume the first person voice in their own work, that is to say, <em>our </em>own work, or still more to the point, <em>my</em> own work – honestly?</p>
<p>To expand Marx’s quote, men make their own history, “but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.” Brown certainly did not choose her circumstances. She is from a small Midwestern town whose economic history could have stepped out of the pages of <em>The Marx-Engels Reader</em>; in her home town of Elgin, Illinois, as she tells it, the beginning of her life intersected with a narrative of Western expansion, labor strife, industry flight, economic redevelopment, and gentrification.<a href="#_ftn3">[3]</a> Her own retelling of the story gives significant credibility to Marx’s claim that “[t]he tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living”<a href="#_ftn4">[4]</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>From Elgin… I came to understand how closely one’s biography is linked to one’s place… I recognized the impulse to bulldoze and start over, to push on toward a brighter, cleaned-up destiny, which meant abandoning some places and people and losers of an unannounced contest.<a href="#_ftn5">[5]</a></p></blockquote>
<p>The past – that is to say, one’s history – and its relationship to location are a weight that one must learn to carry or learn to jettison. Perhaps this can be understood as an inversion of the opening line of Pat Conroy’s novel <em>The Prince of Tides</em> – rather than the <em>wound</em> being geography, the anchorage, the port of call, it is <em>geography</em>, and the confluence of circumstances that one encounters in that geography, that is the wound.</p>
<p>All well and good &#8212; but how <em>real</em> is this confluence of circumstances? How objectively may its existence be assumed? Per Benedict Anderson and his analysis of how seemingly disconnected events make up the front page of a newspaper, perhaps not much:</p>
<blockquote><p>Why are these events so juxtaposed? What connects them to each other? Not sheer caprice. Yet obviously most of them happen independently, without the actors being aware of each other or of what the others are up to. The arbitrariness of their inclusion and juxtaposition… shows that the linkage between them is imagined.<a href="#_ftn6">[6]</a></p></blockquote>
<p>What, then, is the difference between one’s life and the front page of a newspaper? Do they both represent a constructed – that is to say, not objectively real – and affected way of arranging events? For the historian, how does that construction and that affectation influence how they read history, view history, and write history? How does understanding how one’s life interacts with one’s work impact either, for better or for worse?</p>
<p>As a scholar, I have been carefully trained to avoid using the first person in my work. “Don’t <em>ever</em> say things like ‘We can see the following…’ in your research,” I remember being told in one undergraduate course. “This is not a journey ‘we’re’ going on together. It’s a research paper.” My training in languages also tends to inform how I view texts – “Read what it <em>says</em>, not what you think it means,” my first Greek instructor repeatedly told our class. My research goal, therefore, is typically to state a clear, impersonal thesis and then get the hell out of the way of my own argument, simply letting the facts and the observations speak for themselves as much as possible. If I present it as something that “I” think, then I will have fundamentally devalued and undermined my argument – why should anybody care what I think?</p>
<p>Naturally, there is far more to it than a hope to rest comfortably on objectivity. Why should anybody care what <em>I </em>think, indeed. I’m a nobody, a college dropout from nowhere, a first generation college graduate at the age of 29, having taken eleven years to finish a four year degree (a B. Mus. at that, not a liberal arts degree), who then, even with good grades and test scores, still had to do three years of coursework as an unmatriculated student before there was any way to be competitive for graduate schools, all the while hearing from a chorus of professors, “I’m more than happy to write you a letter of recommendation, but I’m not sure you’re going to be able to get there from here.” Why should anybody care what I think? Good heavens, I will need to make sure I publish under a pseudonym just to be taken at all seriously. Better yet, I should somehow indicate on my C. V. that I simply sprang forth fully-grown from the head of Zeus with my PhD already in hand.</p>
<p>But there is still more to it than that, surely. I’ve been at Indiana University in one capacity or another since 2003, somewhat ironically making it the longest I’ve ever lived anywhere. My family bounced around a lot for reasons best recounted elsewhere, and even now, they live, quite dispersed, in places I have never lived, in houses I never called home, in zip codes I never visited until they moved there. Brown can rely on her connection with the place of Elgin, Illinois as an anchor for where she is now, but I am literally from nowhere, in the sense that I have had to construct my notion of “home” from different raw materials than place and family, and I find it very difficult to relate to concepts of home that <em>do</em> center around place and family. If my family moved around for reasons having to do with the military or career development, than I might be able to legitimately claim – as a friend of mine, the son of a prominent Russian History scholar, does – to be a “citizen of the world,” to be from <em>everywhere</em>. Alas, I can claim nothing quite so romantic or interesting. Robert Frost once said that home is where, if you have to go there, they have to take you, but the places where that is even marginally true are places that have never actually been a part of my life. If Brown is correct that one’s biography is closely linked to place, than I truly am the Nowhere Man – so again, why should anybody care what I think?</p>
<p>But, of course, there is still more to it than that.</p>
<p>“In my quest to explore the human condition,” writes Brown, “I have hidden behind my subjects, using them as a scrim to project my own sentiments and feelings.”<a href="#_ftn7">[7]</a> There is an undeniable connection between who somebody <em>is</em> and what interests them; for her own part, Brown describes this connection by saying, “I believe that I was able to see stories that had not yet taken shape for other historians because of the sensitivities I acquired in my past.”<a href="#_ftn8">[8]</a> My advisor, Professor Edward Watts, is potentially an example; he is an academic raised in a family of academics. His parents are both academics, and his sister is an academic. What was the subject of his dissertation? Rhetorical education in Late Antique Alexandria and Athens. As I told him after I read the book, it is difficult to not see his work as having an aspect of meta-commentary on the academic life. He chuckled and said, “You wouldn’t necessarily be wrong.”</p>
<p>Beyond that example, I saw with my own eyes how the personal connection between historian and subject might manifest with my colleagues during orientation and initial class meetings:</p>
<p>“Hi, I’m Roberto Arroyo, and I’m interested in Latin American history.”</p>
<p>“My name is Isaac Rosenbaum, and I do Holocaust history.”</p>
<p>“I’m Lakshmi Patel, and I’m studying the history of relations between India and Pakistan.”</p>
<p>The Late Antique Byzantinist whose last name is not “Ioannides” or “Sotiriou” is left at something of a disadvantage in such company. Yes, there is, in fact, a personal reason that connects me to my subject of inquiry, a personal reason that should not be too hard to surmise for the careful observer (but one that is best discussed in another setting), but a personal reason that is nonetheless internal, abstract, and conceptual rather than immediately and concretely constructed by place or family – that is to say, by the circumstances which I did not choose. I have personal stakes that led me to my areas of interest, but because they are of my own choosing I must be circumspect in how I speak in terms of “I”, “we”, and “our” if I am to be seen as having sufficient distance from my subject to be credible as a scholar. Edward Said and Dipesh Chakrabarty appear adamant that cultures and societies must define themselves, that to not allow such self-definition is cultural imperialism,<a href="#_ftn9">[9]</a> and yet this mandate of courtesy with respect to communal identity does not appear to extend to those who have embraced certain communities voluntarily.</p>
<p>Of course, I also have the problem that I am not interested in my subject from a critical point of view; I find it anachronistic to explicitly read whatever my own political beliefs and values may be – and, for today’s purposes, we may broadly describe them as uncomfortably conservative as Russell Kirk defined the word, which according to contemporary definitions probably makes me liberal – into my historical subject, but per Elizabeth Blackmar as quoted by Ted Steinberg, we historians are not supposed to evade the question of politics.<a href="#_ftn10">[10]</a> According to Steinberg, the role of the historian in the present day is evidently to explore “the history of oppression,”<a href="#_ftn11">[11]</a> and this attitude is one I see largely borne out in my cohort. Nonetheless, the reality is that <em>such a history is not the history of the Late Antique Eastern Roman Empire I have any desire to write</em>. I have better things to do than study something with the express purpose of tearing it down. I fundamentally believe it is possible to be more productive and constructive – but do I only believe that because of my other beliefs in the first place? Is my choice of the word “constructive” itself telling, possibly signifying that I would rather buy into the social constructions that historians are supposed to <em>de</em>construct? The 3<sup>rd</sup> person voice of objectivity keeps me from having to mess with such potentially treacherous questions.</p>
<p>If men make their own history, but not under circumstances they choose for themselves, and history is supposed to be the history of oppression, then must a historian writing their own history engage in self-hatred by definition? Brown does not appear to write a piece of self-hatred, but it is clear that she is uncomfortable with the implications of her own essay – “My palms sweat as I write this… The intimacy of the first person takes down borders between author and subject, borders that are considered by many to be healthy in a profession situated between the social sciences and the humanities.”<a href="#_ftn12">[12]</a> Chakrabarty suggests one possible way out, explicitly referencing autobiography and history as two separate and distinct genres<a href="#_ftn13">[13]</a> – so not only is autobiography, the history of oneself, not history, but history isn’t a <em>discipline</em> anyway, it’s a <em>genre</em>. But here is the rub – if history is a genre somewhere “between” the social sciences and the humanities, and a historian writing their own history must find a methodologically honest way to not engage themselves at the level of self-hatred, which then in fact moves the work into a different genre altogether, then the historian can <em>never</em> actually engage in a real work of self-historicization that is not self-mutilatory.</p>
<p>At any rate, can we claim objectivity anyway by avoiding biographical detail or the first person? In a post-structuralist world where we must assume a fundamental disconnect between signifier and signified, does it really matter to begin with? Or is a research paper written in the omniscient third person much like Bruno Latour’s depiction of the laboratory<a href="#_ftn14">[14]</a> or Bonnie Smith’s history seminar and archive<a href="#_ftn15">[15]</a> – a socially constructed, that is to say <em>false</em>, space of knowledge-based privilege that can assert authority it does not actually have simply because a particular group of people have become convinced that it does?</p>
<p>I do not have answers to my own questions, posed at the outset of this musing. I am not certain where to go with them. My inclination is to say the various circumstances of my own life may appear as arbitrary as Anderson insists the front page of the newspaper actually is, but by virtue of the very fact that I in fact experience those circumstances in chronological order, I nonetheless perceive them as my own narrative. My inclination is to say that I cannot be forced to historicize my own life as a history of oppression any more than I can legally be required to self-incriminate in a court of law. My inclination is to say that nonetheless, I am better off keeping my arguments in the third person and keeping my “self” out of the voice of my own work, that regardless of what <em>I</em> think, we all know what a coffee table will feel like if we rap it with our knuckles, and that in saying that I am not privileging people who have hands or who do not have nerve damage. My inclination is to say that there <em>must</em> be a world outside of our own minds, and that there <em>must</em> be a way we can discuss it, even if our own minds tell us how we’re going to organize our perceptions of that world. Are these words and ideas too strong, too dangerous, too naïve, too uninformed? I do not know, but I do not know where else to start.</p>
<p>And perhaps that is why it is good I work in a period many people find irrelevant. It keeps me from becoming a danger to myself or to others.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Works Cited</span></p>
<p>Anderson, Benedict. <em>Imagined Communities</em>. 2 ed. New York: Verso, 2006.</p>
<p>Blackmar, Elizabeth. &#8220;Contemplating the Force of Nature.&#8221; <em>Radical Historians Newsletter </em>no. 70 (1994).</p>
<p>Brown, Kate. &#8220;A Place in Biography for Oneself.&#8221; <em>American Historical Review </em>no. 114 (2009): 596-605.</p>
<p>Chakrabarty, Dipesh. &#8220;Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks For &#8220;Indian&#8221; Pasts?&#8221; <em>Representations </em>no. 37 (1992): 1-26.</p>
<p>Latour, Bruno. &#8220;Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World.&#8221; In <em>Science Observed: Perpsectives on the Social Study of Science</em>, edited by Karin Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay, 141-70. London: Sage, 1983.</p>
<p>Marx, Karl. &#8220;The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.&#8221; In <em>The Marx-Engels Reader</em>, edited by Robert C. Tucker, 594-617. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1978.</p>
<p>Said, Edward. <em>Orientalism</em>. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. Reprint, 2003.</p>
<p>Smith, Bonnie. &#8220;Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research.&#8221; <em>American Historical Review </em>100, no. 4 (1998): 1150-76.</p>
<p>Steinberg, Ted. &#8220;Down to Earth: Nature, Agency, and Power in History.&#8221; <em>American Historical Review </em>107, no. 3 (2002): 798-820.</p>
<hr size="1" /><a href="#_ftnref">[1]</a> Kate Brown, &#8220;A Place in Biography for Oneself,&#8221; <em>American Historical Review</em>, no. 114 (2009), 603.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[2]</a> Karl Marx, &#8220;The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,&#8221; in <em>The Marx-Engels Reader</em>, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1978), 595.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[3]</a> Brown, &#8220;A Place in Biography for Oneself,&#8221; 600-3.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[4]</a> Marx, &#8220;The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,&#8221; 595.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[5]</a> Brown, &#8220;A Place in Biography for Oneself,&#8221; 604.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[6]</a> Benedict Anderson, <em>Imagined Communities</em>, 2 ed. (New York: Verso, 2006), 33.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[7]</a> Brown, &#8220;A Place in Biography for Oneself,&#8221; 603.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[8]</a> Ibid., 605.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[9]</a> Edward Said, <em>Orientalism</em> (New York: Vintage Books, 1994; reprint, 2003). Dipesh Chakrabarty, &#8220;Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks For &#8220;Indian&#8221; Pasts?,&#8221; <em>Representations</em>, no. 37 (1992).</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[10]</a> Elizabeth Blackmar, &#8220;Contemplating the Force of Nature,&#8221; <em>Radical Historians Newsletter</em>, no. 70 (1994)., 4. Quoted in Ted Steinberg, &#8220;Down to Earth: Nature, Agency, and Power in History,&#8221; <em>American Historical Review</em> 107, no. 3 (2002), 804.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[11]</a> Steinberg, &#8220;Down to Earth: Nature, Agency, and Power in History,&#8221; 802.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[12]</a> Brown, &#8220;A Place in Biography for Oneself,&#8221; 603.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[13]</a> Chakrabarty, &#8220;Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks For &#8220;Indian&#8221; Pasts?&#8221;, 8.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[14]</a> Bruno Latour, &#8220;Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World,&#8221; in <em>Science Observed: Perpsectives on the Social Study of Science</em>, ed. Karin Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay (London: Sage, 1983). Accessed online at <a href="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Latour_GiveMeALab.html">http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Latour_GiveMeALab.html</a> on 9 November 2009.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[15]</a> Bonnie Smith, &#8220;Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research,&#8221; <em>American Historical Review</em> 100, no. 4 (1998).</p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[¿La cárcel regenera?]]></title>
<link>http://productohechizo.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/%c2%bfla-carcel-regenera/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 01:50:35 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>productohechizo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://productohechizo.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/%c2%bfla-carcel-regenera/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Como artista siempre he sido curiosa. Cuando estudiaba en la universidad me encantaba colarme en las]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">Como artista siempre he sido curiosa. Cuando estudiaba en la universidad me encantaba colarme en las clases de otras carreras. Fui estudiante visitante de ingeniería, literatura, comunicación y filosofía. Alguna vez me colé en una clase llamada &#8220;Foucault y Deleuze&#8221; sin tener bases de filosofía más que de estética del arte. William Gonzáles, que era el profesor, me dijo que para estar en esa clase debia cumplir con los trabajos asignados aunque no estuviera matriculara y por lo tanto no tuviera nota. Acepté el riesgo, sin embargo solo presenté el ensayo de un ensayo que transcribo a continuación.</p>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">¿</span><span style="color:#ff0000;">La cárcel regenera?</span></h2>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Me encuentro, pese a mi nivel estructural, teórico, discursivo (&#8230;), frente a una cuestión que pareciera limitarme su acceso según el número de posibilidades que de ella se desprenden.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">¿Cómo hemos llegado a construir este tipo de mecanismos sociales?, ¿De qué manera la época que nos corresponde caracteriza la constitución de los sistemas carcelarios?, ¿Por qué la prisión no regenera?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Progresivamente se me hace necesario profundiza en alguna de las partículas que forman el sistema. El encierro, el lugar donde se encierra, que clausura, supone en teoría un tipo de recogimiento luego de ser impuesto por la ley una pena aflictiva y correctiva -pena directamente ligada con las relaciones corporales: el cuerpo como medio purgatorio de las culpas- El encierro, sin embargo, contiene dimensiones más que espacio-temporales.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Represado y/o reprimido quien se encuentra al interior de un sistema carcelario está expuesto constantemente a contenerse, a refrenar sus impusos dentro de una aparente y absoluta negacion que desemboca, con cierta frecuencia, un desbordamiento de aquello que se ha intentado retener. Lo que aparentan ser sistemas de poder puestos en práctica, tan solo son sistemas represivos que suelen acarrear con el tiempo, pruebas en hechos de que no son los suficientemente eficientes, porque suele desestabilizar considerablemente las relaciones sociales.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La teoría supera la práctica.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">El sistema carcelario, como una estructura de leyes y del cuidado de &#8220;lo justo&#8221; a través del derecho, devela en la práctiva una gestión política y económica. ¿De qué tipo? Se hace particular; especialmente para nuestro sistemas carcelarios colombianos, no interesa tanto si una persona que se encuentra privada de su libertad según la ley, pueda llegar a trasceder el límite de lo corporal (del sufrimiento físico), para conseguir un regeneramiento que le permita vincularse a los sistemas sociales de una comunidad, en tanto cruce las puertas de la penitenciaría. La cárcel no cuenta con posibilidades específicas y certificadas socialmente para que un preso obtenga un proceso regenerativo mediante la realización de actividades que incluyan el desarrollo de los componentes físicos, mentales y -atrevidamete expreso- espirituales. Todo ello tendría como causa importantes desiciones a tomar. El conocimiento, la voluntad individual o colectiva de conocer, de saber, de descubrir, acarrea cambios; dichos cambios en un Estado como el que habitamos incluyen lo político y lo económico. Y se tiene la fé de que entre menos sepa el pueblo es más fácil dominarlo.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">(</span><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Para</span> leer la siguiente historieta de Calvin and Hobbes hacer click en la imágen)</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/lms/moodle/file.php/235/imagenes/Caricatura2.gif"><img class="alignnone" src="http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/lms/moodle/file.php/235/imagenes/Caricatura2.gif" alt="" width="379" height="250" /></a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Politics, Poetics and Popular Education in Brazilian Cinema, 1962-1979]]></title>
<link>http://rikowski.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/politics-poetics-and-popular-education-in-brazilian-cinema-1962-1979/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 23:08:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>rikowski</dc:creator>
<guid>http://rikowski.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/politics-poetics-and-popular-education-in-brazilian-cinema-1962-1979/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[POLITICS, POETICS AND POPULAR EDUCATION IN BRAZILIAN CINEMA, 1962-1979 ‘Stronger are the powers of t]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong><a href="http://rikowski.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/2009102016401brazilmid21.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-1570" title="2009102016401brazilmid2[1]" src="http://rikowski.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/2009102016401brazilmid21.jpg?w=150" alt="2009102016401brazilmid2[1]" width="150" height="112" /></a>POLITICS, POETICS AND POPULAR EDUCATION IN BRAZILIAN CINEMA, 1962-1979</strong></p>
<p><strong>‘Stronger are the powers of the people’: politics, poetics and popular education in Brazilian cinema, 1962-1979</strong></p>
<p>December 4 (6.30pm &#8211; 10pm) <br />
December 5th and 6th (2pm to 10pm)</p>
<p>At No-w-here, First Floor, 316-318 Bethnal Green Road, London, E2 OAG</p>
<p>Full programme and further information: <a title="http://www.no-w-here.org.uk/index.php?cat=1&#38;subCat=docdetail&#38;&#38;id=212" href="http://www.no-w-here.org.uk/index.php?cat=1&#38;subCat=docdetail&#38;&#38;id=212">http://www.no-w-here.org.uk/index.php?cat=1&#38;subCat=docdetail&#38;&#38;id=212</a></p>
<p>The late 1950s and early 1960s were a period of intense social and economic transformation in Brazil. It was also a period of political upheaval, curbed by the 1964 military coup, and one in which the relations between politics, poetics and popular education, the role of the cultural producer, the vanguard-popular-mass culture nexus, were absolutely central to the cultural and political debate.</p>
<p>‘Stronger are the powers of the people’, a programme of films and debates curated and presented by Brazilian philosopher, artist and political activist Rodrigo Nunes, uses Brazilian films from 1962 to 1979 as ‘monuments’ whose animating forces can be put again into play to understand how the problems posed by the period are expressed in the aesthetic and political choices of filmmakers.</p>
<p>In particular, it examines one of the most neglected experiences of that time – the Popular Culture Centres (CPCs) – as a central node of the practical and theoretical articulation of those debates. With this, the programme addresses them not only in their historical situatedness, but above all in relation to those problems that animate artistic and political practice in the present, when so much is made of the intersections between politics, art, and pedagogy, and there is a growing interest in recovering past experiences of this convergence – above all, from the 1960s, and increasingly, from peripheral countries such as Brazil. What can the problems of those years teach us regarding what we are or would like to be doing today? How can the proposals emerging in this field then – Paulo Freire’s pedagogy, Liberation Theology, Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed,tropicalismo, Helio Oiticica’s, Lygia Clark’s and Lygia Pape’s researches, cinema novo – resonate with us today?</p>
<p>The programme includes the rare collective work Five Times Favela, the only CPC-produced film, and the first film for many of that generation’s directors; Glauber Rocha’s internationally acclaimed Land in Anguish and Antonio das Mortes; Ruy Guerra’s The Guns and its sequel, The Fall; and Leon Hirszman’s ABC of the Strike.</p>
<p>Rodrigo Nunes has a PhD in philosophy from Goldsmiths College, University of London, where he prepared a thesis on immanence and philosophy in Foucault and Deleuze with a grant from CAPES – Brazilian government. As an organiser, popular educator and artist, he has been involved in many political initiatives in Latin America and Europe, including the organisation of the first three editions of the World Social Forum. He is a member of the editorial collective of Turbulence (<a href="http://www.turbulence.org.uk/">http://www.turbulence.org.uk</a>). His work, as writer and translator, has appeared in such publications as ephemera, Mute, Transform, and he has forthcoming papers in Radical Philosophy and Third Text.</p>
<p>This project is supported by Raven Row, the Brazilian embassy in London, and No.w.here.</p>
<p><strong>Films</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cinco vezes favela</strong> (Five times favela), various authors, 1962: The only film the Popular Culture Centre (CPC) brought to completion, it comprises five episodes directed by Miguel Borges, Joaquim Pedro de Andrade, Caca Diegues, Marcos Farias and Leon Hirszman, and was responsible for a split between the CPC and the cinema novo group. Some of the key figures in the CPC reportedly considered the film both a commercial and a political flop, and filmmakers such as Diegues and Arnaldo Jabor (though not Hirszman) left after decrying a narrow, instrumental conception of the relation between aesthetics and politics. With a cast including many of Augusto Boal’s colleagues from Teatro de Arena (and, most notably, CPC founder Oduvaldo Viana Filho), it captures a group of young filmmakers grappling with the same problems – how to create a form adequate to the specificity of Brazilian content? How to do so in a way that reaches beyond a middle-class audience, and plays a role in the transformation of Brazilian society from below? What is popular culture, and how must the artist deal with it? – while working through a host of influences, from Russian revolutionary cinema to neo-realism. Joaquim Pedro de Andrade’s Couro de gato (Catgut) was included in a list of the 100 best shorts of all times selected by the Clermont-Ferrand Festival.</p>
<p><strong>Os Fuzis</strong> (The guns), Ruy Guerra, 1964: One of the greatest achievements of the first crop of cinema novo – alongside Nelson Pereira dos Santos’ Vidas secas (Barren lives) and Glauber Rocha’s Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol (Black God White Devil) (1964) –, it showcases many of the period’s defining traits: the rural Northeastern setting, the use of location, natural light and non-professional actors. At the same time, in its plot about the existential and moral crises undergone by a group of soldiers sent to a small town to stop the starving victims of the draught from attacking a food warehouse, it provides in arguably the clearest way the keys to reading some of the political limitations of cinema novo at this stage. It won the Silver Bear at the Berlin Festival.</p>
<p><strong>Terra em transe</strong> (Land in anguish), Glauber Rocha, 1967: Part roman à clef about the Joao Goulart government and the 1964 military coup, part schematic description of the dynamics of the post-colonial world, part baroque allegory about the destiny of Latin America, part gauntlet thrown at the right and left of post- coup Brazil: one of Rocha’s most celebrated films, it finds the effects of his ‘epic-didactic’ cinema all the more effective because its target is much clearer. A whole generation at a crossroads appears in the vacillations of the main character, his multiple allegiances to social transformation and to his own class, to aesthetics and to politics, to utopia, the heat of the struggle, and his professional situation as a hired pen; the choice for armed struggle, which the film suggests in ambiguous fashion, was already brewing as it was produced. Nominated to the Palme d’Or at Cannes, best film at the Havana Film Festival.</p>
<p><strong>O Dragão da Maldade contra o Santo Guerreiro</strong> (Antônio das Mortes), Glauber Rocha, 1969: Rocha’s first international co-production, first film in colour, and first using direct sound. He would often refer to it as ‘my western’, but, despite some nods at John Ford and Howard Hawks, it is clear that the oeuvre in question here is above all his own. Like a revision of his two earlier films that relaunches its questions, but also seems to run out of answers, it already points towards some of the procedures (such as the long, semi-improvised takes) that would characterise his work in the exile that immediately follows it. The plot finds Antônio das Mortes, the gunman hired by landowners to kill cangaceiros (highwaymen), brought out of retirement for one last job which, once executed, causes him to question the side on which he has fought over the years. Won best director and a nomination to the Palme d’Or at Cannes.</p>
<p><strong>A Queda</strong> (The Fall), Ruy Guerra, 1976: An accident at a construction site, resulting in one death, sets one worker off on a struggle for justice that exposes the mechanisms of exploitation and the class relations of a country that had undergone one decade of fast-paced ‘conservative modernisation’ at the hands of the military. As a sort of sequel to the classic The Guns (1964), following the fate of those characters as they move from enforcers of exploitation to exploited, it offers more than a snapshot of the period: the correspondent time lapses in fiction and reality capture the passage of a chunk of Brazilian history between the two films, and, therefore, also the transformations in cinematographic approaches to the social and political between the two moments. Equally daring in content and form, and in the originality of the adequacy of one to the other, it won the Silver Bear at Berlin.</p>
<p><strong>ABC da greve</strong> (ABC of the strike), Leon Hirszman, 1979-91: While preparing the cinema version of groundbreaking 1957 Teatro de Arena play Eles não usam black tie on location in the ABC (the auto industry belt around São Paulo), Hirszman has the opportunity to document the most powerful strikes in over a decade of Brazilian history. The latter would become a catalyst and a convergence point for the opposition to the military regime, intellectuals, artists, returning exiles, eventually leading to the creation of the Worker’s Party – whose biggest leader, Lula, was the president of the metalworkers union who led the strikes. Running into problems with the regime’s censorship because of the material, Hirszman dies in 1987 leaving the film unfinished until 1991, when his two daughters and son eventually release a final cut. The narration and text are provided by Ferreira Gullar, poet, who was president of the CPC at the time of the military coup.</p>
<p>Posted here by Glenn Rikowski</p>
<p>The Flow of Ideas: <a href="http://www.flowideas.co.uk/">http://www.flowideas.co.uk</a></p>
<p>MySpace Profile: <a href="http://www.myspace.com/glennrikowski">http://www.myspace.com/glennrikowski</a></p>
<p>The Ockress: <a href="http://www.theockress.com/">http://www.theockress.com</a></p>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Io sono anche]]></title>
<link>http://speculummaius.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/io-sono-anche/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 09:04:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Maria Grazia</dc:creator>
<guid>http://speculummaius.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/io-sono-anche/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Mi metto a scrivere sapendo che non potrei permettermelo, che la lista lunghissima delle cose archiv]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Mi metto a scrivere sapendo che non potrei permettermelo, che la lista lunghissima delle cose archiviate nella categoria &#8220;URGENTE!&#8221; si allunga sempre di più ma il mondo aspetterà ancora un po&#8217;&#8230;</p>
<p>Ci sono cose che vanno scritte quando le senti e questo è il momento.</p>
<p>Il mio amico Andreas è qualche giorno che va borbottando circa l&#8217;essere, l&#8217;apparire, l&#8217;essere categorizzati e così via. Aspettavo un post di quelli stile flusso di coscienza <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';-)' class='wp-smiley' />  da un momento all&#8217;altro ed <a href="http://iamarf.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/tu-non-sei-qualcosa-tu-sei-e-una-questione-di-rispetto/">è arrivato</a>.<img class="alignright size-full wp-image-1933" title="badge" src="http://speculummaius.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/badge.jpg" alt="badge" width="287" height="194" /></p>
<p><strong>Punto focale:  io sono il mio cartellino</strong></p>
<p>Di cartellini, nella vita, ce ne sono tanti. C&#8217;è chi se li cerca, c&#8217;è chi se li trova appioppati suo malgrado. Se non ci fosse un &#8220;io&#8221; a cui appendere questi cartellini, non staremmo qui a parlare ma il problema più grosso è che da quando li abbiamo inventati &#8211; tendiamo a dimenticarci che dietro c&#8217;è qualcuno con la sua personalità e la sua storia.</p>
<p>La forma, il colore, il carattere, il significato di quei cartellini assorbono l&#8217;uomo/la donna, il suo sangue, i suoi sentimenti e così via.</p>
<p>Distinguerei però tra i vari &#8220;non sono&#8221; indicati da Andreas&#8230;</p>
<p><strong>L&#8217;essere o non essere un blogger</strong> credo sia molto soggettivo. Se ritorniamo alle origini, al blog come<a href="http://www.anobii.com/books/Blog-grafie/9788883358760/01fce2a642d180ae33/"> &#8220;identità narrativa in Rete&#8221;</a>, io credo che Andreas lo sia nel momento in cui utilizza in maniera &#8220;non controllata&#8221; (leggi emotiva) il blog.  E&#8217; raro ma ogni tanto gli scappa <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' />  . Però se uno non vuole considerarsi blogger solo perché utilizza un blog non credo sia un problema per nessuno&#8230; Al prossimo camp, se proprio occorre, un bel badge con su scritto &#8220;Andreas&#8221; e passa la paura.</p>
<p>Sul <strong>non essere un professore</strong>, sono perfettamente d&#8217;accordo. Fenomenologicamente (e qui vado a braccio sulle letture di Vanna Iori), se si accetta il processo di insegnamento/apprendimento come un processo vitale, di interazione tra esistenze, si riconosce anche lo studente come soggetto primo dell&#8217;azione didattica.</p>
<p>E&#8217; il suo bisogno di apprendere a determinare il processo. Se si può concepire un bisogno di apprendere senza qualcuno in grado di soddisfarlo, non si può fare altrettanto circa il &#8220;bisogno&#8221; di insegnare&#8230; <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p><strong>Il docente esiste perché e quando qualcuno lo riconosce come tale</strong>. E non credo ci sia molto altro da aggiungere.</p>
<p>Sull&#8217;<strong>essere prigioniero di un campo disciplinare</strong> capisco Andreas ma il problema è un retaggio culturale di cui non riusciamo a liberarci, sia a causa dell&#8217;organizzazione del nostro sistema di istruzione, sia a causa dell&#8217;arroccamento su posizioni sempre più anacronistiche di chi, tra questi steccati, ci ha delimitato il proprio feudo.</p>
<p>Per quanto riguarda l&#8217;<strong>essere intelligenti</strong> e il guardare all&#8217;altro con gli occhiali della nostra &#8220;normalità&#8221; è l&#8217;aspetto più doloroso e &#8211; per taluni aspetti &#8211; infame della nostra società.</p>
<p>Tutto <a href="http://speculummaius.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/pedagogisti-scomodi/">ciò che diverge</a> dalla maniera socialmente accettata di fare le cose, di comunicare, di apprendere, di essere-nel-mondo deve essere prontamente categorizzato.<br />
In <a href="http://www.anobii.com/books/Nascita_della_clinica/9788806148713/0118862f13150813fd/">&#8220;Nascita della clinica &#8211; Una archeologia dello sguardo medico&#8221;</a>, Foucault delinea magistralmente quel processo di riorganizzazione istituzionale dell&#8217;ospedale, che ha gradualmente separato il malato dalla sua malattia.<br />
I reparti riuniscono persone accomunate dallo stesso cartellino facendo dimenticare che la malattia in sé non ha possibilità di manifestarsi se non attraverso la persona malata.</p>
<p>L&#8217;oggettivazione della malattia e dei suoi segni, la nostra tracotante fiducia nel controllo razionale del dolore, della paura e della morte ci portano spesso &#8211; anche inconsapevolmente &#8211; a negare l&#8217;umanità del malato/disabile, la sua unicità, il suo &#8220;essere altro&#8221; dalla malattia/deficit.</p>
<blockquote><p>In un passo di <a href="http://www.anobii.com/books/Fondamenti_di_pedagogia_e_di_didattica/9788842041399/01cf1dcffdaed83c58/">Diversità e Uguaglianza</a>, Andrea Canevaro (p.59) afferma:</p>
<p>Nella storia, vi sono non poche bambine e bambini <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/3880208/Ragazzo-selvaggio-dellAveyron">handicappati abbandonati</a> che sono stati allevati da animali, nella realtà o nella fantasia. E&#8217; come se fossero collocati su un confine, e il loro riconoscimento può umanizzare orsi, lupi, gazzelle. Ed è bene ricordare come il nazismo abbia disumanizzato alcune categorie di donne e di uomini, e tra queste gli handicappati e i malati mentali. Disumanizzando diventava disumano; e così diventavano disumani i tanti che tacitamente erano complici del nazismo. Il processo di disumanizzazione ne conferma, in negativo, la reciprocità&#8230;<br />
Un essere umano riunisce in sé numerose proprietà e funzioni. La mancanza di alcune di queste può rendere problematico il riconoscimento&#8230; Ma la mancanza di riconoscimento incrina, nei due sensi, la reciprocità. Per questo, riconoscimento e reciprocità sono strettamente collegati all&#8217;insegnare e all&#8217;apprendere.</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/CWS4AKq-KgE&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/CWS4AKq-KgE&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></p>
</blockquote>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>

</channel>
</rss>
