Man trenger ikke være opptatt av økologi for å velge økologiske produkter til huden, man trenger bare være opptatt av hvordan man vil at huden skal se og kjennes ut.

De aller fleste som går å kjøper seg en krem eller andre hudpleie produkter gjør det fordi de vil ha en fin hud. De vil ha glød, spenst, mindre rynker, urenheter etc. …og det er jo en jungel der ute som lover deg gull og grønne skoger.

Da er det viktig å vite litt om hva som egentlig finnes i kremene, og dette gjelder både de billige og de dyre variantene. En veldig vanlig ingrediens i hudpleieprodukter er mineralolje (andre navn er petroleum, vaselin og parafin). Dette gjelder også “naturlige produkter”, “naturprodukter” eller “urtekosmetikk. Noen produkter skriver at de er “mineral oil free”, men det vil kun si at de inneholder maks 10% mineralolje.

Mineraloljen blokkerer mellom 40 og 60 % av hudens porer, noe som forsømmer hudens naturlige fettproduksjon og som igjen kan gi kviser. Det er derfor du blir avhengig av f.eks. cerat for å fette inn huden.
Det skumle er at det kjennes bra ut i øyeblikket. 
Andre bruksområder for mineralolje er til bilmotorer og  symaskiner. Merkelig at man skal bruke den samme oljen på menneskehuden som på motorene. Kan det være fordi den er så billig…..?

Det finnes flere ulike navn på mineralolje:
Ozokerit (inngår t.ex i mascara), Polyisobutene (inngår f.eks. i lipgloss), Mineral Oil, Petrolatum, Paraffinum Liquidum, Vaselin, Parafin, Mineralolje, Petroleum, Hvit mineralolje, Medisinsk hvitolje, Oleum petrolen, Oleum vaselini, Paraffinum, E 905, Vaselin Oil, Paraffin Oil, Liquid paraffin, White mineral oil.

I de sertifiserte økologiske produktene vi har, er denne oljen strengt forbudt. Forskjellen på en hud som ikke blir påført mineralolje er stor. Man vil merke at produkter uten denne oljen vil gi huden tilbake gløden  og spensten. Huden vil rett og slett se mye friskere ut.

Så kjære dere, selv om du ikke er noen økologisk freak er du vel så pass forfengelig at du unner huden din noe annet enn det du putter på bilen din.

How about bringers of democracy being “cursed” by a Saudi prince this week.

The link goes to MEMRI, an excellent resource into Mideast media — a resource I don’t tap into near often enough. Long ago I used to read through MEMRI’s offerings on a regular basis, but it’s been out of my usual rotation for a while and ought to get back in there.

From the first link, the intro:

In an op-ed in the Saudi daily Al-Watan, Saudi Prince Saud bin Mansour bin Saud bin ‘Abd Al-’Aziz  took on Saudi and Arab liberals and reformists and the Western ideal of democracy. Without naming names, he said that these people were promoting Western democracy despite all its flaws and despite the fact that Islam is vastly superior. Calling democracy “demo-khratiyya” (i.e. “demo-mendacity”), the prince said that writers who criticized Saudi Arabia needed an “ideological bloodletting” to purge them of their corrupt ideas.

And here’s some of the prince’s rabbit pellets:

“Those who hasten to endorse the Western ‘openness’ – whose arrows appear gentle but [carry] a fatal load – have they forgotten our principles and our clarity? Have [these people] not noticed that the West is always marketing democracy as a secular and civil system, not a religious [system]? [Struck by] waves of political Alzheimer’s, they keep telling us that Islam is not democratic.

“A curse on anyone who wants to enforce this demo-khratiyya on all political and constitutional issues. A curse on all those dictatorships that masquerade as demo-khratiyya in order to destroy what they define as third-world countries!

“It should be remembered that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the Custodian of the Two Holy Places, and that the sons or residents of the homeland have never been denied their rights. Our country’s structure is perfect [thanks to] Islam, which has established the [concept of] shura [i.e consultation] and the protection of rights, freedom, justice and anything [else] of value, as laid down by this generous religion.”

Before telling the Petroleum System of oil field, we need to know geology regional.

Geology Regional

• Tectonic Evolution
• Stratigraphy

Petroleum System is very important in oil and gas exploration activities. The following components of Petroleum Systems :

Generative sub-system [Source Rock]

• Quantity of Organic Matter : Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
• Kerogen Type : Type I (oil), Type II (oil & gas), Type III (gas), Type IV (Death Carbon/Coal)
• Maturity of Organic Matter: Rock Eval Pyrolysis (Ro-Vitrinite Reflection)
• Generation of Hydrocarbons : Tmax
• Expulsion of Hydrocarbons : Oil Saturation > Porosity

Migration sub-system

• Primary Migration : Source Rock to Carrier Bed
• Secondary Migration : Carrier Bed to Trap

Entrapment sub-system

• Type of Trap : Structural or and Stratigraphy
• Reservoir Rock
• Seal Rock

Post by Haley Dillan, originally posted on GlobalEnvision.org

Security in Iraq is undoubtedly improving, but rising unemployment threatens to increase instability and worsen corruption, according to Iraq expert Frank Gunter.

Gunter, who’s done two tours in Iraq as an economics adviser, points out in a recent op-ed in the New York Times that 51 percent of the population — and an even greater percentage of young people — is either unemployed or underemployed.

Almost half of the country’s labor force is paid by the government from its revenues from petroleum exports. With the exception of agriculture, legitimate private-sector employment is small — by my calculations, about 6 percent of the labor force. Most of the remainder of the Iraqi labor force is either unemployed or working in the underground economy.

Gunter further laments that any business faces either the inefficiencies of the underground economy or the corrupt ministries that regulate them. (Iraq was just listed among the top five most corrupt countries in the world.) The process to register a new business is expensive and complicated — a license costs $2,800 and requires approval from 12 different ministries.

“The potential for private sector job growth is great,” Gunter writes. So what needs to be done? The number-one thing, Gunter says, is to make it easier and less expensive to register a new business. He also recommends that provinces, rather than Baghdad, set rules for regulating businesses.

But whatever is decided, the government of Iraq is running out of time. It must either end its hostility toward private businesses — or accept that a sharply growing mass of unemployed will nullify the progress of the last three years.

The monster two-thousand pages health reform bill is going to pass, I think. There are two silver linings to this disaster, First, I have never in my life seen Americans pay such attention to the mechanics of how legislation is made. (The 300 million bribe to Sen Landrieux of Louisiana is common currency.) Second, as I said, the Obama administration is making so many mistakes we may well have a one-term President and a groundswell of conservatism in three years.

Except, paradoxically, if there is a terrorist attack, it will save Obama. Americans rally around their leadership in times of calamity.

Don’t get discouraged. We can roll back everything, except massive debt, of course. We are stuck with it, especially you, starry-eyed, good-feeling young people who voted massively for Peter Pan.

The next disaster is going to be cap-and-trade legislation. There could be national security justifications for a tax on carbons, which include petroleum. We are getting too muchof it from bad neighborhood, Iran, for example and unstable Saudi Arabia. The fact is that Iran could shut down the Straight of Hormuz for a long time by sinking two dozen old ships in the right places. (Look up the Straight in an atlas; it’s good for you.)

Not the justification chosen by the administration, and with good reason. Instead, they insist on taxing carbon emissions because of our carbon footprint, because of climate change. Climate change was formerly called global warming. It was re-named because the climate stopped warming about ten years ago. Time to review systematically the absurdity of this set of beliefs. A systematic review is needed because, I noticed around me and among my radio listeners a tendency to lose the forest for the trees. Below are seven points worth keeping in mind that organize the issue somewhat. (My radio program, “Facts Matter” is available on ksco Santa Cruz 1080 AM, every Sunday, 11 am to 1 pm. You can also catch live on-line.)

1 There is no global warming trend, except over a very small number of years. Does not matter. Advocates have been caught repeatedly manipulating data to show a suddenly, abrupt climb in global temperature in the 19^th and 20^th century. (The “hockey stick.”) In fact, it was warmer in 1100 than it is now. The medieval viking settlers in Greenland ate beef. That means they grew grass in significant quantity, which you could not do now reliably in Greenland because it’s too cold. I got the information on the settlements and on their beef diet from Jared Diamond’ good book, Collapse. Diamond is a serious environmentalist and a climate change advocate but an honest man.

There is no scientific consensus on climate change, as the Obama Administration would have you believe. There is a a shared religious conviction among establishment scientists who depend on government funding. Advocates publicize every anecdotal item that could conceivably support the thesis and nothing that invalidates it: It’s unseasonably warm in NY in November, they say but early winter in Colorado does not get a notice.

For a small sample of the intellectual dishonesty among climate change advocates, follow the Times of London link below.

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6926325.ece

The main part of the story is not how vile many advocates are. It’s simply the observation that if you need to lie on behalf of your cause, it’s a bad cause. Period.

2 If there were a significant warming trend, it would not be reasonable simply to attribute it to the burning of petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Water vapor and bovine burps play a similar role. (I am not making this up!) Climate change advocates should tell us clearly what part each type of gas plays in alleged global warming. Or they should tell us that they don’t know. Clarity and thoroughness matter when you wish to impoverish billions, as carbon emissions reduction would do without a question.

3 If there were increased emission of carbon and if we cared about it, advocates would have to show that the normal natural means of absorption of carbon emission are not working, or not working well enough. The National Geographic, a strong advocate, just showed (December 2009 issue) a graph indicating that 56% of carbon emissions are absorbed by earth and ocean. The National Geographic is a consistent advocate of climate change, of course. This unaided rate of natural absorption suggests solutions to alleged global warming other than the reduction of carbon emission and the consequent crippling of the world economies. I don’t know if it’s feasible but I want climate change advocates to tell me: How about planting more forests instead? I mention this because hardly anyone is against planting trees, not even mean-hearted conservatives like me. By the way, enlarging forests could create jobs where they are most needed, in the poor countries. I, for one, go on the record to say that I would not mind being taxed to pay poor Indians and South Americans to plant trees that would benefit me as well as them

4 Advocates have to show strongly that increased carbon emissions stay trapped in the atmosphere. There are big doubts expressed in some scientific milieus about this assumption. It’s too technical for this blog. See the Watts reference below. Of course, if CO2 escapes into the ether as we create it, there cannot be global warming according to the advocates’ own religious dogma.

5 It’s the advocates’ burden of proof to perform a serious and evolving cost/benefit analysis of the drawbacks and advantages of global warming if it exists. Carbon is plant food. Warmer weather means bigger crops of the most important plant foods, especially wheat. Think Canada and Siberia. If the northern limit of wheat maturation moved as little as one hundred miles north in each region, the harvest gains would be enormous. Same thing for the southern limit of wheat maturation in Argentina. Climate advocates are, by and large, the same people who tell us that much of the world population is going hungry. You can’t have it both ways. You want to feed the hungry first or second, or third, or not at all. Just make yourselves clear!

6 If there were global warming and it were sure to be deleterious on balance, we would need to establish how urgent the problem is. Let’s take an easy measure proposed for years by climate change advocates: the supposedly rising sea level. According to the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, winner of the 2007 (laughable ) Nobel Peace Prize, the maximum rise in sea level is less than three feet in one hundred years. That’s disturbing for many coastal areas but not an emergency. Gives us time to think better solutions. Again, that’s the maximum estimate.

7 Those who buy the whole climate change religion should be strongly in favor of nuclear energy. It’s the surest and quickest way to slow down petroleum and coal consumption. It’s not experimental, it’s well proven. The Japanese and the French have been relying on this form of energy for thirty years. Nevertheless, climate change advocates are not in favor of expanding nuclear energy production. This alone puts their good faith in doubt.

Overall, most of us don’t have time to consider everything in detail. Movements followers are trying to swamp with impossible quantities of info and pseudo-info regular people who need to make a living and to raise their children, I think. There are shortcuts, however. You don’t have to become an expert to form a valid opinion on this attempt to curtail your standard of living. Here is one: Judge a movement by the quality of its leaders.

The undisputed public leader of climate change-based policies is Al Gore. Al Gore is an ignorant moron. He proves it every time he goes on television. He said recently that the center of the earth is several million degrees hot. (It’s 5000 degrees F.) That was in defense of geothermal energy. I heard him with my own ears. This is not an Internet rumor. It’s also not a small mistake on an arcane point. A reasonably good high-school junior would know better.

Here are a couple of things you can do to make yourself informed without turning the endeavor into an unpaid second job. First, visit the eminently readable and scientifically respectful website :Watts Up With That

Second, if you take the trouble occasionally to read carefully reports put out by advocates of global warming themselves, you will often find statements that don’t conform with their views. That’s what I did above with Collapse and with the National Geographic.

Whats’ really going on? As is always the case with left-wing movements, you have a small elite of cynics, supported by religious frenzy, leading an army of dupes.

The cynics want three things:

1 A massive transfer of wealth from relatively civilized areas, like the US, to the poor countries that don’t know how to govern themselves;

2 The foundations of a future world government where we would have to end up having our lives determined in part by bloody and grotesques dictators. (Think of Libya and North Korea as the next Illinois and New Jersey.)

3 As always, more power for themselves. The fastest way to rise to the top is not hard work or initiative but the confiscation of public resources under the guise of government

The dupes are psychologically the same kind of people who believed in Stalin, and who were slaughtered by Stalin and whose lives were ruined by Stalin for several generations. They cried by the tens of thousands at the tyrant’s funeral. Some are genuinely ignorant. Many more are intellectually lazy. They also love to believe the world is going to pot in general. Good people will assent to anything if they are scared enough.

Man up, America! (That goes for you to, Miss.)

“Name the most powerful narcotic in the world,” he asks the former beggar boy. “Oil,” the mentor says. ” More than opium, more than heroin. The pipelines are syringes. The addicts pay anything for their supply, kill for it, steal for it, topple governments for it.”

This gripping, high-concept thriller about an oil-eating microbe is written by best-selling author R. Scott Reiss. “Black Monday” is in movie development for release in 2012.

A plague that will cause the death of millions. A plague that will destroy countries. A plague that will plunge the world into a dark age. A plague that will make nobody sick…

When the first planes go down — in Europe, in California, in Asia — authorities blame terrorists. All flights are grounded as world leaders try to figure out how the global assault has been coordinated. And when cars, ships, and factories stop running too, it becomes clear that the common link is oil. Somehow a microbe, genetically engineered to destroy petroleum, has infected the world supply. The world descends into a new dark age.

Dr. Gregory Gillette, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control, is a disease hunter specializing in microbes that attack human beings. When the Pentagon taps him to be part of the Rapid Response Team assembled to track and kill the devastating Delta-3 bacteria, he quickly discovers that his expertise is ignored, his presence meaningless. The leader of the task force is an old nemesis who sidelines Gillette.

Gillette returns home to Washington, where he watches in horror as food becomes scarce, neighbor attacks neighbor, and government collapses. With winter approaching, the capital faces anarchy and Gillette faces a choice: to stay with his family or to disobey orders and find the microbes’ antidote through clues that may not even be real.

Best-selling author R. Scott Reiss

“Black Monday is an involving thriller with a timely theme. The author’s use of the present tense provides an excitement and immediacy that rapidly propel the narrative forward…Reiss includes enough solid detail to make his improbable plot seem almost realistic. He handles his complicated scientific explanations with aplomb, takes the time to focus on a variety of compelling characters, and creates a terrifying scenario that will make thoughtful readers think twice about the world’s dependence on the ultimate narcotic–oil.”~~Mostly Fiction Book Reviews

Read a chapter excerpt from Black Monday

202481     วิศวกรรมปิโตรเลียม     Petroleum Engineering

กํ าเนิดของปิโตรเลียม การสํ ารวจและการขุดเจาะ วิศวกรรมแหล่งกักเก็บ การผลิตนํ้ ามันและก๊าซ คุณสมบัติทางเคมีและฟิสิกส์ของปิโตรเลียม เศรษฐศาสตร์ ความปลอดภัยและการรักษาสิ่งแวดล้อมในการสํ ารวจและผลิตปิโตรเลียม

(The origin of petroleum; exploring for petroleum; drilling for oil; reservoir engineering; production of oil and gas; chemical and physical properties of petroleum; economics, safety and environmental concern in petroleum exploration and production.)

(202481 มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์)

The Mirror, Vol. 13, No. 639

“According to a recent notification from the Council of Ministers, the Royal Government decided to suspend all promotions for government positions in 2010. If a promotion in any position is planned, it has to wait until 2011.

“Formerly the Royal Government, in addition to having already a heavy overhead apparatus with many officials, had nominated countless advisors at ministries and at other institutions, and ministers and heads of institutions had appointed their officials to hold many positions. In any ministry, there are many directors and deputy directors. In a department, there are at least 10 deputy directors, while in the police, the military, and the military police, there are also many who are nominated as deputy directors… This makes the government to carry a burden of ever increasing expenses.

“According to the notification signed by a secretary of state of the Council of Ministers, Mr. Prak Sokhon, on 21 October 2009 and sent to the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and to the Council of Administrative Reform, the Royal Government decided to delay all promotions for positions of government positions, and all promotions of ranks [for police and the military], and it will not increase any allowances [like retirement benefits] etc. for the one year of 2010, and it will reconsider these cases again in 2011. According to the same notification, the Royal Government ordered also to stop the implementation of decisions for the ‘priority cluster’ [formerly identified as important areas in the administration to receive special financial support], and additional incentives based on work achievements for 2010.

“The notification added that the above plan is a measure to implement the budget implementation draft for the management of financial resources in 2010, aiming to save state resources in 2010.

“It should be noted that the Royal Government decided recently also to cut and to reduce the salaries of many advisers who had been appointed in a continuing process. and who had received high salaries [in addition to their normal salaries], to get again only their normal salaries based on their current positions, in order to save resources for 2010.

“A government official said on Friday that the decision of the Royal Government to suspend promotions for government positions, and the promotions in rank, is a proper measure, because previously, the Royal Government, different ministers, and heads of institutions, had appointed too many officials. At some institutions, there are 10 to 20 deputy directors, until there is no room and space for them to sit. Such nominations only added more expenses for the state, both for salaries and for other materials.” Rasmei Kampuchea, Vol.17, #5053, 21.11.2009

Newspapers Appearing on the Newsstand:
Saturday, 21 November 2009

Deum Ampil, Vol.3, #342, 21.11.2009

• [Senior Minister and adviser to the Prime Minister] Om Yentieng: [Opposition party president] Sam Rainsy Becomes Spokesperson of [Thai Prime Minister] Abhisit [Mr. Sam Rainsy said that Prime Minister Hun Sen is playing a dangerous game for Cambodia, as the biased foreign politics of Prime Minister Hun Sen makes Cambodia lose territory to Vietnam and lose good relations with Thailand]
• [More than 30 officers of] Mixed Forces Were Sent to Destroy Drugs [ecstasy] Worth More Than US$100 Million on the Kravanh Mountain [more information about the crack-down will be released two to three days later – Pursat]
• [Thai Deputy Prime Minister] Sutheb: If [fugitive former Thai prime minister] Thaksin Shinawatra Wants to End Problems [of the dispute between Cambodia and Thailand], He Must Resign from the Position of Economic Advisor to Cambodia

Kampuchea Thmey, Vol.8, #2104, 21.11.2009

• The Khmer Rouge Tribunal Will Open Hearing to Sentence [former Tuol Sleng prison chief] Duch on 23 November 2009
• A Drunken Woman and Gang Member Drove a Car and Hit a Policeman so that He Almost Died [she was arrested – Battambang]
• Kandal Police Got Hold of a Group of People Who Had Used Death Threats via Telephone to Extort Money from Leaders and from Businesspeople [a suspect was arrested]
• Within One Week, There Were 50 New People Confirmed with A/H1N1 Flu [increasing the number to 444 in total – Cambodia]

Khmer Machas Srok, Vol.3, #535, 21.11.2009

• The Khmer Authorities Have Already Arrested Seven Villagers Who Resisted a Yuon [Vietnamese] Company from Grabbing Their Land [Kompong Thom]

Koh Santepheap, Vol.42, #6811, 21-22.11.2009

• Result from the Council of Ministers’ Meeting: Samdech Dekchor Hun Sen Decided to Approve the Anti-Corruption Draft on 11 December 2009

Rasmei Kampuchea, Vol.17, #5053, 21.11.2009

• The Government Suspends All Promotions for Government Positions in 2010
• The Cambodian and Thai Defense Ministers Plan to Meet to Negotiate about the Border in Pattaya [on 27 November 2009]
• Cambodia Controls the Cambodia Air Traffic Services – CATS – Company Temporarily, and Thai Personnel Is Required to Work from Outside Their Offices [Cambodia just does not allow them to go near the radar system room, but they are not dismissed – according to the Council of Ministers]
• Cambodia Is Preparing a Petroleum Law [including regulations for petroleum exploring, and a decree for petroleum related contracts] while the First Drop of Oil Will Be Extracted in 2013 [according to government officials]
• The Cambodian Banking System Is Recognized on the International Arena and in the ASEAN Framework [because of its stability and noticeable improvements – according to the 39th ASEAN banking council, meeting at the Intercontinental Hotel in Phnom Penh]

Have a look at the last editorial – you can access it directly from the main page of the Mirror.
And please recommend us also to your colleagues and friends.

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humble-oil.jpg 800×496 pixels.

* development of a U.S. government strategy to address conflict minerals;

* support for further investigations by the U.N. Group of Experts;

* mapping of which armed groups control key mines in eastern Congo;

* inclusion of information on the negative impact of mineral exploitation and trade on human rights in Congo in the annual human rights reports;

The above picture is the 2009 Limited Edition Holiday Kit – Hot Cocoa and Peppermint
This year's kit theme is Hot Cocoa and Peppermint! It draws inspiration from the holiday tradition of stirring hot cocoa with a peppermint stick, allowing the flavors to mix and mingle… yummy!
This kit features:
*7 Multi-Use Mineral Shades: Luscious browns, creamy pinks and champagnes… These powders can be used for many different things including brow color, eye liner (wet or dry!), eye shadow, lip color, nail color, blush, bronzer, etc! These shades are all in the neutral family, so work well on just about all skin tones! They sport a lovely, soft, natural shimmer, but nothing glittery or harsh, so all ages can enjoy! Each color will arrive in a 5 gram jar, filled to the tippy top, which hold approximately 1.2 grams of powder each, enough for many weeks and even months of use! It is only $19.95

Mineral Basic has everything from Brushes,  Lip Products, to Kits and Gift Sets
Want to try Mineral Basics for yourself?
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WIN IT ~ Mineral Basics is offering one Helping mommys win reader 15 samples (samples are in a small zip top baggie and contain enough product for multiple uses) from their loose powder mineral makeup colors – colors can be winner's choice or Mineral Makeup can choose for you if you can't decide ends 11/30/09. Winner selected via random.org and will have 48 hours to respond with shipping information and sample choices.They ship worldwide.

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I received samples at no cost to me to review. The opinion contained in this post is completely my own.

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Introduction to the Gold Mining Process for Tabular Ore Bodies

There are a number of different methodologies used to conduct mining operations. One of these methods are discussed in this article.

The gold bearing ore is in situ in the reef band where it was deposited millions of years ago. It requiers drilled and blasted to free it from the country rock. According to Nell (1984:95) this process is called stoping. He defines stoping as:

the actual mining of ore by means of breaking ground in stopes to a size suitable for handling and processing for the recovery of the mineral content.

The breaking of the country rock includes drilling blast holes and blasting it. This is followed by cleaning, supporting and the providing of the infrastructure to the stope faces.

The provision of infrastructure includes the maintenance and managing of:

• in stope water and air services that is necessary for the drilling and dust allaying process

• travelling ways to and from the stope necessary for creating access ways for people and material

• scatter walls to contain the blast rock in a conveniently concentrated muck pile for the cleaning crew,

• material and people handling appliances including monorail, mono rope and chairlift devises

• double drum winches and scraper scoops for the moving of blasted rock

• pumping and pump installations to ensure sufficient water pressure and or clear out the accumulation of excess water from low lying areas.

• rail tracks for the locomotives and trains that transports workers, material and broken rock pover long horizontal distances underground.

• Safety devices that include tips and grizzlies to prevent inadvertent access of people down these near vertical excavations.

• Blasting equipment that includes remote blasting system cables and ventilation sensor equipment in the intake and return air passages.

• Ventilation systems that consists of various sizes of columns, temporary and permanent ventilation brattices, -walls, -holings and fans.

• Electricity and electric equipment required for the use during the mining process.

With reference to figure 1 a three dimensional mining layout of a typical gold mine can be viewed here. The figuredepicts the basic components, in three dimensions, used to explain the mining layout of a typical gold mine.

The broken ore is typically scraped on dip, down a 30 meter stope face into a strike gully, by means of a double drum winch and scraper scoop once it is blasted from the country rock.

Another double drum winch and scraper scoop is used to scrape the broken rock on strike to an orepass or boxhole, situated in the original raise. This boxhole can be situated up to 90 meters from the face where the blasting took place. The broken rock now cascades down this steeply inclined excavation (boxhole or orepass) to a crosscut on a lower level.

In the crosscut a train, normally with ten eight ton hoppers are used to transport the broken rock to the shaft. The shaft can be kilometres away from the point of mining. At the shaft the train tips it's cargo down the shaft orepass system, where it again cascades down to the shaft loading station near the bottom of the shaft. The broken rock are hoisted up a 2000 meter vertical shaft in rock skips with a typical capacity of 12 tons by means of a rock hoist to surface, in the case of a surface shaft, or to just above the loading station of the surface shaft in the case of a sub – shaft.

On surface the broken ore is transported to the metallurgy plant by means of a conveyor belt. In the metallurgy plant the ore is milled, screened, and chemically treated in order to allow separation of the gold from the gold bearing ore. The slime residue is pumped to a tailing dam and the gold concentrate is further treated. The gold concentrate is smelted and the 89% pure gold is poured into gold bars weighing about 31 kilograms each.

These gold bars are then transported to a Refinery where the silver is removed and the gold refined to 99.99% purity. It is this pure gold that is sold on the world gold markets.

© 2009 Carl Marx

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“Renewable chemicals meet the most important environmental goals, including reducing use of petroleum and other non-renewable resources, reducing waste in landfills, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. In a growing number of cases, these renewable chemicals are already cost competitive with fossil-resource based chemicals.”

- Brent Erickson, executive vice president of BIO (Biotechnology Industry Organization)’s Industrial and Environmental Section

Here’s an article written about Myriant’s biobased Succinic Acid process. The achievement was successfully piloting the biobased Succinic Acid process based on renewable feedstocks. This milestone shows Myriant’s ability to scale-up successfully.

“The successful piloting effort confirms that our Succinic Acid production cost will be competitive with petroleum-based commodity chemicals” – Dr. Cenan Ozmeral, Myriant’s Senior Vice President and General Manager

“Succinic Acid has been recognized by both government organizations and the chemical industry as one of the most promising biochemicals that can be produced from renewable feedstocks to replace a wide range of petroleum-based chemicals”

“Myriant’s next step in the commercialization of Succinic Acid is to produce ton-sized samples for its customers to verify product specifications and quality.”

I finally got my hands on a DRAFT copy of the Petroleum industry bill. It seems pretty authentic as I got it from the NNPC website. It is about 200 pages long so I have not read it yet but I will soon. If you are interested in reading it you can get it from the link below.

Petroleum Industry Bill

Oil increased in Asian trade on expectations a widely monitored US report would show a drop in fuel stocks while New York’s main contract, light sweet crude for December delivery, gained 50 cents to $79.64 a barrel.

However, Brent North Sea crude for January delivery put on 73 cents to $79.70 a barrel while the weekly Department of Energy (DoE) report is expected to show a drawdown in storage of distillate fuel, which includes heating oil and diesel.

Meanwhile, a Dow Jones Newswires poll of analysts forecast that distillate fuel stocks will decline by 500,000 barrels in the past week while crude reserves are seen slipping by 600,000 barrels.

On the other hand, it is said that the drop in inventory levels can be exacerbated by Hurricane Ida, which weakened to a tropical storm but led to closure of some petroleum installations in the Gulf of Mexico.

The US is the world’s biggest energy user and is seen as key to lifting oil demand which has been hit by the global economic slump.

There seems to be some kind of confusion between the NNPC and the government on exactly what their plans are for the downstream oil sector. On the one hand the federal government seems to be focusing only on the removal of the subsidies on the importation of crude oil products as a kind of cure-all for the system. The NNPC seems to think deregulation means being given a free hand to have more control over the oil industry. Both ideas are not good. The NNPC cannot successfully handle the oil industry and will continue to under perform for the same reason NITEL under performed for decades and NEPA ( now known as PHCN ) continues to under perform. Government run businesses cannot compete. The removal of subsidies is a step in the right direction but that alone will simply translate to higher prices. More important than the removal of  subsidies is the easing of the restrictions on participating in the oil industry as well as ensuring that participants don’t engage in anti-competitive behaviour. With that in mind the real future of the oil industry will be determined by what the National Assembly do with the petroleum industry bill. That is where the focus should be.

Nearly 1.6 billion servings of Coca-Cola-branded beverages are served each day. Now some of them will be just a little bit greener now that Coke has announced the global rollout of its PlantBottle, a plastic bottle made from a blend of petroleum-based materials and 30% plant based materials (derived from sugar cane and molasses). The new bottles stand to cut down on carbon emissions by up to 25% compared to traditional PET bottles.

The PlantBottle has a number of advantages over PET bottles and other plant-based bottles. In addition to its carbon cutting qualities, it can be processed through existing recycling facilities without contaminating petroleum-based bottles, and most importantly, it raises awareness of the need for more eco-friendly plastic bottles.

There’s just one problem: Coke is rolling out the PlantBottle for its Dasani brand of water. As avid readers of Inhabitat know, bottled water is anything but sustainable. Still, it’s a start, and Coke expects over 2 billion PlantBottles to have sold worldwide by the end of 2010. Next year, the company plans to expand the PlantBottle to its vitamin water brands as well. And eventually, Coke hopes to introduce bottles made from 100% recyclable and renewable materials.

Via Environmental Leader

Gary Duffy-BBC News, 11/12/09

Tupi made headlines around the world when it emerged that Brazil’s state run oil company Petrobras believed it could contain five to eight billion barrels of oil.

The field lies in what all Brazilians now know as the ‘pre-salt area’ – so called because the oil and gas is to be found beneath several thousand metres of water, rock and salt.

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