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	<title>pinker &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/pinker/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "pinker"</description>
	<pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 2009 17:38:56 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Strunk &amp; White meet at the corner of Pinker and Topology]]></title>
<link>http://jayfulton.wordpress.com/2009/11/29/strunk-white-meet-at-the-corner-of-pinker-and-topology/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 13:40:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jayfulton</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jayfulton.wordpress.com/2009/11/29/strunk-white-meet-at-the-corner-of-pinker-and-topology/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[While reading my old copy of the &#8220;The Elements of Style&#8221; (Strunk &amp; White), 3rd editi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>While reading my old copy of the &#8220;The Elements of Style&#8221; (Strunk &#38; White), 3rd edition,  I recognized a connection to an idea from the work of Stephen Pinker.</p>
<p>Where?</p>
<p>Here.  &#8220;Some nouns that appear to be plural are usually construed as singular, and given a singular verb&#8221;, followed by two examples of the singular verb and one of the plural verb. Following these examples,  Strunk wrote what he believed to be true, &#8220;In these cases the writer must simply learn the idioms. The contents of a book is singular. The contents of a jar may either singular or plural, depending on what&#8217;s in the jar &#8211; jam or marbles.&#8221;</p>
<p>While it is true that immersion in language with other speakers in shared language will lead you to &#8220;learn the idioms, &#8221; Pinker has pointed out that there are discoverable, logical explanations for whether to describe the contents of containers as singular or plural.  I&#8217;m looking for my copy of his &#8220;Stuff of Thought&#8221; and detail these ideas more thoroughly.  But for now, let&#8217;s get started.</p>
<p>If a substance is continuous at the level of human sense perception it is singular. This would be Strunk&#8217;s jam.  This applies to continuous processes by way of metaphor also.  In contrast, if a substance is an aggregate of perceptibly separate components, they are plural.   Now I realize that perceptibility varies a lot, but let&#8217;s avoid the microscopes and telescopes, and stick to the senses of touch, sight and hearing for now.</p>
<p>The relevant concepts of &#8220;mass nouns&#8221; and &#8220;count nouns&#8221; can be found in Pinker&#8217;s chapter &#8220;Cleaving the Air&#8221;, page 166 of my paperback copy of the book.   I&#8217;ll come back to refine this and support my idea that Strunk&#8217;s suggestion to learn the idioms is an inadequate description of what we really do with words and concepts of plurality, as expressed in the relationships of sentence subjects and their verbs.</p>
<p>The way we perceive nouns, and the verbs that act on them, depend on concepts of bounded objects vs. mass objects.  Each marble is an object with boundaries.  When the question arises, &#8220;what&#8217;s in the jar?&#8221;, we say &#8220;Marbles are in the jar.&#8221;   But when jam is in the jar, or paint is in the can, or water is in the glass,  we use the singular form of the verb, is.  So when we perceive the contents of the jar as a mass object, a continuous substance, we go singular.  When we&#8217;re talking about something we perceive as a collection of boundaried objects, they are plural.  Now it won&#8217;t take you long to realize that we humans can change our frame of reference. When we do that,  suddenly we can can change the plurality of the matching verb to match our new frame of reference.  Telescopes and microscopes do that; similarly,  so does analysis and overview.  Consider these two examples. Voters are considering.  The electorate is pondering.   Look in your own writing, in your own mental cabinets, for more examples.</p>
<p>The best discussion of these notions that I&#8217;ve ever seen is in Pinker&#8217;s book.  I recommend it highly.  Get it out of the library, or online, but get it.  It has new ideas, presented with supporting evidence.</p>
<p>I honestly believe Mr Strunk would have thoroughly enjoyed the explorations of modern liguists, and heartily approved of their research.   There&#8217;s more to it, than &#8220;go learn the idioms,&#8221; and the more of it is very interesting indeed.</p>
<p>Jay Fulton 11/29/2009</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Igon Value: Pinker on Gladwell's What The Dog Saw]]></title>
<link>http://range.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/igon-value-pinker-on-gladwells-what-the-dog-saw/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 08:10:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>range</dc:creator>
<guid>http://range.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/igon-value-pinker-on-gladwells-what-the-dog-saw/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m kind of surprised at the ignorance of some writers, especially when it comes to mathematic]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>I&#8217;m kind of surprised at the ignorance of some writers, especially when it comes to mathematical terms, such as <strong><em>Igon Value</em></strong>. For those of you who don&#8217;t know, it&#8217;s not igon value, but eigenvalue. Here&#8217;s what eigenvalues are all about. The name come from the German word <em>eigen</em>, which means &#8220;self&#8221;.</p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue,_eigenvector_and_eigenspace" target="_blank">Eigenvalues, eigenvectors and eigenspaces</a> are properties of a matrix. They are computed by a method described below, give important information about the matrix, and can be used in <a title="Matrix factorization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_factorization">matrix factorization</a>. They have applications in areas of applied mathematics as diverse as <a title="Finance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance">finance</a> and <a title="Quantum mechanics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue,_eigenvector_and_eigenspace" target="_blank">★</a></p></blockquote>
<p>&#160;</p>
<blockquote><p>An eclectic essayist is necessarily a dilettante, which is not in itself a bad thing. But Gladwell frequently holds forth about statistics and psychology, and his lack of technical grounding in these subjects can be jarring. He provides misleading definitions of “homology,” “sagittal plane” and “power law” and quotes an expert speaking about an “igon value” (that’s eigenvalue, a basic concept in linear algebra). In the spirit of Gladwell, who likes to give portentous names to his aperçus, I will call this the Igon Value Problem: when a writer’s education on a topic consists in interviewing an expert, he is apt to offer generalizations that are banal, obtuse or flat wrong.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/books/review/Pinker-t.html?pagewanted=1&#38;_r=2&#38;ref=books" target="_blank">★</a></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
</blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[More Dawkins Interviews]]></title>
<link>http://dontdontoperate.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/more-dawkins-interviews/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 02:10:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>dontdontoperate</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dontdontoperate.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/more-dawkins-interviews/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Richard Dawkins and Steven Pinker interview. This interview was really neat, especially for when Pin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/yIMReUsxTt4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/yIMReUsxTt4&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span><br />
Richard Dawkins and Steven Pinker interview.<br />
This interview was really neat, especially for when Pinker talks about evolutionary psychology, and how our intuitions of the world owes a large part to that.<br />
I wish he had talked more about emotions though, like what Antonio Damasio is all about. If I&#8217;m not mistaken, his thinking goes as follows: emotions evolved as communication devices in social groups, where they signal to the other individual that, indeed, they are not bluffing, they truly are in love, furious, etc. He further says that, feelings, or the feeling of that emotion, comes after the emotion has started, that our brains are interpreting our emotions and then making us &#8216;feel&#8217; them. This may have evolved simply because our brains and emotions evolved together such that we could better express our emotions, and better read them in other people. When our reading of other people&#8217;s emotions became better and better, we may have started to read our own, and that this became mixed with conscious awareness.</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/5lfTPTFN94o&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/5lfTPTFN94o&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span><br />
Dawkins and Daniel Dennett<br />
Three things I want to say about this one:<br />
1. I think when Dawkins says &#8220;what more could you want&#8221;, in reference to being an Atheist and what you get from it, I think he really misses the point about what people get from religion: pure, gorgeous and unconditional love forever.<br />
2. They talk about mortality, but they don&#8217;t really give a deep conversation about it<br />
3. A hilariously awkward interaction with Dawkins and the film crew. This alone is worth watching the video (it happens somewhere after 35 minutes or so)<br />
I&#8217;m disappointed, though, cause Dennett is one of my favourite thinkers, and he doesn&#8217;t really say much in this interview. I wish he had talked more about consciousness and free will <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_sad.gif' alt=':(' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Links for 11.17.09: Strange things are afoot at the Circle K.]]></title>
<link>http://thelistenerd.com/2009/11/17/links-for-11-17-09-strange-things-are-afoot-at-the-circle-k/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 02:48:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Josh Kimball</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thelistenerd.com/2009/11/17/links-for-11-17-09-strange-things-are-afoot-at-the-circle-k/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[*Lists: The 2000&#8217;s lists are beginning to come out. According to NPR, these are the 50 Most Im]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>*<strong>Lists</strong>: The 2000&#8217;s lists are beginning to come out. According to NPR, <a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/allsongs/2009/11/the_decades_50_most_important.html?ft=1&#38;f=15709577">these</a> are the 50 Most Important Recordings of the Decade. I didn&#8217;t appear on any of them. Though I have recorded a track-for-track remake of &#8220;For Emma, Forever Ago.&#8221; For personal reasons. In the shower.</p>
<p>*<strong>Holidays</strong>: <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/canada/calgary/story/2009/11/17/calgary-h1n1-santa-claus-swine-flu.html?ref=rss">Spread</a> the holiday spirit! Santas as H1N1 catalyst. [<a href="http://www.spincity.org/blog/?p=5251">spin city</a>]</p>
<p>*<strong>Life</strong>: Will intelligent <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=will-e-t-look-like-us">alien creatures</a> look like us? Dollars to donuts, I am balder than any alien discovered in my lifetime. And I am a man of my word, so please collect if I&#8217;m wrong. [<a href="http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2009/11/assorted-links-13.html">marginal revolution</a>]</p>
<p>*<strong>Photos</strong>: Look at these <a href="http://www.pahomann.com/circlekgallerys/circlek.php">Re-inhabited Circle Ks</a>. Most of my knowledge of the Circle K franchise comes to me from Bill and Ted&#8217;s various cinematic adventures. In a way, that&#8217;s a cry for help. [<a href="http://www.eatmedaily.com/2009/11/am-linksplodge-111709/">eat me daily</a>]</p>
<p>*<strong>Quizzes</strong>: I hate quizzes, but I got 10 out of 12 on this one. <a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/monitormix/2009/11/is_this_music_web_site_for_rea.html?ft=1&#38;f=15710080">Is This Music Web Site Real?</a> On a related note, MySpace <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/11/17/myspace-in-deal-talks-with-imeem/">might</a> now be trying to buy Imeem. (I used to know more about this shit.)</p>
<p>*<strong>Literature</strong>: Read <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cyrMu-gkGQQC&#38;dq=moby+dick&#38;printsec=frontcover&#38;source=bn&#38;hl=en&#38;ei=ZAACS8yZOcz_nAes_ZgP&#38;sa=X&#38;oi=book_result&#38;ct=result&#38;resnum=4&#38;ved=0CBwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&#38;q=&#38;f=false">Moby Dick</a> online. I once read &#8220;Crime and Punishment&#8221; on Bartebly over a series of unbearably boring work days. I didn&#8217;t feel bad about it, either. (Get it? One of the themes of C&#38;P is undeniable guilt? Hello? Ugh.) [<a href="http://www.twitter.com/ebertchicago">ebert</a>]</p>
<p>*<strong>Ideas</strong>: Gladwell <a href="http://gladwell.typepad.com/gladwellcom/2009/11/pinker-on-what-the-dog-saw.html">v.</a> Pinker</p>
<p>*<strong>Obits</strong>: Wow, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/arts/television/17ober.html?partner=rss&#38;emc=rss">Ken Ober</a> (former host of MTV&#8217;s &#8220;Remote Control&#8221;) has died at 52.</p>
<p>*<strong>Today&#8217;s links</strong>: F. Though I almost made it to a D- by not mentioning the Word of the Year.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Pinker on Gladwell]]></title>
<link>http://pragmasynesi.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/pinker-on-gladwell/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 14:26:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>pragmasynesi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pragmasynesi.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/pinker-on-gladwell/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[An eye-opening review of Malcolm Gladwell&#8217;s book &#8220;What the dog saw&#8221; by Steven Pink]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>An eye-opening review of Malcolm Gladwell&#8217;s book &#8220;What the dog saw&#8221; by Steven Pinker &#8211;  I will be much more careful of accepting Gladwell&#8217;s conclusions from here on.  From the New York Times:</p>
<h3><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/books/review/Pinker-t.html?_r=3&#38;sq=stephen%20pinker&#38;st=cse&#38;scp=1&#38;pagewanted=all" target="_blank">Malcolm Gladwell, Eclectic Detective</a></h3>
<p><!--more-->By STEVEN PINKER</p>
<div>Published: November 7, 2009</div>
<p><!--NYT_INLINE_IMAGE_POSITION1 -->Have you ever wondered why there are so many kinds of mustard but only one kind of ketchup? Or what Cézanne did before painting his first significant works in his 50s? Have you hungered for the story behind the Veg-O-Matic, star of the frenetic late-night TV ads? Or wanted to know where <a title="More articles about Led Zeppelin." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/l/led_zeppelin/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Led Zeppelin</a> got the riff in “Whole Lotta Love”?</p>
<p>Neither had I, until I began this collection by the indefatigably curious journalist Malcolm Gladwell. The familiar jacket design, with its tiny graphic on a spare background, reminds us that Gladwell has become a brand. He is the author of the mega-best sellers “The Tipping Point,” “Blink” and “Out­liers”; a popular speaker on the Dilbert circuit; and a prolific contributor to <a title="More articles about The New Yorker." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/n/the_new_yorker/index.html?inline=nyt-org">The New Yorker</a>, where the 19 articles in “What the Dog Saw” were originally published. This volume includes prequels to those books and other examples of Gladwell’s stock in trade: counterintuitive findings from little-known experts.</p>
<p>A third of the essays are portraits of “minor geniuses” — impassioned oddballs loosely connected to cultural trends. We meet the feuding clan of speed-talking pitchmen who gave us the Pocket Fisherman, Hair in a Can, and other it-slices!-it-dices! contraptions. There is the woman who came up with the slogan “Does she or doesn’t she?” and made hair coloring (and, Gladwell suggests, self-invention) respectable to millions of American women. The investor Nassim Taleb explains how markets can be blindsided by improbable but consequential events. A gourmet ketchup entrepreneur provides Gladwell the opportunity to explain the psychology of taste and to recount the history of condiments.</p>
<p>Another third are on the hazards of statistical prediction, especially when it comes to spectacular failures like <a title="More articles about Enron." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/enron/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Enron</a>, 9/11, the fatal flight of <a title="More articles about John F. Kennedy Jr. ." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/john_f_jr_kennedy/index.html?inline=nyt-per">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a>, the explosion of the <a title="More articles about the space shuttle." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/space_shuttle/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier">space shuttle</a> Challenger, the persistence of homelessness and the unsuccessful targeting of Scud missile launchers during the Persian Gulf war of 1991. For each debacle, Gladwell tries to single out a fallacy of reasoning behind it, such as that more information is always better, that pictures offer certainty, that events are distributed in a bell curve around typical cases, that clues available in hindsight should have been obvious before the fact and that the risk of failure in a complex system can be reduced to zero.</p>
<p>The final third are also about augury, this time about individuals rather than events. Why, he asks, is it so hard to prognosticate the performance of artists, teachers, quarterbacks, executives, serial killers and breeds of dogs?</p>
<p>The themes of the collection are a good way to characterize Gladwell himself: a minor genius who unwittingly demonstrates the hazards of statistical reasoning and who occasionally blunders into spectacular failures.</p>
<p>Gladwell is a writer of many gifts. His nose for the untold back story will have readers repeatedly muttering, “Gee, that’s interesting!” He avoids shopworn topics, easy moralization and conventional wisdom, encouraging his readers to think again and think different. His prose is transparent, with lucid explanations and a sense that we are chatting with the experts ourselves. Some chapters are master­pieces in the art of the essay. I particularly liked “Something Borrowed,” a moving examination of the elusive line between artistic influence and plagiarism, and “Dangerous Minds,” a suspenseful tale of criminal profiling that shows how self-anointed experts can delude their clients and themselves with elastic predictions.</p>
<p>An eclectic essayist is necessarily a dilettante, which is not in itself a bad thing. But Gladwell frequently holds forth about statistics and psychology, and his lack of technical grounding in these subjects can be jarring. He provides misleading definitions of “homology,” “sagittal plane” and “power law” and quotes an expert speaking about an “igon value” (that’s eigenvalue, a basic concept in linear algebra). In the spirit of Gladwell, who likes to give portentous names to his aperçus, I will call this the Igon Value Problem: when a writer’s education on a topic consists in interviewing an expert, he is apt to offer generalizations that are banal, obtuse or flat wrong.</p>
<p>The banalities come from a gimmick that can be called the Straw We. First Gladwell disarmingly includes himself and the reader in a dubious consensus — for example, that “we” believe that jailing an executive will end corporate malfeasance, or that geniuses are invariably self-made prodigies or that eliminating a risk can make a system 100 percent safe. He then knocks it down with an ambiguous observation, such as that “risks are not easily manageable, accidents are not easily preventable.” As a generic statement, this is true but trite: of course many things can go wrong in a complex system, and of course people sometimes trade off safety for cost and convenience (we don’t drive to work wearing crash helmets in Mack trucks at 10 miles per hour). But as a more substantive claim that accident investigations are meaningless “rituals of reassurance” with no effect on safety, or that people have a “fundamental tendency to compensate for lower risks in one area by taking greater risks in another,” it is demonstrably false.</p>
<p>The problem with Gladwell’s generalizations about prediction is that he never zeroes in on the essence of a statistical problem and instead overinterprets some of its trappings. For example, in many cases of uncertainty, a decision maker has to act on an observation that may be either a signal from a target or noise from a distractor (a blip on a screen may be a missile or static; a blob on an X-ray may be a tumor or a harmless thickening). Improving the ability of your detection technology to discriminate signals from noise is always a good thing, because it lowers the chance you’ll mistake a target for a distractor or vice versa. But given the technology you have, there is an optimal threshold for a decision, which depends on the relative costs of missing a target and issuing a false alarm. By failing to identify this trade-off, Gladwell bamboozles his readers with pseudoparadoxes about the limitations of pictures and the downside of precise information.</p>
<p>Another example of an inherent trade-off in decision-making is the one that pits the accuracy of predictive information against the cost and complexity of acquiring it. Gladwell notes that I.Q. scores, teaching certificates and performance in college athletics are imperfect predictors of professional success. This sets up a “we” who is “used to dealing with prediction problems by going back and looking for better predictors.” Instead, Gladwell argues, “teaching should be open to anyone with a pulse and a college degree — and teachers should be judged after they have started their jobs, not before.”</p>
<p>But this “solution” misses the whole point of assessment, which is not clairvoyance but cost-effectiveness. To hire teachers indiscriminately and judge them on the job is an example of “going back and looking for better predictors”: the first year of a career is being used to predict the remainder. It’s simply the predictor that’s most expensive (in dollars and poorly taught students) along the accuracy-­cost trade-off. Nor does the absurdity of this solution for professional athletics (should every college quarterback play in the <a title="More articles about the National Football League." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/n/national_football_league/index.html?inline=nyt-org">N.F.L.</a>?) give Gladwell doubts about his misleading analogy between hiring teachers (where the goal is to weed out the bottom 15 percent) and drafting quarterbacks (where the goal is to discover the sliver of a percentage point at the top).</p>
<p>The common thread in Gladwell’s writing is a kind of populism, which seeks to undermine the ideals of talent, intelligence and analytical prowess in favor of luck, opportunity, experience and intuition. For an apolitical writer like Gladwell, this has the advantage of appealing both to the Horatio Alger right and to the egalitarian left. Unfortunately he wildly overstates his empirical case. It is simply not true that a quarter­back’s rank in the draft is uncorrelated with his success in the pros, that cognitive skills don’t predict a teacher’s effectiveness, that intelligence scores are poorly related to job performance or (the major claim in “Outliers”) that above a minimum I.Q. of 120, higher intelligence does not bring greater intellectual achievements.</p>
<p>The reasoning in “Outliers,” which consists of cherry-picked anecdotes, post-hoc sophistry and false dichotomies, had me gnawing on my Kindle. Fortunately for “What the Dog Saw,” the essay format is a better showcase for Gladwell’s talents, because the constraints of length and editors yield a higher ratio of fact to fancy. Readers have much to learn from Gladwell the journalist and essayist. But when it comes to Gladwell the social scientist, they should watch out for those igon values.</p>
<div id="authorId">
<p><em>Steven Pinker is Harvard College professor of psychology at Harvard University. His most recent book is “The Stuff of Thought.”</em></p>
<p><a href="http://software.newsstand.com/bookrdr/hbg-live/BookBrowse.html?a=TLftxSRVam6Iwzx8ezEGivBiXySXcpff%2BboevxjXzZRo1X%2Fn1C%2BJWmCkObsF6L59Wfzn8G8W6wdSVPUefqOK487wwOe4LsmB2asdMzJtAYs7TVOtxvsdUMQX0YrFB0VZ&#38;z=hbg" target="_blank">An Excerpt From &#8216;What the Dog Saw&#8217;</a></p>
<div>
<div id="reviewInfo">WHAT THE DOG SAW And Other Adventures<br />
By Malcolm Gladwell<br />
410 pp. Little, Brown &#38; Company. $27.99</p>
<h4>Also Related:</h4>
<p><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/books/review/05donadio.html?ref=review">Profile: The Gladwell Effect</a> (February 5, 2006)<br />
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/books/20gladwell.html" target="_blank">Janet Maslin’s Review of &#8216;What the Dog Saw&#8217;</a> (October 19, 2009)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Intermission: Down down down down town]]></title>
<link>http://thewordguy.wordpress.com/2009/10/28/intermission-down-down-down-down-town/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 03:14:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>russellcross</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thewordguy.wordpress.com/2009/10/28/intermission-down-down-down-down-town/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It&#8217;s Road Trip time once again and your sun-loving Word Guy has gone north to Chicago. Althoug]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>It&#8217;s Road Trip time once again and your sun-loving Word Guy has gone north to Chicago. Although I try to ensure all my trips are to areas warmer than Cleveland, inevitably I have to &#8220;take one for the team&#8221; and go from cold to colder. So in lieu of my regular ramble around a specific word, I&#8217;m breaking into an older article that looks at how many times you can put the same word consecutively in a sentence.</p>
<p>So how often have you found yourself in a situation where you’re writing a letter or article and as you review it, you see you’ve written the same word twice? If you use a word processor, a good one will pick this up and highlight it for you. But how often is it actually correct to use multiple instances of a word?</p>
<p>Over one particular weekend, my daughter and I were deciding on when to go to the movies. She said she wanted to go to the late show, to which I responded, “Do you want to go to the <em>early </em>late show or the <em>late </em>late show?” For a few moments, we looked at each other wondering if there was anything wrong with either the notion of an “early late” show or even the double-barreled “late late” show. “It’s OK,” I said, “to have ‘early late’ and ‘late late’ so long as we understand that ‘late show’ is actually a single noun meaning ‘a showing that is held in the evening at some indeterminate time, but such that it would not be considered early.’”</p>
<p>Before you stop reading, I should explain that yes, we do talk like that, especially when we’re having breakfast and just “chillin’” or “shooting the breeze” – though how you can shoot a gentle waft of air is probably best left for a future column. The more ridiculous the topic, the more we talk.</p>
<p>“Of course,” I continued, “If the late show in question were no longer in existence, we could have the sentence ‘We used to go to the late late late show,’ because this new use of ‘late’ refers to something now passed on.” This triple play of “lates” got us to thinking about how many such words you could get into a sentence legitimately. Examples such as “Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes!” as said by an excited child who’s just been asked if he wants a trip to Disney or a free bucket of ice cream would be excluded. The sentence has to be coherent and valid.</p>
<p>So we moved on to the notion of a city having a “down town” area. If that area had a region that was depressed and unappealing, you could use the word “down” (as in “I’m feeling a little down today”) as a descriptor. You can thus have a “down down town.” Then, if that city were built on a slope – Seattle, for example – you could conceivably have a physically higher area described as the “up down down town” and a correspondingly lower region called the “down down down town.” Finally, you could use the word “down” again to describe the action of going somewhere, forming the sentence “Let’s go down down down down town.”</p>
<p>At that point, we were finding it hard to keep up with ourselves, and as I was writing this article, my word processor was having a real hard time with so many multiples of the same word, drawing many red lines under them screaming “Stop it, that’s not allowed!”</p>
<p>This is not the longest word run of which I am aware. Stephen Pinker, in his book <em>The Language Instinct, </em>gives the following example: “The Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.” Frankly, if you can work this one out, you’re way too smart to be reading this column! But if you can’t, let me know and I’ll send you the reference.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Clunkers for Peace]]></title>
<link>http://frankeboy.wordpress.com/2009/10/13/clunkers-for-peace/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2009 15:59:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>frankeboy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://frankeboy.wordpress.com/2009/10/13/clunkers-for-peace/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ok, I really try not to get political. I’ve got friends of every political persuasion and some of th]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Ok, I really try not to get political. I’ve got friends of every political persuasion and some of them get really bent out of shape when you criticize their ideals or their party. Why is it when someone criticizes my moderately conservative political leanings, I am able to ignore it so easily without bouncing off the walls?</p>
<p><em><span style="color:#000000;">(Maybe that&#8217;s a blog entry all by itself)</span></em></p>
<p>Sadly, the Pinker was passed over for consideration as a possible recipient of the Nobel Prize and the selection committee completely ignored his tireless work in keeping the People of Chicago either awake or asleep overnight as needed. He’s kind of like an all purpose “Radio Ritalin” &#8211; affecting each person differently; he makes some people more hyper and other people less hyper. Go figure (for my doctor friends: Radio Methylphenidate didn&#8217;t sound as funny).</p>
<p>I’ve got to be the 20 millionth person weighing in on Obama’s Nobel Peace Prize. But here’s the question: what are the criteria used to select a winner of the Peace Prize?</p>
<p><img class="alignright" src="http://geoffpinkus.com/images/cash-for-clunkers.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="131" />Do you win the Nobel Peace Prize because of something you’ve already done or what you plan to do?</p>
<p>If it’s based on what you’ve done, we have to consider some of the cool and impressive things that the President has already been able to accomplish in such a short amount of time:</p>
<ul style="margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:2px;margin-left:24px;">
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Clunkers for Peace Prize</li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Wall Street &#38; Automaker Bail Out Peace Prize</li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Failure at Copenhagen Peace Prize<img class="alignright" src="http://geoffpinkus.com/images/fist-bump.jpg" alt="" width="202" height="139" /></li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Counter Culture Tsar “Du Jour” Appointee Peace Prize</li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Spending Historic Sums in the Shortest Time Peace Prize</li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Give the Queen an I-pod Peace Prize</li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Fist Bump with the First Lady Peace Prize</li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Checking Out &#8220;A Piece&#8221; &#8211; Peace Prize</li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">A Beer at the White House with a Harvard “Hot Head” and a Cop Peace Prize</li>
<li style="font-size:10pt;">Record Shattering Campaign Contributions Peace Prize</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="alignright" src="http://geoffpinkus.com/images/queen-ipod.jpg" alt="" width="202" height="147" /><br />
For my left leaning friends, you&#8217;ll notice I did not include any accomplishments that are not fact. There is no hearsay and the results are auditable. Moreover, &#8220;hot head&#8221; is not opinion; when you go &#8220;schizo&#8221; on a cop, you&#8217;re a &#8220;hot head!&#8221; (look it up)</p>
<p>All I&#8217;m just saying is that if you give the man a prize &#8211; lets review his existing body of work!</p>
<p>On the other hand, if it’s not based on what you’ve already done but instead based on what you plan to do or wish you could do – the possibilities are limitless&#8230;</p>
<p>I’ll task you use your imagination to think of the possible Peace Prizable “accomplishments” that the future might hold in store for our President.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ouch]]></title>
<link>http://ramblingperfectionist.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/ouch/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 13:21:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ramblingperfectionist</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ramblingperfectionist.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/ouch/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As a young teenager in proudly peaceable Canada during the romantic 1960s, I was a true believer in ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote><p>As a young teenager in proudly peaceable Canada during the romantic 1960s, I was a true believer in Bakunin&#8217;s anarchism. I laughed off my parents&#8217; argument that if the government ever laid down its arms all hell would break loose. Our competing predictions were put to the test at 8:00 A.M. on October 17, 1969, when the Montreal police went on strike. By 11:20 A.M. the first bank was robbed. By noon most downtown stores had closed because of looting. Within a few more hours, taxi drivers burned down the garage of a limousine service that competed with them for airport customers, a rooftop sniper killed a provincial police officer, rioters broke into several hotels and restaurants, and a doctor slew a burglar in his suburban home. By the end of the day, six banks had been robbed, a hundred shops had been looted, twelve fires had been set, forty carloads of storefront glass had been broken, and three million dollars in property damage had been inflicted, before city authorities had to call in the army and, of course, the Mounties to restore order.</p></blockquote>
<p>- The Blank Slate, by Steven Pinker</p>
<p>For purely anecdotal evidence, this is making me question my libertarian tendencies quite strongly <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_sad.gif' alt=':(' class='wp-smiley' />  . Not to mention, people in general.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Chomsky och medierna]]></title>
<link>http://chomskyochmedierna.wordpress.com/2009/09/09/3/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 10:09:31 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>proteus</dc:creator>
<guid>http://chomskyochmedierna.wordpress.com/2009/09/09/3/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Merely to list the accusations against Chomsky, whether they are made casually or with deliberation,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>Merely to list the accusations against Chomsky, whether they are made casually or with deliberation, is a relatively easy task. Showing their unfairness or want of foundation involves expense of ink on a scale which any reader who has got this far will know to his or her cost. </strong></p>
<p><strong>Christopher Hitchens</strong><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"><span style="margin-left:15px;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>Nyligen publicerade Expressen en liten <a href="http://www.expressen.se/kultur/1.988153/nialls-saga" target="_blank">intervju</a> med den på goda grunder kontroversielle författaren <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" target="_blank">Niall Ferguson</a>.  Intervjuaren frågar honom varför författare som <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky" target="_blank">Noam Chomsky</a> och <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zinn" target="_blank">Howard Zinn</a> är populärare i boklådorna än Ferguson. Svaret är förväntat från en högerskribent. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1A2ZZAfEn8&#38;feature=related" target="_blank">Chomsky </a>och Zinn är &#8220;total dynga&#8221; och &#8220;[d]et mesta som Chomsky skriver är [...] ofta helt påhittat&#8221;. Detta är, som vi skall se, en i jämförelse ganska mild karaktäristik och en förhållandevis ljummen anklagelse. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hari" target="_blank">Johann Hari</a>, en av Fergusons hårdaste kritiker, <a href="http://hurryupharry.bloghouse.net/archives/2003/12/02/i_have_been_attacked_by_noam_chomsky_oh_happy_happy_day.php" target="_blank">beskyller</a> Chomsky för att urskulda folkmord. Hur hård polemik Hari och Ferguson än ägnar varandra så kan de i alla fall enas om att Chomsky är en extremistisk charlatan och lögnare, de har båda hört det sägas, på samma cocktailpartyn. Myterna om Chomskys brott har blivit självgående, och genomsyrar snart sagt hela det politiska fältet. I det följande skall vi gå igenom de vanligaste chimärerna.</p>
<p>Ett utmärkt prov hittar vi <a href="http://www.expressen.se/debatt/1.699355">här</a>.*</p>
<p>Detta är ett av de mest häpnadsväckande exemplen på antingen ogenomtränglig dumhet eller intellektuell ohederlighet jag någonsin läst. Låt oss titta litet närmare på Moynihans lilla libell:</p>
<p>a) I den första upplagan av American Power and the New Mandarins citerar Chomsky James Warburg angående ett tal som president Truman hållit. Schlesinger finner att Truman inte höll något tal vid det datum som återges i passagen, och drar slutsatsen att Chomsky hittat på alltihopa. I nästa upplaga av boken har Chomsky korrigerat Warburgs misstag, Trumancitatet är nu helt korrekt — och dessutom närapå ordagrant identiskt med avsnittet i den första upplagan.</p>
<p>b) Chomsky och Kambodja är ett närmast oändligt kapitel. Allting handlar om hur många som blev mördade, och av vem. I skolan fick jag lära mig att Pol Pot hade mördat två miljoner (en siffra som verkar härstamma från Pol Pot själv), i Ekot häromveckan var siffran en miljon. CIA, som Chomsky framför allt stödjer sig på, hävdade i en rapport från 1980 att Pol Pot mördat ungefär sexhundra tusen åren 1969-1978 och hundra tusen människor 1979.<br />
Stephen Morris är inte världens enda expert på Kambodja. Michael Vickery är en annan. Robert Cribb. Det finns otaliga, alla med siffror bakom siffror. Chomsky själv kommenterar på <a href="http://www.zmag.org/forums/chomcambodforum.htm">nätet</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>The Yale Genocide project (Ben Kiernan and others) gives higher estimates, about 1.5 million. In fact, no one knows. No one ever knows in such cases, within quite a broad range. When numbers are put forth with any confidence, and without a big plus-or-minus, you can be sure that there is an ideological agenda, in any such case. Demographic analyses are very weak. If we wanted to be serious, we would also ask how many of the post-1975 deaths are the result of the US war. The predictions by US officials, doctors in Phnom Penh, and others were that there would be a huge toll in the coming years; people were dying in Phnom Penh alone at 100,000 a year when the KR took over (no one has a clue as to what was happening in the heavily bombed countryside). The figure of 1 million potential deaths was reported by the highly respected correspondent of the FEER, Nayan Chanda, attributed to a high US official.</p>
<p>But these are ideological footballs. Only a few of those who write about the topic are interested in such boring things as truth — as the original 2 million figure indicates. Incidentally, these numbers are from memory. I’ve quoted them exactly in print, and could check if you like — or you could check originals. I think they are accurate, or close to.</p></blockquote>
<p>(Mer om Kambodja nedan.)</p>
<p>c)</p>
<blockquote><p>Chomsky är ökänd för sina utfall. Hans gamle vän Christopher Hitchens har kallat honom för ”en auktoritär personlighet” och hans kollega Steven Pinker har sagt att han är en “<a href="http://www.chomsky.info/onchomsky/19951119.htm">tvättäkta mobbare</a>“!</p></blockquote>
<p>Detta går ju knappt att kommentera. Dock: Jag finner det inte alls otroligt att Chomsky är en “auktoritär personlighet” — det kan sägas om många intellektuellt framgångsrika människor. Christopher Hitchens certainly comes to mind. Och valet av Pinker-citatet vittnar väl inte om något annat än Moynihans desperata sinnelag.</p>
<p>Ett av skälen till att Moynihan citerar Hitchens är antagligen att den amerikanska högern numera tror att han är på deras sida: han stöder kriget i Irak och grälar offentligt med Chomsky och andra krigsmotståndare. Dessutom är han och Chomsky bekanta, vilket Moynihan inte underlåter att nämna och överdriva (”vänner”). Meningen är att man ska få intrycket att till och med Chomskys vänner nu vänder sig emot honom. Men greppet är genomskinligt: Högern citerar bara Hitchens när det är bekvämt. När han, i likhet med Chomsky, kallar Kissinger för massmördare och krigsförbrytare och kräver att han skall ställas inför rätta, fördömer USA:s våldsamma och olagliga inblandning i Latinamerika eller kritiserar Israel i skapa ordalag, då passar han inte så bra längre. Naturligtvis passar det heller inte in i kakformen att citera någon av de artiklar där Hitchens försvarar Chomsky. En av dessa, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19960101-re_/http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/other/85-hitchens.html" target="_blank">The Chorus and Cassandra</a> (vilken ni gör klokt i att läsa innan ni fortsätter här) behandlar nästan alla de exempel Chomskys fiender fortfarande skvallrar om. Han visar att beskyllningarna utan undantag är skrivna i vatten.*</p>
<p>d)</p>
<blockquote><p>“Man lämnas kvar med känslan av att Chomskys alltmer triumfatoriska retorik står i motsatt proportion till de faktiska empiriska resultat han kan peka på.”</p></blockquote>
<p>Det är inte särskilt arbetskrävande att hitta <a href="http://www.timothyjpmason.com/WebPages/LangTeach/CounterChomsky.htm">kritiker</a> till Chomsky som lingvist:</p>
<blockquote><p>“Chomsky’s theories are still on the cutting edge and in many ways still define the field of linguistics, and Chomsky plays a big role in synthesizing the work of others, says MIT colleague David Pesetsky. But because he is the dominant figure in the field, Pesetsky says, attacking Chomsky is the only way for some scholars to get attention for their theories. ‘The most striking fact is how consistently people with anything at all to say about language feel the need to strike some attitude for or against Chomsky’s ideas,’ Pesetsky says. ‘It’s a big problem.’”</p></blockquote>
<p>Ännu enklare är det att hitta <a href="http://www.ped.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/index.html">forskare</a> som räknar honom som den viktigaste lingvisten under nittonhundratalet. Att vetenskapliga fält hemsöks av inre stridigheter är banalt. Man kunde lika gärna söka misskreditera Wittgenstein genom att citera Turing. (Eller Einstein genom att hänvisa till Poincaré — en bättre analogi i det här fallet.) I vissa sällsynta fall kan också en segrare koras: Chomsky lyckades i unga år och i stort sett på egen hand med att skjuta en hel vetenskaplig ideologi — behaviorismen — i sank.<br />
Chomskys teorier ingår i lingvistikkurserna på alla världens universitet. Han är utan konkurrens den mest citerade lingvisten i världen. (Dock: Under Sovjet-tiden var Chomskys lingvistik förbjuden i Öst — eftersom hans politiska idéer lindrigt uttryckt ogillades i Kreml. Det bakomliggande resonemanget för detta förbud påminner om Moynihans och hans vänners.)<br />
Att han revolutionerat lingvistiken är inte en åsikt, utan ett faktum.</p>
<p>Så: Skälet till att Moynihan använder just detta citat är till lika delar vetenskaplig naivitet och politisk cynism. Citatet passar in i den större bilden av Chomsky som lögnare. Tittar vi närmare på det så upplöses det i själva verket i intet: Lingvisten (eller snarare filosofen) Chomsky är nämligen, i ganska frapperande kontrast till Chomsky den politiske kommentatorn, <em>inte</em> främst empirist utan spekulativ rationalist. Titeln på ett av hans lingvistiska arbeten, Cartesian Linguistics, borde ge en fingervisning härom. Men jag är helt övertygad om att Moynihan inte har en aning om, eller bryr sig om, det månghundraåriga (för att nu inte säga mångtusenåriga) utbytet mellan platonister och aristoteliker, begreppsrealister och nominalister, rationalister och empirister, metafysiker och antimetafysiker, epifenomenalister och anti-epifenomenalister — eller helt enkelt skillnaden mellan en hypotes och en teori. Chomskys arbeten går ibland ut på att att ställa upp vackra hypoteser, ofta med liten eller obefintlig prövbarhet. (Detta gäller självfallet inte alla hans verk. Det empiriska stödet för den generativa grammatiken har visat sig överväldigande). För detta kritiseras han av det empiristiska lägret: han “hittar på”.<br />
Moynihan vet vad han gör: Han blandar inte ihop namnen på vittneslistan och kallar Steven Pinker att intyga om Chomskys brister som lingvist (bland Pinkers mest kända verk finner vi populärvetenskapliga framställningar av Chomskys idéer), eller Christopher Hitchens att tala om Chomsky och Kambodja.<br />
Om syftet med Moynihans artikel inte blev klarlagt i förra stycket hoppas jag att ingen nu tvivlar på vad det är.<br />
(Man undrar dessutom litet över varför Moynihans båda exempel — vi undantar “mobbningen” och upptäckten att det ryms vetenskapliga meningsskiljaktigheter också inom lingvistiken — är flera decennier gamla, och redan har stötts och blötts i dussintals, kanske hundratals, artiklar och debatter. Om Chomsky nu är en sådan lögnmaskin borde det vara enkelt att hitta rena lögner om, ja, jag vet inte — irakkriget till exempel?)<br />
Om det är någon som kan beslås med rena lögner så är det Moynihan: “Men, som Richard Posner vid Chicago-universitetet en gång sa: ‘Chomsky erkänner aldrig att han har fel.’ Hans böcker förblir också okorrigerade.”</p>
<p>Minsta lilla kontakt med Chomskys verk visar att detta är en lögn.</p>
<p>Alltså: Två trettio år gamla vandringssägner, litet pajaserier om Chomskys person och till slut en sammanblandning av elementära kunskapsteoretiska begrepp. Chomskys rykte är, fruktar jag, förstört för alltid.</p>
<p>Här lämnar vi, med varma lyckönskningar, den stackars Moynihan åt hans mödosamma bildningsgång och riktar undersökningen på chomskyreceptionen i det större, framför allt i Sverige:</p>
<p><strong>I</strong></p>
<p>Få kommentatorer kan <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxPUvQZ3rcQ" target="_blank">placera</a> Chomsky <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aYt_fAEzmo&#38;feature=related" target="_blank">korrekt</a> i den politiska filosofien, särskilt här hemma i ankdammen — här kallas han alltid för “vänster”, trots att det ordet ofta betyder något helt annat här än i USA. Om man med vänster förstår något i likhet med vänsterpartiet, eller socialdemokratien — då är Chomsky <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7h6VETOkXpU" target="_blank">inte vänster</a>. Han är motståndare till staten, kallar sig ofta anarkist (för vilket han <a href="http://www.insurgentdesire.org.uk/whochoms.htm">kritiseras</a> av mera hårdföra anarkister) och har, till skillnad från den svenska vänstern, alltid avskytt statskommunismen i vilken form den än må ta. Den första artikel han skrev (innan han ens blivit tonåring) behandlade det spanska inbördeskriget &#8212; Chomsky höll på anarkisterna och upprördes över kommunisternas svek. Chomskys <a href="http://karlhenrikjohan.wordpress.com/2008/07/22/klassisk-liberalism/" target="_blank">politiska hållning</a>, som jag förstår den, måste sägas vara en anarkism med rötter i den klassiskt angelsaxiska liberalismen av det frihetligt sociala slaget — alltså mera Godwin, Dewey, Smith och  &#8212; framför allt  &#8212; von Humboldt än Spencer och von Hayek. Ett visst inflytande från de stora ryska anarkisterna, särskilt Bakunin. Han tillhör avgjort mera den utilitaristiska traditionen än den naturrättsliga. Lika fientlig till absolut äganderätt som till statssocialiserade företag. På Proudhons sida — inte Marx’.</p>
<p>Dessa distinktioner är naturligtvis helt obegripliga för den oskolade svenska borgerligheten — i något mindre grad den för svenska vänstern. Vänsteranarkisterna i Storbritannien och USA beskyller Chomsky för att vara höger, i Sverige är han en “vänsterextremist”. Hans anti-interventionistiska och antikoloniala hållning i utrikespolitiken är helt uppenbart <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJjWC1FlA20&#38;feature=related" target="_blank"><em>konservativ</em>,</a> och är i själva verket raka motsatsen till vänsterns tradition. (Hans motståndare i USA är för det mesta inte heller de riktigt konservativa, som tvärtom ofta har försvarat honom.) Kanske är den bästa beskrivningen den som George Orwell gav om sig själv: A tory anarchist. (Chomsky är väl i förbigående sagt en av få skribenter som tar Orwells verk på allvar. Han inser att Orwells prosa handlar om världen, inte om litterära fantasiriken.) Chomsky kallar sig dessutom ofta för &#8220;konservativ&#8221;. Där stödjer han sig på de gamla konservativa tänkarna, som var antikapitalister, och som motsatte sig lagar som gav företag rättigheter. Chomsky är, som han också alltid talar om, en upplysningsmänniska &#8212; en upplysningsmänniska för vilken löneslaveri och krypande inför makten är rester av ett gammalt slavsamhälle. De svenska skribenteras fullständiga oförmåga att förstå Chomskys politiska bevekelsegrunder är väl resultatet av ett politiskt klimat som alltid saknat anarkister, där det liberala partiet uppstått ur frikyrkorna och där en korporativistisk och maktfullkomlig socialdemokrati styrt så långt någon kan minnas, med en illitterat bolagshöger som officiell motståndare och inofficiell samarbetspartner.</p>
<p><strong>II</strong></p>
<p>Journalistkollektiven fungerar som skolgårdar. Både till höger och vänster. Hörsägen blir till fakta och antar allt underligare proportioner under lekens gång. “Visste du att Chomsky försvarat Pol Pot!? -Nä? -Jo! Och Stalin och Castro och Mao: han är ju kommunist. -Ja han verkar ju helt vansinnig! -Ja det är inte konstigt att galningarna på Aftonbladet gillar honom! Han är ju antisemit också! En sån där <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ghoXQxdk6s&#38;feature=related" target="_blank">självhatande jude</a> som vänstern älskar!”<br />
Ett (ganska beskedligt) exempel på hur skvallret sipprar in litet varsomstans:</p>
<p>“Till och med vänsterns ikon Noam Chomsky har fördömt dessa domar.”</p>
<p>Maria Carlshamre <a href="http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=577&#38;a=189478&#38;previousRenderType=2">apropå </a>att Kubadiktaturen dömt ett antal oliktänkande för spioneri. Varför Chomsky skulle stödja att en statssocialistisk diktatur, genom påhittade anklagelser om spioneri försöker tysta dissidenter, ja det förväntas läsaren förstå genom orden “vänsterns ikon”.</p>
<p>Ett <a href="http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/ledare/did_12851612.asp">värre</a> exempel — typiskt i sin hysteriskt oskickliga lögnaktighet och tragikomiska propagandamässiga klumpighet (fotot på Chomsky och en skäggig terrorist):</p>
<p>“Till meritlistan hör lovsånger till Fidel Castro och ordförande Mao”. SvD:s läsare äger tydligen den förförståelse som krävs för att svälja sådana annars helt obegripliga lögner.<br />
Och återigen hävdas att Pol Pot mördade “nästan två miljoner människor”. Alla som säger något annat (förutom Sveriges radio och Finska staten numera antagligen majoriteten av forskarna på området) är folkmordsförnekare. Det är uppenbart att Linder aldrig läst ett ord av Chomsky och heller inte äger några verktyg för att förstå vad Chomsky säger när han ser honom på teve.<br />
Den “konservative” Linders skrivargärning ger varken stöd för uppfattningen att han äger ens elementära historiska kunskaper eller att han skulle dra sig för de mest hårresande lögner när hans älskling USA kritiseras. Minns vad han skrev om Harold Pinter, eller hans aningslösa och motbjudande ord om “sandinisternas härjningar i Nicaragua”.</p>
<p>I decennier valsar sagorna om den elake lingvisten från USA runt på redaktionerna, och växer och blir mörkare och grymmare för varje varv. Alltid samma historier: Pol Pot, Faurisson, Castro. Till slut bildar dessa förvrängningar i femte hand en egen mardrömsvärld att ösa berättelser ur, där lingvisten Chomsky på fritiden hyllar alla diktatorer han kan komma på, förnekar varenda folkmord som inträffat (utom västmakternas förstås, vilka han i stället överdriver), tar varje tillfälle i akt att ställa upp för nynazister och andra antidemokrater, och varför inte: han är ju en självhatande jude, troligtvis galen på riktigt.</p>
<p>Vill man vara generös finns det kanske ett skäl till lättjan och legenderna: Vänstern i Sverige har ju faktiskt haft för vana att sluta allahanda tokstollar till sina hjärtan. Pol Pot <em>har</em> försvarats av den godtrogna och naiva vänstern (av till exempel P O Enquist). Liksom hyllningar till Mao, Stalin, Castro var vanliga för några decennier sedan, och, åtminstone i det sista fallet, fortfarande ibland smutsar ner tidningssidorna.</p>
<p>Har man svårt att ta till sig sammansatt information, och dessutom är nedtyngd av enorma arbetsbördor — ledarskribentens eviga predikament — så är det inte svårt att förstå om man skarvar en aning och helt enkelt klumpar ihop Chomsky med de andra galningarna på &#8220;vänsterkanten&#8221;.</p>
<p>Om Carlshamre, Linder och de andra i någon mån faktiskt <em>tror</em> på vad de skriver — vilket verkar rimligt; Linder är en obildbar idiot, och Carlshamres oförmåga till kritiskt tänkande blev mer än nöjaktigt klarlagd genom hennes motstånd mot vaccinationsprogrammen för barn — så är saken allvarligare i Per Ahlmarks fall. Ahlmark är inte bara lat, okunnig och opportunistisk, som de två nyss nämnda, han är en psykiskt sjuk människa, i vars hjärna gränsen mellan lögn och sanning dras upp genom ideologiska diktat. Den som tycker att jag överdriver kan ju läsa hans senaste bok, där han utan att skämmas erkänner att han ljög i sina kolumner om Irak i DN, i syfte att bättra på krigshetsstämningen. (Dock vände sig de flesta lögnerna uteslutande till dem som saknar grundläggande begrepp om naturlagarna, varför de bara togs på allvar av PM Nilsson).<br />
För det mesta har Ahlmark bara skrivit av vad några av Chomskys amerikanska <a href="http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/">fiender</a> <a href="http://wernercohn.com/">säger</a> — Ahlmarks texter om Chomsky är nästan helt och hållet plagiat:</p>
<blockquote><p>“[…] Noam Chomsky, amerikansk professor i lingvistik. Han är mer känd som politisk debattör, vars polemik kretsar kring de två länder också han avskyr mer än alla andra: Förenta staterna och Israel.”</p>
<p>“Genast ställde sig Chomsky upp till Faurissons försvar. Han har senare låtsats som om det var yttrandefriheten han ville skydda”.</p></blockquote>
<p>Båda citaten är från debattboken Det öppna såret.</p>
<p>Dessa båda citat är typiskt Ahlmark. Chomsky “avskyr” USA. Chomsky själv brukar svara på frågan varför han inte emigrerar att han väljer att bo i USA eftersom det är det friaste landet på jorden (han har kanske ändrat sig nu, efter The Patriot Act, jag vet inte.) Att han hatar Israel är som alla friska människor förstår feberfantasterier. Chomsky har vid oräkneliga tillfällen förklarat att skälet till att han ägnar så stor möda åt USA är att han är amerikan, och att han <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7nHJ8sDRRY&#38;feature=related" target="_blank">förväntar</a> sig av andra intellektuella att de skall kritisera sina hemländer i första hand. Samma resonemang (förutom då att det knappast går att skilja från USA-kritik) leder honom som jude att intressera sig i hög grad för Israel. Jag har inte fört statistik, men jag skulle tro att Storbritannien och Frankrike får dela på tredjeplatsen. Men i Ahlmarks värld är underbyggd kritik mot västländers brott mot folkrätten och de mänskliga rättigheterna detsamma som hat. Påståendena i det andra citatet är helt och hållet osanna, vilket vi <a href="http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/other/85-hitchens.html" target="_blank">sett</a>.<br />
Litet längre fram läser man:<br />
“Häftigt och hånfullt avvisar Chomsky ’sagorna om kommunismens illgärningar [i Kambodja]”. Det handlar om artikeln <a href="http://www.chomsky.info/articles/19770625.htm">Distortions in Fourth Hand</a>, skriven av Chomsky och <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Herman">Edward S Herman</a>, och om deras kritik av bland andra boken Cambodge année zero av Francois Ponchard &#8212; vilket var upprinnelsen den lika infekterade som förvirrade <a href="http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/albertnov97.htm" target="_blank">debatten</a> om Chomsky och Kambodja. Ahlmark vill låta påskina att Chomsky menar att det bara skulle vara “sagor” att Röda khmererna begått illgärningar i Kambodja. Läser man artikeln i fråga blir det uppenbart att Chomsky avvisar <em>sagorna</em> om Röda khmerernas illgärningar. Ingenstans förnekar han att de mördade människor i stor skala. Men i alla krig, (liksom hos svenska tidningsredaktioner) uppstår vandringsmyter och överdrifter. The first casualty of war is truth. Chomsky diskuterar svårigheten att då, 1977, få tag i empiriska data. Skälet till att Ahlmark tappar koncepten är naturligtvis att Chomsky också diskuterar hur många människor USA mördade. (USA framhärdade, fram till 1975, med “carpet-bombing” av Kambodja. Forskare är oense om saken; men en rimlig uppskattning är att det det dog över en miljon (vissa hävdar siffror på uppemot två miljoner) människor till följd av USA:s bombningar.) Vietnamkriget (i vilken kampanj Kambodja ingick, och i vilket fyra-fem miljoner människor dog (exklusive Kambodja), och fortfarande dör och föds missbildade till följd av USA:s invasion) var ju med Ahlmarks ord endast “ett beklagansvärt misstag”. (Skälet kan kanske också vara att Ahlmark faktiskt inte kan skilja på “<em>sagor</em> om illgärningar” och “sagor om <em>illgärningar</em>“. Behöver jag nämna att Ahlmark inte med ett ord nämner att det fram till 1975 var USA som mördade hundratusentals kambodjaner? Eller att USA under en tid i praktiken stödde Pol Pot? (Ahlmark — mannen som dagligen arbetar på att slå rekord i att beskylla meningsmotståndare för att tiga har vad jag vet heller aldrig skrivit ett ord om de tiotalet USA-stödda statskupperna i Latinamerika, där mördarbanden, ofta <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Americas#Training_Manuals">utbildade</a> i kidnappningar och tortyr på School of the Americas på USA:s uppdrag bekämpade demokrati och självständighet med terror. Eller om att när Sverige i hemlighet slussade pengar för rättshjälp till ANC befann sig samma organisation på USA:s lista över terrorsammanslutningar. Eller varför inte det USA-sponsrade <a href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Asia/GenocideEastTimor_Z.html">folkmordet</a> på den östtimorianska ursprungsbefolkningen? Har han skrivit något om detta antar jag att ord som “beklagansvärt”, “olyckligt” och “misstag” inte har en chans att avvika från sina tvångsuppdrag i den ahlmarkska demagogin.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.chomsky.info/letters/1989----.htm">Historien</a> med Faurisson är ännu värre, eftersom den är mycket enklare än krigen i Sydostasien. Ahlmark får korn på att Chomsky försvarat yttrandefriheten i fallet Faurisson och, tillsammans med en mängd andra, motsatt sig att Faurisson skall sättas i fängelse för vad han skrivit. Ahlmark kopplar detta till Chomskys kritik mot Israel, och vips — saken är klar. I upphetsningen över att någon vågar vara <em>för</em> yttrandefrihet kan han varken hålla sig från att, som vanligt, förvränga fakta, eller att hävda fullständigt galna idéer, som att Chomsky “försvarar” en man vars verk han inte ens läst, eller ännu värre: <em>påstår</em> att han han inte läst. I Ahlmarks fascistoida föreställningsvärld måste man självklart läsa en bok innan man motsätter sig att den blir censurerad, eller att författaren till den skall kastas i fängelse.</p>
<p>“Chomsky skrev en artikel, som placerades som förord till Faurissons nästa bok.” Detta är ju i sak korrekt. Chomsky skrev en <a href="http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/articles/8010-free-expression.html">artikel</a>. Mycket riktigt “placerades” den som förord till Faurissons bok Memiore en défense. Utan Chomskys vetskap eller uttryckliga medgivande. Något som Ahlmark inte vill gå in på men verkar känna till. Varför annars ordet “placerades”?<br />
(Jag hoppas nivån är tydlig. Annars kan man kanske påminna om att Ahlmark, till skillnad från Chomsky, faktiskt har <a href="http://www.mattias.st/blogg.asp?ID=100">hyllat</a> en dömd folkmordsförnekare. Att nämna att Ahlmark själv inte blundar inför folkmordet ifråga vore att visa sanningen det minimum av respekt han själv aldrig varit förmögen till.)<br />
Chomsky skriver i artikeln <a href="http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/articles/8102-right-to-say.html">His Right to Say It</a> bland annat:</p>
<blockquote><p>Faurisson’s conclusions are diametrically opposed to views I hold and have frequently expressed in print (for example, in my book Peace in the Middle East, where I describe the Holocaust as “the most fantastic outburst of collective insanity in human history”). But it is elementary that freedom of expression (including academic freedom) is not to be restricted to views of which one approves, and that it is precisely in the case of views that are almost universally despised and condemned that this right must be most vigorously defended. It is easy enough to defend those who need no defense or to join in unanimous (and often justified) condemnation of a violation of civil rights by some official enemy.</p></blockquote>
<p>Självklarheter för varje frihetligt sinnad människa. Alltså upprörande för antiliberalen Ahlmark, som alltid och ständigt ropat på långtgående statliga inskränkningar av människors livsföring och hårda fängelsestraff för alla som avviker från statens sanning i annat än tanken. (Ahlmarks huvudargument för att det var rätt att fängsla Faurisson är också mycket riktigt det att han bröt mot fransk lag.) Men Chomsky tillfogade också en kommentar om Faurisson själv:</p>
<blockquote><p>Let me add a final remark about Faurisson’s alleged “anti-Semitism.” Note first that even if Faurisson were to be a rabid anti-Semite and fanatic pro-Nazi — such charges have been presented to me in private correspondence that it would be improper to cite in detail here — this would have no bearing whatsoever on the legitimacy of the defense of his civil rights. On the contrary, it would make it all the more imperative to defend them since, once again, it has been a truism for years, indeed centuries, that it is precisely in the case of horrendous ideas that the right of free expression must be most vigorously defended; it is easy enough to defend free expression for those who require no such defense. Putting this central issue aside, is it true that Faurisson is an anti-Semite or a neo-Nazi? As noted earlier, I do not know his work very well. But from what I have read — largely as a result of the nature of the attacks on him — I find no evidence to support either conclusion. Nor do I find credible evidence in the material that I have read concerning him, either in the public record or in private correspondence. As far as I can determine, he is a relatively apolitical liberal of some sort.</p></blockquote>
<p>Det är inte svårt att föreställa sig blodstörtningen hos Chomskys fiender. Själv tycker jag att framför allt kommentarens sista ord är minst sagt märkliga, för att inte säga dumma. (Dock är det naturligtvis inte självklart att en förintelseförnekare <em>måste</em> vara nazist, även om vad han säger tas tacksamt emot av dessa. En möjlighet, trolig i detta fall, är att vederbörande helt enkelt är galen. Chomsky har mycket riktigt också (i filmen Manufacturing Consent) kallat Faurisson “a lunatic”.)<br />
Ahlmark går sedan vidare, på sitt vanliga tröttsamma och illa skrivna sätt, med att det är nonsens att skilja antisionism och antisemitism från varandra. Vad Chomsky, och ett otal av hans generationskamrater skulle säga om det är uppenbart. Under kriget fick Chomsky och de andra judiska barnen poliseskort till den judiska skolan. Dock: “När man gick till tunnelbanan var man helt utlämnad.”</p>
<p>Alltså: Chomsky skrev 1979, tillsammans med ungefär 500 andra intellektuella, under en petition som gick ut på att stoppa kampanjen av “harassment, intimidation, slander and physical violence” som pågick mot Faurisson, och vidare att “[w]e strongly support Professor Faurisson’s just right of academic freedom and we demand that university and government officials do everything possible to ensure his safety and the free exercise of his legal rights.”. I petitionen ingick ordet “findings” — vilket fick debattörer från alla håll att högröstat klandra dem som skrev på. Att Chomsky själv inte på något sätt instämmer i vad Faurisson hävdar har redan framgått. (Han har en gång sagt att han själv aldrig skulle diskutera med en förintelseförnekare, eftersom det skulle vara att förlora sin mänsklighet.) Inte heller formulerade han skrivelsen han skrev under. Sedan blev det allvarligare: Faurisson hotades med fängelse. Att protestera mot detta borde vara självklart för alla reflekterande människor. Men inte i Sverige, förstås, där det i alla partier i Riksdagen anses självklart att man skall fängsla människor på grund av vad de skrivit eller sagt. Chomsky <a href="http://www.chomsky.info/letters/1989----.htm">skriver</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>A professor of French literature was suspended from teaching on grounds that he could not be protected from violence, after privately printing pamphlets questioning the existence of gas chambers. He was then brought to trial for “falsification of History,” and later condemned for this crime, the first time that a modern Western state openly affirmed the Stalinist-Nazi doctrine that the state will determine historical truth and punish deviation from it. Later he was beaten practically to death by Jewish terrorists. As of now, the European and other intellectuals have not expressed any opposition to these scandals; rather, they have sought to disguise their profound commitment to Stalinist-Nazi doctrine by following the same models, trying to divert attention with a flood of outrageous lies.</p></blockquote>
<p>Chomsky har upprepade gånger sagt att man antingen är <em>för</em> yttrandefrihet, eller <em>emot</em> yttrandefrihet.  Ännu ett citat från Chomsky får avsluta denna alltigenom frånstötande historia**:</p>
<p><em>It is a poor tribute to the memories of the victims of the Holocaust to adopt the central doctrine of their murderers.</em></p>
<p>Nå. Ahlmark är ju som alla vet ett skämt. Hans lögnaktighet sträcker sig till och med långt utanför hans omedelbara egenintresse &#8212; berömd är hans övertagna och ofta upprepade lögn om hur <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" target="_blank">Herbert von Karajan</a> under det andra världskriget dirigerade iklädd nazistuniform, något den stackars Ahlmark, som &#8220;älskar hans [sic] musik&#8221; hade så svårt att smälta att han aldrig bekymrade sig att ta reda på om det var sant. Hans insikter i politisk filosofi är obefintliga; att han slavar under villfarelsen att han själv är “liberal” medan Chomsky är “kommunist” torde vara bevis nog. Men hans lågsinta dravel har haft en stor betydelse för chomskygengren hos borgerligheten. Dessutom upplever hans verk just nu en renässans hos unghögern — <a href="http://www.sr.se/ekot/artikel.asp?artikel=1189747" target="_blank">Fredrik Malm</a> och andra upprepar ivrigt och gärna Ahlmarks absurdaste lögner, antingen ordagrant eller i en form som pressar ordet “absurt” till bristningsgränsen, och de anammar <a href="http://fredrikmalm.blogspot.com/2007/09/jag-och-fredrick-federley-diskuterar.html">stiltroget</a> läromästarens debatteknik. Och inte bara hos dem — hans senaste bok, Det är demokratin, dumbom! mottogs i stora delar av den borgerliga pressen med en <a href="http://www.expressen.se/1.89202">vördnad</a> som vore den i själva verket Förbundsarken, men så var ju innehållet också här ofjättrat av förnuftets fängsel.</p>
<p>I fråga om politisk idioti har väl Ahlmark bara en riktig konkurrent i Sverige, nämligen Jan Myrdal. (Men hans prosa är i varje fall inte oläsbar.)</p>
<p><strong>III</strong></p>
<p>Politiska debattörer förstår inte ironi, överdrifter, sarkasmer eller några andra av de retoriska grepp som varit legio i tvåtusenfemhundra år eller så när bildade människor argumenterar. När Chomsky skriver att “In comparison to the conditions imposed by U.S. tyranny and violence, East Europe under Russian rule was practically a paradise” hör de bara: Chomsky säger att Östeuropa var ett <em>paradis</em> under kommunismen! Det går dom fullständigt förbi att vad han uppenbarligen menar är att livsomständigheterna i t. ex. Östtyskland under Honecker och Stasi var mycket bättre för flertalet människor än i t. ex. Haiti under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Doc" target="_blank">Papa Doc</a> och zombierna i <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_Ton_Macoute" target="_blank">Farbror Jutesäcks </a>machetesvingande tortyrtrupper. Härmed inte sagt att Chomsky är särskilt duktig på att använda dylika grepp. Hans ständiga jämförelser med den nazistiska propagandan, ofta sakligt korrekta, gör bara att öronen slår igen hos de flesta politiska människor. De hör bara: “Han jämför med <em>Nazityskland</em>!” och inget annat. Eller ännu värre: jag har stött på folk som på allvar tror att han försvarar Hitler.</p>
<blockquote><p>“Some in the media have said that Chomsky could get wider distribution if he stated his ideas more succinctly, in something approximating sound bites. But others in academia say that complex perspectives and radical conclusions simply don’t have a place in today’s marketplace of ideas, no matter how cogently put. ‘American political scientists ignore anybody who doesn’t agree with them. They simply hate criticism, any criticism,’ says Thomas Ferguson, a political scientist at the University of Massachusetts at Boston. ‘It’s more like a religion than social science.’”</p></blockquote>
<p>Chomsky har förklarat upprepade gånger, bland annat i filmen Manufacturing Consent, varför han inte kan tillmötesgå önskan om att han skall uttrycka sig i &#8220;sound-bites&#8221;. Kravet på att vara &#8220;koncis&#8221; (succinct) tjänar bara just de propagandakrafter som han försöker bemöta. Att beskylla någon för lögn är enkelt nog &#8212; att försvara sig mot sådanda anklagelser tar betydligt större utrymme. (Vilket till exempel denna artikel är ett exempel på.) Att upprepa den gängse propagandan är lätt, bekvämt och smidigt &#8212; att bemöta den, i förklarande detalj, tar tid.</p>
<p><strong>IV</strong></p>
<p>Den historiska obildningen hos den tjattrande klassen. De verkar tro att Chomsky får allt han säger ur egen fatabur, och alltså angrips han även när han citerar officiella amerikanska källor, som t. ex. FBI, CIA eller The House of Congress. Det är ofta helt häpnadsväckande hur litet svenska ledarskribenter vet om amerikansk historia.<br />
Denna brist gör dem en aning obekväma, och när de får klart för sig att Chomsky faktiskt citerar ett officiellt dokument så börjar de leta skrivfel i hans böcker, i syfte att beslå honom med lögn och flytta uppmärksamheten från sin egen okunnighet.<br />
Ett exempel: de känner inte till att titeln på en av Chomskys mest berömda böcker, Manufacturing Consent, är ett citat från den fascistoide amerikanske mediamannen Walter Lippman, och att det i originalsammanhanget ingick i en argumentation för att staten måste just producera samtycke hos befolkningen, genom propaganda, för att avvärja hotet mot makten från ett demokratiskt samhällsskick. Boken anförs typiskt som bevis för att Chomsky ägnar sig åt konspirationsteorier.<br />
Den vanliga borgerliga uppfattningen om USA är en blandning av naiva idéer om “den fria marknaden” och officiell historieskrivning om USA som “demokratins förkämpe i världen”.</p>
<p><strong>V</strong></p>
<p>Politiska debattörer skiljer sig från vetenskapliga genom att de alltid tror att kritik är maskerade attacker, motiverade av politiska skäl. Den gängse ledarskribenten kan inte föreställa sig att man kan kritisera något enbart på dess meriter. Han tror alltid att en snäv, egoistisk “agenda” ligger bakom. Och för det mesta stämmer det ju. Det är därför borgerligheten i stort sett aldrig skriver om USA:s brott, historiska eller pågående. (Och när den gör det är den alltid ursäktande.) De gillar ju USA. Vilket syfte skulle det fylla att kritisera, till exempel, USA:s stöd till Indonesiens invasion av Östtimor, som resulterade i hundratusentals människors död? Det skulle ju bara ge vänstern vatten på sin antiamerikanska kvarn. Därför blir det så, när någon av dem (ett fåtal, heltvisst) öppnar en bok av Chomsky i stället för att bara lita på skvallret vid fikaborden, att de helt tappar orienteringen. Deras första tanke (Ahlmark har inte kommit förbi den ännu) är att han måste vara kommunist. Varför skulle man annars kritisera USA? Deras andra tanke är inte en tanke utan snarare belåtenhet, när de ser vad han skriver om till exempel Kuba. Nämligen att USA skapade en kommunistisk diktatur genom att driva de socialdemokratiska, för att inte säga liberala krafterna bakom störtandet av en (USA-stödd, självfallet) diktatur i händerna på Sovjetimperiet genom en sällsynt idiotisk isolationspolitik, pådriven av fascistiska exilkubaner och paranoida geopolitiska idéer. Aha! Han <em>är</em> kommunist. Han <em>försvarar</em> ju Kuba! Här slår de igen boken med ett leende.Tillbaka till fikabordet. Varför läsa mer än vad som behövs för att bekräfta sina fördomar? Det är väl just det som gör det mödan värt?</p>
<p><strong>VI</strong></p>
<p>Chomsky skriver ofta som om han vore en besökare från yttre rymden, som hans biograf Milan Ray har påpekat. Han talar om att den regeringen handlade så, pressades av det där landet, den kraften spelade mot den kraften och så vidare. Frånvaron av ett nationalistiskt, eller på annat sätt snävt partiskt perspektiv gör de amerikanska kommentatorerna galna av sårad fosterlandskänsla och de svenska bara förvirrade. Hans utilitaristiska hållning leder honom ofta till att förbigå uttalade motiv och bevekelsegrunder och i stället endast räkna döda och skadade, liksom hans skepsis mot all slags propaganda gör att han ofta helt bortser från högtidstalen och koncentrerar sina undersökningar till, som man nu brukar säga, “facts on the ground”.<br />
Dessa intellektuella tendenser konvergerar i ett verk där sakuppgifternas störtflod och abstraktionernas syrefattighet tvingar ledarskribenter och andra journalister att uppfinna en nivå mellan dessa extremer; eftersom de är okunniga om fakta och filosofiskt oskolade. En “politisk” nivå.<br />
(En troligare hypotes än att Chomsky är en utomjording är kanske att han lider (om det är rätta ordet) av någon lindrig form av autism. Hans extrema minneskapacitet, fallenhet för abstraktioner och hans ibland klumpiga användning av retoriska grepp ger möjligen stöd för en sådan tanke. (Men detta vet jag självfallet inget om.) Vad som dock är uppenbart är det inte endast är <em>vad</em> han skriver som förbryllar, utan framför allt <em>hur</em> han skriver det.)<br />
När han skriver att nationalstaten är en olycklig, historiskt mycket ung och antagligen snart övergående organisationsform går det hans kommentatorer på ledarsidorna helt över huvudet. De kan inte skilja en idé från en åsikt, eftersom de själva inte består av något annat än åsikter. När Chomsky säger att kriget i Irak har som ett av sina främsta syften att (genom det militärindustriella komplexet och dess underleverantörer) överföra enorma summor pengar till det rikaste skiktet i USA, från nuvarande, och framför allt (på grund av budgetkrisen) framtida skattebetalare — då förstår de helt enkelt inte vad han säger och börjar därför skrika att han älskar Saddam.<br />
När han jämför Clintons bomning av läkemedelsfabriken Al-Shifa med händelserna den elfte september, och kontaterar att dödsfallen i det förra fallet beräknats till c:a 30 ggr högre än i det senare — då säger de att detta ju var ett misstag, och att Chomskys jämförelse är omoralisk. Skillnaden mellan konsekvens- och intentionsetik känner de helt enkelt inte till.</p>
<p>Ett exempel på Chomskys abstraherande argumentationsteknik, saken gäller Nicaragua — inför valet 1990 meddelande den amerikanska regeringen att om UNO-koalitionen inte vann valet så skulle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" target="_blank">terrorn</a> fortsätta (de kallade det inte själva för terror, om ni undrar):</p>
<blockquote><p>Anta att Sovjetunionen skulle följa den amerikanska modellen när de baltiska staterna förklarar sig oberoende och organisera en ställföreträdande armé som anfaller dem från utländska baser, en armé som ger sina terroriststyrkor träning i att slå till mot ‘mjuka mål’ (sjukvård, skolor och så vidare) så att regeringarna inte kan upprätthålla den sociala omsorgen och så att ekonomierna lamslås av embargon och andra sanktioner, och så vidare på det vanliga sättet. Anta vidare att Kreml när det blir klart och tydligt informerar befolkningen om att de kan välja mellan att rösta på kommunistpartiet eller att svälta. Kanske någon reaktionär stalinist skulle kalla detta för ett “fritt och rättvist val”. Det skulle säkert ingen annan göra.</p></blockquote>
<p>Kontrafaktiska uppslag av den här typen, liksom hypoteser och historiska analogier är vanliga i Chomskys verk. De vetenskapligt oskolade kommentatorerna hör bara: “Han jämför med Sovjet! Men Sovjet var <em>faktiskt</em> en diktatur, USA är en <em>demokrati</em>!” och så vidare ad nauseam.</p>
<p><strong>VII</strong></p>
<p><em>The Cabal</em>. Chomsky kallas ofta för <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76eSchi4heU&#38;feature=related" target="_blank">konspirationsteoretiker</a>. Sarkastiskt formulerade och alltigenom troskyldiga avfärdanden kryddar denna soppa av missförstånd. Argumentationen är ofta rent infantil: “Om Chomsky nu är så obekväm, varför har han då inte fått sparken från MIT?” “Tror Chomsky att journalisterna får dagliga telefonsamtal från Washington, där de blir tillsagda vad de skall skriva om?” Chomskys kritiker kan inte skilja befallningar från indoktrinering. De kan inte skilja slumpmässiga utfall från klarlagda tendenser.<br />
Egentligen finns det bara två saker att säga om detta:</p>
<p>1. Om flera aktörer delar intressen och fiender behöver de inte kommunicera. Nidbilden som ständigt tas fram, av gråsprängda män i stärkta skjortor vid ett enormt ekbord i skum belysning — är irrelevant. Det är hans kritiker som fantiserar, inte Chomsky. En ordning kan uppkomma utan att dikteras av en centralmakt; naturen, till exempel, är ingenting annat än just en sådan ordning.</p>
<p>2. Historien är, som till exempel Carl-Henning Wijkmark har påpekat, full av mörklägganden och konspirationer. Det är tydligen bara just nu som det är otänkbart.</p>
<p>Dessa två punkter är inte oförenliga; de verkliga konspirationerna är ovanliga, och avslöjas också ofta. För det mesta försent, men dock. Att det däremot finns en ordning, vilken i sig inte utgör en konspiration per se, borde vara uppenbart för alla.</p>
<p><strong>VIII</strong></p>
<p>Avundsjuka. Jag har ännu inte stött på någon motståndare till Chomsky vars intellekt kan <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULvJrb5lKu4" target="_blank">mäta</a> sig med hans.</p>
<p><strong>IX</strong></p>
<p>Kontexteringen. Ofta blir debattörer beskyllda för att ta saker ur sitt sammanhang. Men lika ofta sätter de saker i falska sammanhang, och förbigår det som inte passar in. Om en vänsterdebattör säger att Irak-kriget handlar om olja, så följer alltid det gamla vanliga tjatet. När Alan Greenspan säger detsamma händer det inte mycket. Det går inte att beskylla honom för att vara antiamerikan, alltså struntar man i det. Det passar inte in.</p>
<p>Detta gäller förstås också vänstern. De jublar när Chomsky motsätter sig kriget i Irak, men struntar i honom när han säger att aborter är ett av vår tids stora moraliska problem, eller när han kallar PLO “en terroristorganisation”. Varken vänstern eller högern har någon användning av detta, eftersom det inte kan infogas i deras Chomsky-karikatyrer. När Chomsky skriver att The Wall Street Journal och The Financial Times är de pålitligaste av alla tidningar, eftersom affärsmän, till skillnad från politiska debattörer, är beroende av fakta för sin värdsliga framgång vet varken vänstern eller högern vad som är upp och vad som är ner. Alltså nämner de det inte. Detta är bara ett par exempel. Det finns många.</p>
<p>Högerns kontext skiftar en aning med tidens gång (vilket också hans svenske översättare Johnny Lindholm <a href="http://www.expressen.se/debatt/1.708886">påpekat</a>). För tio år sedan var den att Chomsky var en kommunist och antisemit, en viktig aktör i en enorm vänsterkomplott för att störta den amerikanska regeringen, bränna konstitutionen och bringa till stånd Det fjärde kalifatets och De socialistiska rådsrepublikernas union i lycklig förening på amerikansk mark. Nuförtiden är den att han ljuger oavbrutet och dessutom inte är någon vidare lingvist. Han ingår inte längre i någon storslagen plan, han är bara en bitter gammal gubbe som fabulerar fritt för att fortsätta få den uppmärksamhet han vant sig vid sedan han som ung man protesterade mot Förenta staternas beklagansvärda misstag i Vietnam.<br />
Skälet till denna förändring är att man började upptäcka att det inte var vidare klokt att presentera Chomsky som “farlig”, eftersom många människor, majoriteten i många länder, höll med honom på en rad punkter. Människor tyckte att propagandamodellen lät ganska rimlig (de såg dess manifestationer i full prakt på teve och i tidningarna), de var oroliga över storföretagens framfart och de misstrodde politikerna, i synnerhet när dessa ville starta krig. En intellektuell som makten uppfattade som farlig verkade lockande. Att inrikta sig på att attackera Chomskys idéer visade sig alltså inte vara framgångsrikt. Alltså fick man byta strategi — från berättelsen till detaljerna.<br />
En strategi som efter den elfte september, då Chomsky snabbt publicerade en bok om händelserna (en bok som sålde i 300 000 exemplar endast i USA, och på kort tid) och plötsligt syntes överallt, intensifierades till den grad att nya ord för intellektuell ohederlighet (som ni märker) ropar på sin uppfinnare .</p>
<p><strong>X</strong></p>
<p>Underskatta aldrig dumheten.</p>
<p>*</p>
<p>En attackteknik är alltså enfaldiga personangrepp: Chomsky är en auktoritär personlighet, han är en mobbare.</p>
<p>En annan är att likställa misstag med lögn:</p>
<p>“[i]f you look at the British parliamentary inquiry, they actually reached the astonishing conclusion that, until January 1999, most of the crimes committed in Kosovo were attributed to the KLA guerrillas”.<br />
Detta var fel, Chomsky hade blandat ihop undersökningen med en annan, The Defence Select Committee report, vilken hade citerat Robin Cook: “On its part, the Kosovo Liberation Army has committed more breaches of the ceasefire, and until this weekend was responsible for more deaths than the [Yugoslav] security forces.”<br />
Chomsky ljuger! Huruvida Cook hade rätt eller inte i att hävda detta intresserar ingen, liksom ingen kallar den förre utrikesministern för galning och lögnare.</p>
<p>En tredje är, självfallet, <em>guilt by association</em>. “Hizbollasheijken Nabil Kawook guidar Noam Chomsky.”</p>
<p>En fjärde teknik är helt och hållet beroende av den vetenskapliga analfabetism som dess användare kallt räknar med att folk lider av:</p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/36575.html">To that end, the contributors follow a simple procedure: Quote actual statements by Chomsky and test them for evidence and logic.</a></p></blockquote>
<p>Om boken The Anti-Chomsky Reader, sammanställd av Peter Collier och David Horowitz, tidigare aktiva inom den amerikanska vänstern, nuförtiden verksamma i det republikanska partiet (den uppmärksamma läsaren har redan, genom Hitchens <a href="http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/other/85-hitchens.html" target="_blank">artikel </a>ovan, försäkrat sig om att de är lögnare). <em>There’s no convicion like that of the converted</em>. Ett av bokens tragikomiska bidrag är för övrigt en brevväxling mellan Chomsky och en lingvistikintresserad amatör, som tyckte att Chomsky var elak när han avfärdade hans dilettanterier. (En mobbare, som vi sett.)</p>
<p>Som varje någorlunda bildad människa vet finns det ett ord för denna skamfilade metod: selektivt urval. Välj ut de uppgifter som svarar mot din hypotes, och strunta i dem, även om dessa utgör en överväldigande majoritet, som inte gör det. I de empiriska naturvetenskaperna är ett ofrivilligt selektivt urval ett ständigt hot mot pålitiliga resultat. Psykologien känner mekanismens roll i de orubbliga fördomarnas patologi: Man <em>vet</em> att zigenare är tjuvaktiga, och lägger alltså bara märke till, och fäster bara tilltro till, det som tycks bekräfta saken — till slut är ekvationen zigenare = tjuv så inbränd i hjärnan att inget kan störa föreställningen. I humanvetenskaperna räknar man naivt med att forskarkåren i allmänhet håller sig för god för detta brott mot epistemologiens mångtusenåriga regler.</p>
<p>Chomsky har skrivit över <a href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/chomsky/chomskybiblio.html">femtio</a> böcker. Om varje bok antas vara på 200 sidor (vilket verkar lågt räknat) så kommer vi till ett totalt sidantal av 10 000. Han har dessutom skrivit ett oräkneligt antal artiklar. Låt oss säga ett tusen, på två sidor vardera. 12 000 sidor. Vi räknar också (lågt) med fyra faktauppgifter per sida. Det blir 48 000 faktauppgifter. Men nu antar vi att faktauppgifter återkommer i flera böcker och artiklar — vi delar talet med tre: 16 000 faktauppgifter. Om du fortfarande tycker att detta verkar överdrivet — vi delar det med två: 8 000. Varje människa med ett minimum av tankeförmåga förstår att det är en enkel sak att gå igenom alla dessa böcker (i förstaupplagan, märk väl — rättelser är, som vi sett, irrelevanta) och artiklar och finna tvivelaktiga och felaktiga data. Särskilt om man helst inte jämför med <em>verkligheten</em> — utan med <em>andra</em> författares uppgifter. Om Chomskys tillförlitlighet är 99%, så ger detta 80 felaktiga/kontroversiella faktauppgifter (förutsatt att min uppskattning ovan är korrekt), vilket borde räcka för att blåsa upp en debattbok. Om man dessutom inte tar hänsyn till misstagens art eller genealogi, eller bryr sig om deras relevans för den övergripande tankegången blir det förstås ännu enklare. Metoden går att använda på vilken någorlunda produktiv politisk eller historisk författare som helst.</p>
<p>En fjärde teknik är att helt skamlöst dra in fullkomligt irrelevanta synpunkter: Attackera Chomsky som lingvist. Även här räknar man med att publiken är en hop obildbara idioter. Chomskys motståndare antar att en stor del av hans tilldragande aura som intellektuell kommer sig av att han är professor i lingvistik. Alltså gäller det att försöka ta ifrån honom denna strålglans, och eftersom folk i allmänhet inte vet ett dyft om <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar" target="_blank">generativ grammatik</a> eller <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" target="_blank">Chomskys hierarki</a> så tar dom till, som vi sett, vad som helst. Vilket ju krävs om man skall angripa kvalifikationerna hos någon som lagt grunden till ett helt forskningsområde.</p>
<p>Den sista tekniken är att få Chomsky att framstå som en särling, helt utan meningsfränder. En teknik som gifter sig med det praktiska behovet att koncentrera attackerna till en person.</p>
<p>*</p>
<p>Att den nya vågen av attacker på Chomsky kommer i en tid då politikernas lögner är så genomskinliga att till och med några politiska journalister så smått börja uppfatta skuggorna av en värld bakom propagandan, och i en tid då färre och färre människor tror på de krig och stora kampanjer (Kriget mot terrorismen, Kriget mot narkotikan, Kriget mot miljön) som deras skattemedel finansierar, en tid då kontrollen och övervakningen antar alltmer mardrömslika gestalter — ja, det överraskar ingen. Det stämmer så bra med propagandamodellen att det hela måste vara en sådan där konspirationsteori. (Och nej, jag tror inte att Moynihan är något annat än en nyttig idiot. Jag tror att han själv, i den mån han är förmögen att över huvud taget omfatta sådana idéer, tror att han har rätt. Men jag har en konspirationsteori: Timbro, liksom till exempel GOP, har en agenda.)</p>
<p>Chomskys idéer går inte att förena med maktens mål. Fler och fler lyssnar på honom.<br />
Den seriösa kritikens frånvaro på tidningssidorna är lika påfallande som desperationen i <a href="http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/individualProfile.asp?indid=1232">attackerna</a> från hans fiender. Lika uppenbart är det varifrån de hätskaste påhoppen kommer.</p>
<p>________________________________________________________</p>
<p>*Chomskys svar <a href="http://www.fib.se/visa_kors_info.asp?Sidrubrik=Startsida%20%28ettan%29&#38;e=e001&#38;DocumentId=50&#38;Avdelning=017&#38;Meny=002">här</a>.</p>
<p>**En parallell till Faurisson-affären är möjligen historien med <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Johnstone" target="_blank">Diana Johnstone</a>, med den skillnaden att Chomsky här faktiskt uttryckte att Johnstones bok &#8220;Fool&#8217;s Crusade&#8221; hade stora förtjänster. En typisk tur i dansen var denna: Tidningen The Guardian publicerade i oktober 2005 en i väsentliga delar fabricerad &#8220;intervju&#8221; med Chomsky. Innan tidningen publicerat en <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/corrections/story/0,3604,1644017,00.html" target="_blank">dementi</a> tillsammans med en oförbehållsam ursäkt hade redan de lättlurade journalisterna i Sverige (den ivrigaste var Jan Eklund på DN) hunnit gotta sig i de verklighetsfrånvända galenskaperna, i känd stil. När Chomsky raskt protesterade mot &#8220;intervjun&#8221; attackerades hans ärlighet, men när Guardian drog tillbaka artikeln blev det tyst. (Bland lögnerna i Guardian var kanske den mest underhållande den att Chomsky, i en muntlig intervju, skulle ha satt ordet massaker inom citationstecken.)</p>
<p>***Den som är intresserad av en nyare kommentar om Chomsky från Hitchens, kan titta <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy_Aa-HoAC4">här</a> (i slutet av klippet (8&#8242;11&#8243;)).</p>
<p>Dokumentären Manufacturing Consent kan hämtas <a href="http://isohunt.com/torrents/?ihq=manufacturing+consent">här</a>. Se den.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[ELECTRO SAUDADE]]></title>
<link>http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/2009/08/09/electro-saudade/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2009 19:24:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thepinkertones</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/2009/08/09/electro-saudade/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Pessoa y Furia. Hola a tod@s, Hemos pasado un par de días en Portugal y la verdad es que ha sido una]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/2009/08/09/electro-saudade/pesoa-y-furia/" rel="attachment wp-att-400"><img src="http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/pesoa-y-furia.jpg" alt="Pesoa y Furia" title="Pesoa y Furia" width="270" height="360" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-400" /></a><br />
Pessoa y Furia.</p>
<p>Hola a tod@s,</p>
<p>Hemos pasado un par de días en Portugal y la verdad es que ha sido una escapada de lo más agradable. Es muy refrescante tocar en un país por primera vez. Y por mucho que nuestro show haya funcionado en otros lugares, es imposible prever la reacción de un nuevo público. En Zambujeira de Mar despejamos la incógnita: les encantó.<br />
Pero empecemos por el principio: sobre el mediodía del viernes día 7 llegamos al aeropuerto de Lisboa y a las dos ya estábamos comiendo en el barrio del Chiado. Manso me hizo la foto obligada junto a la estatua de Fernando Pessoa que hay delante del Café Brasileira, mientras esperábamos a Niño, que ya llevaba unos días rondando por Portugal. Cuando llegó,  nos pusimos a buscar un establecimiento en el que comí hace diez años, cuando visité Lisboa por última vez. No lo encontramos y, curiosamente, acabamos en un restaurante italiano llamado &#8220;Limoncello&#8221; en el que comimos la mar de bien, y por un precio muy razonable. Evidentemente, al final de la comida nos invitaron a un chupito del susodicho licor de limón. No somos consumidores habituales del mismo, pero decidimos aceptar la invitación, ya que la última vez que lo tomamos fue con Neil Hannon, en aquella ya mítica sobremesa de Vilanova i la Geltrú. O sea, un buen augurio. Después de una pequeña siesta, sufrimos los rigores de tres horas de carreteras secundarias hasta Zambujeira de Mar. Volví a ver Cadillac Records en mi iPod. Cuántas horas de transporte ha aliviado este pequeño e imprescindible compañero de viaje&#8230;<br />
No llegamos a tiempo para ver el concierto de Pastora, pero sí conseguimos ver a Muchachito Bombo Infierno en su primer concierto de 2009. Para quien tenga alguna duda al respecto, siguen estando en plena forma. El público portugués dio buena cuenta de ello.<br />
Después de Muchachito nos tocaba a nosotros. La reacción de la gente fue formidable y al final del concierto me cantaron el Cumpleaños Feliz en portugués, después de que Profesor Manso anunciara que era mi cumpleaños. Al final del concierto vinieron Dolo y Pauet de Pastora a felicitarnos por el concierto y nos quedamos a ver dos canciones de Roisin Murphy. Hmmm, supongo que el hecho de estar todo lo embarazada que está la disculpa en parte, pero no acabo de ver claro que salir a un escenario en pijama y batín sea cool, aunque el pijama sea de Dolce y Gabanna. Eso sí, estaba guapísima y llevaba un peinado magnífico.<br />
Después brindamos con Moët Rosé en el camerino y nos comimos otras 3 horas de vuelta hasta nuestro hotel de Lisboa, al que llegamos sobre las 4:30 de la mañana. La idea era quedarse de parranda con Muchachito y compañía, pero nuestro transporte tenía que salir media hora después de finalizar el concierto.<br />
Así que todos pusimos nuestros despertadores para aprovechar la mañana siguiente en Lisboa. Manso y yo nos dirigimos a la Feira de Ladra, el mercadillo típico de Lisboa y del que me había enamorado en mi anterior visita. Así como en el Chiado casi sufro un shock porque una de mis librerías predilectas de segunda mano había sido convertida en tienda de souvenirs, el mercado estaba prácticamente igual. Aunque, debido a unas obras en la subida del castillo de Sao Jorge, se ha cambiado su ubicación, en esencia sigue siendo igual. Aun se encuentran cosas de interés, lo que cada vez es más complicado en Els Encants de Barcelona. Manso encontró localizaciones de fotos que también había hecho 10 años atrás. Es muy curioso que los dos viniéramos en el 99 sin coincidir y que dos años más tarde nos embarcáramos juntos en la aventura de TPT. Algo tuvo que ver, seguro. Lisboa es una de aquellas ciudades en las que se sueña bien.</p>
<p><a href="http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/2009/08/09/electro-saudade/nino-pelota-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-408"><img src="http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/nino-pelota1.jpg" alt="niño pelota" title="niño pelota" width="270" height="180" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-408" /></a><br />
Lisboa, 1998 by Manso</p>
<p><a href="http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/2009/08/09/electro-saudade/perro-lisboa-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-409"><img src="http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/perro-lisboa1.jpg" alt="perro lisboa" title="perro lisboa" width="270" height="180" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-409" /></a><br />
Lisboa, 2009 by Manso</p>
<p>Por la tarde nos encontramos con la pandilla de Muchachito en el avión de vuelta a casa. El vuelo fue una fiesta como de costumbre. Alberto sacó la trompeta cuando aun estábamos en el bus que nos llevaba hasta el avión. En la última fila (la 22) del Fogger coincidí con Pauet Riba de Pastora y estuvimos charlando todo el viaje de vuelta, a pesar del agotamiento que ambos habíamos acumulado durante el fin de semana. La charla estuvo tan bien que me acabó llevando a casa en coche. Espero comer con Jairo y Pauet esta semana.</p>
<p><a href="http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/2009/08/09/electro-saudade/trompeta-bus-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-410"><img src="http://thepinkertones.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/trompeta-bus1.jpg" alt="trompeta bus" title="trompeta bus" width="270" height="202" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-410" /></a><br />
De izq. a drcha: Jairo, Santos, Alberto y Furia.</p>
<p>Ahora está  anocheciendo y estoy sentado en la terraza de mi casa, en Poble Nou. La temperatura es muy agradable y los mosquitos parece que han decretado un alto al fuego. Fumo Dunhill mentolado y repaso esta crónica. Levanto la vista de la pantalla y veo el mar. Me doy cuenta de que todo lo que estoy explicando ha pasado en menos de 48 horas. Tiene toda la pinta de haber sido el sueño de una noche de verano.</p>
<p>Lusitanamente vuestro,</p>
<p>Mr. Furia</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Putting humor into words (Part 1)]]></title>
<link>http://macleanjstorer.wordpress.com/2009/08/06/putting-humor-into-words-part-1/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2009 11:14:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>macleanjstorer</dc:creator>
<guid>http://macleanjstorer.wordpress.com/2009/08/06/putting-humor-into-words-part-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The world is sometimes thought to be divided into those people who have a sense of humour, and those]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>The world is sometimes thought to be divided into those people who have a sense of humour, and those don&#8217;t. Laughter is universal among human cultures, and so we could perhaps infer from that thet everyone has a sense of humour.<br />
<img src="http://macleanjstorer.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/drivers.jpg" alt="road sign" width="288" height="197" align="left" /></p>
<p>In fact, surveys show that most people think they possess a sense of humour, although other people are slower to spot this characteristic in them. </p>
<p>For example, many people who can remember, and faultlessly trot out, hundreds of standard jokes are usually rather dull people; the same can be said for relentless narrators of anecdotes, who seem to have a  story for every occasion. As the late columnist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bernard">Jeffrey Bernard</a> once wrote: &#8220;<em>Anecdote is not a form of conversation</em>.&#8221;</p>
<p>These are not the sort of people who are likely to write humorous books; their humour is received, not self-generated, and contains no originality. By contrast, people who spontaneously generate humorous material tend to possess one inherent characteristic &#8212; the ability to laugh at themselves. To be able to view the world as absurd, it is necessary to be able to view ourselves as absurd, or what we possess is not a sense of humour, but megalomania.</p>
<p>But what is the basis of humour and how can we best transport it to the written word? A great many serious thinkers have considered the conundrum that is humour. What is funny? Do we all find different things funny, or is there a common theme underlying humour?</p>
<p>The Canadian author and psychologist Stephen Pinker describes humour as an &#8220;anti-dominance mechanism&#8221;; we laugh <em>with</em> other people in our group and laugh <em>at</em> an adversary whom we wish to strip of their assumed superiority.</p>
<p>&#8220;<em>Humor is the enemy of pomp and decorum, especially when they prop up the authority of an adversary or a superior. The most inviting targets of ridicule are teachers, preachers, kings, politicians, military officers and other members of the high and mighty,</em>&#8221; he wrote in his book <a href="http://www.amazon.com/How-Mind-Works-Steven-Pinker/dp/0393318486">How the Mind Works</a>. </p>
<p>The corollary is, Pinker says, that we engage in banter with our friends to show that we can use this mechanism with them in a non-threatening way.</p>
<p>&#8220;<em>Kidding is a precision instrument for assessing the kind of relationship one has with a person. You don&#8217;t tease a superior or a stranger, though if one of you floats a trial tease that is well received, you know the ice is breaking and the relationship is shifting towards friendship. And if the tease elicits a mirthless chuckle or a freezing silence, you are being told that the grouch has no desire to become your friend (and may even have interpreted the joke as an aggressive challenge.)</em>&#8220;</p>
<p><strong>People</strong><br />
When it comes to writing, this theory of humour translates to one important point. We laugh at people, not things. And we laugh with people. Humour is a people-based business. So any attempt at written humour must bear this basic truth in mind.</p>
<p>In the first place, it means not throwing in humorous material, or a piece of coruscating wordplay, if it doesn&#8217;t fit the story.</p>
<p>British comedian and writer Ricky Gervais wrote: &#8220;<em>I&#8217;ve seen so much stuff that&#8217;s been ruined by writers&#8217; getting carried away with getting a good joke in. We threw jokes on the floor if they made someone look too clever or undermined the story.</em>&#8220;</p>
<p>In similar vein, talking about his TV writing, Gervais wrote: &#8220;<em>You can&#8217;t just have decapitated jokes. Then what you&#8217;ve got is a sketch show.</em>&#8220;</p>
<p>Another universal truth about humour is that it has to be true to be funny. Again, this relates back to the notion that we laugh at people, not things. If we cannot make the connection between the humour and real life, if the humour doesn&#8217;t ring true, it fails. One of the problems for humour writers is precisely that real life is funnier than our imaginations.</p>
<p>Anthony Jay and Jonathan Lynn, who wrote the British comedy shows Yes, Minister and Yes, Prime Minister, said: &#8220;<em>After we wrote each episode, we would show it to some secret sources, always including somebody who was an expert on the subject in question. They would usually give us extra information which, because it was true, was usually funnier than anything we might have thought up.</em>&#8220;</p>
<p>Jay added, about a particularly humorous episode: &#8220;<em>I can&#8217;t tell you where, I can&#8217;t tell you when and I can&#8217;t tell you who was involved; all I can tell you is that we knew that it had actually happened. That&#8217;s why it was so funny. We couldn&#8217;t think up things as funny as the real things that had happened.</em>&#8220;</p>
<p>This is undoubtedly true. We only have to look at the depths of idiocy (and consequent humour) on websites like <a href="http://emailsfromcrazypeople.com/">E-mails from Crazy People</a> or <a href="http://failblog.org">Failblog</a>, to see that real life has reserves of humour that far outstrip the imagination of the poor author.</p>
<p>The final requirement for humour is that it must have a purpose. Humour without purpose takes us back to the joke-telling and lengthy yarning genre or the &#8220;decapitated jokes.&#8221; The purpose can be satire, or the humour can operate in its own right to construct character and environment in a novel. </p>
<p>It can even work as a plot device. Talking about the writing of the British TV comedy <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Fawlty-Towers-Complete-John-Cleese/dp/B00005LC1H/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&#38;qid=1249556499&#38;sr=8-1">Fawlty Towers</a>, John Cleese said he tried to make the most important plot moments the funniest in the show, to disguise the plot and make it less visible. </p>
<p>In the episode Communication Problems, the plot turns on a bet that Cleese&#8217;s character (Fawlty) has made, and this is wonderfully created (but obscured) by a hilarious dialogue of misunderstanding between Fawlty and his hapless Spanish waiter Manuel.</p>
<p>Humour must be about people, must have purpose, and it must ring true. Humour is not just jokes and stories. Plus humour is usually predicated on an us-versus-them basis, &#8220;<em>us</em>&#8221; pricking the ego of &#8220;<em>them</em>&#8220;. The controversial Dutch cartoonist, Gregorius Nekschot, sums this last up as: &#8220;<em>Harmless humor does not exist.</em>&#8221; </p>
<p>He may be right, but humour can vary from the gentle (P.G. Wodehouse, David Nobbs or Garrison Keillor) to the harder-edge satire of Tom Sharpe and Carl Hiaasen, to work like Nekschot&#8217;s own, which many people consider deliberately offensive.</p>
<p>But all of these forms of humour need to be well treated and well crafted in order to stand up in a book, a topic I&#8217;ll discuss next.</p>
<p>(<em>to be continued</em>)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Assorted Links]]></title>
<link>http://beyondrivalry.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/assorted-links/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2009 21:39:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mmwm</dc:creator>
<guid>http://beyondrivalry.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/assorted-links/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Alain de Botton on TED on success and failure: snobs, envy, the dangers of meritocracy (think ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Alain de Botton on TED on success and failure: snobs, envy, the dangers of meritocracy (think ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Synderesis OnDemand: Steven Pinker]]></title>
<link>http://elblogdesynderesis.wordpress.com/2009/07/28/synderesis-ondemand-steven-pinker/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2009 00:10:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Omar Fuentes</dc:creator>
<guid>http://elblogdesynderesis.wordpress.com/2009/07/28/synderesis-ondemand-steven-pinker/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Añadimos a la sección Synderesis OnDemand tres conferencias cortas de Steven Pinker, una importante ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Añadimos a la sección <strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="color:#0000ff;">Synderesis OnDemand</span></span></strong> tres conferencias cortas de <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong><span style="color:#000080;">Steven Pinker</span></strong></span>, una importante influencia intelectual para el mundo actual y una autoridad en la rama de la Lingüística.</p>
<p>Las tres conferencias fueron realizadas para TED. En la primera de ellas, Pinker habla acerca de uno de sus libros más controversiales: The Blank State. Aquí, habla acerca del cuestionamiento que realiza en su libro con respecto a la idea popular de que los seres humanos nacen con una mente &#8220;en blanco&#8221;.</p>
<p>En la segunda de ellas, Pinker habla un poco acerca de lo que en ese momento se convertiría en su último libro: The Stuff Of Thought. Explora ciertas características de la pragmática, la semántica y la sintaxis y elabora algunas conclusiones al respecto.</p>
<p>En la tercera de ellas, la más reciente, Pinker presenta una hipótesis sobre la que ha venido trabajando en los últimos años en relación a la violencia. Básicamente, postula que, aunque parezca increíble, la violencia ha disminuido en el mundo considerando toda la historia de la humanidad. Este material, por cierto, será la esencia de su próximo libro.</p>
<p>La calidad de video y audio es muy buena. Están en inglés. Cada video tiene una duración de alrededor de 20 minutos.</p>
<p>Para mí, el trabajo de Pinker ha sido también una fuerte influencia en el desarrollo de Neuro-Ingeniería del Comportamiento Humano. Sus planteamientos en relación al lenguaje son muy interesantes y describen con mucha precisión, a mi juicio, la relación que existe entre la mente humana y nuestro instinto lingüístico.</p>
<p>No es el mejor conferencista del planeta, ni el más entretenido, ni tampoco el más elocuente&#8230; pero definitivamente es de los más inteligentes que conozco.</p>
<p>¡Disfrútalos! Para ir directamente a Synderesis OnDemand, haz clic <a href="http://omarfuentes.vodspot.tv/" target="_blank">aquí</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Many Sorrows of Induction (VI):  Mind Theories]]></title>
<link>http://prosario2000.wordpress.com/2009/07/18/the-many-sorrows-of-induction-vi-mind-theories/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 18 Jul 2009 11:15:31 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>prosario2000</dc:creator>
<guid>http://prosario2000.wordpress.com/2009/07/18/the-many-sorrows-of-induction-vi-mind-theories/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Introduction This introduction may seem highly technical, but I promise it will go to the point soon]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div align="justify">
<p><b>Introduction</b></p>
<p>This introduction may seem highly technical, but I promise it will go to the point soon.  There have been many things I&#8217;ve learned from the GNU/Linux operative system, especially the whole monolithic-kernel vs. microkernel approach.  Linux, which is wrongly thought of as an operative system, is just a kernel.  What is a kernel?  In simple terms it is the core of the operative system.  It is the program through which software and hardware interact.  So, if a program requires a printer, usually the kernel provides the resources for it; if it needs audio capacity, it also provides the hardware resource of the speakers, and so on.  By 1990, the GNU Project had all their programs for the creation of the GNU operative system, except the kernel.  So, they decided to create a kernel called the HURD, which is a microkernel that would run on top of a lower level part of a microkernel called Mach.  What is a &#8220;microkernel&#8221;?  It is a kernel that is composed of several units (servers) that have a sort of &#8220;division of labor&#8221;, one server does one thing, another server does another, and so on.  This advanced design, loved by many operative system creators, was precisely the approach of the GNU Project. Today (after 19 years), the HURD is still not stable enough for general use.</p>
<p>However, Linux, created by Linus Torvalds in that same year, was monolithic.  A monolithic kernel is one entity, indivisible.  And it is less &#8220;advanced&#8221; so-to-speak than the microkernel.  Today, Linux is one of the most successful kernels ever designed.  Although it is not part of the GNU Project, it was gradually being used with all the rest of the GNU components, and today we have the GNU/Linux operative system.</p>
<p>My question is:  How the heck was Linux so successful and not the HURD?  Linus, in his book, <i>Just for Fun:  The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary</i> explains it all.  The problem with the microkernel approach is that it gives the <i>appearance</i> that the job is being done more effectively, but from the point of view of design, it is a pain in the neck.  Not only you have to be sure that each server does its job, but also <i>you need the servers communicating with each other</i> effectively.  This means, that the more servers you have in the microkernel, the more complicated it is to design it.  If you have a microkernel with servers A, B, C you will have to be sure that A communicates with B and B with A, that A and C are communicating and C with A, and that B and C are communicating and C with B.  But if you have a kernel with five servers then the difficulty multiplies exponentially, because now you have to make sure that A communicates with B and B with A,  A with C and C with A, A with D and D with A, A with E and E with A,  B with C and C with B, &#8230; and so forth.  In the documentary <i>Revolution OS</i> Richard M. Stallman precisely points to this fact as the main reason why it is very hard to debug the HURD.  Torvalds, in light of this fact, says correctly that the simplicity microkernels are supposed to bring to the operative system due to &#8220;labor division&#8221; of units is a false simplicity.</p>
<p>A question came to me last year regarding how our brains are designed.  Cognitive scientists and neurobiologists now are describing the brain, not as an organ, but as a <i>system of organs</i> that interact with each other.  This has been evident in the second half of the twentieth century, especially reviewing cases like those of Phineas Gage or other patients who have suffered several traumas in different parts of the brain, leading to often different results in terms of psychological or physiological effects.  In other words, the brain is a set of organs that communicate closely with each other, in a way resembling more like a microkernel in the case of computers.  I wondered why our evolutionary path did not choose a kind of &#8220;monolithic brain&#8221; so-to-speak, and did &#8220;choose&#8221; instead a kind of brain that is a complete set of organs.</p>
<p>Immediately my friend Carlos Tirado pointed out to me that unconsciously I was stating a more &#8220;intelligent design&#8221; kind of thought.  I was taking the metaphors of &#8220;evolution designing&#8221; or &#8220;evolution choosing&#8221; too seriously.  Natural selection itself is no intelligent designer. Natural selection works according to two basic things, the genetic accidental changes and the organism&#8217;s interaction with the environment.  Genetic changes brings those kinds of instantaneous changes that would make a set of organisms more or less able to withstand, live and reproduce given a certain environment.  Natural selection does not invent anything out of the blue, instead <b><i>it takes what is already there</i></b> and transforms it.  If that transformation gives a species a significant advantage given an environment, then that organism will thrive.  If not, it disappears and goes extinct.  Our brain was developed that way.  It is a set of organs that appeared as our biological predecessors changed genetically and gave us several advantages over other species, given a certain environment.  As the brain grew, these organs took different roles that gave later species an evolutionary advantage over others, until we reached the level of the human brain.</p>
<p>I felt so stupid when Carlos pointed it all out to me.  I was making the same fallacy of those who asked: &#8220;if evolution was so good to let us survive, why didn&#8217;t it give us wheels?&#8221;  It would have been simpler and faster, giving us advantages.  The problem is that wheels are good on road, but not on rocky or sandy surface, or climbing, or all of those activities that made our ancestors survive.  Legs are good for that  (Pinker, 1997, pp. 10-12).</p>
<p><b>A Trascendental Problem</b></p>
<p>Edmund Husserl had a problem.  He was certainly interested in a solid theory of knowledge, and a good theory of consciousness.  Due to his criticisms to psychologism in his <i>Logical Investigations</i>, he could no longer subscribe to Franz Brentano&#8217;s theories.  He did not embrace naturallistic misconceptions against essences or ideal entities.  It is evident that ideal entities (numbers, sets, propositions, etc.) must have existence, thus assuming a platonist stance, and it is evident that rejecting the notion of essences we would not advance so much within the dense forest of naturalism.</p>
<p>He tried a different approach.  While making an eidetic research on what consciousness is, we should bracket (i.e. leave out of our consideration)  all our naturalistic, metaphysical or conventional theories we have about the world and just stick to what is actually <i>given</i>.  This is what he called a &#8220;phenomenological attitude&#8221;, and he called &#8220;phenomenological reduction&#8221; or <i>epoché</i> to this kind of bracketing.</p>
<p>The world does not disappear after the bracketing.  It is still there, <i>being given</i>.  These are not merely objects given, but also the relationship among these objects is also given.  This is what Husserl called &#8220;state-of-affairs&#8221;:  <i>three</i> pencils, <i>one</i> chair <i>in front of</i> the table, and so on.  I explained this concept of state-of-affairs in <a href="http://prosario2000.wordpress.com/2009/04/15/the-many-sorrows-of-induction-ii-edmund-husserl/" target="_blank">the second part of these series</a>.  However, this is a world constituted to me by a unit, by the &#8220;I&#8221;, the &#8220;ego&#8221;  that understands itself as the subject of the acts of constituting the world.  The acts of <i>cogito</i> can never be doubted as a matter-of-fact, nor is the fact that the ego appears to us as an ideal unit that remains the same despite the river-flow of intentional acts, and all the changes in the lived world around us.</p>
<p>Now, from these matters-of-fact, Husserl wants to explore all of the necessities and possibilities of this new transcendental realm of consciousness.  In other words, he wants to explore the <i>essence</i> of consciousness.  For example, the subject-object relationship in an intentional act is necessary, it appears to us as a given essence.</p>
<p>He wants to explore, though, the constitution of sensible objects. Let&#8217;s look closely at the way sensible objects are given to our consciousness.  We can identify what is commonly called &#8220;sense-data&#8221;, or what Husserl would called &#8220;<i>hýle</i>&#8220;, which is the sensuous aspect of the object that we perceive.  But the fact is, says Husserl, that we do not perceive mere &#8220;sensations&#8221; (as David Hume used to claim), but <i>objects</i> properly speaking.  If we take a look at a white billiard ball, we will notice that when we look at the ball we don&#8217;t see a &#8220;pure white&#8221;, but different moments of color:  moments of darker white, moments of yellow (that seems to reflect the light of the lightbulb), moments of green (reflecting the billiard table), and so on.  Yet, when we look at the ball our immediate impression is that it is a <b><i>white</i></b> ball.  Why on Earth does this happen?</p>
<p>Worse still.  How can we derive from such set of disparate sensory moments the &#8220;white ball&#8221; itself?  How do we obtain this knowledge?  The phenomenological answer is that we don&#8217;t.  There is no phenomenological or empirical model that can account for this, since we cannot derive the immediate impression of a billiard ball out of a whole set of disparate sensations or <i>hýle</i>.  The same happens when we listen to music.  Our mind does not hear &#8220;disparate moments of sounds&#8221;, but <i>a melody</i>, <i>a song</i>, Mozart&#8217;s <i>Don Giovanni</i>, and so on.</p>
<p>Now remember, this is an eidetic research, a research of necessities and possibilities.  We should remember Sherlock Holmes&#8217; (or an ancient Vulcan) saying:  &#8220;If you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.&#8221; If our consciousness <i>cannot</i> derive an object from mere sensations, then the conclusion is that <i><b>our mind must be making sense</b></i><b></b> of those sensations.  An intentional act is <i><b>sense-conferring act</b></i><b></b>.  The object itself is the sense-in-itself, the meaning conferred by our ego.  Husserl used the term <i>noesis</i> to refer to the intentional act, while the <i>noema</i> is the sense itself, the intentional object.  So, through our noetic acts, our minds &#8220;shape&#8221; the <i>hýle</i> so-to-speak or animates it and makes sense out of it.  While the acts themselves are the real components of the intentional act, the noema (or the sense) is the ideal.</p>
<p>Sometimes what seems to be an initial sense that we give to some sensations it is later rejected in a process of fulfillment or frustration with experience, or in Popperian terminology:  mental conjectures and refutations.  For instance, a shadow that I say may be first given as the shadow of a man, but as the shadow behaves unexpectedly I realize that it is the shadow of a tree.  What appears to be at first a small pond far away, in reality it is just a mirage.  This brings up the problem of the actual objectivity of our intentional acts.</p>
<p>The <i>epoché</i> is a sort of &#8220;methodological solipsism&#8221; (as Carnap would call it).  With it comes the problem of intersubjectivity.  Obviously, the world does not appear objectually to me in a series of intentional acts, but also <i>objectively</i>.  By objectivity, Husserl understands that the same objectuality (state-of-affairs) my mind constitutes can also be the same one that other minds can constitute.  For example, not only can I constitute the three pencils in front of me, but also other egos can actually perceive and constitute them as well.  Objectivity is intersubjective in nature, it can be shared with other egos.</p>
<p>We can also constitute other egos, which we can recognize as similar to our own, and that we constitute <i>as egos</i> on the basis of similarities regarding body, way of moving, and way of behaving.</p>
<p>This is so very nice how we end up constituting other egos and how we recognize that those egos can constitute the same objectuality we do.  Rudolf Carnap, in his <i>Aufbau</i> made exactly the same approach to the problem of intersubjectivity.  There is a missing element here, though.  My former thesis director and friend, Guillermo Rosado Haddock made it clear in his recent book <i>The Young Carnap&#8217;s Unknown Master</i>:  language is also a very important basis to constitute egos like our own  (Rosado, 2008, pp. 96-98).  And he is right!</p>
<p><b>Language and the Mind</b></p>
<p>We are too often used to believing certain myths that are repeated again, and again.  As the saying goes, sometimes a lie is repeated so often that people start thinking it is true.  One of the myths is that we only use 10% of our brain, wrong, we use 100% of it.  Another myth is that Eskimos have 20 or 400 words for &#8220;snow&#8221;, they have two (at least according to the dictionary) (Pinker, 1994, p. 53-55).  In the same way, another popularized myth is the one that &#8220;we think in language&#8221; &#8230; whatever that means.</p>
<p>Steven Pinker has written two books regarding language (books I highly recommend):  <i>The Language Instinct</i> (Pinker, 1994) and <i>The Stuff of Thought</i> (Pinker, 2007).  In both books he deals with this popular myth thoroughly, but for the purposes of the subject at hand I want to discuss several issues regarding this.  According to this theory, language shapes the way we think.  In fact, we would not think at all if we were not thinking in language.  There are many problems with this statement though:</p>
<p>1.  It does not account for certain facts of life that happen to us pretty frequently such as, for instance, when we are writing something down or talking, sometimes the words we use do not express adequately what we mean.  We can be writing something down, then read it, and we become aware that what the writing is saying is not what we want to say (Pinker, 1994, p. 47).  Sometimes we had the experience of trying to say something, but the words we are trying to find are not immediately in our heads, or we have to constantly use similes, metaphors or analogies in order for our readers to &#8220;get the point&#8221;.  Poets and singers exploit a lot of this in their poems or lyrics.</p>
<p>2.  It does not account for the fact that language is just a means of communication, while our minds are full of images, feelings, concepts, emotions, thoughts, and so forth that we are not able to communicate.  This is due to the fact that much of these are private.  None of these have been received by us &#8220;through language&#8221;, much of what we think is indeed not communicated to others.  The intensity of a pain is not linguistic, the emotion of being in love is not linguistic, and so on.  Many of our thoughts are originated in biology, in our psychological and even spiritual experiences.</p>
<p>3.  It does not account for the phenomenological fact that what we are immediately given are states-of-affairs, these is sensible <i>objects</i> formally arranged.  We should remember that there are studies that show conclusively that even five-days-old baby have what, following Husserl, we call &#8220;categorial intuition&#8221; or what cognitive scientists call rather loosely &#8220;the sense of number&#8221;.  This &#8220;sense of number&#8221; is a transcultural phenomenon, something shared by all cultures.  If our concepts of number had a linguistic origin, we should expect that many cultures would develop different numeric systems where, for instance, the three goes after the one.  This is not the case.</p>
<p>4.  It does not account for the fact that there are languages that originate out of thin air so-to-speak.  There have been many cases where in one generation, societies forced to live under a different culture with a different language do come up with a language of their own.  Even if someone were to tell me that these languages came from other languages, and therefore the new languages are the result of previous world views forced on them, hence not creating a new world-view, guess again!</p>
<p>The Sandinista revolution came to power in nicaragua in 1979, and they wanted to educate children, take care of children, so that they would have better lives in the future.  One of the programs had to do with educating deaf children, who usually ended up being isolated, mistreated or abandoned.  These children by themselves did not develop fully on their own due to the lack of the use of sign language to be able to communicate.  That was all about to change!</p>
<p>As soon these children arrived to this new school in Managua, something weird happened.  There was an explosion of sign language.  This was not the sign language that the teachers were trying to teach them.  In fact, most of the children resisted the conventional sign language being used in Nicaragua, but instead they had created a <i><b>new</b></i><b></b> language out of the blue.  When Aristotle used to say that man is a political animal, and that he could only develop within society, he was not kidding.  Today, this new sign language is called Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense.</p>
<p>But not only that, but as it turns out, later some other children, a different generation, would develop a completely different language that is called now the Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense.  El Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense was basically a pidgin, but this new language picked on the older one and elaborated it considerably to the point of grammar rules and semantics.</p>
</p>
<div align="center"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/pjtioIFuNf8&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/pjtioIFuNf8&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;hd=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></div>
<p>5.  Finally, they are unable to account for the fact that there are people who are able to think clearly, but have very poor linguistic skills.  Again, we should look at the brain as a set of organs interacting with each other.  A part of the brain has a module for language while others carry out other functions that do make thinking possible.  An area in the front-left lobe of the brain, if injured, can represent a very serious impairment to communicate with language.  Howard Garner studied several cases where people with this injury wee having all sorts of problems regarding grammar or a clear way of expressing their thoughts.  On the other hand, in one specific example, a person he had interviewed had this problem and his thoughts were perfectly clear, and the linguistic problem did not impair him at all from the ability to draw, calculate, read maps, set clocks, make constructions, carry out commands, and his IQ in nonverbal areas was in the high average rate (Pinker, 1994, p. 37).  There have been people who have been studied for Specific Language Impairment (SLI).  A person who has this &#8220;condition&#8221; does not develop language as other people normally would, and have problems expressing themselves.  However, these children do not suffer from impairment in intelligence at all, and they can score the average in a nonverbal IQ test (Pinker, 1994, pp. 37-38).</p>
<p>All of these, and much, much more, are completely valid arguments to dump the myth that humans think in language.  In fact, much of this reveals a lot of the real nature of language itself, as a faculty, a module <i><b>already built in</b></i><b></b> our minds.  Today, most linguists and several cognitive scientists (although this is heavily debated now) do believe in an underlying universal grammar (UG) proposal, first proposed by Noam Chomsky in the field of linguistics, and first proposed a non-naturalistic conception by Husserl from a phenomenological standpoint.  According to this theory, which revolutionized the field of linguistics, our mind has already set up an ability to be capable of organizing thoughts in a specific order in order to communicate meanings linguistically.  In order to express a proposition through a sentence, we have to have some rules that organize them.  At the same time, if we want to organize simple atomic propositions into new ones, we use connectives such as &#8220;and&#8221;, &#8220;or&#8221;, &#8220;if &#8230; then&#8221;, &#8220;only if&#8221;, and so on.  We can organize many of these propositions hierarchically, from simple to more complex.</p>
<p>From a phenomenological and the standpoint of essences this makes perfect sense.  <a href="http://prosario2000.wordpress.com/2009/04/15/the-many-sorrows-of-induction-ii-edmund-husserl/" target="_blank">In our earlier article on Husserl</a>, we saw how through objectual acts, we constitute sensible objects <i>arranged formally</i> in certain ways.  In <i>Logical Investigations</i> as well as in <i>Experience and Judgment</i> Husserl explains that states-of-affairs are the basis for other states-of-affairs.  The clarest example of this is sets.  I can have a set of students, which forms part of the set of the academic community, which forms part of the set of the human species, which forms part of the set of the animal kingdom, and so on.  In principle, we can constitute states-of-affairs indefinitely. Some people have pointed out that Husserl&#8217;s view of hierarchy of sets blocks many paradoxes of naïve set theory, such as the Cantor Paradox, and the Zermelo-Russell Paradox (most commonly known as Russell&#8217;s Paradox) (Hill &#38; Rosado, 2000, pp. 235-236).  With states-of-affairs, sensible objects or states-of-affairs themselves are constituted by consciousness as a whole unity.  The formal components of states-of-affairs are precisely mathematical entities, which explains why the recognition of mathematics is not only transcultural, but even shared among many animal species as some studies have shown (and we have discussed above).</p>
<p>However, it is through mental acts called &#8220;meaning acts&#8221; that we are able to constitute meaningful propositions, and also we are able to use connectives (&#8220;and&#8221;, &#8220;or&#8221;, and so forth) to constitute more complex combinations of propositions.  These formal arrangements among propositions to establish more complex ones also occur hierarchically.</p>
<p>The basic difference between Husserl and Chomsky (and those who are more naturalistic minded) is that Husserl views all of this eidetic.  Formal components in a state-of-affairs are indeed <b><i>there</i></b> based on (but not reduced to) sensible objects.  When we get rid of the sensible components of states-of-affairs, we obtain pure mathematical concepts such as cardinal numbers, ordinal numbes, sets, part-whole, relation, among others.  We are able, then to look for the <i><b>absolutely necessary</b></i> and <i><b>possible</b></i> relationships among them.  Therefore, mathematics formulates <i><b>truly universal</b></i> statements.  Logic is constituted by syntax (grammar) and semantics (meanings), a syntactic and meaningful possible formal arrangements of propositions are <i><b>necessary</b></i> to express truth about states-of-affairs.</p>
<p>What does this all mean?  Contrary to what naturalists say, universal grammar goes well beyond our common genetic make up.  <i><b>Any</b></i> being, regardless of genetic or evolutionary process, that wants to express its thoughts about facts to other beings (creating an intersubjective community), <i><b>must</b></i><b></b> constitute states-of-affairs and <i><b>must</b></i> an ability to have grammar rules to express itself to others about those facts.  In other words, if God perceives the physical world, it <i><b>has</b></i> to constitute states-of-affairs, and if He wants to communicate linguistically, He <i><b>must</b></i> use grammar rules.  What linguistics and cognitive sciences have done is to discover a specific case of this universal grammar in the human species.</p>
<p><b>Mind Theorizing About States-of-Affairs</b></p>
<p>Some hundreds of years ago, <a href="http://prosario2000.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/the-many-sorrows-of-induction/" target="_blank">David Hume showed us that we cannot logically infer the actual certainty about certain matters-of-facts just from impressions as our only starting point</a>.  Husserl would see Hume&#8217;s important point.  However, he was perfectly aware that habit is not enough to explain how we actually arrive to believing certain matters-of-fact.  Husserl pointed out that this cannot explain how <i><b>objects</b></i><b></b> and <i><b>objectualities</b></i><b></b> are given at once, in the flesh so-to-speak, sometimes for the very first time, &#8220;in person&#8221;.  Husserl elaborated more on this point and gave us an actual model that would open the doors of psychology to understanding what the mind actually works:  our intentional acts are <i><b>acts of conferring sense</b></i><b></b> to moments of colors, sounds, figures, touch, and so on.  The observations made by both philosophers have powerful implications.</p>
<p>Husserl&#8217;s notion of state-of-affairs as <i>Erlebnisse</i> (elementary experiences) would be picked up by the Gestalt psychologists. They noted that the activity of the mind is indeed a sense or a meaning conferring.  As a matter of fact, they used several examples to illustrate this very important point.  One of the best known is this one:</p>
<p>
<div align="center"><img alt="Rabbit-Duck Image" title="Rabbit-Duck Image" src="http://www.fileden.com/files/2006/11/27/427999/Duck-Rabbit_illusion.jpg" /></div>
</p>
<p>Is this a rabbit or a duck?  This is what is called an &#8220;ambiguous image&#8221;.  Its intent is to bring forth the <i><b>interpretative</b></i> aspect of our mind.  Our mind gives sense or meaning to the drawing it is actually perceiving.  We instantly feel compelled to give it meaning.</p>
<p>As Husserl and, in a way, Hume pointed out, there is a reason for this.  From a set of pure impressions our mind cannot logically derive objects.  Steven Pinker described the mind&#8217;s problem the following way:</p>
<p>
<div style="margin-left:40px;"><i>Take our first problem, the sense of sight.  A seeing machine must solve a problem called inverse optics.  Ordinary optics  is the branch of physics that allows one to predict how an object with a certain shape, material, and illumination projects the mosaic of colors we call the retinal image.  Optics is a well-understood subject , put to use in drawing, photography, television engineering, and more recently, computer graphics and virtual reality.  But the brain must solve the</i> opposite<i> problem.  The input is the retinal image, and the output is a specification of the objects in the world and what they are made of&#8211;that is, what we know we are seeing.  and there&#8217;s the rub.  Inverse optics is what engineers call an &#8220;illposed problem.&#8221;  It literally has no solution.  Just as it is easy to multiply some numbers and announce the product but impossible to take a product and announce the numbers that were multiplied to get it, optics is easy, but inverse optics impossible.  Yet your brain does it every time you open the refrigerator and pull out a jar.  How can this be?</p>
<p>The answer is that </i> the brain supplies the missing information<i> about the world we evolved in and how it reflects light.</i> (Pinker, 1997, p. 28).</p>
</div>
<p>In a very real sense, our mind provides a theory on how to interpret what it perceives (Gillies, 1993, pp. 140-146).</p>
<p>Our mind constantly conffers sense or meaning. <i><b>Our brain is constantly theorizing about what our body perceives.</b></i>.  Taking into consideration <a href="http://prosario2000.wordpress.com/2009/05/10/the-many-sorrows-of-induction-v-sir-karl-r-popper/" target="_blank">Karl Popper&#8217;s criticism to what he called the &#8220;bucket theory of the mind&#8221;</a>, it is impossible to think of our mind as a sort of an empty bucket of water that is gradually being filled by our senses.  If we find repeating patterns, it is because our mind is expecting to see them.  If we look at the book beside me, it is because the mind is set up to posit the book as an object beside us on the basis of the sensory input our body provides it.</p>
<p>Of course, Husserl&#8217;s transcendental reduction (epoché) has its limits.  It always begins from what is already given, objects already constituted &#8220;there&#8221; before us.  However, from a more scientific approach regarding how is it that objects are given, we have to notice that this givenness is the result of a mind positing those objects being given.  Colors as such are not really there in the physical world.  They are mostly the result of certain electromagnetic frequencies that our body detects and are immediately interpreted by the brain (Varela, Thompson &#38; Rosch, 1993, pp. 157-171).  Our mind is already set up to recognize tunes, music, tastes, and all sorts of sensations.  Also, our mind is set up to find them instantly pleasant, painful, disagreeable, tasty, delicious, sour, sweet, beautiful, ugly, attractive, unattractive, funny, etc.  Don&#8217;t get me wrong.  There is no such thing as &#8220;innate ideas&#8221; <i>a la</i> Descartes.  However, we do have <i>innate knowledge</i>, i.e. innate dispositions and expectations about the world.  Popper tells us all about it:</p>
<p>
<div style="margin-left:40px;">After <i>I am established, so to speak, as self-conscious person, things look as these phrases suggest; but the word &#8220;primary&#8221; carries with it the mistaken suggestion that the ego is, in time, or logically, the first thing.  But in time, or logically, I am, first of all, an organism, not fully conscious of myself &#8212; when I am a small baby.  I have, however, already at this stage, expectations or inborn knowledge, which consists of theory-like dispositions to interpret what reaches me through my senses, and without which the incoming sensory data would never begin to crystallize into perceptions, experience and knowledge.  I suppose that the incoming sensory data in the very first days of life are pretty chaotic, and that they are only gradually organized and interpreted.</i> (Popper &#38; Eccles, 1990,  p. 426).</div>
</p>
<p>Of course, the experience of babies is more organized than Popper imagines.  In light of these facts, phenomenalism fails.  There is no such thing as &#8220;sense-data&#8221; in the phenomenalistic sense, and there is no way to build knowledge purely from sense-data.  Popper tells us:</p>
<p>
<div style="margin-left:40px;"><i>I shall try to formulate this again, since it is important; I think it contains one of the key elements of my epistemology.  I can, perhaps, put it like this.</i>  There are no sensory &#8220;data&#8221;.<i>  Rather, there is an incoming challenge from the sensed world which then puts the brain, on ourselves, to work on it, to try to interpret it.  Thus, at first, there are no data:  there is rather, a challenge to do something; namely, to interpret.  Then we try to match the so-called sense data.  I say &#8220;so-called&#8221; because I don&#8217;t think that there are any sense &#8220;data&#8221;.  What most people hold to be a simple &#8220;datum&#8221; is in fact the outcome of a most elaborate process.  nothing is directly &#8220;given&#8221; to us:  perception at only as a result of many steps involving interaction between stimuli which reach the senses, the interpreting apparatus of the senses and the structure of the brain.  So, while the term &#8220;sense datum&#8221; suggests primacy in the first step, I would suggest that, before I can realize what is a sense datum from me (before it is ever &#8220;given&#8221; to me), there are a hundred steps of give and take which result from the challenge presented to our senses and our brain. . . .  All experience is already interpreted by the nervous system a hundredfold &#8212; or a thousandfold &#8212; before it becomes conscious experience.</i> (Popper &#38; Eccles, 1990, p. 430; see also Maxwell, 1998, p. 1061).</div>
</p>
<p>Last but not least, not only the mind develops its own &#8220;theory&#8221; of how to intepret what the body perceives through stimuli and response process, but at the level of thought, our experience helps us interact better with our environment through a process of &#8220;conjectures and refutations&#8221;, just the way science learns  (Popper, 2002, pp. 62-63).</p>
<p><b>Conclusion</b></p>
<p>This criticism to induction has helped us understand the mind much better, and even it helps us understand how to understand the brain as a result natural selection.  Much of brain and about the mind is not yet well understood.  Today there are those who propose a more computational view of the brain, while for others this is either incorrect or not enough. Others propose that quantum theory can help us understand several aspects of consciousness, while other scientists disagree. Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana have proposed the understanding of the brain through the concept of &#8220;autopoiesis&#8221;, that is, that living things must be understood as an autopoietic organization, it must be the kind of organization that is self-producing.  The brain is currently understood within cognitive science as a window to understanding human nature.  Indeed, it is.  Because of brain research we are able to understand the nature of language, and why society behaves the way it does, not only biologically, but many times culturally as well.</p>
<p><b>References</b></p>
<p>Cuartas, J. M. (2007). <i>Los rumbos de la mente:  ensayos sobre el yo, lo mental natural y la inteligencia artificial</i>.  Bogotá:  San Pablo.</p>
<p>Damasio, A.  (1994).  <i>Descartes&#8217; error: emotion, reason, and the human brain</i>. US:  Penguin Books.</p>
<p>Damasio, A.  (1999).  <i>The feeling of what happens:  body and emotion in the making of consciousness</i>.  US:  Harcourt.</p>
<p>Gillies, D. (1993). <i>Philosophy of science in the twentieth century:  four central themes</i>.  Oxford &#38; Cambridge:  Blackwell.</p>
<p>Heminway, J. (Writer) . (2002).  The mind&#8217;s big bang. [Television series episode]  In WGBH/NOVA Science Unit &#38; Clear Blue Sky Productions (Producers), <i>Evolution</i>.  US:  Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
</p>
<p>Hill, C. O. &#38; Rosado, G. E.  (2000).  <i>Husserl or Frege?  Meaning, objectivity, and mathematics</i>.  US:  Open Court.</p>
<p>Maturana, H. R. &#38; Varela, F. J.  (1980).  <i>Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of that living</i>.  Dordrecht &#38; Boston:  D. Reidel Publishing Company.</p>
<p>Maturana, H. R., &#38; Varela, F. J. (1998). <i>The tree of knowledge:  the biological roots of human understanding.</i>  Boston &#38; London:  Shambala.</p>
<p>Maxwell, G. (1998). The ontological status of theoretical entities.  In  M. Curd &#38; J. A. Cover (Eds.), <i>Philosophy of science:  the central issues.(pp. 1052-1063). NY &#38; London:  W. W. Norton &#38; Company.</i> </p>
<p>Moore, J. T. S. (2002). <i>Revolution OS</i>.  [Motion Picture]. US:  Wonderview Production.</p>
<p>Pinker, S. (1994).  <i>The language instinct:  how the mind creates language</i>.  NY:  HarperPerennial.</p>
<p>Pinker, S. (1997).  <i>How the mind works</i>.  NY: W. W. Norton &#38; Company.</p>
<p>Pinker, S. (2007). <i>The stuff of thought:  language as a window into human nature</i>.  US: Viking.</p>
<p>Popper, K. (1972).  <i>Objective knowledge:  an evolutionary approach</i>.  Oxford:  Clarendon Press.</p>
<p>Popper, K. (2000).  <i>Knowledge and the body-mind problem.  In defence of interaction</i>. London &#38; NY:  Routledge.</p>
<p>Popper, K. (2002).  <i>Conjectures and refutations</i>.  London &#38; NY:  Routledge &#38; Kegan.</p>
<p>Popper, K. &#38; Eccles, J. C. (1990). <i>The self and its brain:  an argument or interactionism</i>.  London &#38; NY:  Routledge and Kegan Paul.</p>
<p>Rosado, G. E.  (2008).  <i>The young Carnap&#8217;s unknown master:  Husserl&#8217;s influence on</i> der Raum <i>and</i> Der logische Aufbau der Welt.  US:  Ashgate.</p>
<p>Searle, J. R. (1983). <i>Intentionality: an essay in the philosophy of mind</i>.  US:  Cambridge University Press.</p>
<p>Torvalds, L. &#38; Diamond, D. (2002). <i>Just for fun:  the story of an accidental revolutionary</i>.  US:  Harper Paperbacks.</p>
<p>Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., &#38; Rosch, E. (1991). <i>The embodied mind:  cognitive science and human experience.</i>  MA:  The MIT Press.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Pinker: The Myth of Violence]]></title>
<link>http://stantonbajek.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/pinker-the-myth-of-violence/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2009 01:52:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>stantonbajek</dc:creator>
<guid>http://stantonbajek.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/pinker-the-myth-of-violence/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Experimental psychologist and author Steven Pinker discusses how violence has diminished over time, ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:left;">Experimental psychologist and author Steven Pinker discusses how violence has diminished over time, contrary to the widespread inclination to believe that humanity&#8217;s brutality is on the increase. (Length ~19 minutes.)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Nace Labuat-es]]></title>
<link>http://labuates.wordpress.com/2009/06/19/nace-labuat-es/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2009 22:07:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>xhegoiiix</dc:creator>
<guid>http://labuates.wordpress.com/2009/06/19/nace-labuat-es/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Nace Labuat-es, una página web sobre el grupo &#8220;Labuat&#8221; y su cantante Virginia Maestro, d]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Nace <strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Labuat-es</span></strong>, una página web sobre el grupo &#8220;Labuat&#8221; y su cantante Virginia Maestro, dispuesta a informarte de todas las noticias, eventos, apariciones mediáticas, y toda la información relacionada con el tema.<br />
Aún está en construcción, pero pronto estará disponible y llena de nuevos datos e informaciones.</p>
<p>Atentamente:<br />
Hegoi</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Steven Pinker fala sobre linguagem e pensamento]]></title>
<link>http://gabrielgalvao.wordpress.com/2009/06/17/steven-pinker-fala-sobre-linguagem-e-pensamento/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2009 18:32:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Galvão</dc:creator>
<guid>http://gabrielgalvao.wordpress.com/2009/06/17/steven-pinker-fala-sobre-linguagem-e-pensamento/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O TED.com é um site que abriga palestras de mentes brilhantes de todas as partes do mundo. Como a ma]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>O TED.com é um site que abriga palestras de mentes brilhantes de todas as partes do mundo. Como a maior parte do conteúdo está em língua inglesa, surgiu um projeto voluntário de tradução de seu conteúdo. Comecei a contribuir traduzindo a palestra de Pinker disponível abaixo, que fala sobre como a linguagem pode ser tanto um reflexo do que somos como uma janela que explique como funcionamos. A solidariedade digital é um fenômeno interessante e tende a beneficiar além dos outros, ao próprio voluntário, no longo prazo, onde todos terão acesso a várias palestras traduzidas para várias línguas. Até o momento, o projeto conta com uma &#8220;equipe&#8221; de tradutores voluntários de mais de 200 membros. O endereço é o <a href="http://www.ted.com">www.ted.com</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[I am not a huge Huffpo fan, but...]]></title>
<link>http://nocomfortinlies.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/i-am-not-a-huge-huffpo-fan-but/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2009 23:33:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nocomfortinlies</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nocomfortinlies.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/i-am-not-a-huge-huffpo-fan-but/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8230;Michael Rowe has a reasonably thoughtful piece on culpability and the recent Holocaust Museum]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>&#8230;Michael Rowe has a <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-rowe/the-holocaust-museum-shoo_b_214133.html" target="_blank">reasonably thoughtful piece </a>on culpability and the recent Holocaust Museum shooting. I have some issues with some of the things he claims in the article. It&#8217;s not that I don&#8217;t think that Ann Coulter and Bill O&#8217;Reilly aren&#8217;t a virulent fungus growing on America&#8217;s ass, or that Palin and her ilk aren&#8217;t complicit in the seething racism and anti-intellectualism of their fan base, it&#8217;s just that he&#8217;s both missing and illustrating the point I am trying to make on this blog, which is that we shouldn&#8217;t be satisfied, any of us, with being lied to, not by our public &#8220;servants&#8221; and not by our news media. We need to demand transparency and honesty&#8230; Seriously! Haven&#8217;t we put up with this crap long enough. I strongly disagree with Rowe that we can speculate on which talking heads he was listening to. He was clearly a wacko and a sociopath, and which wacko sociopaths he gets his news from is beside the point (Although I agree with the <a href="http://atheistethicist.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Atheist Ethicist</a> on this one: people like O&#8217;Reilly need to publicly make it clear that their vituperant rantings are in no way an incitement to private, vigilante justice. Unless they are, in which case he ought to be jailed.)</p>
<p>I really have a bone to pick with him here:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">&#8216;There was a time when decency, even honor, was an essential part of the American dialogue in its most ideal form, and part of its very identity. There was a time when our culture would have recoiled in horror at the vituperation flowing unchecked from radios, televisions, and the Internet, instead of applauding it as &#8220;common sense,&#8221; &#8220;free speech,&#8221; or &#8220;mavericky,&#8221; or &#8220;a spin-free zone.&#8221;</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">There was a time when intellectual honesty was not considered unpatriotic; when compassion for, and understanding of, your fellow man was a sign of strength, not weakness. There was a time when the phrase <span style="list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;font-style:italic!important;border:initial none initial;margin:0;padding:0;">Have you no shame?</span> meant something, and the First Amendment was not used as toilet paper to wipe up the excremental verbal degradation of vulnerable segments of the American population. A time when it was expected that citizens would understand the difference between <span style="list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;font-style:italic!important;border:initial none initial;margin:0;padding:0;">free speech</span> and <span style="list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;font-style:italic!important;border:initial none initial;margin:0;padding:0;">irresponsible speech</span>.&#8217;</p>
<p>I am wondering what imaginary and wonderful time this was. It has certainly been a while. Remember McCarthyism? I watched a <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_on_the_myth_of_violence.html" target="_blank">wonderful TED talk </a>once with Stephen Pinker, where he talks about how we are actually living in the most peaceful, enlightened era in human history (Seriously. He has charts and graphs and everything!) There are many reasons that people commonly feel that things are worse than ever, but among them is the fact that we have just reached a point in our history and social consciousness where we are just unwilling to accept the needless suffering of others anymore. I like that. I recently heard someone very smart say that he is tired of humanity being slandered by other people. I like that. The iniquity of Humanity is just one of the many lies we have thrown at us day after day that we blindly accept, but I really don&#8217;t think we are as bad as all that.</p>
<p>So I am taking the quote above in the same spirit. I don&#8217;t believe that our American dialogue is any more intellectually honest than when Kennedy beat out Nixon on the basis of being more handsome, but I do believe that we have started to reach the tipping point where we are just unwilling to compromise on it anymore.</p>
<p>It is possible to be an angry optimist!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The implications of human nature for conflict analysis and resolution]]></title>
<link>http://menso.wordpress.com/2009/06/01/the-implications-of-human-nature-for-conflict-analysis-and-resolution/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2009 02:35:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>menso</dc:creator>
<guid>http://menso.wordpress.com/2009/06/01/the-implications-of-human-nature-for-conflict-analysis-and-resolution/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Three years ago, I wrote a post on this blog claiming that human nature did not exist. In that post,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Three years ago, I wrote a post on this blog claiming that human nature did not exist. <a href="../2006/06/27/human-nature-does-not-exist/">In that post</a>, one of this blog&#8217;s most popular and controversial, I said that no one really knows human nature and its being invoked by so many people renders it meaningless. I was wrong because I thought human nature meant what was the same about everyone, and the same in all cultures, and different from what all other animals do.</p>
<p>I have read copiously on psychology and anthropology since then, however, and, fascinated by the study of human nature, realise that my definition of it was wrong; or at least, my definition was different from that of the psychologists. I now have a better definition. Human nature is, basically, what we all have in common, across cultures, based on our evolution. People vary considerably within cultures but each group has certain things in common, because we have a shared ancestry. We all hunt: we do not all hunt the same way, because different environments mean different ways of hunting, but we all hunt. We all sing and dance: taste in music and dance varies wildly, but it is a feature of every culture anthropologists can find.</p>
<p>In fact, there is a long list of human universals by American professor of anthropology Donald Brown that gives us some idea of what we all have inside us. This list, found <a href="http://condor.depaul.edu/%7Emfiddler/hyphen/humunivers.htm">here</a>, was originally assembled in 1989 and has grown since then. The ideas may not seem revolutionary to you, until you realise that all of these things are common to all human cultures. This understanding can be used to cross cultural boundaries, making it essential for conflict resolution. If we know certain things we can find in any culture, we know practices that are probably recommended or proscribed, and how to negotiate and deal with anyone else more smoothly.</p>
<p>We must separate the myths of human nature from the facts. Steven Pinker, perhaps my favourite scholar on the subject, in his book <em>the Blank Slate</em>, effectively discards the commonly held belief that tribal societies from less complex civilisations (eg. a small group living on the savannah or in the jungle) are less violent than those in more complex societies. The thinking behind this &#8220;noble savage&#8221; misconception is that, given the damage done by modern warfare, there must be something inherently corrupting about modern life that leads us to kill one another. However, if one looks at the proportion of males killed in war, that of modern society does not even approach that of certain tribal societies such as the Dugum Dani of New   Guinea, the Jivaro of Peru and Ecuador and the Yanomamo people of the Amazon. While a tiny fraction of men from the US and Europe were killed in the world wars of the 20th century, that proportion rises to over 20 percent for the Dani and Yanomamo, and over 50 percent for the Jivaro. (Pinker, 39) Furthermore, some 90 percent of hunter gatherer societies engage in warfare and raiding. (ibid.) Returning to a pastoral, hunter gatherer life would not eliminate widescale violence.</p>
<p>The point that I have always emphasised as most important regarding human nature is that, however much we understand it (and many of us do not), we must never use it as an excuse. It may be &#8220;human nature&#8221; that we cannot sprout wings and fly around the room, but to say that, for instance, <a href="../2009/02/28/individualism-the-reappearing-ideal-part-4-objections/">nationalism, racism or other forms of collectivism are human nature</a> risks legitimising them. We must not be slaves to our nature but use our ability to think critically to make the right decisions. We are smart and strong enough to resist the pull of our nature if it would lead to morally questionable actions.</p>
<p>Or are we? As I said, we all hunt because humans evolved as hunters. But most of us do not hunt the same way we used to. Some of us hunt criminals or enemies of the state; others collect coins and stamps. To a scholar of human nature, these two acts are both manifestations of the hunting instinct. Desmond Morris, in <em>the Human Animal</em>, a zoologist&#8217;s analysis of human life and behaviour, says that war is not an act of aggression, such as the dishonour or anger that might lead a man into a fistfight with another man, but a highly organised hunt. We needed an awareness of geography, an ability to plan and organise, and an ability to kill in order to hunt successfully. These qualities are still around, and so is the killing.</p>
<p>Though we are not slaves to our nature, we operate in quite predictable ways. In <em>the Lucifer Effect</em>, Philip Zimbardo shows how truly flexible we are when confronted with environments that are unfamiliar, systems that exert their will on us, and situations we are not in control of. We are always at risk of influence by others that can make us do violence, and we must be vigilant or risk perverting our values. One can be a mafia boss, ordering the killing of whole families; a prison guard beating people up for not eating their bread; a politician ordering thousands to kill thousands more; and still go home to our families and feel good about ourselves. The line between the angels and the demons of our nature is thin.</p>
<p>The biggest question is, how can we use our knowledge of human nature to minimise violent conflict? If we understand our most basic urges and the trouble they could get us in, we can minimise their destructive effects and perhaps benefit from them. Here are some features of our nature, how they can be destructive, and how we can change our behaviour.</p>
<p>-<strong>Behaving predictably</strong>. One reason a small act of violence in the form of terrorism can be so effective is that it usually provokes a predictable response. The disproportional retaliations of, for instance, the Bush administration to terrorism played right into the hands of the terrorists. Many popular books on psychology and economics attempt to explain that, while we are ultimately free to choose, we succumb to innumerable pitfalls in our thinking because we are not aware of them.</p>
<p>If you think human behaviour is not predictable, you can test it for yourself. If you are a man, go up to another man bigger than you, surrounded by his friends, also bigger than you, and push him. I bet you that 99% of the time, what you think will happen will happen. If a friend tells you something he believes to be true, say “not only do I disagree, but that was a really stupid thing to say. Do you even know what you’re saying? What’s wrong with you?” Unless you are talking to the Dalai Lama, you are likely to make your friend angry, defensive and more convinced than ever that he or she is right.</p>
<p>Dr Zimbardo says that anyone is susceptible to manipulation, influence by unsavoury characters and contemptible behaviour. The less aware we are being manipulated, or the stronger we think we are to counter it, the more compliant we are likely to be. There are many books on persuasion and influence that can teach us to be aware of evil forces acting on and through us. The best I have read is <em>the Lucifer Effect</em>.</p>
<p>-<strong>Categorising and simplifying</strong>. We have an urge to put things conveniently away into drawers and pigeonholes in order to save ourselves the trouble of thinking too much. We talk in simple language and simple thinking about the Muslim world or the Arab world, the West, Africa, the black community, Asian values, such and such a civilisation, and so on. Speaking this way is easier, but if we do not recognise the nuances, the enormous variety within these groups, we are liable to make serious mistakes.</p>
<p>I write further on this subject in <em>Why Interculturalism Will Work</em>. You can read it at <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/15987798/Why-Interculturalism-Will-Work">http://www.scribd.com/doc/15987798/Why-Interculturalism-Will-Work</a>. Suffice it to say, if we simplify the world too much, we risk making the wrong decisions, leading to misunderstandings, disrespect, conflict and war.</p>
<p>-<strong>Cognitive dissonance</strong>. <a href="http://www.new.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=20726418085">In a previous post</a>, I described part of this shortcoming as windows and mirrors. Windows are what we use to look at others, and we are very good at seeing their faults. But when it comes to our own, looking in the mirror, we see ourselves&#8211;and significantly, the groups we are loyal to&#8211;as pristine. This happens because we have an inborn tendency to legitimise everything we do as right and noble, to write off our own weaknesses as not really weaknesses and, put simply, to lie to ourselves about ourselves.</p>
<p>The book <em>Mistakes Were Made (But not by Me)</em> is a book about the damage cognitive dissonance can do. It shows how we can believe, for instance, that we go to war for freedom, kill for peace, terrorise for justice and are never at fault when we are wrong. Sure, some people died in the war I started, but they were probably mostly bad people. Sure, what I am doing is bad for others, but if I didn’t do it, someone else would. Sure, it looks like I’m stealing money from my company’s shareholders, but I work hard and deserve it. Really, I should be taking more, but I’m holding back. What a nice guy I am.</p>
<p>But knowing our limitations is how we can overcome them. Checking cognitive dissonance requires awareness of how and when we do it. If you have any nagging doubts as to whether your actions were morally justified, you might be right. Do not simply write off everything you do as a legitimate means to some greater end. Imagine someone else doing the same thing. Imagine your enemies, if you have any, doing the same actions. Are they still legitimate? Can you understand the point of view of someone who does similar actions?</p>
<p>-<strong>Collectivism</strong>. Whether or not it is an excuse, collectivism appears to be a big part of our nature. When I say collectivism, I mean treating people in terms of in-groups and out-groups. To a collectivist, there are people in my group that are inherently superior to those outside my group. I care for those in my group like I care for myself&#8211;we are human beings deserving respect and dignity. Those outside the group, however are less than human. Our love of team sports, with separate uniforms, chants and rivalries that occasionally erupt in violence are an example of this.</p>
<p>The evolution of this feeling is understandable. We used to live in small bands where those we knew were family. However, our idea of community has changed over time to what Benedict Anderson calls &#8220;imagined communities&#8221;. Imagined communities are groups that consider themselves to have an essential similarity that makes them equal (and by extension, more important than others), though they may never meet. Soldiers go to war to protect their nations, even though the only thing they are certain to have in common is nationality. Zealots engage in holy wars because followers of their gods are threatened. See <a href="http://menso.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/individualism-the-reappearing-ideal-part-3-collectivism-causes-war/">this post</a> for more on collectivism and conflict.</p>
<p>If we can harness collectivist sentiment and language, we can use it to mean everyone. After all, our groups do not have to be exclusive. We can be a brotherhood of men, a community of the world, a united human race.</p>
<p>-<strong>Proving oneself</strong>. Young men, from teenage years to young adulthood, have an urge to prove themselves. That was the age they were most likely to perfect their skill at hunting and find mates. These boys are most likely to want to do violence. In <em>Blood and Belonging</em>, Michael Ignatieff describes the killing that took place in the former Yugoslavia.</p>
<p align="center">[U]ntil I had encountered my quotient of young males intoxicated by the power of the guns on their hips, I had not understood how deeply pleasureable it is to have the power of life and death in your hands. It is a characteristic liberal error to suppose that everyone hates and fears violence. I met lots of young men who loved the ruins, loved the destruction, loved the power that came from the barrels of their guns.</p>
<p align="center">Perhaps liberals have not understood the force of male resentment which has accumulated through the centuries of gradual European pacification. The history of our civilisation is the history of the confiscation of the means of violence by the state. But it is an achievement which an irreducible core of young males has always resented. Liberals have not reckoned with the male loathing of peace and domesticity or with the anger of young males at the modern state’s confiscation of their weapons. One of the hidden rationales behind nationalist revolts is that they tap into this deeper sub-stratum of male resentment at the civility and order of the modern state itself. For it seems obvious that the state’s order is the order of the father, and that nationalism is the rebellion of the sons. How else are we to account for the staggering gratuitousness and bestiality of nationalist violence, its constant overstepping of the bounds of either military logic or legitimate self-defence, unless we give some room in our account for the possibility that nationalism exists to warrant and legitimise the son’s vengeance against the father. (Ignatieff, 187-8)</p>
<p>Boys who are occupied and motivated by other things, however, do not kill. Paul Collier, author of <em>Wars, Guns and Votes</em>, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvW4yugCPZo">says</a> that in post-conflict situations, one of the highest priorities is jobs for young men. &#8220;[T]he reason [such situations] so often revert to conflict is not because elderly women get upset, it&#8217;s because young men get upset. Why are they upset? Because they&#8217;ve nothing to do.&#8221; His suggestion is job creation in construction: it is necessary after the destruction of conflict, and the jobs are not subject to international competition.</p>
<p>Proving oneself is really another way to say reaching one’s potential, just like one can do in a job. At this key age, young people can be coaxed into anything with the right attention and care. That is why, in strong communities, they play sports and video games, do homework, have jobs and volunteer for their community. Suppressing all teenage rebellion in a society that values freedom is impossible. Therefore, our task is to divert the people most at risk of committing acts of violence and give them occupations that, to their genes, are equivalent to hunting, but to the rest of us are productive rather than harmful.</p>
<p>Ignoring the truth, hunting each other, behaving predictably, dividing the world into us and them and simplifying the world away are just a few sides of our nature with implications for analysing and resolving conflict. Exploring the depths of human nature can help us understand, mitigate and reverse the tragic consequences of some of our most basic, and most dangerous urges.</p>
<p>Anderson, Benedict: <em>Imagined Communities</em></p>
<p>Collier, Paul: <em>War, Guns and Votes: democracy in dangerous places</em></p>
<p>Ignatieff, Michael: <em>Blood and Belonging: journeys into the new nationalism</em></p>
<p>Morris, Desmond: <em>The Human Animal: a personal view of the human species</em></p>
<p>Pinker, Steven: <em>The Blank Slate: the modern denial of human nature</em></p>
<p>Tavris, Carol, and Elliot Aronson: <em>Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts</em></p>
<p>Zimbardo,<em> </em>Philip: <em>The Lucifer Effect: understanding how good people turn evil</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Citação obrigatória: Definição de 'Homem', de Ambroise Bierce]]></title>
<link>http://gabrielgalvao.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/citacao-obrigatoria-definicao-de-homem-de-ambroise-bierce/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2009 02:37:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Galvão</dc:creator>
<guid>http://gabrielgalvao.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/citacao-obrigatoria-definicao-de-homem-de-ambroise-bierce/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Lendo o excelente livro do psicólogo Steven Pinker, &#8216;Como a mente funciona&#8217; (Na Amazon, ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Lendo o excelente livro do psicólogo Steven Pinker, &#8216;<strong>Como a mente funciona&#8217;</strong> (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/How-Mind-Works-Steven-Pinker/dp/0393318486/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&#38;s=books&#38;qid=1241749826&#38;sr=8-2" target="_blank">Na Amazon</a>, <a href="http://www.livrariacultura.com.br/scripts/cultura/resenha/resenha.asp?nitem=240858&#38;sid=91241801611417843769884467&#38;k5=12F74A10&#38;uid=" target="_blank">Na Livraria Cultura</a>), me deparo com uma citação do Devil&#8217;s dictionary (Dicionário do Diabo), de Ambroise Bierce. Lá há a definição mais fantástica para o verbete &#8216;Homem&#8217; que já vi até hoje. Um pouco de licença poética me permite alterar em 1 (uma) palavra a definição, para fins de melhor caracterização ao contexto brasileiro.</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>Homem</strong>, S.m. Animal tão absorto na contemplação extasiada do que ele julga ser que se descuida do que indubitavelmente deveria ser. Sua principal ocupação é o extermínio de outros animais e de sua própria espécie, a qual, entretanto, multiplica-se com rapidez tão insistente que infesta todas as áreas do planeta e a [Argentina].</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Where did we come from?]]></title>
<link>http://openparachute.wordpress.com/2009/04/17/where-did-we-come-from/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:26:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ken</dc:creator>
<guid>http://openparachute.wordpress.com/2009/04/17/where-did-we-come-from/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Anyone interested in this question (and aren&#8217;t most of us) could not do better than watch the ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Anyone interested in this question (and aren&#8217;t most of us) could not do better than watch the videos coming out of the <a href="http://origins.asu.edu/index.php">Origins</a> symposium. With a mission statement of <em>&#8220;Exploring Questions at the Edge of Knowledge: From the Universe to Humanity&#8221;</em> this has got to be fascinating.</p>
<p><a href="http://openparachute.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/origins.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3740" title="origins" src="http://openparachute.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/origins.jpg" alt="origins" width="450" height="241" /></a><br />
Add to this the high calibre of the participants. These include names like Lawrence Krauss, Steven Weinberg, Brian Greene, Stephen Hawking, Andrei Linde, Richard Dawkins, Alan Guth, David Gross, Alex Vilenkin, Peter Ward, Steven Pinker, VS Ramachandran, Paul Davies, Patricia Churchland, AC Grayling, J. Craig Venter, Frank Wilczek, and many more.</p>
<p>The Symposium Sessions include:</p>
<ol>
<li>The Universe, Multiverse, Physical Laws</li>
<li>The Galaxies, Planets, Life</li>
<li>Origin of species, Evolution, Human Origins</li>
<li>Consciousness, Complex Cognition, Language to Culture, Cooperation, Morality and Institutions.</li>
</ol>
<p><a href="http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs" target="_blank">The Science Network</a> is currently uploading videos &#8211; pretty efficient seeing the Symposium occurred over April 3 &#8211; 6. Currently five videos are <a href="http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/origins-symposium" target="_blank">online</a> (introductions and panel on <em>&#8220;How Far Can we go Back?&#8221;)</em></p>
<p>I know what I will be watching over the next week or so.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Game of Social, and Romantic, Interactions]]></title>
<link>http://acrossthesynapse.wordpress.com/2009/04/12/the-game-of-social-and-romantic-interactions/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 12 Apr 2009 19:13:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>siscom</dc:creator>
<guid>http://acrossthesynapse.wordpress.com/2009/04/12/the-game-of-social-and-romantic-interactions/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[There is little tying the thoughts below together, but time is of the essence and as such I have mer]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">There is little tying the thoughts below together, but time is of the essence and as such I have merely dumped some thoughts here. With a quote! <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">Altruism and other ‘niceties’ have been discussed at great length and detail in various books. Part of the reason this might have been adaptive in our history is the fact that our forefathers were likely to run into the same individuals more than once. From that it follows that a genetic predisposition to share your freshly killed springbuck, which is likely to be too much for you anyway, can be favoured since the recipient of your gift might reciprocate. The ‘Tit for Tat’ theory depends on repeated interaction, or else it would always make sense to defect. Obviously there are numerous other theories too, and indeed all is not known yet. However, what are we to make of this knowledge? </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">In this day and age repeated interaction is not guaranteed, and in some instances the odds are so low that a selfish action might be justified, albeit only in the game-theory sense. Let’s avoid the ethical discussion and simply look at the various players, rewards and punishments, and see what the best strategy would be.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">If I am on holiday in Spain and I run into an American tourist who seems lost and is willing to buy my map from me, why would I not overcharge him as much as possible? I will never see this man again, I don’t believe in karma and I’m sure the extra cash would ameliorate any guilt I might feel. Or would it? </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">Most people avoid bad feelings and I often wonder whether the fear of those feelings is worse than the feelings themselves. For example, some people are so scared of being embarrassed that they are willing to be sweaty and stressed to the point of snapping as long as they don’t have to go up to the front of the class and explain something. A whole class of ducking and looking away and all for what? To avoid the possibility of being embarrassed and feeling stupid for, what, 3-minutes? </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">Nevertheless, I think I’ll get over any guilty feelings, and I certainly don’t expect too much of them anyway. So I act selfishly and take more than my fair share from the interaction. I know why I might feel a bit bad, I understand the evolutionary principle behind it and know it’s not because god or allah or adam smith is whispering in my ear. I go out and buy something nice with the money, and life goes on!</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">What about interactions where you know you will see the person again, but you decide that the chance of them reciprocating is so small that the investment doesn’t seem wise? In practice everyone seems to have a certain level of niceness that forms the baseline for most of their interactions. Friends and family will fall well above this baseline, whilst the few foes might fall below. But from a strictly objective sense, that baseline is probably too high. We are probably nicer to people on the outskirts of our social group than we can justify rationally. So what if we decide to be nice only to the point we can justify?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">There is a girl on campus who I have become infatuated with. I have a massive crush on her. I have been accused of stalking, but that is ridiculous. I simply notice her every now and then and my day is the better for it. I would love to get to know her, to see if she’s more than a pretty face (the prettiest face in fact!). However, she is very religious and I am, well, not. I broke up with my previous girlfriend because of our religious differences, and her faith was nothing on this girl’s! Furthermore, if the information I could gather from our mutual friends are anything to go by, we are not ‘compatible’. I think that, on paper, few people are ‘compatible’ with my rather bizarre personality, and as such I would have to ‘make’ myself compatible with someone who might not seem ‘right’ for me. But let’s assume they are right and this is a true incompatibility in the sense that a relationship is not feasible. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">I now have to decide how I am going to behave around her. As I said before, she is very beautiful and I find her VERY attractive. My best friend also knows her quite well and as such there are bound to be situations where we interact, not to mention the times I simply walk past her (our campus is quite small). Rationally, since I am unlikely to engage in a relationship with her (or even friendship, if some of my contacts are to be believed) there is no point in my behaving in a way as to facilitate future beneficial interactions. There is no point in being friendly and offering help with work and so on, since there is no real greater goal or reciprocal favours awaiting in the future. <span> </span>So why shouldn’t I try to get as much as possible from each interaction? Why shouldn’t I blatantly stare if I see her walk by in her gym clothes? Or get close if she speaks to my friends so as to get a better look? Or even copy all of her facebook photos onto my phone? Of course these things are ‘freaky’ and ‘weird’, but surely that would be a rationally justified approach? As long as I don’t self-destruct and get arrested, that is&#8230;</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">And yet, I am certain I won’t do this. As easy as it is to plan my actions beforehand, I know that when I see her I will look only until she sees me looking, then smile and look away. I know I will awkwardly engage in conversation should the opportunity arise and maintain a distance that is socially acceptable, as well as maintain eye contact, of course! I won’t invade her privacy; I won’t disregard her feelings for my selfish gain. I will act irrationally and, for the moment, be blissfully unaware of reason and logic and the lot. This is because love and attraction and arousal are not under control of the dictatorship of consciousness. We do ‘stupid’ things when intoxicated by emotions. And this is as it should be. It should be hard to avoid blushing when we are embarrassed, and equally hard to induce it when we want sympathy. It should be difficult to cry on command, and avoid the tears welling up at the loss of a loved one. Grief should really hurt, even though we might think, rationally, that there is no point in furthering the suffering – the person is dead and there is <em>NOTHING</em> we can do about it. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">A bit of thought reveals why these things need to be outside our control. For blushing to be a true sign, one that can be taken as an accurate representation of our inner states by our fellow humans, it has to be difficult to fake. If it was easy to fake, its value as a sign of embarrassment would disappear. The same can be said of crying. Grief has to hurt so that, in the future, we would be willing to do more to save our children, who are fairly likely to carry any gene that might predispose us to do so. As Darwin and others noted, by tying some emotional states to physiological responses, they can be observed by others and used as evidence in favour of the person’s grief/gratitude/etc being real. It was adaptive to abolish control. It is rational to respond seemingly irrationally in some situations.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">What of love? Here is Pinker on romantic love, taken from <em>How the Mind Works</em> (which I have shortened considerably):</span></span></p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0 0 10pt;"><em><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">“Why does romantic love leave us bewitched, bothered, and bewildered? Offering to spend your life and raise children with someone is the most important promise you&#8217;ll ever make, and a promise is most credible when the promiser can&#8217;t back out. </span></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0 0 10pt;"><em><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span> </span>Unsentimental social scientists and veterans of the singles scene agree that dating is a marketplace. People shop for the most desirable person who will accept them, and that is why most marriages pair a bride and a groom of approximately equal desirability. </span></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0 0 10pt;"><em><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Somewhere in this world of five billion people there lives the best-looking, richest, smartest, funniest, kindest person who would settle for you. But your dreamboat is a needle in a haystack, and you may die single if you insist on waiting for him or her to show up. Staying single has costs, such as loneliness, childlessness, and playing the dating game with all its awkward drinks and dinners (and sometimes breakfasts). At some point it pays to set up house with the best person you have found so far. </span></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0 0 10pt;"><em><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span> </span>But that calculation leaves your partner vulnerable. The laws of probability say that someday you will meet a more desirable person, and if you are always going for the best you can get, on that day you will dump your partner. But your partner has invested money, time, childrearing, and forgone opportunities in the relationship. If you partner was the most desirable person in the world, he or she would have nothing to worry about, because you would never want to desert. But failing that, the partner would have been foolish to enter the relationship. </span></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0 0 10pt;"><em><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">How can you be sure that a prospective partner won&#8217;t leave the minute it is rational to do so?-say, when a 10-out-of-10 moves in next door? One answer is, don&#8217;t accept a partner who wanted you for rational reasons to begin with; look for a partner who is committed to staying with you because you are you. Committed by what? Committed by an emotion. <strong>An emotion that the person did not decide to have, and so cannot decide not to have</strong>. An emotion that was not triggered by your objective mate-value and so will not be alienated by someone with greater mate-value. An emotion that is guaranteed not to be a sham because it has physiological costs like tachycardia, insomnia, and anorexia. An emotion like romantic love.</span></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;margin:0 0 10pt;"><em><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span> </span>&#8220;People who are sensible about love are incapable of it,&#8221; wrote Douglas Yates. Even when courted by the perfect suitor, people are unable to will themselves to fall in love, often to the bewilderment of the matchmaker, the suitor, and the person himself or herself. Instead it is a glance, a laugh, a manner that steals the heart. The upside is that when Cupid does strike, the lovestruck one is all the more credible in the eyes of the object of desire. Murmuring that your lover&#8217;s looks, earning power, and IQ meet your minimal standards would probably kill the romantic mood, even though the statement is statistically true. The way to a person&#8217;s heart is to declare the opposite-that you&#8217;re in love because you can&#8217;t help it.”</span></span></span></em></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">There are reasons I find it hard to be ‘mean’ and act selfishly when I see her. There are reasons why I can’t help but glance nervously to see if she is really looking at me, or why I perspire when I see her approaching in a corridor, or why my mind goes blank when she enters the room. And it is good that reason is traded for emotion in our interactions. Emotions will seize control, silencing reason. A mutiny involving the autonomic nervous system overthrowing the somatic will ensue. Thoughts might become slow and primitive.<span>  </span>My entire consciousness will be focussed on her – her lips, her voice, her eyes will resonate through me, will engulf and overpower and resistance reason might have offered. And yet, before the crisis situation arises, I can analyze the ‘auto pilot’ and understand why it works the way that it does. As Pinker and others have explained, all of this makes sense. Although reason might not be in control when the situation arises, it can offer its support of the emergency infrastructure put in place by natural selection. I love this about reason – that it can still say something about areas where it has no role to play.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">Rationally then, I should not mind that reason (to a large extent) abandons me when interacting with this girl, despite the fact that, in the long run, this might result in me ending up with less than reason might have gotten me, had it been able to get a chance. I should encourage the unpredictable, uncontrollable and unnerving emotions to run their course. And I should enjoy the ride, the flow of romance, rather than spending all my time wishing for a particular destination. The emotions are themselves something wonderful, something worthy of appreciations, something to savour and, to respect. After all, thousands of generations of selection have resulted on them acting in exactly the way they do, and they work pretty well&#8230;</span></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Origins Symposium - Sunday]]></title>
<link>http://jfistere.wordpress.com/2009/04/06/origins-symposium-sunday/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Apr 2009 04:40:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jfistere</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jfistere.wordpress.com/2009/04/06/origins-symposium-sunday/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m in Phoenix now and headed for the Symposium in Tempe tomorrow. I caught only a little over]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>I&#8217;m in Phoenix now and headed for the Symposium in Tempe tomorrow.  I caught only a little over half an hour of today&#8217;s speakers, but luckily it included Stephen Pinker, second only to Stephen Hawking as a favorite of mine, maybe equal.  He said  that the &#8220;Nature vs Nurture&#8221; debate was over and cited many examples that showed that the more genes people had in common, the more similar were their behaviors, statistically speaking.  The data shows up in identical twins raised separately, vs. fraternal twins raised together, and a variety of other familial/genetic combinations and environments.</p>
<p>I received an email today informing us that Stephen Hawking was recovering from a lung infection and could not travel to Tempe.  He will be present tomorrow via pre-recorded audio and slides, and represented by his daughter, Lucy, who has co-authored a children&#8217;s book with him.</p>
<p>It will be interesting to hear the difference between hearing scientists speak to other scientists and students, as they have been for the past three days, and hearing some of the same people speak to the public as they will tomorrow.</p>
<p>NOTE: The website for tomorrow&#8217;s webcast will be different than the one for the past three days.  The new website is: <a href="http://origins.asu.edu/symposium/webcast/index.php">http://origins.asu.edu/symposium/webcast/index.php</a>.  It starts at 9:00 am San Diego time, which currently is the same as Tempe time.  Got that?  Tempe time?</p>
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