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	<title>pseudomonas &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/pseudomonas/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "pseudomonas"</description>
	<pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 2009 13:27:08 +0000</pubDate>

	<generator>http://en.wordpress.com/tags/</generator>
	<language>en</language>

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<title><![CDATA[Adaptación espontánea de las bacterias a los cambios ambientales]]></title>
<link>http://cnho.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/adaptacion-espontanea-de-las-bacterias-a-los-cambios-ambientales/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 10:18:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Manuel</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cnho.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/adaptacion-espontanea-de-las-bacterias-a-los-cambios-ambientales/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Un equipo internacional de científicos ha observado por primera vez una estrategia evolutiva llamada]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img src="http://cnho.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/pseudofluorescens.jpg?w=300" alt="Pseudofluorescens" title="Pseudofluorescens" width="300" height="216" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-3965" /><br />
<b>Un equipo internacional de científicos ha observado por primera vez una estrategia evolutiva llamada <i>bet hedging</i> (diversificación de apuestas), en condiciones de laboratorio.</b> </p>
<p>FUENTE: <a href="http://www.madrimasd.org/informacionidi/noticias/noticia.asp?id=41486">Cordis</a></p>
<p>Este término alude a la manera en que ciertos organismos aseguran la supervivencia de su especie en ambientes sometidos a cambios rápidos, produciendo crías adaptadas a distintas condiciones de vida. Podría tratarse de una de las técnicas más antiguas de adaptación evolutiva. El equipo científico, formado por investigadores de Alemania, Países Bajos y Nueva Zelanda, ha publicado en la revista <i>Nature</i> un artículo sobre sus observaciones de esta “diversificación de apuestas” en la especie bacteriana <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens.</i></p>
<p>Los experimentos realizados consistieron en introducir cepas de <i>Pseudomonas</i> en dos medios de cultivo distintos. La variante que se impuso a las demás en un medio se introdujo después en el otro medio, y viceversa, en los que las mutaciones que les habían dado ventaja anteriormente perdían su valor. De este modo, nuevas mutaciones y, por tanto, nuevas variantes evolucionaron para compensar la desventaja resultante.<br />
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<p>Los científicos descubrieron que, en definitiva, las bacterias generaban cepas con la misma configuración genética, que siempre daban lugar a dos variantes distintas, en ambos medios. Las variantes de <i>Pseudomonas</i> capaces de realizar la “diversificación de apuestas” se imponían a aquellas cuyos genotipos se adaptaban simplemente por mutación.</p>
<p>Mientras que los cambios evolutivos suelen suceder a lo largo de generaciones, de forma que los portadores de mutaciones ventajosas prevalecen sobre los que presentan características menos aptas, la “diversificación de apuestas” consiste en producir una generación de crías idénticas desde el punto de vista genético, pero en la que una parte de la descendencia está perfectamente adaptada al medio actual mientras que otra es más apta para condiciones totalmente distintas, lo que les garantizaría la supervivencia en caso de que se produjeran cambios radicales en su entorno.</p>
<p>Este fenómeno se ha observado en organismos muy diferentes, desde bacterias hasta plantas y animales. Los patógenos bacterianos, por ejemplo, presentan variaciones en la superficie celular (lisas y rugosas, por ejemplo), reduciendo así el riesgo de ser detectados por el sistema inmunitario del organismo huésped.</p>
<p>“Nuestros experimentos han arrojado pruebas de que la diversificación del riesgo es una estrategia muy eficaz para adaptarse con rapidez a los entornos cambiantes”, aseguró uno de los autores del estudio, el Dr. Christian Kost del Instituto Max Planck de Ecología Química (Alemania). “Si un mismo genotipo genera múltiples variantes al mismo tiempo, puede responder con mayor rapidez a cambios importantes del medio.”</p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Getting Back In The Groove]]></title>
<link>http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/2009/10/28/getting-back-in-the-groove/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2009 20:07:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>A's Mommy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/2009/10/28/getting-back-in-the-groove/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Well this is now A&#8217;s new website. It is a work in progress so be patient with me. I have a web]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-3006" title="IMG_6623" src="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/img_6623.jpg?w=200" alt="IMG_6623" width="200" height="300" />Well this is now A&#8217;s new website. It is a work in progress so be patient with me. I have a web designer working on it for me as well. As you all know, I would really appreciate if you do NOT add this to your blog list. There are reasons I had to go private before and I just don&#8217;t want certain people finding this new site. That is why we are now referring to my boy as &#8220;A&#8221;. So if you have A on your blog list, just leave his old address listed as I do not want this listed anywhere. SO PLEASE DO NOT HAVE THIS AS A LINK ON YOUR PAGE!!!! Thanks everyone!</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p>So it has been kind of crazy around here once again. On October 16th my little man was really struggling in the morning. So much that I really thought that he was possibly heading into respiratory failure again as he did he March. By lunch time I was nervous so I took him into his doctor. I was so positive that we were going to be admitted that I packed all of my bags and A&#8217;s bags before heading. He was requiring oxygen at times and was struggling to breathe.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-3009" title="IMG_6630" src="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/img_6630.jpg?w=300" alt="IMG_6630" width="300" height="200" /></p>
<p>So we got him into the doctor and he was NOT concerned about him! He said that his throat was kind of red and irritated so he placed him on an antibiotic to be safe and then sent us for an x-ray.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="size-medium wp-image-3008 alignnone" title="IMG_6629" src="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/img_6629.jpg?w=300" alt="IMG_6629" width="300" height="200" /></p>
<p>Saturday morning (the 17th) his doctor called to tell me that his x-ray actually looked pretty good. I couldn&#8217;t believe it. Friday night was HORRIBLE. A had to sleep in his chair and every time that he fell asleep his sats would drop to the 70s and stay there. If I woke him up he was above 90. I cried and cried because I felt really bad for him suffering, but I didn&#8217;t know what else to do for him. I told his doctor that I was really angry and that I felt something more was going on. He told me if I was that worried about A that I should take him to the ER. Ummm that is why I brought him to see YOU, so we could avoid the ER!</p>
<p>Anyhow, on Tuesday the 20th we had an appointment anyways with his respirologist at Mac that I absolutely LOVE. It is the vent clinic that A is now under even though he isn&#8217;t trached.</p>
<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-3010" title="IMG_6639" src="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/img_6639.jpg?w=200" alt="IMG_6639" width="200" height="300" />We did a cap gas first which showed that his CO2 was at 54 and his O2 at 75. He was very junky and had needed a lot of suctioning over the weekend. They did swabs for viruses and then his swab to check for pseudomonas.</p>
<p>He wondered why A was on the antibiotic that he was on and stressed that when it comes to A that doctors really need to be more aggressive. He has very crappy lungs and anything can happen. So he placed him on cipro (in case the pseudomonas was active) and on prednisone as well as many extra breathing treatments.</p>
<p>I felt MUCH better walking out of there because I feel like this doctor is so PRO active with A. It is about time that someone really cares for this kid and his well being!</p>
<p>So A and I spent just over a week sleeping on the couch together and trying to keep him out of hospital. As of today, he is doing wonderful!</p>
<p>On another note, I really need people to send lots of love and prayers to Auntie A (my sister in law), my brother and her family and friends. As most of you know, about 18 months ago she was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy with a heart function of 20%. She has stayed so positive and strong that it is just amazing!</p>
<p><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-3018" title="sawedding" src="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/10/sawedding.jpg?w=200" alt="sawedding" width="200" height="300" />Well for about the past three months she has been telling her cardiologist that she has severe stomach pain, is nauseous 24/7 and cannot eat. He told her that it was probably her GI issues/gallbladder. Twice she almost had her gallbladder removed which would have been for NO reason.</p>
<p>Long story short, she ended up in hospital on the 5th of October after going to a class for people with heart conditions. There was a pamphlet given out with symptoms of heart failure. She had them. These were what she had been complaining about to her doctor for months. It was then she found out that she was in severe congestive heart failure.</p>
<p>October 12th she was transferred to Toronto General. It was there that she started to really rapidly decline. Last week she was officially listed for a heart transplant. However with her poor days they just couldn&#8217;t let her go as she was.</p>
<p>On Friday October 23rd she had a code blue called. I went and saw her on Saturday and she was HORRIBLE. I couldn&#8217;t believe how much she had deteriorated since I saw her last which was only four days prior.</p>
<p>Sunday it was decided that she needed to have the <a href="http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4599">LVAD (left ventricular assist device)</a> placed. They were hoping to avoid this until this coming Friday because they didn&#8217;t want to do the LVAD and a heart transplant as it would be very hard on her. However a heart had not come yet and she could not keep going the way that she was.</p>
<p>I was up at the hospital last night to see her and spend some time with my brother. She was very tired and in a lot of pain. The things this girl has gone through are just incredible. Her fight is inspiring to say the least. Please keep praying for her and all who love her.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Return]]></title>
<link>http://dogtiredtravelwriting.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/the-return/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 25 Oct 2009 00:57:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Adrian Rachele</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dogtiredtravelwriting.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/the-return/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[My travel writing and photography blogs soon after their creation took a long holiday of their own. ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>My travel writing and photography blogs soon after their creation took a long holiday of their own.</p>
<p>This was not by choice but rather life has taken a turn. Mother Nature decided that Rebecca and I had it too good for too long and suspended our journey to Melbourne, in Melbourne.</p>
<p>On the 26<sup>th</sup> of December as I was watching the Boxing Day Test at the MCG, Rebecca was with her father and family in Bendigo. There she went for a quick ride on the back of her half brothers motorbike, just around the block. They never made it back.</p>
<p>By NYE 09/10 Rebecca was out of ICU with her lower leg amputated, her latissimus dorsi muscle transplanted down below her knee to create a stump, and a severe glove tear behind her other lower leg and knee. She spent the next 2 months in hospital, with compilations arising from the nasty bug pseudomonas. The next 2 months were in rehab.</p>
<p>After an arduous and very stressful search of the Melbourne rental market we found a place to live, thanks to a property manager whose mother is in a wheelchair and understood our plight.</p>
<p>I have been working and Beck has been healing and going to various doctors and rehab, in which she is still in the process.</p>
<p>Finally this month we were able to get away from it all for two weeks.</p>
<p>Circumstances change, but our love for this funny old planet does not.</p>
<p>Our journey to see our planet continues with a drive to South Australia.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Infectious Disease - Nosocomial Pathogens]]></title>
<link>http://medicalsciences.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/infectious-disease-nosocomial-pathogens/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 07 Sep 2009 02:43:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>scidream</dc:creator>
<guid>http://medicalsciences.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/infectious-disease-nosocomial-pathogens/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Nosocomial Infections Nosocomial infections are infections resulted from prolonged treatment (usuall]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h1><span style="color:#0000ff;">Nosocomial Infections</span></h1>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nosocomial infections are infections resulted from prolonged treatment (usually longer than 48 hours) in a hospital or a healthcare service unit. It is also known as hospital acquired infection or health care associated infections.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nosocomial infections are transmitted due to the fact that hospitals houses large number of patients with weakened immune system. A patient who is initially admitted to the hospital for urinary tract infection may be infected with nosocomial infection e.g. nosocomial pneumonia due to weakened immune system and prolonged stay in the hospital.</p>
<h1 style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;">Nosocomial Pathogens </span></h1>
<p>These are some bacteria causing nosocomial infections.</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Staphylococci</em></li>
<li><em>Enterobacteriaceae</em></li>
<li><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></li>
<li><em>Acinetobacter</em></li>
<li><em>Bacteriodes</em></li>
<li><em>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</em></li>
</ul>
<p><em> </em></p>
<h2><span style="color:#0000ff;"><em><span style="color:#0000ff;">Staphylococci</span></em></span></h2>
<p>Cocci = (singular &#8211; coccus, plural – cocci) are any bacteria whose overall shape is spherical or nearly spherical.</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="552">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="167" valign="top">Main Species</td>
<td width="385" valign="top"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="167" valign="top">Characterisics</td>
<td width="385" valign="top">Pus producing bacteria</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="167" valign="top">Where</td>
<td width="385" valign="top">Body surfaces and mucous membranes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="167" valign="top">Cause</td>
<td width="385" valign="top">Skin or wound infections, pneumoniae, meningitis, endocarditis, nosocomial infections</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="167" valign="top">Treatment</td>
<td width="385" valign="top">Gram positive Antibiotic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="167" valign="top">Treatment for MRSA</td>
<td width="385" valign="top">Vancomycin, Linezolid, Tygracycline</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<div id="attachment_122" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-122" title="staphylococci2" src="http://medicalsciences.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/staphylococci2.gif?w=300" alt="staphylococci2" width="300" height="145" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Staphylococci under the microscope</p></div>
<p><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-123" title="arrangement of cocci" src="http://medicalsciences.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/arrangement-of-cocci.png?w=300" alt="arrangement of cocci" width="300" height="209" />                            </p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="color:#0000ff;"><em>Enterobacteriaceae</em></span></h2>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="551">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Main Species</td>
<td width="408" valign="top"><em>Escherichia coli</em><em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em><em>Enterobacter </em>species<em>Proteus mirabilis</em><em>Shigella </em>species<em>Salmonella </em>species</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Where</td>
<td width="408" valign="top">Normal flora of the intestine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Cause</td>
<td width="408" valign="top">UTI and intra-abdominal sepsis and septicaemia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Treatment</td>
<td width="408" valign="top">Gram negative Antibiotic</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div id="attachment_127" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 370px"><img class="size-full wp-image-127" title="ecoli" src="http://medicalsciences.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/ecoli.jpg" alt="ecoli" width="360" height="360" /><p class="wp-caption-text">E coli under the microscope</p></div>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="color:#0000ff;"><em>Pseudomonas </em></span></h2>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="551">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Main Species</td>
<td width="408" valign="top"><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Characteristics</td>
<td width="408" valign="top">Serious pathogen in hospital esp. in immunocompromised patientsOpportunistic pathogen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Where</td>
<td width="408" valign="top">Typically infects the pulmonary tract, urinary tract, burns, wounds, and also causes other blood infections.Colonizer of catheters &#38; ventilators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Cause</td>
<td width="408" valign="top"><strong>Nosocomial</strong> infections eg HAP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="143" valign="top">Treatment</td>
<td width="408" valign="top">Resistance to wide range of AntibioticSusceptible to anti-pseudomonal antibiotic eg. Tienam, Meropenem, 3rd gen cephalosporins</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<div id="attachment_126" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 302px"></p>
<h2><img class="size-full wp-image-126" title="pseudomonas_aeruginosa" src="http://medicalsciences.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/pseudomonas_aeruginosa.jpg" alt="Pserdomonas aeruginosa under the microscope" width="292" height="200" /></h2>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><p class="wp-caption-text">Pserdomonas aeruginosa under the microscope</p></div>
<h2><em><span style="color:#0000ff;"> </span></em> </h2>
<h2><em><span style="color:#0000ff;">Acinetobacter</span></em></h2>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="552">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Main Species</td>
<td width="420" valign="top"><em>Acinetobacter baumanii</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Characterisics</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Found in hospital environment, usually ICU or in immunocompormised patientsOpportunistic pathogen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Where</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Enter into the body through open wounds, catheters &#38; ventilators.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Cause</td>
<td width="420" valign="top"><strong>Nosocomial</strong> infections eg HAP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Treatment</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Resistance to wide range of AntibioticSusceptible to Tienam, tygecycline (Tygacil)For multi-resistance <em>acinetobacter</em> – Polymixin B (Very toxic)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div id="attachment_130" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 310px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-130" title="acinetobacter_baumannii" src="http://medicalsciences.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/acinetobacter_baumannii.jpg?w=300" alt="acinetobacter_baumannii" width="300" height="203" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Acinetobacter baumannii under the microscope</p></div>
<h2><span style="color:#0000ff;"><em><span style="color:#0000ff;"> </span></em></span></h2>
<h2><span style="color:#0000ff;"><em><span style="color:#0000ff;"> Bacteroides</span></em></span></h2>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="552">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Main Species</td>
<td width="420" valign="top"><em>Bacteroides fragilis</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Characteristics</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Formation of abscessBacteroides species generally does not cause disease unless they are introduced into deep tissue that are normally sterile eg. Contamination of peritoneal cavity with intestinal contents during surgery/ trauma</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Where</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Human large gut</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Cause</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">75% of Intra-abdominal infection eg IAI abscess, peritonitis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Treatment</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Metronidazole</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<h2><em><span style="color:#0000ff;">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</span></em></h2>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="552">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Main Species</td>
<td width="420" valign="top"><em>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Characteristics</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Opportunistic pathogen esp after usage of broad spectrum antibiotic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Where</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Aqueous environments: water, urine, or respiratory secretionsFrequently colonizes catheters &#38; ventilators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Cause</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">Nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="132" valign="top">Treatment</td>
<td width="420" valign="top">TMP/SMX (Bactrim), Cefepime (Maxipime), tygecycline (Tygacil)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>     </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em> </em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[propagginazione - ragia]]></title>
<link>http://lemmarioenciclopedico.wordpress.com/2009/09/05/propagginazione-ragia/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2009 22:42:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>antoniobon</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lemmarioenciclopedico.wordpress.com/2009/09/05/propagginazione-ragia/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[propagginazióne,propagginazione, propàggine,propaggine, propago,propago, propàgulo o propàgolo,propa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>propagginazióne,propagginazione, propàggine,propaggine, propago,propago, propàgulo o propàgolo,propagulo_o_propagolo, propalare,propalare, propalazióne,propalazione, propano,propano, propanòlo,propanolo, propantelina,propantelina, proparossìtono,proparossitono, pròpe,prope, propedèutica,propedeutica, propedèutico,propedeutico, propellènte,propellente, propèllere,propellere, propèndere,propendere, propène,propene, propensióne,propensione, propènso,propenso, properdina,properdina, propergòlo,propergolo, properispòmeno,properispomeno, property tax,property_tax, propfan,propfan, propilammina,propilammina, propile,propile, propilèn-cloridrina,propilen_cloridrina, propilèn-cloruro,propilen_cloruro, propilène,propilene, propilenglìcol,propilenglicol, propilèn-òssido,propilen_ossido, propilèo,propileo, propìlico,propilico, propilite,propilite, propilitizzazióne,propilitizzazione, propìl-tiouracile,propil_tiouracile, propina,propina, propinare,propinare, propìnquo,propinquo, propionato,propionato, propiònico,propionico, propitèco,propiteco, propiziare,propiziare, propiziatòrio,propiziatorio, propiziazióne,propiziazione, propìzio,propizio, proplastìdio,proplastidio, proplàtino,proplatino, Proplicastòmati,proplicastomati, proponènte,proponente, proponìbile,proponibile, proponiménto,proponimento, propórre,proporre, proporzionale,proporzionale, proporzionalità,proporzionalita, proporzionaménto,proporzionamento, proporzionare,proporzionare, proporzionato,proporzionato, proporzióne,proporzione, propòsito,proposito, proposizióne,proposizione, propossifène,propossifene, propósta,proposta, propósto (participio passato),proposto1, propósto (sostantivo),proposto2, propranolòlo,propranololo, propretóre,propretore, propretura,propretura, proprietà,proprieta, proprietàrio,proprietario, pro-principia,pro_principia, pròprio,proprioyy, propriocettóre,propriocettore, propugnàcolo,propugnacolo, propugnare,propugnare, propulsare,propulsare, propulsióne,propulsione, propulsivo,propulsivo, propulsóre,propulsore, propulsus,propulsus, proquestóre,proquestore, pròra,prora, pro rata,pro_rata, prorettóre,prorettore, pròroga,proroga, prorogare,prorogare, prorogatio imperii,prorogatio_imperii, prorómpere,prorompere, pròsa,prosa, prosaicità,prosaicita, prosàico,prosaico, prosàpia,prosapia, prosàstico,prosastico, prosatóre,prosatore, Prosàuri,prosauri, Prosauròpodi,prosauropodi, proscènio,proscenio, proscillaridina,proscillaridina, Proscìmmie,proscimmie, prosciògliere,prosciogliere, prosciogliménto,proscioglimento, prosciugaménto,prosciugamento, prosciugare,prosciugare, prosciutto,prosciutto, proscritto,proscritto, proscrìvere,proscrivere, proscrizióne,proscrizione, prosécco,prosecco, prosecutivo,prosecutivo, prosecuzióne,prosecuzione, proseguire,proseguire, proselitismo,proselitismo, proselitista,proselitista, prosèlito,proselito, prosencèfalo o proencèfalo,prosencefalo_o_proencefalo, prosènchima,prosenchima, prosettóre,prosettore, prosièguo,prosieguo, prosillogismo,prosillogismo, prosinodale,prosinodale, pròsit,prosit, proskýn\f4~e\f0~sis,proskynesis, Prosobranchi,prosobranchi, prosodìa,prosodia, prosòdico,prosodico, prosodista,prosodista, pro soluto,pro_soluto, pro solvendo,pro_solvendo, prosòma,prosoma, prosopite,prosopite, prosopografìa,prosopografia, prosopopèa,prosopopea, prospaltèlla,prospaltella, prosperare,prosperare, prosperévole,prosperevole, prosperità,prosperita, pròspero (aggettivo),prospero1, pròspero (sostantivo),prospero2, prosperóso,prosperoso, prospettare,prospettare, prospèttico,prospettico, prospettiva,prospettiva, prospettivismo,prospettivismo, prospettività,prospettivita, prospettivo,prospettivo, prospètto,prospetto, prospezióne,prospezione, prospiciènte,prospiciente, prossenèta,prosseneta, prossenètico,prossenetico, prossenetismo,prossenetismo, prossenìa,prossenia, pròsseno,prosseno, prossimale,prossimale, prossimità,prossimita, pròssimo,prossimo, prostaciclina,prostaciclina, prostafèresi,prostaferesi, prostaglandina,prostaglandina, pròstata,prostata, prostatectomìa,prostatectomia, prostàtico,prostatico, prostatite,prostatite, prostatocistite,prostatocistite, prostatovescicolectomìa,prostatovescicolectomia, prostèndere,prostendere, prosternare,prosternare, prostèrnere,prosternere, pròstesi,prostesi, prostètico,prostetico, Prostìgmati,prostigmati, pròstilo,prostilo, pròstion,prostion, prostituire,prostituire, prostituta,prostituta, prostituzióne,prostituzione, prostòmio,prostomio, prostrare,prostrare, prostrato,prostrato, prostrazióne,prostrazione, prosumer,prosumer, prosuòcero,prosuocero, protagonismo,protagonismo, protagonista,protagonista, protalizzazióne,protalizzazione, protallo,protallo, protammina,protammina, pròtar,protar, protargòlo,protargolo, pròtasi,protasi, Protea,protea, Proteàcee,proteacee, proteaginóse,proteaginose, proteasi,proteasi, Protefemèridi,protefemeridi, protèggere,proteggere, protèico,proteico, Protèidi,proteidi, proteifórme,proteiforme, proteina,proteina, proteinòsi,proteinosi, proteinoterapìa,proteinoterapia, proteinùria,proteinuria, proteismo,proteismo, protèle,protele, Protelitròpteri,protelitropteri, pro tempore,pro_tempore, protèndere,protendere, protensivo,protensivo, pròteo,proteo, proteoglicano,proteoglicano, Proteolepas,proteolepas, proteolisato,proteolisato, proteolisi,proteolisi, proteolìtico,proteolitico, Proteomissi o Proteomissidi,proteomissi_o_proteomissidi, Proterandri,proterandri, proterandrìa,proterandria, proteràndrico o proteràndro,proterandrico_o_proterandro, proteroginìa,proteroginia, proterogìnico o proterogìno,proteroginico_o_proterogino, Proteroglifi,proteroglifi, Proterospermòfori,proterospermofori, Proterosuchi,proterosuchi, Proterozòico,proterozoico, protèrvia,protervia, protèrvo,protervo, pròtesi,protesi, protéso,proteso, protèsta,protesta, protestante,protestante, protestantésimo,protestantesimo, protestàntico,protestantico, protestare,protestare, protestatàrio,protestatario, protestato,protestato, protèsto,protesto, protètico,protetico, protettivo,protettivo, protètto,protetto, protettorato,protettorato, protettóre,protettore, protettorìa,protettoria, Proteus,proteus, protezióne,protezione, protezionismo,protezionismo, protezionista,protezionista, Proti\f12~c\f0~, Stojan,protic_stojan, protide,protide, protidemìa,protidemia, pròtiro,protiro, Protisti,protisti, protistologìa,protistologia, proto-,proto_, pròto,proto, protoàntropo o protàntropo,protoantropo_o_protantropo, Protoartròpodi,protoartropodi, Protoatlàntico,protoatlantico, protoàttico,protoattico, protoattìnio,protoattinio, Protoblattoidèi,protoblattoidei, Protobranchi,protobranchi, protobranchia,protobranchia, protocanònico,protocanonico, protocèfalo,protocefalo, Protocefaloidèi,protocefaloidei, protocèle,protocele, Protoceratops,protoceratops, protocèrco,protocerco, protocèrebro,protocerebro, Protociliati,protociliati, Protococcàcee,protococcacee, Protocoleòtteri,protocoleotteri, protocollare (verbo),protocollare1, protocollare (aggettivo),protocollare2, protocòllo,protocollo, protocónca,protoconca, protocorìnzio,protocorinzio, Protodonati,protodonati, protodòrico,protodorico, Protodrilus,protodrilus, Protoemitteri,protoemitteri, protofillo,protofillo, protofilosofìa,protofilosofia, protofìsico,protofisico, Protòfite,protofite, protogalàssia,protogalassia, Protogasteròpodi,protogasteropodi, protogeològico,protogeologico, protogeomètrico,protogeometrico, protogònio,protogonio, protoitaliòta,protoitaliota, protokilòlo,protokilolo, Protolepidofitali,protolepidofitali, protolìngua,protolingua, protologìa,protologia, protomàrtire,protomartire, Protomastìgidi,protomastigidi, pròtome,protome, protomèdico,protomedico, Protomediterrànei,protomediterranei, Protomeduse,protomeduse, protomerite,protomerite, Protomonadini,protomonadini, protomorfismo,protomorfismo, protomòrfo,protomorfo, protomotèca,protomoteca, Proton,proton, protóne,protone, protonefrìdio,protonefridio, protonèma,protonema, protònico (fisica),protonico1, protònico (linguistica),protonico2, protoninfa,protoninfa, protonotàrio,protonotario, protopàtico,protopatico, Protoperlari,protoperlari, protopianèta,protopianeta, Protopitiali,protopitiali, protoplasma,protoplasma, protoplasmàtico,protoplasmatico, protopòdio,protopodio, protopodite,protopodite, protòpodo,protopodo, Protopopov, Aleksandr Dmitrievi\f7~c\f0~,protopopov_aleksandr_dmitrievic, protoporfirìa,protoporfiria, protorace,protorace, protoromàntico,protoromantico, Protorosàuri,protorosauri, Protortòtteri,protortotteri, protoscòlice,protoscolice, protoscrinàrio,protoscrinario, protosebaste,protosebaste, Protosignati,protosignati, protosincrotróne,protosincrotrone, protosòma,protosoma, protospasmo,protospasmo, protospatàrio,protospatario, Protospongia,protospongia, protòssido,protossido, protostèle,protostele, protostélla,protostella, Protòstomi,protostomi, protostòria,protostoria, Protosuchi,protosuchi, Prototèri,prototeri, prototèsi,prototesi, protòtipo,prototipo, prototipògrafo,prototipografo, protòtroco,prototroco, protòttero,protottero, protovertebrale,protovertebrale, protoxilèma,protoxilema, Protozòi,protozoi, protozoologìa,protozoologia, protrarre,protrarre, protràttile,protrattile, protrèptico,protreptico, protrèttico,protrettico, Protriclàdidi,protricladidi, protrombina,protrombina, protrùdere,protrudere, protrusióne,protrusione, protruso,protruso, protuberanza,protuberanza, protuberare,protuberare, Pròturi,proturi, protutèla,protutela, protutóre,protutore, proustite,proustite, pròva,prova, provacircùiti,provacircuiti, provare,provare, provato,provato, provatura,provatura, provèccio,proveccio, provènda,provenda, proveniènza,provenienza, provenire,provenire, provènto,provento, proventrìcolo,proventricolo, proventrìglio,proventriglio, provenzale,provenzale, provenzaleggiante,provenzaleggiante, provenzalismo,provenzalismo, provenzalista,provenzalista, proverbiale,proverbiale, proverbiare,proverbiare, provèrbio,proverbio, provése,provese, provétta,provetta, provètto,provetto, provianda,provianda, provicàrio,provicario, provider,provider, provìncia,provincia, provinciale,provinciale, provincialismo,provincialismo, provino,provino, provisino,provisino, provitamina,provitamina, pròvo,provo, provocare,provocare, provocatio ad populum,provocatio_ad_populum, provocatóre,provocatore, provocatòrio,provocatorio, provocazióne,provocazione, pròvola,provola, provolóne,provolone, provvedére,provvedere, provvediménto,provvedimento, provveditorato,provveditorato, provveditóre,provveditore, provvidènza,provvidenza, provvidenziale,provvidenziale, pròvvido,provvido, provvigióne,provvigione, provvisionale,provvisionale, provvisionare,provvisionare, provvisióne,provvisione, provvisorietà,provvisorieta, provvisòrio,provvisorio, provvista,provvista, provvisto,provvisto, prozìo,prozio, pròzio,prozio_1, prua,prua, prude,prude, prudènte,prudente, prudènza,prudenza, prudenziale,prudenziale, prùdere,prudere, pruderie,pruderie, prudóre,prudore, prueggiare,prueggiare, pruéggio,prueggio, prugna,prugna, prugno,prugno, prùgnola,prugnola, prùgnolo,prugnolo, prugnòlo,prugnolo_1, pruina,pruina, pruinóso,pruinoso, pruna,pruna, prunàio,prunaio, prunèlla,prunella, Prunèllidi,prunellidi, prunéto,pruneto, pruno,pruno, prunolaurasina,prunolaurasina, Prunus,prunus, prurìgine,prurigine, pruriginóso,pruriginoso, prurigo,prurigo, prurire,prurire, prurito,prurito, prussianésimo,prussianesimo, prussiano,prussiano, prussiato,prussiato, prùssico,prussico, PS (sigla automobilistica),ps_2, P.S.,p_s_, psalmodìa,psalmodia, Psammètico (tiranno di Corinto),psammetico_1, psammite,psammite, psammo-,psammo_, psammòdromo,psammodromo, Psammòfite,psammofite, psammografìa,psammografia, psàmmon,psammon, psarisòmo,psarisomo, pschent,pschent, psefite,psefite, psefìtico,psefitico, Pselàfidi,pselafidi, Pselafògnati,pselafognati, Psephurus,psephurus, Pseudalopex,pseudalopex, Pseudanòstraci,pseudanostraci, pseudàntico,pseudantico, pseudànzia,pseudanzia, pseudèmide,pseudemide, pseudo-,pseudo_, pseudoaccoppiaménto,pseudoaccoppiamento, pseudoacusìa,pseudoacusia, pseudoagglutinazióne,pseudoagglutinazione, pseudoallucinazióne,pseudoallucinazione, pseudoalògeni,pseudoalogeni, pseudoangina,pseudoangina, pseudoartròsi,pseudoartrosi, pseudobócca,pseudobocca, pseudobrànchia,pseudobranchia, pseudobrookite,pseudobrookite, pseudocefaloematòma,pseudocefaloematoma, pseudocèle o pseudocelòma,pseudocele_o_pseudoceloma, Pseudocelomati,pseudocelomati, pseudocelomato,pseudocelomato, Pseudocheirus,pseudocheirus, pseudocisti,pseudocisti, pseudocolinesterasi,pseudocolinesterasi, pseudocomunità,pseudocomunita, pseudoconcètto,pseudoconcetto, pseudocrùp,pseudocrup, pseudocùpola,pseudocupola, Pseudodiadema,pseudodiadema, Pseudodifflugia,pseudodifflugia, pseudodìptero,pseudodiptero, pseudodominanza,pseudodominanza, pseudoepifragma,pseudoepifragma, pseudoepigràfico o pseudepigràfico,pseudoepigrafico_o_pseudepigrafico, pseudoepìgrafo o pseudepìgrafo,pseudoepigrafo_o_pseudepigrafo, pseudoermafroditismo,pseudoermafroditismo, Pseudofillìdei,pseudofillidei, pseudofrequènza,pseudofrequenza, pseudogamìa,pseudogamia, pseudogeyser,pseudogeyser, pseudogótta,pseudogotta, pseudogruppo,pseudogruppo, Pseudohaje,pseudohaje, pseudoimmàgine,pseudoimmagine, pseudoionóne,pseudoionone, pseudoipoparatiroidismo,pseudoipoparatiroidismo, Pseudoisidoriane, Decretali-,pseudoisidoriane_decretali_, pseudoisocromàtico,pseudoisocromatico, pseudoistruzióne,pseudoistruzione, pseudolinguàggio,pseudolinguaggio, pseudomàcchia,pseudomacchia, pseudomembrana,pseudomembrana, Pseudomonas,pseudomonas, pseudomónta,pseudomonta, pseudomorfòsi,pseudomorfosi, Pseudomyrma,pseudomyrma, pseudònimo,pseudonimo, Pseudonotòstraci,pseudonotostraci, pseudoolite,pseudoolite, pseudooperazióne,pseudooperazione, pseudoparàlisi,pseudoparalisi, pseudoparènchima,pseudoparenchima, pseudopècora,pseudopecora, pseudoperiòdico,pseudoperiodico, pseudoperìodo,pseudoperiodo, pseudoperìptero,pseudoperiptero, pseudopèste,pseudopeste, psèudopo,pseudopo, pseudopòdio,pseudopodio, pseudopterostigma,pseudopterostigma, pseudoràbbia,pseudorabbia, Pseudorca,pseudorca, pseudoscalare,pseudoscalare, Pseudoscorpióni,pseudoscorpioni, pseudosfèra,pseudosfera, Pseudosferiali,pseudosferiali, pseudosfèrico,pseudosferico, pseudosimmètrico,pseudosimmetrico, pseudostrato,pseudostrato, Pseudosuchi,pseudosuchi, pseudotabe,pseudotabe, pseudotubercolòsi,pseudotubercolosi, pseudovòlta,pseudovolta, pseudovulcànico,pseudovulcanico, pseudovulcano,pseudovulcano, pseudoxantòma,pseudoxantoma, Pseudoxiphophorus,pseudoxiphophorus, psi,psi, psi, effètto-,psi_effetto_, psicagogìa,psicagogia, psicagògico,psicagogico, psicagògo,psicagogo, psicanàlisi o psicoanàlisi,psicanalisi_o_psicoanalisi, psicanalista o psicoanalista,psicanalista_o_psicoanalista, psicanalìtico o psicoanalìtico,psicanalitico_o_psicoanalitico, psicanalizzare,psicanalizzare, psicastenìa,psicastenia, psicastènico,psicastenico, psiche (psicologia e filosofia),psiche1, psiche (arredamento),psiche2, psichedèlico,psichedelico, psichiatra,psichiatra, psichiatrìa,psichiatria, psichiàtrico,psichiatrico, psìchico,psichico, Psìchidi,psichidi, psico-,psico_, psicoacùstica,psicoacustica, psicoanalèttico,psicoanalettico, psicobiologìa,psicobiologia, psicochirurgìa,psicochirurgia, psicocinèsi,psicocinesi, psicocrìtica,psicocritica, psicodiagnòstica,psicodiagnostica, Psicòdidi,psicodidi, psicodinàmica,psicodinamica, psicodinàmico,psicodinamico, psicodislèttico,psicodislettico, psicodramma,psicodramma, psicofàrmaco,psicofarmaco, psicofìsica,psicofisica, psicofìsico,psicofisico, psicofisiologìa,psicofisiologia, psicogalvànico,psicogalvanico, psicogènesi,psicogenesi, psicografìa,psicografia, psicogràfico,psicografico, psicògrafo,psicografo, psicogramma,psicogramma, psicolessìa,psicolessia, psicolèttico,psicolettico, psicolinguìstica,psicolinguistica, psicologìa,psicologia, psicològico,psicologico, psicologismo,psicologismo, psicologista,psicologista, psicòlogo,psicologo, psicometrìa,psicometria, psicomètrico,psicometrico, psicomotóre,psicomotore, psiconevròsi o psiconeuròsi,psiconevrosi_o_psiconeurosi, psiconevròtico o psiconeuròtico,psiconevrotico_o_psiconeurotico, psiconòmico,psiconomico, psicopatìa,psicopatia, psicopàtico,psicopatico, psicopatologìa,psicopatologia, psicopedagogìa,psicopedagogia, psicòsi,psicosi, psicosomàtico,psicosomatico, psicostasìa,psicostasia, psicostimolante,psicostimolante, psicotècnica,psicotecnica, psicotècnico,psicotecnico, psicoterapèuta,psicoterapeuta, psicoterapèutico,psicoterapeutico, psicoterapìa,psicoterapia, psicoteràpico,psicoterapico, psicoterapista,psicoterapista, psicòtico,psicotico, psicotònico,psicotonico, psicròfilo,psicrofilo, psicromètrico,psicrometrico, psicròmetro,psicrometro, psictère,psictere, Psìllidi,psillidi, psìllio,psillio, Psiloceras,psiloceras, psilocibina,psilocibina, Psilofitali,psilofitali, psilomelano,psilomelano, Psilophyton,psilophyton, Psilòpside,psilopside, psilòsi,psilosi, Psilotali,psilotali, Psilotòpside,psilotopside, Psilotum,psilotum, Psithyrus,psithyrus, Psittàcidi,psittacidi, Psittacifórmi,psittaciformi, psittacismo,psittacismo, psittacòsi,psittacosi, psòas,psoas, Psocomòrfi,psocomorfi, Psocòtteri,psocotteri, Psofiidi,psofiidi, psofometrìa,psofometria, psofomètrico,psofometrico, psofòmetro,psofometro, psorìasi,psoriasi, Psoròptidi,psoroptidi, pss,pss, Pteranodon,pteranodon, Pteràspidi,pteraspidi, Pteridali,pteridali, pteridina,pteridina, Pteridium,pteridium, Pteridòfite,pteridofite, Pteridospèrme,pteridosperme, pterìgio,pterigio, pterigoidèo,pterigoideo, pterigo-palatino,pterigo_palatino, pterigopòdio,pterigopodio, Pterigòti,pterigoti, pterìlio,pterilio, pterilòsi,pterilosi, pterina,pterina, Pteriomòrfi,pteriomorfi, ptèrion,pterion, Pteris,pteris, ptero- o -ptero,ptero__o__ptero, Pterobranchi,pterobranchi, Pterocarya,pterocarya, Pteròclidi,pteroclidi, Pterodàttili,pterodattili, Pterofòridi,pteroforidi, pteroglòsso,pteroglosso, pteròide,pteroide, pteroilglutàmmico,pteroilglutammico, Pteromys,pteromys, Pteronotus,pteronotus, Pteronura,pteronura, Pteròpidi,pteropidi, ptèropo,pteropo, Pteròpodi,pteropodi, Pteròpside,pteropside, Pterosagitta,pterosagitta, Pterosàuri,pterosauri, Pterosticus,pterosticus, pterostigma,pterostigma, pteròtico,pterotico, Pterotrachea,pterotrachea, Pterygotus,pterygotus, ptialina,ptialina, ptialismo,ptialismo, pticocisti,pticocisti, Pticodattiari,pticodattiari, Pticopàridi,pticoparidi, pticozòon,pticozoon, Ptictodontidi,ptictodontidi, ptigmàtico,ptigmatico, Ptilocercus,ptilocercus, Ptilodontoidèi,ptilodontoidei, Ptilogonàtidi,ptilogonatidi, ptilonorinco,ptilonorinco, Ptìnidi,ptinidi, ptomaina,ptomaina, ptòsi,ptosi, Ptychites,ptychites, Ptychodus,ptychodus, Ptychoparia,ptychoparia, puàh,puah, pub,pub, pùbblica,pubblica, pubblicano,pubblicano, pubblicare,pubblicare, pubblicazióne,pubblicazione, pubblicismo,pubblicismo, pubblicista,pubblicista, pubblicìstica,pubblicistica, pubblicìstico,pubblicistico, pubblicità,pubblicita, pubblicitàrio,pubblicitario, pùbblico,pubblico, pube,pube, puberale,puberale, pùbere,pubere, pubertà,puberta, pubescènte,pubescente, pubescènza,pubescenza, pùbico,pubico, publica honestas,publica_honestas, public company,public_company, publiciano,publiciano, public relations,public_relations, public school,public_school, Puccinia,puccinia, puck,puck, puddellàggio o pudellàggio,puddellaggio_o_pudellaggio, puddellare o pudellare,puddellare_o_pudellare, pudding,pudding, puddinga,puddinga, pudèndo,pudendo, pudgala,pudgala, pudibóndo,pudibondo, pudicìzia,pudicizia, pudico,pudico, pudóre,pudore, Pudu,pudu, pueblo,pueblo, pueblo-andide,pueblo_andide, puericultóre,puericultore, puericultrice,puericultrice, puericultura,puericultura, puerile,puerile, puerilità,puerilita, puerìzia,puerizia, puerocentrismo,puerocentrismo, puèrpera,puerpera, puerperale,puerperale, puerpèrio,puerperio, puff,puff, pugilato,pugilato, pùgile,pugile, pugilìstico,pugilistico, pùgio,pugio, pùglia,puglia, pugliése,pugliese, pugna,pugna, pugnace,pugnace, pugnalare,pugnalare, pugnalata,pugnalata, pugnale,pugnale, pugnare,pugnare, pùgnere,pugnere, pugno,pugno, puh,puh, puisard,puisard, p\f4~u\f0~ja,puja, puku,puku, pula (agricoltura),pula1, pulce,pulce, pulcèlla o pulzèlla,pulcella_o_pulzella, pulcellàggio o pulzellàggio,pulcellaggio_o_pulzellaggio, pulcesécca,pulcesecca, pulciàio,pulciaio, pulcinàio,pulcinaio, pulcinèlla,pulcinella, pulcinèlla di mare,pulcinella_di_mare, pulcinellata,pulcinellata, pulcino,pulcino, pulcióso,pulcioso, pulédro,puledro, puléggia,puleggia, puléggio o pulézzo,puleggio_o_pulezzo, pulésco,pulesco, pulimentare,pulimentare, puliménto,pulimento, pulire,pulire, pulita,pulita, pulitézza,pulitezza, pulito,pulito, pulitóre,pulitore, pulitrice,pulitrice, pulitura,pulitura, pulizìa,pulizia, pullàrio,pullario, pùllman,pullman, pulloròsi,pullorosi, pullover,pullover, pull strategy,pull_strategy, pullulare,pullulare, pulménto,pulmento, pulmino,pulmino, Pulmonaria,pulmonaria, pulp,pulp, pulpite,pulpite, pùlpito,pulpito, pulque,pulque, puls (gastronomia),puls, puls (moneta),puls_1, pulsante,pulsante, pulsantièra,pulsantiera, pùlsar,pulsar, pulsare,pulsare, pulsàtile,pulsatile, Pulsatilla,pulsatilla, pulsatóre,pulsatore, pulsazióne,pulsazione, pulsióne,pulsione, pulsòmetro,pulsometro, pulsoreattóre,pulsoreattore, pulvillo,pulvillo, pulvinar,pulvinar, pulvinare,pulvinare, pulvino,pulvino, pulviscolare,pulviscolare, pulvìscolo,pulviscolo, pum o pùnfete,pum_o_punfete, puma,puma, pummaròla,pummarola, pumpellyite,pumpellyite, puna,puna, punaniano,punaniano, punch,punch punch_1, puncheon,puncheon, punching-bag,punching_bag, punching-ball,punching_ball, punen,punen, pùngere,pungere, pungiglióne,pungiglione, pungitóio,pungitoio, pungitòpo,pungitopo, pungolare,pungolare, pùngolo,pungolo, punibilità,punibilita, Punica,punica, punìceo,puniceo, pùnico,punico, punire,punire, punitivo,punitivo, punizióne,punizione, puñj\f4~a\f0~bi,punjabi, punk,punk, punta,punta1 punta2, puntale,puntale, puntaménto,puntamento, puntapièdi,puntapiedi, puntare,puntare1 puntare2 puntare3, puntasécca,puntasecca, puntaspilli,puntaspilli, puntata,puntata1 puntata2 puntata3, puntato,puntato1 puntato2, puntatóre,puntatore, puntatrice,puntatrice, puntatura,puntatura, puntazza,puntazza, puntazzo,puntazzo, punteggiare,punteggiare, punteggiato,punteggiato, punteggiatura,punteggiatura, puntéggio,punteggio, puntellaménto,puntellamento, puntellare,puntellare, puntèllo,puntello, punterìa,punteria, punteruòlo,punteruolo, puntianak,puntianak, puntigliare,puntigliare, puntìglio,puntiglio, puntiglióso,puntiglioso, puntillismo,puntillismo, puntina,puntina, puntinatura,puntinatura, puntinismo,puntinismo, puntino,puntino, punto (sostantivo e avverbio),punto1, punto (verbo),punto2, puntolino,puntolino, puntóne,puntone, puntuale,puntuale, puntualità,puntualita, puntualizzare,puntualizzare, puntura,puntura, puntuto,puntuto, punzecchiare,punzecchiare, punzonare,punzonare, punzonatrice,punzonatrice, punzonatura,punzonatura, punzóne,punzone, pupa,pupa1 pupa2, pupàrio,pupario, puparo,puparo, pupàttola,pupattola, pupazza,pupazza, pupazzettista,pupazzettista, pupazzétto,pupazzetto, pupazzo,pupazzo, pupilla,pupilla, pupillare,pupillare1 pupillare2, pupillo,pupillo, Pupin, Michael Idvorsky,pupin_michael_idvorsky, pupinizzazióne,pupinizzazione, Pupipari,pupipari, pupìparo,pupiparo, pupo,pupo, Purbeckiano,purbeckiano, purché,purcheyy, purchessìa,purchessia, pure,pureyy, purè,pure_1, purézza,purezza, purga,purga, purgante,purgante, purgare,purgare, purgativo,purgativo, purgato,purgato, purgatòrio,purgatorio, purgatura,purgatura, purgazióne,purgazione, purgo,purgo, purificare,purificare, purificatóio o purificatòrio,purificatoio_o_purificatorio, purificazióne,purificazione, purillo,purillo, purina,purina, purino,purino, purismo,purismo, purista,purista, purità,purita, puritanésimo,puritanesimo, puritano,puritano, puro,puro, puromicina,puromicina, purosàngue,purosangue, purple ore,purple_ore, Purpura,purpura, purpùreo,purpureo, purpurite,purpurite, purtròppo,purtroppo, purulènto,purulento, purulènza,purulenza, purusartha,purusartha, pus,pus, push-ball,, pusher,pusher, push dozer,push_dozer, push-pull,push_pull, push strategy,push_strategy, pusigno,pusigno, pusillànime,pusillanime, pusillanimità,pusillanimita, pusillità,pusillita, pusillo,pusillo, pùstola,pustola, pustolòsi,pustolosi, pustolóso,pustoloso, puszta,puszta, putacaso,putacaso, putativo,putativo, puteale,puteale, puti,puti, pùtido,putido, putifèrio,putiferio, putipù,putipu, putire,putire, putizza,putizza, put of more,put_of_more, putre,putre, putrèdine,putredine, putrefare,putrefare, putrefazióne,putrefazione, putrèlla,putrella, putrescènte,putrescente, putrescina,putrescina, pùtrido,putrido, putridume,putridume, putrire,putrire, Putsch,putsch, putta,putta1 putta2, puttana,puttana, puttaneggiare,puttaneggiare, puttanésco,puttanesco, puttanière,puttaniere, putto (sostantivo),putto1, putto (aggettivo),putto2, puy (rilievo vulcanico),puy1, puzza,puzza, puzzare,puzzare, puzzle,puzzle, puzzo,puzzo, pùzzola,puzzola, puzzolènte,puzzolente, puzzonata,puzzonata, puzzóne,puzzone, PVC,pvc, pya-zat,pya_zat, Pycnodontifórmi,pycnodontiformi, Pygaster,pygaster, Pygathrix,pygathrix, pyràl,pyral, pyròs,pyros, Pyrosoma,pyrosoma, Pyrrhosoma,pyrrhosoma, Pyrrhuloxia,pyrrhuloxia, Pyrsonympha,pyrsonympha, Pyrus,pyrus, Pythium,pythium, pyu,pyu, q,qyy, qabb\f4~a\f0~lah,qabbalah, qadar,qadar, Qadesh,qadesh, qagan o kh\f4~a\f0~qan,qagan_o_khaqan, qais\f4~a\f0~riyya o kaisariya,qaisariyya_o_kaisariya, qam,qam, qan\f4~a\f0~’a,qanaa, qanat,qanat, Qara-n\f4~a\f0~ma,qara_nama, qa\f3~s\f0~ba,qasba, qa\f3~s\f0~ida,qasida, qa\f3~s\f0~r,qasr, qat’e&#8217;,qate, qaul,qaul, QCD,qcd, QED,qed, Qedusah,qedusah, qianqing,qianqing, qibla,qibla, qiddu\f7~s\f0~,qiddus, qi\f3~s\f0~as,qisas, q\f4~i\f0~stu,qistu, Q-metro,q_metro, qua (avverbio),qua1, qua (voce onomatopeica),qua2, quaccherismo,quaccherismo, quàcchero,quacchero, quadèrno,quaderno, quadra,quadra, quadràbile,quadrabile, quadragenàrio,quadragenario, quadragèsima,quadragesima, quadragèsimo,quadragesimo, Quadragèsimo Anno,quadragesimo_anno, quadrangolare,quadrangolare, quadràngolo,quadrangolo, quadrantale,quadrantale, quadrante,quadrante, quadrantectomìa,quadrantectomia, quadrantidi,quadrantidi, quadrare,quadrare, quadràtico,quadratico, quadratino,quadratino, quadrato (aggettivo),quadrato1, quadrato (sostantivo),quadrato2, quadratóne,quadratone, quadratrice,quadratrice, quadratura,quadratura, quadraturismo,quadraturismo, quadraturista,quadraturista, quadrellatura,quadrellatura, quadrèllo,quadrello, quadrerìa,quadreria, quadrétta,quadretta, quadrettare,quadrettare, quadrétto,quadretto, quadri-,quadri_, quàdrica,quadrica, quadricipitale,quadricipitale, quadricìpite,quadricipite, quàdrico,quadrico, quadricorrelatóre,quadricorrelatore, quadricromìa,quadricromia, quadricùspide,quadricuspide, quadridimensionale,quadridimensionale, quadriennale,quadriennale, quadriènnio,quadriennio, quadrìfido,quadrifido, quadrifòglio,quadrifoglio, quadrìfora,quadrifora, quadriga,quadriga, quadrìgamo,quadrigamo, quadrigàrio,quadrigario, quadrigato,quadrigato, quadrigeminismo,quadrigeminismo, quadrigèmino,quadrigemino, quadrìglia,quadriglia, quadrilàtero,quadrilatero, quadrilingue,quadrilingue, quadrilobato,quadrilobato, quadrìlobo,quadrilobo, quadrilustre,quadrilustre, quadrimèmbre,quadrimembre, quadrimestrale,quadrimestrale, quadrimèstre,quadrimestre, quadrimotóre,quadrimotore, quadrinòmio,quadrinomio, quadripartire,quadripartire, quadripartito,quadripartito1 quadripartito2, quadripètalo,quadripetalo, quadripòlo,quadripolo, quadripòrtico,quadriportico, quadrirème,quadrireme, quadrirotóre,quadrirotore, quadrisìllabo,quadrisillabo, quadrittòngo,quadrittongo, quadrivettóre,quadrivettore, quadrìvio,quadrivio, quadro (aggettivo),quadro1, quadro (sostantivo),quadro2, quadròtta,quadrotta, quadrùccio,quadruccio, quadrùmane,quadrumane, quadrumvirato o quadrunvirato,quadrumvirato_o_quadrunvirato, quadrùmviro o quadrùnviro,quadrumviro_o_quadrunviro, quadrùpede,quadrupede, quàdrupla,quadrupla, quadruplatóre,quadruplatore, quadruplétto,quadrupletto, quadruplicare,quadruplicare, quadrùplice,quadruplice, quàdruplo,quadruplo, quadrupolare,quadrupolare, quadrupòlo,quadrupolo, quaestio,quaestio, quaestiones perpetuae,quaestiones_perpetuae, quaestiones quodlibetales,quaestiones_quodlibetales, quagga,quagga, quaggiù,quaggiuyy, quàglia,quaglia, Quàglia, Ferdinando,quaglia_ferdinando, quagliare,quagliare, quagliaròlo,quagliarolo, quagliata,quagliata, quaglière,quagliere, quagliòdromo,quagliodromo, quagliottara,quagliottara, quài,quai, quai,quai_1, quairata,quairata, qualche,qualcheyy, qualchessìa,qualchessiayy, qualcòsa,qualcosayy, qualcuno,qualcunoyy, quale,qualeyy, qualìfica,qualifica, qualificare,qualificare, qualificativo,qualificativo, qualificato,qualificato, qualificazióne,qualificazione, qualità,qualita, qualitativo,qualitativo, qualóra,qualorayy, qualsìasi,qualsiasiyy, qualsisìa,qualsisia, qualsivòglia,qualsivogliayy, qualùnque,qualunqueyy, qualunquismo,qualunquismo, qualunquista,qualunquista, qualunquìstico,qualunquistico, qualvòlta,qualvoltayy, Quamoclit,quamoclit, quamquam,quamquam, quando,quandoyy, quàntico,quantico, quantificare,quantificare, quantificatóre,quantificatore, quantificazióne,quantificazione, quantile,quantile, quanti minoris,quanti_minoris, quantìstico,quantistico, quantità,quantita, quantitativo,quantitativo, quantizzare,quantizzare, quantizzazióne,quantizzazione, quanto (aggettivo e pronome),quanto1, quanto (avverbio),quanto2, quanto (sostantivo),quanto3, quantoché,quantoche, quantocromodinàmica o QCD,quantocromodinamica_o_qcd, quantoméno,quantomeno, quantum,quantum, quantùnque,quantunqueyy, quaranta,quaranta, quarantano,quarantano, quarantèna,quarantena, quarantènne,quarantenne, quarantènnio,quarantennio, quarantèsimo,quarantesimo, quarantina,quarantina, quarantino,quarantino, quarantóre,quarantore, quarantottata,quarantottata, quarantottésco,quarantottesco, quarantòtto,quarantotto, quare,quare, quarésima,quaresima, quaresimale,quaresimale, quaresimalista,quaresimalista, quark,quark, quarkonio,quarkonio, quarta,quarta, quartabuòno,quartabuono, quartana,quartana, quartarellismo,quartarellismo, quartaro,quartaro, quartaròla,quartarola, quartaròlo,quartarolo, quartazióne,quartazione, quartettista,quartettista, quartétto,quartetto, quàrtica,quartica, quartierato,quartierato, quartière,quartiere, quartiermastro,quartiermastro, quartiglière,quartigliere, quartìglio,quartiglio, quartile,quartile, quartina,quartina, quartino,quartino, quartiròlo,quartirolo, quarto,quarto, quartodecimani,quartodecimani, quartogènito,quartogenito, quarto potére,quarto_potere, quartùltimo,quartultimo, quarzìfero,quarzifero, quarzite,quarzite, quarzo,quarzo, quarzoarenite,quarzoarenite, quàsar,quasar, quasi,quasiyy, quasiabeliano,quasiabeliano, quasicontìnuo,quasicontinuo, quasicontratto,quasicontratto, quasicòrpo,quasicorpo, quasi delitto,quasi_delitto, quasigruppo,quasigruppo, quasi monéta,quasi_moneta, quasiovùnque,quasiovunque, quasi pàrroco,quasi_parroco, quasi possèsso,quasi_possesso, quasi reato,quasi_reato, quasi rèndita,quasi_rendita, quasiunifórme,quasiuniforme, quasi usufrutto,quasi_usufrutto, quàssia,quassia, quassina,quassina, quassù,quassuyy, quatèrna,quaterna, quaternàrio,quaternario, Quaternàrio,quaternario_1, quaternióne,quaternione, Quatremère, Ètienne-Marc,quatremere_etienne_marc, quatriduano,quatriduano, quatto,quatto, quattordicènne,quattordicenne, quattordicèsimo,quattordicesimo, quattórdici,quattordici, quattrinàio,quattrinaio, quattrino,quattrino, quattro,quattro, quattròcchi o quattr’òcchi,quattrocchi_o_quattrocchi, quattrocentésco,quattrocentesco, quattrocentèsimo,quattrocentesimo, quattrocentino,quattrocentino, quattrocentista,quattrocentista, quattrocènto,quattrocento, quattrocentosettanta,quattrocentosettanta, quattrocentovénti,quattrocentoventi, quattromila,quattromila, quattro tempora,quattro_tempora, quattuordecimani,quattuordecimani, quattuorviri,quattuorviri, quebracamina,quebracamina, quebrachina,quebrachina, quebracho,quebracho, quechua,quechua, Quedius,quedius, quégli,quegli, quéi,quei, Quelea,quelea, Quélen, Hyacinthe Louis, cónte di-,quelen_hyacinthe_louis_conte_di_, quéllo,quelloyy, quenching,quenching, quenelle,quenelle, quercéto,querceto, quèrcia,quercia, quercino,quercino, querciòla,querciola, quercitrina,quercitrina, Quercus,quercus, querèla,querela, querelare,querelare, querimònia,querimonia, quèrulo,querulo, querulomanìa,querulomania, quesito,quesito, quésti,questiyy, questionare,questionare, questionàrio,questionario, questióne,questione, quésto,questoyy, questóre,questore, quèstua,questua, questuare,questuare, questura,questura, questurino,questurino, quetzal,quetzal, qui,quiyy, quìa,quia, quichua,quichua, quid,quid, quiddità,quiddita, quidquid recipitur ad modum recipientis recipitur,quidquid_recipitur_ad_modum_recipientis_recipitur, quiescènte,quiescente, quiescènza,quiescenza, quietanza,quietanza, quietanzare,quietanzare, quietare,quietare, quiète,quiete, quietismo,quietismo, quietista,quietista, quietìstico,quietistico, quièto,quieto, quilisma,quilisma, Quillaia,quillaia, quinàrio,quinario, quinato,quinato, quinci,quinci, quincónce o quincunce,quinconce_o_quincunce, quindecenvirato,quindecenvirato, quindecènviri,quindecenviri, quindi,quindiyy, quindicennale,quindicennale, quindicènne,quindicenne, quindicènnio,quindicennio, quindicèsimo,quindicesimo, quìndici,quindici, quindicina,quindicina, quindicinale,quindicinale, quindicino,quindicino, quinquagenàrio,quinquagenario, quinquagèsima,quinquagesima, quinquagèsimo,quinquagesimo, quinquaginta decisiones,quinquaginta_decisiones, Quinqueloculina,quinqueloculina, quinquenèrvio,quinquenervio, quinquennale o cinquennale,quinquennale_o_cinquennale, quinquènnio o cinquènnio,quinquennio_o_cinquennio, quinquerème,quinquereme, quinta,quinta, quintadècima,quintadecima, quintale,quintale, quinta malattìa,quinta_malattia, quintana (patologia),quintana1, quintana (sostantivo),quintana2, quintèrno,quinterno, quintessènza,quintessenza, quintessenziale,quintessenziale, quintétto,quintetto, quìntica,quintica, quintìglio,quintiglio, quintile,quintile, quinto (aggettivo),quinto, quinto (sostantivo),quinto_1, quintogènito,quintogenito, quinton,quinton, quintùltimo,quintultimo, quintuplicare,quintuplicare, quintùplice,quintuplice, quìntuplo,quintuplo, quipo o quipu,quipo_o_quipu, qui prò quò,qui_pro_quo, quirinalista,quirinalista, quiritàrio,quiritario, quirite,quirite, Quiriti,quiriti, quiritta,quiritta, quisquìlia,quisquilia, quissìmile,quissimile, quivi,quiviyy, quiz,quiz, quoc-ngu,quoc_ngu, quodlibet,quodlibet, quòkka,quokka, quòll,quoll, quondam,quondam, quòrum,quorum, quòta,quota, quotalite o quòta lite,quotalite_o_quota_lite, quotàmetro,quotametro, quotare,quotare, quotatura,quotatura, quotazióne,quotazione, quotidianità,quotidianita, quotidiano,quotidiano, quotista,quotista, quotità,quotita, quotizzare,quotizzare, quòto,quoto, quo vadis?,quo_vadis, quoziènte,quoziente, Qwerty,qwerty, r,ryy, rabàrbaro,rabarbaro, rabattino,rabattino, rabazza,rabazza, rabbaniti,rabbaniti, rabberciare,rabberciare, rabberciatura,rabberciatura, rabbi,rabbi, ràbbia,rabbia, rabbìnico,rabbinico, rabbinismo,rabbinismo, rabbino,rabbino, rabbióso,rabbioso, rabbit-stick,rabbit_stick, rabbittite,rabbittite, rabboccare,rabboccare, rabbócco,rabbocco, rabbonacciare,rabbonacciare, rabbonire,rabbonire, rabbrividire,rabbrividire, rabbruscare,rabbruscare, rabbuffare,rabbuffare, rabbuffo,rabbuffo, rabbuiare,rabbuiare, Rabdiasoidèi,rabdiasoidei, rabdite,rabdite, Rabditini,rabditini, rabditòide,rabditoide, Rabditoidèi o Rabditidi,rabditoidei_o_rabditidi, rabdo-,rabdo_, Rabdocèli,rabdoceli, rabdòma,rabdoma, rabdomante,rabdomante, rabdomàntico,rabdomantico, rabdomanzìa,rabdomanzia, rabdòmero,rabdomero, rabdomiòma,rabdomioma, rabdomiosarcòma,rabdomiosarcoma, Rabdoplèuridi,rabdopleuridi, rabdosòma,rabdosoma, rabelaisiano o rabelesiano,rabelaisiano_o_rabelesiano, rabésco,rabesco, rabicano,rabicano, ràbido,rabido, rabóso,raboso, ràbula,rabula, racanata,racanata, raccàggio,raccaggio, raccapezzare,raccapezzare, raccapricciare,raccapricciare, raccaprìccio,raccapriccio, raccare,raccare, raccartocciare,raccartocciare, raccattacicche,raccattacicche, raccattapalle,raccattapalle, raccattare,raccattare, raccenciare,raccenciare, raccerchiare,raccerchiare, raccertare,raccertare, racchetare,racchetare, racchétta (sostantivo),racchetta1, racchétta (militaria),racchetta2, ràcchio (botanica),racchio1, ràcchio (aggettivo),racchio2, racchiùdere,racchiudere, racciabattare,racciabattare, raccoccare,raccoccare, raccoglibiètole,raccoglibietole, raccògliere,raccogliere, raccogliménto,raccoglimento, raccogliòlio,raccogliolio, raccoglitìccio,raccogliticcio, raccoglitóre,raccoglitore, raccoglitrice,raccoglitrice, raccòlta,raccolta, raccòlto,raccolto, raccomandàbile,raccomandabile, raccomandare,raccomandare, raccomandata,raccomandata, raccomandatàrio,raccomandatario, raccomandato,raccomandato, raccomandatòrio,raccomandatorio, raccomandazióne,raccomandazione, raccomodare,raccomodare, racconciare,racconciare, racconsolare,racconsolare, raccontare,raccontare, raccónto,racconto, raccorciaménto,raccorciamento, raccorciare,raccorciare, raccordare,raccordare, raccorderìa,raccorderia, raccòrdo,raccordo, raccostare,raccostare, raccozzare,raccozzare, racemìfero,racemifero, racemizzazióne,racemizzazione, racèmo,racemo, racemóso,racemoso, racer,racer, rachi-,rachi_, rachialgìa,rachialgia, rachianestesìa,rachianestesia, Rachianèttidi,rachianettidi, rachicentèsi,rachicentesi, ràchide,rachide, rachidèo,rachideo, Rachiglòssi,rachiglossi, rachimetrìa,rachimetria, rachischisi,rachischisi, rachìtico,rachitico, rachìtide,rachitide, rachitismo,rachitismo, Rachìtomi,rachitomi, racimolare,racimolare, racìmolo,racimolo, rack,rack, racket,racket, racla,racla, Racofòridi,racoforidi, racquetare o racquietare,racquetare_o_racquietare, racquistare,racquistare, rad,rad, rada (geomorfologia),rada, rada (politica),rada_1, ràdar,radar, radaraltìmetro,radaraltimetro, radarastronomìa,radarastronomia, radarfaro,radarfaro, radariflettóre,radariflettore, radarisponditóre,radarisponditore, radarista,radarista, radarìstica,radaristica, radarmeteorologìa,radarmeteorologia, radarnavigazióne,radarnavigazione, radartachìmetro,radartachimetro, radarterapìa,radarterapia, raddensare,raddensare, raddobbare,raddobbare, raddòbbo,raddobbo, raddolciménto,raddolcimento, raddolcire,raddolcire, raddoppiaménto,raddoppiamento, raddoppiare,raddoppiare, raddóppio,raddoppio, raddótto,raddotto, raddrizzaménto,raddrizzamento, raddrizzare,raddrizzare, raddrizzatóre,raddrizzatore, raddrizzatrice,raddrizzatrice, raddrizzatura,raddrizzatura, raddurre,raddurre, radènte,radente, ràdere,radere, radiale (geometria, astronomia e altro),radiale1, radiale (anatomia e biologia),radiale2, radiante,radiante, radianza,radianza, radiare,radiare1 radiare2, Radiati o Raggiati,radiati_o_raggiati, radiativo,radiativo, radiato,radiato, radiatóre,radiatore, radiazióne (fisica e altro),radiazione1, radiazióne,radiazione2, ràdica,radica, radicale,radicale, radicaleggiare,radicaleggiare, radicalismo,radicalismo, radicalizzare,radicalizzare, radicando,radicando, radicare,radicare, radicchièlla,radicchiella, radìcchio,radicchio, radice,radice, radichétta,radichetta, radicìcolo,radicicolo, radicifórme,radiciforme, radicolare,radicolare, radicolectomìa,radicolectomia, radicolite,radicolite, radicolopatìa,radicolopatia, radìfero,radifero, radimàdia,radimadia, radio-,radio_, ràdio (sostantivo maschile),radio1, ràdio (anatomia e zoologia),radio2, ràdio o radium,radio3_o_radium, ràdio (comunicazioni),radio4, radioabbonato,radioabbonato, radioallineaménto,radioallineamento, radioaltìmetro,radioaltimetro, radioamatóre,radioamatore, radioapparato,radioapparato, radioascoltatóre,radioascoltatore, radioascólto,radioascolto, radioassistènza,radioassistenza, radioastronomìa,radioastronomia, radioastrònomo,radioastronomo, radioattività,radioattivita, radioattivo,radioattivo, radioaudizióne,radioaudizione, radiobarrièra,radiobarriera, radiobiologìa,radiobiologia, radiobùssola,radiobussola, radiocanale,radiocanale, radiocarbònio,radiocarbonio, radiocàrpico,radiocarpico, radiocèntro,radiocentro, radiochìmica,radiochimica, radiochirurgìa,radiochirurgia, radiocollegaménto,radiocollegamento, radiocomandare,radiocomandare, radiocomando,radiocomando, radiocompass,radiocompass, radiocomunicazióne,radiocomunicazione, radiocristallografìa,radiocristallografia, radiocromatografìa,radiocromatografia, radiocrònaca,radiocronaca, radiocronista,radiocronista, radiodatazióne,radiodatazione, radiodermatite,radiodermatite, radiodiagnòstica,radiodiagnostica, radiodiffóndere,radiodiffondere, radiodiffusióne,radiodiffusione, radiodilettante,radiodilettante, radiodisturbo,radiodisturbo, radiodramma,radiodramma, radioèco,radioeco, radioecologìa,radioecologia, radioeleménto,radioelemento, radioelèttrico,radioelettrico, radioeliògrafo,radioeliografo, radioemissióne,radioemissione, radioemitténte,radioemittente, radioesposizióne,radioesposizione, radioestesìa o radiestesìa,radioestesia_o_radiestesia, radioestesista o radiestesista,radioestesista_o_radiestesista, radiofaro,radiofaro, radiofonìa,radiofonia, radiofònico,radiofonico, radiofonista,radiofonista, radiofonògrafo,radiofonografo, radiofòto,radiofoto, radiofrequènza,radiofrequenza, radiofurgóne,radiofurgone, radiogalàssia,radiogalassia, radiogascromatografìa,radiogascromatografia, radiogènico,radiogenico, radiogoniometrìa,radiogoniometria, radiogoniòmetro,radiogoniometro, radiografare,radiografare, radiografìa,radiografia, radiogràfico,radiografico, radiogramma,radiogramma1 radiogramma2, radiogrammòfono,radiogrammofono, radioguida,radioguida, radioguidare,radioguidare, radiòide,radioide, radioimmunità,radioimmunita, radioimmunologìa,radioimmunologia, radioindicatóre,radioindicatore, radiointerferòmetro,radiointerferometro, radioisòtopo,radio, Radiolari,radiolari, radiolarite,radiolarite, radiolina,radiolina, radìolo,radiolo, radiolocalizzare,radiolocalizzare, radiolocalizzazióne,radiolocalizzazione, radiologìa,radiologia, radiològico,radiologico, radiòlogo,radiologo, radiolucite,radiolucite, radioluminescènza,radioluminescenza, radiomarìttimo,radiomarittimo, radiomessàggio,radiomessaggio, radiometallografìa,radiometallografia, radiometallurgìa,radiometallurgia, radiometeorologìa,radiometeorologia, radiometrìa,radiometria, radiòmetro,radiometro, radiomicròmetro,radiomicrometro, radiomimètico,radiomimetico, radiomòbile,radiomobile, radionavigazióne,radionavigazione, radionefrografìa,radionefrografia, radionuclide,radionuclide, radioónda,radioonda, radiopaco,radiopaco, Radio Patrol,radio_patrol, radiopilòta,radiopilota, radiopropagazióne,radiopropagazione, radioprotettóre,radioprotettore, radioprotezióne,radioprotezione, radioricevènte,radioricevente, radioricevitóre,radioricevitore, radioricezióne,radioricezione, radiorilevaménto,radiorilevamento, radioriparatóre,radioriparatore, radioscopìa,radioscopia, radioscòpico,radioscopico, radiosegnale,radiosegnale, radiosensibilità,radiosensibilita, radiosensibilizzante,radiosensibilizzante, radiosentièro,radiosentiero, radiosestante,radiosestante, radióso,radioso, radiosóle,radiosole, radiosónda,radiosonda, radiosorgènte,radiosorgente, radiospettrògrafo,radiospettrografo, radiospolétta,radiospoletta, radiostélla,radiostella, radiosvéglia,radiosveglia, radiotachìmetro,radiotachimetro, radiotassì o radiotaxi,radiotassi_o_radiotaxi, radiotècnica,radiotecnica, radiotècnico,radiotecnico, radiotelecomando,radiotelecomando, radiotelefonìa,radiotelefonia, radiotelefònico,radiotelefonico, radiotelèfono,radiotelefono, radiotelefòto,radiotelefoto, radiotelegrafìa,radiotelegrafia, radiotelegràfico,radiotelegrafico, radiotelegrafista,radiotelegrafista, radiotelegramma,radiotelegramma, radiotelemetrìa,radiotelemetria, radiotelescòpio,radiotelescopio, radiotelevisióne,radiotelevisione, radiotelevisivo,radiotelevisivo, radioterapèutico,radioterapeutico, radioterapìa,radioterapia, radioteràpico,radioterapico, radiotermìa,radiotermia, radio tracking,radio_tracking, radiotrasméttere,radiotrasmettere, radiotrasmettitóre,radiotrasmettitore, radiotrasmissióne,radiotrasmissione, radiotrasmittènte,radiotrasmittente, radioulnare,radioulnare, radioutènte,radioutente, rado,rado1, rado o ràdon,rado2_o_radon, radome,radome, ràdula,radula, radunanza,radunanza, radunare,radunare, radunata,radunata, raduno,raduno, radura,radura, rafanìa,rafania, rafanistro,rafanistro, ràfano,rafano, rafe,rafe, raffa,raffa, raffaèlla,raffaella, raffaellésca,raffaellesca, raffaellésco,raffaellesco, raffagottare,raffagottare, raffare,raffare, raffazzonare,raffazzonare, rafférma,rafferma, raffermare,raffermare2, rafférmo,raffermo, ràffica,raffica, raffievolire,raffievolire, raffigurare,raffigurare, raffilare,raffilare, raffinàl,raffinal, raffinaménto,raffinamento, raffinare,raffinare, raffinatézza,raffinatezza, raffinato,raffinato, raffinatóre,raffinatore, raffinatura,raffinatura, raffinazióne,raffinazione, raffinerìa,raffineria, raffinòsio,raffinosio, ràffio,raffio, raffittire,raffittire, Rafflesiàcee,rafflesiacee, rafforzaménto,rafforzamento, rafforzare,rafforzare, rafforzativo,rafforzativo, raffratellare,raffratellare, raffreddaménto,raffreddamento, raffreddare,raffreddare, raffreddatóre,raffreddatore, raffreddóre,raffreddore, raffrenare,raffrenare, raffrescare,raffrescare, raffrontare,raffrontare, raffrónto,raffronto, ràfia o ràffia,rafia_o_raffia, Ràfidi,rafidi, Rafìdidi,rafididi, rafìdio,rafidio, r\f4~a\f0~ga,raga, ràgade,ragade, raganèlla,raganella, ragas,ragas, ragazza,ragazza, ragazzàglia,ragazzaglia, ragazzata,ragazzata, ragazzésco,ragazzesco, ragazzo,ragazzo, raggelare,raggelare, raggentilire,raggentilire, raggiante,raggiante, raggiare,raggiare, raggièra,raggiera, ràggio,raggio, raggiornare,raggiornare, raggirare,raggirare, raggiratóre,raggiratore, raggiro,raggiro, raggismo,raggismo, raggiùngere,raggiungere, raggiungìbile,raggiungibile, raggiustare,raggiustare, ragglutinare,ragglutinare, raggomitolare,raggomitolare, raggranchiare o raggranchire,raggranchiare_o_raggranchire, raggrandire,raggrandire, raggranellare,raggranellare, raggravare,raggravare, raggricciare,raggricciare, raggrinzare o raggrinzire,raggrinzare_o_raggrinzire, raggrottare,raggrottare, raggrovigliare,raggrovigliare, raggrumare,raggrumare, raggrumolare,raggrumolare, raggruppaménto,raggruppamento, raggruppare,raggruppare, raggruzzolare,raggruzzolare, ragguagliare,ragguagliare, ragguàglio,ragguaglio, ragguardare,ragguardare, ragguardévole,ragguardevole, ragia,_ragia, ràgia,ragia, ragià,ragia_1,</p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BAKTERI Pseudomonas pseudomallei TERHADAP DOMINANSI Microcystis aeruginosa  DAN KERAGAMAN JENIS PLANKTON]]></title>
<link>http://sorecerah.wordpress.com/2009/08/20/pengaruh-penambahan-bakteri-pseudomonas-pseudomallei-terhadap-dominansi-microcystis-aeruginosa-dan-keragaman-jenis-plankton/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2009 04:33:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sorecerah</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sorecerah.wordpress.com/2009/08/20/pengaruh-penambahan-bakteri-pseudomonas-pseudomallei-terhadap-dominansi-microcystis-aeruginosa-dan-keragaman-jenis-plankton/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[PENDAHULUAN Latar Belakang Banyak studi menjelaskan bahwa Cyanophyceae adalah fitoplankton yang meru]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><!-- 		@page { size: 21cm 29.7cm; margin: 2cm } 		P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } 		H1 { margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; color: #000000; page-break-after: auto } 		H1.western { font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; so-language: en-US } 		H1.cjk { font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode" } 		H1.ctl { font-family: "Tahoma" } 		A:link { color: #0000ff } --></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;widows:0;orphans:0;" lang="id-ID" align="CENTER"><strong>PENDAHULUAN</strong></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong><span lang="id-ID">Latar Belakang </span></strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="id-ID">Banyak studi menjelaskan bahwa Cyanophyceae adalah fitoplankton yang merugikan di perairan karena berbagai hal seperti ukuran koloni, racun yang dihasilkan dan kandungan nutrisi yang rendah (Watanabe </span><em><span lang="id-ID">et al</span></em><span lang="id-ID">., 1996).  Genus dari Cyanophyceae  yang sering menimbulkan masalah adalah </span><em><span lang="id-ID">Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Microcyctis </span></em><span lang="id-ID">dan</span><em><span lang="id-ID"> Aphanizomenone. </span></em><span lang="id-ID"> Dari keempat genus Cyanophyceae tersebut jenis </span><em><span lang="id-ID">Microcyctis</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> spp. merupakan jenis yang paling sering merugikan pembudidaya terutama dari species </span><em><span lang="id-ID">Microcystis aeruginosa</span></em><span lang="id-ID">.</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><em><span lang="id-ID">M. aeruginosa</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> dapat menghasilkan dua macam racun yaitu geosmin dan microcystins (Gill, 2006 dan Ontario, 2005).  Racun-racun tersebut dapat membahayakan organisme mulai dari organisme akuatik hingga manusia. Dampak negatif dari blooming </span><em><span lang="id-ID">M. aeruginosa</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> pada perairan adalah rendahnya kandungan oksigen terlarut (</span><em><span lang="id-ID">Dissolved Oxygen</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> atau DO) terutama pada malam hari (Jacoby </span><em><span lang="id-ID">et al</span></em><span lang="id-ID">.,2000), kandungan NH</span><sub><span lang="id-ID">3</span></sub><span lang="id-ID"> yang tinggi sehingga mengakibatkan kondisi dasar tambak menjadi anaerobik (Hadie, 2002). </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="id-ID">Masithah (2007) mengembangkan bakteri pektinolitik yaitu </span><em><span lang="id-ID">Pseudomonas pseudomallei</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> sebagai bahan probiotik untuk menekan pertumbuhan </span><em><span lang="id-ID">Microcystis aeruginosa</span></em><span lang="id-ID">. </span><em><span lang="id-ID">P. pseudomallei</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> pada konsentrasi 10</span><sup><span lang="id-ID">6</span></sup><span lang="id-ID"> CFU/ml dapat menghasilkan laju penurunan </span><em><span lang="id-ID">M. aeruginosa</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> sebanyak 13,99 cell/hari.  Dasar pengembangan probiotik tersebut adalah antagonis antara bakteri pektinolitik dengan </span><em><span lang="id-ID">M. aeruginosa</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> yang memiliki dinding sel banyak mengandung pektin (Hoiczyk and Hansel, 2000). </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="id-ID">Dengan dasar tersebut pada penelitian ini ingin diketahui bahwa penambahan bakteri pektinolitik dapat menekan pertumbuhan </span><em><span lang="id-ID">M. aeruginosa </span></em><span lang="id-ID">diharapkan memberikan kesempatan pada plankton lain yang menguntungkan di perairan untuk tumbuh dan berkembang biak. </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:100%;widows:0;orphans:0;" lang="id-ID" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong><span lang="id-ID">Perumusan Masalah</span></strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="id-ID">Apakah bakteri </span><em><span lang="id-ID">P. 	pseudomallei</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> dapat menurunkan 	dominansi </span><em><span lang="id-ID">M. aeruginosa</span></em><span lang="id-ID"> ?</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="fi-FI">Apakah bakteri </span><em><span lang="fi-FI">P. 	pseudomallei</span></em><span lang="fi-FI"> dapat meningkatkan 	keragaman jenis plankton ?</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="fi-FI">Berapa jumlah bakteri </span><em><span lang="fi-FI">P. 	pseudomallei</span></em><span lang="fi-FI"> yang tepat untuk 	menurunkan dominansi </span><em><span lang="fi-FI">M. aeruginosa</span></em><span lang="fi-FI"> dan meningkatkan keragaman jenis plankton ?</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="margin-left:.64cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:100%;widows:0;orphans:0;" lang="fi-FI" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Tujuan Penelitian</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Membuktikan bahwa penambahan bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> dapat 	menurunkan dominansi <em>M. aeruginosa</em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Membuktikan bahwa penambahan bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> dapat  	meningkatkankeragaman jenis plankton</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Mengetahui jumlah bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> yang tepat terhadap 	penurunan dominansi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> dan peningkatan keragaman 	jenis plankton.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:100%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Manfaat Penelitian</strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi ilmiah kepada mahasiswa, pembudidaya dan masyarakat mengenai penggunaan  probiotik.  Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari upaya pengembangan probiotik pengendali <em>M. aeruginosa</em>.  Selain itu diharapkan bahwa penggunaan bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> dengan dosis optimal dapat menanggulangi masalah dominansi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> dan meningkatkan keragaman plankton di perairan.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:100%;widows:0;orphans:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;" align="CENTER"><strong>MATERI DAN METODE PENELITIAN</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Waktu dan Tempat</strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal  Mei – Juli 2008 di Laboratorium Pendidikan Perikanan, Program Studi Budidaya Perikanan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan, Universitas Airlangga.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;"><strong>Materi Penelitian</strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Materi penelitian yang digunakan terdiri dari bahan dan alat penelitian. Bahan penelitian yang digunakan adalah bakteri pektinolitik (<em>P. pseudomallei</em>), cairan NaCl fisiologis, Nutrien Broth, fitoplankton  yang disaring dari air tambak wilayah Gresik yang mengalami blooming <em>M. aeruginosa</em> dengan plankton net no 25 (64 µm) dan aquadest. Alat penelitian yang digunakan adalah mikroskop, <em>shaker</em>, spektrofotomer, toples plastik, <em>haemacytometer</em>, pipet tetes, labu erlemeyer 100ml, <em>beacker glass</em>, batang pengaduk, thermometer, pHmeter, dan ammonia testkit.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;"><strong>Metode Penelitian</strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL).  Penentuan jumlah bakteri pektinolitik yang diberikan dalam kisaran yang luas yaitu antara 10<sup>2</sup> – 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/ml (Masithah, 2007). Jumlah bakteri pektinolitik yang diberikan dalam penelitian ini adalah perlakuan A diberikan bakteri pektinolitik sebanyak 10<sup>2 </sup>CFU/ml,  perlakuan B diberikan bakteri pektinolitik sebanyak 10<sup>4</sup> CFU/ml, perlakuan C diberikan bakteri pektinolitik sebanyak 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/ml, perlakuan D diberikan bakteri pektinolitik sebanyak 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/ml, perlakuan E diberikan bakteri pektinolitik sebanyak 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/ml dan perlakuan K sebagai kontrol. Setiap perlakuan diberikan ulangan sebanyak 3 kali.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;"><strong>Prosedur penelitian</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;">Persiapan 	penelitian</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="fi-FI" align="JUSTIFY">Sterilisasi alat merupakan tahap awal penelitian. Peralatan yang akan digunakan dicuci terlebih dahulu sampai bersih kemudian dibilas dengan air tawar.  Peralatan yang sudah bersih disterilkan dengan direndam dalam larutan klorin 150 mg/l selama 24 jam.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="fi-FI" align="JUSTIFY">
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;">Persiapan 	bakteri pektinolitik</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Bakteri pektinolitik yang digunakan pada penelitian berasal dari isolat murni <em>P. pseudomallei </em>(kultur murni <em>P. pseudomallei</em> merupakan hasil isolasi dari tambak di daerah Lamongan dan Gresik)<em> </em>yang<em> </em>dikultur pada media Nutrien Agar miring. Pengujian kemurnian dari isolat bakteri dilakukan identifikasi fisiologis terhadap isolat menggunakan Microbact Package</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Langkah awal yang dilakukan sebelum pembuatan suspensi adalah peremajaan kembali bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em>. Peremajaan kembali bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> dilakukan dalam 10 ml media cair Nutrien Broth (NB) di labu erlenmeyer ukuran 100 ml. Biakan bakteri dihomogenkan menggunakan <em>shaker</em> selama lebih kurang 24 jam pada suhu 30ºC dengan agitasi 90 rpm. Kultur <em>P. pseudomallei</em> diambil sebanyak 1 ml dan ditumbuhkan ulang dalam media NB 50 ml pada labu erlenmeyer ukuran 500 ml dan dihomogenkan menggunakan <em>shaker</em> selama 24 jam. Suspensi bakteri dibuat dengan mengambil 10 ml kultur <em>P.</em> <em>pseudomallei</em> dari media NB kemudian disentrifugasi dengan agitasi rpm selama 30 menit, dan didapatkan supernatan yang berisi bakteri, larutan NB dibuang kemudian diganti dengan cairan NaCl fisiologis steril, kemudian di homogenkan.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Penghitungan kepadatan bakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer dengan panjang gelombang (λ) 600 A. Data pembacaan spektrofotometer dikonversikan menjadi kepadatan bakteri (CFU/ml) yang diperoleh dari penghitungan meggunakan TPC (<em>Total Plate Count</em>). Kepadatan bakteri 10<sup>2</sup> – 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/ml diperoleh pada pembacaan spektrofotometer dengan Optical Density (OD) dengan kisaran 0,02 – 0,1.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;">Persiapan 	sampel <em>M. aeruginosa</em></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Sebanyak kurang lebih 100 liter air tambak yang mengalami blooming <em>M. aeruginosa</em> disaring menggunakan plankton net nomer 25 sampai didapatkan hasil saring berwarna hijau pekat.  Hasil saringan dimasukkan kedalam toples plastik yang tersedia, dengan volume yang sama.  Air yang berasal dari PDAM ditambahkan kedalam toples yang berisi hasil saringan air tambak hingga mencapai volume 1200 ml.  Bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> dimasukkan ke dalam masing – masing perlakuan sesuai jumlah bakteri yang telah ditetapkan.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;">Perhitungan 	plankton</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Pada awal sebelum diberi penambahan bakteri dilakukan identifikasi plankton yang terdapat pada media menggunakan metode identifikasi plankton (Eaton <em>et al</em>., 2005). <span lang="sv-SE">Setelah identifikasi maka dilanjutkan dengan perhitungan indeks dominansi </span><span lang="sv-SE"><em>M. aeruginosa</em></span><span lang="sv-SE"> dan indeks keragaman plankton.  Pengamatan dilakukan lagi setelah penambahan bakteri yang dilakukan setiap 2 hari sekali. </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Perhitungan indeks dominansi </span></span><span lang="sv-SE"><em>M. aeruginosa</em></span><span lang="sv-SE"> dan indeks keragaman plankton</span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"> diperoleh dari data kepadatan plankton.  Kepadatan plankton dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Big Block (Satyantini dan Masithah, 2005) yang menggunakan rumus sebagai berikut : </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Kepadatan Plankton = </span></span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"> x 10</span></span><sup><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">4</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"> sel/ml</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;"><strong>Parameter pengamatan</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;">Parameter Utama</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Parameter utama dalam penelitian ini adalah Indeks dominansi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> dan Indeks keragaman plankton.  <span lang="sv-SE">Parameter utama yang digunakan untuk menghitung penurunan dominansi yang akan diikuti dengan peningkatan keragaman plankton lain. </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="sv-SE">Menurut Simpson (1949) </span><span lang="sv-SE"><em>dalam</em></span><span lang="sv-SE"> Soegianto (1994) menyatakan bahwa perhitungan indeks simpson atau indeks dominansi adalah </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE"><span id="Frame1" style="border:medium none;background:#ffffff none repeat scroll 0 0;float:left;width:8.94cm;height:1.56cm;padding:0;"></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;">Keterangan 	: D = Indeks Dominansi </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:2.22cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;">ni 	= jumlah individu jenis ke-i             N = Jumlah total individu.</span></p>
<p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">O<span id="Frame2" style="border:medium none;background:#ffffff none repeat scroll 0 0;float:left;width:13.07cm;height:2.62cm;padding:0;"></p>
<p style="margin-left:2.42cm;text-indent:-2.42cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;">Keterangan :	 	H = Indeks Keragaman jenis </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:2.54cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;">Pi = 	Kelimpahan relatif dari jenis biota ke-i yang besarnya</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:2.54cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;">antara 	0,0 – 1,0 (ni/N) </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:2.54cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;">ni = Jumlah 	individu jenis ke-i </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:2.54cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;">N = Jumlah 	total individu. </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p></span>dum (1974) menyatakan bahwa perhitungan indek keragaman plankton dilakukan dengan rumus yaitu </span></span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT,Times New Roman,serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;">Parameter 	pendukung</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Parameter pendukung dalam penelitian adalah suhu, pH, dan amonia. Pengukuran terhadap suhu, dan pH dilakukan setiap kali perhitungan kepadatan plankton.  Pengukuran amonia dilakukan tiap 5 hari sekali.  Parameter pendukung digunakan untuk melengkapi data dari parameter utama.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;"><strong>Analisa data</strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Pengaruh yang dihasilkan oleh tiap-tiap perlakuan diketahui dengan cara menganalisa data penelitian baik indeks dominansi dan indek keanekargaman secara statistik dengan menggunakan ANOVA (<em>Analysys of Variance</em>). Untuk menentukan perlakuan yang terbaik maka dilakukan uji lanjutan yaitu Uji Jarak Berganda Duncan (<em>Duncan’s Multiple Range Test</em>) (Kusriningrum, 2008).</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;" align="CENTER"><strong>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Hasil Penelitian</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Indeks dominansi </strong><em><strong>M. Aeruginosa</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.32cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Perhitungan indeks dominansi dilakukan dari pengamatan perhitungan populasi fitoplankton yang dilakukan setiap dua hari sekali mulai dari awal waktu penelitian sampai akhir waktu penelitian.  Hasil pengamatan yang diperoleh dihitung indeks dominansinya menggunakan indeks Simpson.  Data indeks dominansi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> yang diperoleh selama penelitian kemudian dianalisis secara statistik Hasil analisis statistik indeks dominansi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="sv-SE">Tabel 1. Indeks dominansi </span><span lang="sv-SE"><em>M. aeruginosa</em></span></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7" width="607" align="LEFT">
<col width="97"></col>
<col width="40"></col>
<col width="40"></col>
<col width="35"></col>
<col width="32"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="31"></col>
<col width="34"></col>
<col width="35"></col>
<col width="33"></col>
<col width="35"></col>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="97">
<p style="margin-right:-.13cm;"><span style="font-size:x-small;">Perlakuan</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="10" width="480" height="1">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">Pengamatan ke-</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" height="8">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="32">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="37">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">5</span></p>
</td>
<td width="31">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">7</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">8</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">9</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p style="margin-left:-.11cm;margin-right:-.11cm;" align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">10</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97" height="17">
<p style="margin-right:-.13cm;"><span style="font-size:x-small;">A 			(10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">2</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,567</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,543</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,623</span></p>
</td>
<td width="32">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,143</span></p>
</td>
<td width="37">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,290</span></p>
</td>
<td width="31">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,510</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,489</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,577</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,756</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,843</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97" height="17">
<p style="margin-right:-.13cm;"><span style="font-size:x-small;">B 			(10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">4</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,317</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,433</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,503</span></p>
</td>
<td width="32">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,190</span></p>
</td>
<td width="37">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,263</span></p>
</td>
<td width="31">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,400</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,740</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,590</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,766</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,813</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97" height="17">
<p style="margin-right:-.13cm;"><span style="font-size:x-small;">C 			(10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">6</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,27</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,310</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,620</span></p>
</td>
<td width="32">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,190</span></p>
</td>
<td width="37">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,313</span></p>
</td>
<td width="31">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,387</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,417</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,593</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,810</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,880</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97" height="17">
<p style="margin-right:-.13cm;"><span style="font-size:x-small;">D 			(10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">8</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,463</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,600</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,497</span></p>
</td>
<td width="32">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,083</span></p>
</td>
<td width="37">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,403</span></p>
</td>
<td width="31">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,277</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,660</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,467</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,783</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,873</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97" height="17">
<p style="margin-right:-.13cm;"><span style="font-size:x-small;">E 			(10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">10</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,397</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,360</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,533</span></p>
</td>
<td width="32">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,130</span></p>
</td>
<td width="37">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,173</span></p>
</td>
<td width="31">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,323</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,430</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,710</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,830</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,806</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97" height="16">
<p style="margin-right:-.13cm;"><span style="font-size:x-small;">K 			(Kontrol)</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,507</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,723</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,677</span></p>
</td>
<td width="32">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,233</span></p>
</td>
<td width="37">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,597</span></p>
</td>
<td width="31">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,513</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,637</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,793</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,740</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,876</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-indent:1.32cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Indeks dominansi paling rendah terjadi pada pengamatan ke-4 yaitu perlakuan D yang memberikan hasil tidak berbeda dengan perlakuan yang lain dan kontrol.  <span lang="sv-SE">Indeks dominansi paling rendah dialami oleh semua perlakuan dan kontrol pada pengamatan ke-4.</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.32cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Indeks keragaman jenis plankton</strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Data indeks  keragaman jenis plankton yang diperoleh selama penelitian kemudian di analisis secara statistik. Hasil analisis statistik indeks keragaman jenis dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Hasil uji jarak berganda Duncan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/ml (perlakuan C) berbeda yaitu dengan perlakuan kontrol (Perlakuan K)<em> </em>pada tiap pengamatan kecuali pada pengamatan ke-1, ke-5, ke-7, ke-9  dan ke-10.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Indeks keragaman jenis plankton mempunyai nilai paling tinggi pada pengamatan ke-4 yang ditunjukkan pada semua perlakuan termasuk kontrol.  Pada akhir pengamatan indeks keragaman jenis menunjukkan nilai paling rendah yang juga ditunjukkan pada semua perlakuan.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">Tabel 2  Indeks Keragaman jenis Fitoplankton</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7" width="616">
<col width="101"></col>
<col width="33"></col>
<col width="38"></col>
<col width="36"></col>
<col width="40"></col>
<col width="33"></col>
<col width="35"></col>
<col width="35"></col>
<col width="39"></col>
<col width="34"></col>
<col width="35"></col>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="101"><span style="font-size:x-small;">Perlakuan</span></td>
<td colspan="10" width="485">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">Pengamatan 			ke-</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33" height="9">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="38">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="36">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">5</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">7</span></p>
</td>
<td width="39">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">8</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">9</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-size:x-small;">10</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="101" height="9"><span style="font-size:x-small;">A (10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">2</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,880</span></p>
</td>
<td width="38">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,850</span></p>
</td>
<td width="36">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,843</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,607</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">ab</span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,317</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,980</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,986</span></p>
</td>
<td width="39">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,876</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,583</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,403</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="101" height="9"><span style="font-size:x-small;">B (10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">4</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,187</span></p>
</td>
<td width="38">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,040</span></p>
</td>
<td width="36">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,956</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,477</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">cd</span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,387</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,170</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,653</span></p>
</td>
<td width="39">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,883</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,580</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,470</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="101" height="9"><span style="font-size:x-small;">C (10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">6</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,360</span></p>
</td>
<td width="38">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,353</span></p>
</td>
<td width="36">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,890</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,703</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">a</span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,260</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,290</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,233</span></p>
</td>
<td width="39">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,860</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,440</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,310</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="101" height="9"><span style="font-size:x-small;">D (10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">8</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,040</span></p>
</td>
<td width="38">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,880</span></p>
</td>
<td width="36">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,077</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,597</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">abc</span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,083</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,290</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,746</span></p>
</td>
<td width="39">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,147</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,536</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,346</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="101" height="9"><span style="font-size:x-small;">E (10</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">10</span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> CFU/ml)</span></td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,020</span></p>
</td>
<td width="38">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,310</span></p>
</td>
<td width="36">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,893</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,517</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">abc</span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,513</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,267</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,169</span></p>
</td>
<td width="39">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,593</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,340</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,463</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="101" height="8"><span style="font-size:x-small;">K (Kontrol)</span></td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,996</span></p>
</td>
<td width="38">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,536</span></p>
</td>
<td width="36">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,756</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,320</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">d</span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="33">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,803</span></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">1,037</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">a</span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,860</span></p>
</td>
<td width="39">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,490</span></p>
</td>
<td width="34">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,586</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
<td width="35">
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">0,420</span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="margin-left:2.75cm;text-indent:-2.75cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size:x-small;">Keterangan : </span><sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">a,b </span></sup><span style="font-size:x-small;">Superskrip berbeda dalam satu kolom menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (p &#60; 0,05)</span><span style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Kualitas Air</strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Hasil dari pengukuran diperoleh bahwa suhu pada media berkisar antara 28° C &#8211; 30° C,sedangkan untuk pH berkisar antara 8 – 9.  Kadar amonia (mg/L) yang diamati pada penelitian ini stabil mulai dari awal penelitian hingga akhir penelitian dilakukan yaitu 0,25 mg/L.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Pembahasan</strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:1.32cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Menurut Clark (1974) dan Krebs (1972) <em>dalam </em>Arsil (1999), rendahnya keragaman jenis menunjukkan suatu ekosistem yang tidak seimbang dan memberikan peranan yang besar untuk menjaga keseimbangan terhadap kejadian yang merusak ekosistem dan spesies yang dominan dalam suatu komunitas memperlihatkan kekuatan spesies itu dibandingkan spesies lain.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Odum (1971), menjelaskan bahwa bila indeks dominansi mendekati nilai 1,00 berarti terdapat 1 jenis spesies yang mendominansi spesies lainnya, atau struktur komunitas yang labil, karena terjadi tekanan ekologi (strees).  Pada penelitian ini yang mendominasi adalah dari spesies <em>M. aeruginosa</em>, tetapi pada pengamatan ke-4 dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks dominansi pada penelitian ini mulai mendekati nilai 0,00 yang merata untuk setiap perlakuan.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Cara kerja dari bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> diduga dengan merusak dinding sel <em>M. aeruginosa</em> yang mempunyai dinding sel sebagian besar terdiri atas pektin (Hoizyck and Hansel, 2000).  Dewi (2006) membuktikan bahwa pada saat inkubasi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> bersama bakteri <em>Pseudomonas </em>spp. terlihat zona bening disekitar koloni <em>M. aeruginosa</em> selama inkubasi, yang menjelaskan bahwa pektin yang terdapat pada dinding sel  <em>M. aeruginosa</em> di manfaatkan sebagai nutrisi <em>Pseudomonas </em>spp. sehingga menyebabkan zona jernih di sekelilingnya.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Pengamatan ke-4 menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan C memberikan hasil yang rendah untuk indeks dominansi dan tertinggi untuk indeks keragaman.  Hal ini sesuai dengan yang diungkap oleh Masithah (2007), bahwa perlakuan bakteri dengan kepadatan 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/ml dapat menekan populasi <em>M. aeruginosa</em>.  Pengamatan ke-5 indeks dominansi mengalami peningkatan kembali hal ini diduga karena aktivitas enzim yang dihasilkan bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> mengalami penurunan, hal ini sesuai yang diungkap oleh Masithah  (2007) yang menyatakan bahwa aktivitas enzim  pektat liase dan poligalakturose mengalami  penurunan.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Penurunan indeks dominansi pada pengamatan ke-4 dialami oleh semua perlakuan termasuk kontrol. Perlakuan D mengalami penurunan yang terbesar bila dibandingkan kontrol yaitu 6 kali lebih besar Dari nilai indeks dominansi pada pengamatan sebelumnya, hal ini membuktikan bahwa adanya aktivitas bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> yang dapat mendegradasi dinding sel <em>M. aeruginosa</em> sehingga indeks dominansi mengalami penurunan.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Peningkatan kembali dominansi oleh <em>M. aeruginosa</em> disebabkan pula oleh ketahanan <em>M. aeruginosa </em>terhadap bakteri kemungkinan juga didukung adanya racun microcystin yang dihasilkan oleh <em>M. aeruginosa</em>. Hal ini sesuai pendapat Sigee <em>et al</em>.(1999) bahwa beberapa bakteri dan jamur menghilang setelah 7 hari tumbuh bersama <em>M. aeruginosa</em>. Meskipun terjadi degradasi dinding sel <em>M. aeruginosa</em> oleh <em>P. pseudomallei</em>, namun kepadatan <em>M. aeruginosa</em> meningkat, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas pembelahan sel <em>M. aeruginosa</em> lebih cepat dibandingkan sel yang terdegradasi oleh <em>P. pseudomallei</em>. Selain hal tersebut penambahan air PDAM yang mengandung klorin diduga dapat membunuh <em>P. pseudomallei</em> (Neogi, 2007), sehingga memberikan kemungkinan <em>M. aeruginosa</em> untuk kembali mendominansi.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Robarts and Zohary (1987) menyatakan bahwa suhu merupakan pembatas bagi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> untuk tumbuh, <em>Microcystis</em> spp. ditemukan dalam jumlah terbatas pada suhu dibawah 15°C dan pada suhu 25°C <em>Microcystis</em> spp. berkembang dengan baik. Koswandi (2001) menyatakan bahwa salah satu cara menanggulangi BGA adalah dengan menjaga pH agar tidak lebih dari 8,5.  Hal yang sama dikemukakan  oleh Jacoby <em>et al</em>. (2002) yaitu pH tinggi merupakan salah satu faktor lingkungan yang memacu <em>M. aeruginosa</em> untuk mengalami blooming dan mendominansi perairan</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Hal ini memberikan kesimpulan bahwa pH bukanlah faktor pembatas bagi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> untuk mengalami blooming. Hal yang sama pun didapat dari pengamatan nilai amonia yaitu 0,25 mg/L. Mukti <em>dkk</em> (2003) menyatakan bahwa batas minimum bagi plankton untuk tumbuh adalah sekitar 0,35 mg/L, tetapi bagi golongan Diatomae dan Cyanophyceae, nitrogen bukanlah faktor pembatas. Sehingga hal ini dapat dilihat dari kehadiran golongan Cyanophyceae dan Diatomae yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dari golongan plankton yang lain seperti Chlorophyceae.</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Penurunan indeks dominansi pada pengamatan ke-4 merupakan waktu penurunan yang cepat bila dibandingkan dengan pemberian bakteri lain seperti <em>Algalicenes denitrificans</em> pada pengamatan ke-5 setelah masa inkubasi (Manage <em>et al</em>., 2000). Jangka waktu pendek yang dihasilkan oleh serangan <em>P. Pseudomallei</em> terhadap populasi <em>M. aeruginosa</em> merupakan potensi sebagai pengendali biologis yang efisien, karena pengendalian biologis pada Cyanophyceae membutuhkan waktu yang cepat untuk mencegah pembentukan kembali blooming alga yang mengganggu (Martin <em>et al</em>.,1987 <em>dalam</em> Manage <em>et al</em>., 2000).</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="CENTER"><strong>SIMPULAN DAN SARAN</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Simpulan</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Pemberian 	bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> dapat menurunkan indeks dominansi <em>M. 	aeruginosa</em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Pemberian 	bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> dapat meningkatkan indeks keragaman 	jenis plankton.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Jumlah 	bakteri yang optimal untuk mendapatkan Indeks dominansi  <em>M. 	aeruginosa</em> rendah dengan indeks keragaman yang tinggi adalah  	pada perlakuan C (pemberian bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em> 10<sup>6 </sup>CFU/ml). Penurunan indeks dominansi paling besar dan 	peningkatan indeks keragaman jenis paling tinggi terjadi saat 	mencapai hari ke-8 atau pengamatan ke-4.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Saran</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Perlu 	penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai efektifitas pemberian enzim 	pektinase yang diekstrak dari bakteri <em>P. pseudomallei</em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">Perlu 	penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai penambahan pemupukan yang 	dikombinasi dengan <em>P. pseudomallei</em> dapat meningkatkan 	keragaman jenis.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-indent:1.32cm;margin-bottom:0;line-height:150%;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;" align="CENTER"><strong>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</strong></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.59cm;text-indent:-1.59cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Arsil, M.A. 1999. Struktur Komunitas Fitoplankton di Perairan Utara Pulau Batam Bintan dan Perairan Laut Natuna. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. 48 hal</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.59cm;text-indent:-1.59cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Dewi, U.U. 2006. Identifikasi Bakteri Pektinolitik Asal Tanah Dan Air Tambak yang Menghasilkan Ikan Bercitarasa Lumpur. Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya.</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:.49cm;widows:2;orphans:2;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Gill, A. 2006. Molecular Characterization Of Potential Geosmin-producing Cyanobacteria From Lake Ontario. Dalam <span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="http://www.agil2006.pdf/"><span style="color:#000000;">http://www.agil2006.pdf</span></a></span></span>. 196 pp. 13/04/2008 </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Hadie, A. 2002. Mencermati Blooming Fitoplankton. Majalah Mitra Bahari. Edisi Tahun VII, Nomor 2/2002.</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:.49cm;widows:2;orphans:2;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.59cm;text-indent:-1.59cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><strong><span>Hoiczyk, E and A. Hansel. 2000. </span></strong>Cyanobacterial Cell Walls: News from an Unusual Prokaryotic Envelope. Dalam <span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="http://www.journalofbacteriology.com/">http://www.JournalofBacteriology.com</a></span></span> 27/04/2008</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.59cm;text-indent:-1.59cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.59cm;text-indent:-1.59cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Jacoby, J.M.,D.C. Collier, E.B Welch., F.J. Hardy and M.Crayton. 2002. Environmental Factors Associated With A Toxic Bloom Of Microcystis aeruginosa. Canadian Journal Of Fisheries And Aquatic Science. Januari 2000. 231 – 240</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.59cm;text-indent:-1.59cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="it-IT">Koswandi, D. 2001. Cara mengatasi blue green algae. </span><span lang="fi-FI">Majalah Mitra Bahari. Edisi tahun VI nomor 2/2001</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Kusriningrum R.S. 2008. Perancangan Percobaan. Surabaya. Airlangga University Press. 274 hal</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.59cm;text-indent:-1.59cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.59cm;text-indent:-1.59cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Manage, P. M., Z. Kawabata and S. Nakano. 2000. Algicidal effect of the bacterium Algalienes denitrificans on Microcystis spp. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Vol 22:111 – 117</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">Masithah, E.D. 2007. Pengendalian Hayati Microcystis aeruginosa menggunakan bakteri pektinolitik. Naskah Kelayakan Thesis. Program Pascasarjana. Universitas Airlangga. (tidak dipublikasikan)</p>
<p style="text-indent:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="sv-SE">Mukti, A.T., M. Arief. dan W.H. Satyantini. 2003. Diktat Kuliah Dasar Dasar Akuakultur. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan. </span>Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Neogi, U. 2007. Effect of Commercially Available Disinfectant on Wild Type and UV Mutated Nosocomial Pathogen: <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>. Research Journal of Microbiology. 4 pp</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Odum, E.P., 1971, Fundamental Of Ecology Third Edition. Wb. Saunders. Co. Philadelpia.</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Ontario. 2005<strong>. </strong>Information about blue-green algae: Background, potential impacts to human health and safety of drinking water. <span lang="sv-SE">3 pp Dalam http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca 27/04/2008</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;" lang="sv-SE" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">Robarts RD, and Zohary T. 1987. Temperature effects on photosynthetic capacity, respiration, and growth rates of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. NZ J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 21: 391-399. Dalam <span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="http://www.rsnz.org/">www.rsnz.org</a></span></span> 13/04/2008</p>
<h1 style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span>Satyantini, W.H. dan Masithah, E.M. 2005. </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span lang="fi-FI"><span>Diktat Penuntun Praktikum Budidaya Pakan Alami. Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya. 57-58</span></span></span></h1>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY"><span lang="fi-FI">S</span><span lang="fi-FI">igee, D.C., R. Glenn., M.J Andrews., E.G Belli</span><span lang="de-DE">nger., R.D.Butler., H.A.S Epton., and R.D. Henry. </span>1999. Biological Control of Cyanobacteria Principles and Possibilities. The Ecological bases for lake and reservoir management. Kluwer Academic Publisher. Netherland. 161 – 172</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" lang="pt-BR" align="JUSTIFY">Soegiato, A. 1994. Ekologi Kuantitatif. Metode Analisisis Populasi dan Komunitas. Usaha Nasional. Surabaya. Hal 112-113</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:0;" align="JUSTIFY">.</p>
<p style="margin-left:1.27cm;text-indent:-1.27cm;margin-bottom:.49cm;widows:2;orphans:2;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">Watanabe, M.F., Ken-ichi H, Wayne W.C and Hirota F. 1996. Toxic Microcystis. 255 pp.  Dalam <span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/"><span style="color:#000000;">www.amazon.com</span></a></span></span> 12/04/2008</span></span></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Patiënten met prikkelbare darmen hebben andere darmflora]]></title>
<link>http://groenvoer.wordpress.com/2009/08/07/patienten-met-prikkelbare-darmen-hebben-andere-darmflora/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2009 09:08:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Rauwkost</dc:creator>
<guid>http://groenvoer.wordpress.com/2009/08/07/patienten-met-prikkelbare-darmen-hebben-andere-darmflora/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Bij patiënten met prikkelbare darmen (PDS) is de samenstelling van de bacteriën in de darmen anders ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Bij patiënten met prikkelbare darmen (PDS) is de samenstelling van de bacteriën in de darmen anders dan bij gezonde mensen. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van de Universteit Utrecht.<br />
<!--more--></p>
<p>PDS-patiënten hebben klachten van pijn in de buik of een onbehaaglijk gevoel in de buik, hetgeen samen gaat met een veranderd ontlastingspatroon. Tot op heden is er geen unieke oorzaak gevonden voor deze klachten. In haar proefschrift toont Angèle Kerckhoffs aan dat bij PDS-patiënten de samenstelling van de bacteriën in zowel de dunne als dikke darm anders is ten opzichte van gezonde vrijwilligers. </p>
<p>Het betreft een halvering van verondersteld goede bifidobacteriën en een toename van mogelijk schadelijke pseudomonasbacteriën. Deze veranderde bacteriële samenstelling kan bij een verhoogde darmdoorlaatbaarheid de afweer in de darm activeren. De darmdoorlaatbaarheid bij PDS-patiënten is meer toegenomen na het kort toedienen van schadelijke stoffen dan bij gezonde mensen. Dit toonde Kerckhoffs ook in haar proefschrift aan.</p>
<p>Bron: zorgkrant.nl</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Water Hardness Plays a Role in Removing Bacteria from Chicken Skin]]></title>
<link>http://purdueorganicandalternative.wordpress.com/2009/07/29/water-hardness-plays-a-role-in-removing-bacteria-from-chicken-skin/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2009 09:56:03 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>purdueorganicandalternative</dc:creator>
<guid>http://purdueorganicandalternative.wordpress.com/2009/07/29/water-hardness-plays-a-role-in-removing-bacteria-from-chicken-skin/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[from: themeatsite.com &#8220;Water hardness varies in different geographical locations, but most wat]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><em>from: themeatsite.com</em></p>
<p>&#8220;Water hardness varies in different geographical locations, but most water tested in the United States has some degree of hardness. </p>
<p>“Hard” water has higher concentrations of dissolved minerals, such as calcium and magnesium. Water is softened by removing these minerals, either mechanically or chemically. </p>
<p>Microbiologist Arthur Hinton, Jr., and chemist Ronald Holser of the ARS Richard B. Russell Research Center in Athens conducted studies comparing the ability of very hard, moderately hard, and “soft” water to rinse away bacteria like Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas from the skin of broiler chicken carcasses.&#8221; </p>
<p><a href="http://www.themeatsite.com/articles/761/water-hardness-plays-a-role-in-removing-bacteria-from-chicken-skin">Full Article Here</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[A questão da seleção multinível]]></title>
<link>http://biologiaevolutiva.wordpress.com/2009/07/26/a-questao-da-selecao-multinivel/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2009 02:47:08 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Gerardo Furtado</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biologiaevolutiva.wordpress.com/2009/07/26/a-questao-da-selecao-multinivel/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[No capítulo sobre seleção do meu livro, ensaiei iniciar uma discussão sobre a “unidade de seleção” n]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>No capítulo sobre seleção do meu livro, ensaiei iniciar uma discussão sobre a “unidade de seleção” nos processos seletivos, ou seja, qual a entidade biológica que tem sua frequência aumentada em virtude dos processos de seleção. Esse é um tema bastante controverso em biologia evolutiva, e rapidamente resolvi abandoná-lo no livro, para me focar na explicação dos conceitos fundamentais relacionados à seleção propriamente, pois desde o começo planejei escrever uma obra bastante resumida e curta. Agora, porém, posso tentar escrever uma linha ou duas sobre a <em>unidade de seleção</em>; esse artigo é uma primeira e superficial exploração deste tema.<!--more--></p>
<p>No que se convencionou chamar de darwinismo, ou em outras palavras, na biologia evolutiva clássica, a unidade de seleção é o organismo. Ou seja, a seleção é um processo que leva organismos diferentes, com propriedades e atributos distintos, a terem uma diferença em suas taxas reprodutivas. Considerando o organismo como um indivíduo, ou seja, aquilo que não pode ser cindido, temos que analisar o organismo em sua totalidade, competindo entre seus pares num ambiente de recursos limitados, e tendo uma maior ou menor taxa reprodutiva (que iremos chamar de <em>ajustamento</em>, ou fitness) em comparação a esses. Essa é a visão ortodoxa em biologia evolutiva.</p>
<p>Contudo, o processo seletivo, mesmo que ocorra no nível dos organismos, tem por efeito aumentar significativamente a freqüência deste ou daquele gene, desta ou daquela variante alélica específica. Segundo Stephen Gould, esta alteração nas freqüências gênicas deve ser considerada como uma conseqüência do processo seletivo, mas muitos biólogos passaram a considerar mais seriamente a definição do gene como “unidade seletiva”. Apesar dessa abordagem ter sido bastante popularizada por Richard Dawkins, a ponto de muita gente associar imediatamente a ele o conceito de gene como unidade seletiva, ela foi inicialmente postulada por George Williams, na década de 60.</p>
<p>Particularmente, apesar de todos os perigos desta coisa abominável que se chama reducionismo, não vejo porque não admitir, em certas situações, que a seleção ocorra no nível dos genes. A ocorrência de seleção em um nível não necessáriamente exclui a possibilidade de ocorrência de seleção em outros níveis. Stephen Gould, que é normalmente é visto de forma incorreta como um opositor desta idéia, deixa bem claro em seu “structure of evolutionary theory” (sem tradução em português) que admite a possibilidade de diversos níveis da hierarquia biológica funcionarem como unidades de seleção. Para quem ainda está um pouco confuso, esses &#8220;níveis&#8221; seriam, do menor para o maior: genes, células, tecidos, indivíduos, grupos sociais, populações, espécies, táxons maiores etc. Sem querer defender aqui um ou outro grupo, penso que o radicalismo partiu inicialmente de Dawkins e companhia, ao afirmarem categoricamente que os genes são a única unidade de seleção válida. Bem, o mais recente texto de Dawkins que li, onde ele reafirma esse ponto de vista (“Selection chooses only replicators such as DNA molecules”, em suas palavras), é de 94. Não sei se ele já admite outros níveis para seleção, e agradeço se alguém puder deixar algum comentário sobre isso.</p>
<p>Porém, iremos passar agora para o outro lado da hierarquia: do indivíduo para níveis maiores.</p>
<p>O problema surge com um exemplo bastante comum em biologia: suponha uma determinada presa, em meio a outras de sua espécie. Ao avistar um predador a espreita, a presa emite um sinal de alarme, avisando os seus companheiros a respeito do predador que se aproxima. O problema aqui, para explicarmos a evolução deste tipo de comportamento, que definiremos como altruísta, é que o indivíduo que inicia o alarme claramente chama a atenção do predador para si.</p>
<div id="attachment_142" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://biologiaevolutiva.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/altruismo.jpg?w=500" target="_blank"><img class="size-full wp-image-142" title="altruismo" src="http://biologiaevolutiva.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/altruismo.jpg" alt="Um comportamento altruísta traz benefícios a outros indivíduos, em um grupo." width="300" height="269" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Um comportamento altruísta traz benefícios a outros indivíduos, em um grupo.</p></div>
<p>As primeiras tentativas de se explicar a evolução deste e de outros tipos de comportamento altruísta fizeram nascer o que se chamou inicialmente de seleção de grupo. O indivíduo que dá o alarme, apesar de aumentar as chances de que ele mesmo seja capturado, reduz o número geral de capturas. Assim, ele age para o bem da espécie, e o grupo como um todo é beneficiado. Pode ser uma visão bonita, mas sou contrário a essa interpretação. O que se chamou originariamente de <em>seleção de grupo</em> na década de 60 está imbuído de uma visão teleológica absurda; é como dizer que “os organismos se reproduzem para perpetuar a espécie”, coisa que ouvimos constantemente, e que constitui um erro bastante grave (tratei dessa questão da “perpetuação da espécie” no capítulo sobre <em>pool gênico</em> do meu livro).</p>
<p>Como, então, interpretar esses comportamentos altruístas? Uma das alternativas mais famosas é a chamada seleção de parentesco, proposta por William Hamilton, entre outros. O que interessa aqui não é exatamente meu altruísmo, mas que indivíduos eu posso salvar (ou beneficiar) com ele. Quando, por exemplo, minha ação altruísta salva meu pai, meus irmãos, alguns primos e tios, que se encontravam comigo no rebanho, por exemplo, mesmo que o predador me capture, várias cópias de meus genes serão preservadas. Perceba que, aqui, a relação de parentesco é importante: quando perguntado se daria sua vida para salvar um irmão de um afogamento, John Haldane teria dito “não, mas salvaria dois irmãos ou oito primos” (segundo <em>Mathematical Models of Social Evolution</em>). Para quem não conhece os cálculos de parentesco, perceba que você compartilha com um irmão, em média, ½ de seus genes, enquanto com um primo você compartilha 1/8 dos genes. Assim, sacrificar-se para salvar uns 3 irmãos ou uns 15 primos seria até interessante, pois o número de suas cópias gênicas aumentaria na população.</p>
<p>Perceba, contudo, que a seleção de parentesco, explicada desta forma, privilegia a visão dos genes como unidades de seleção: um comportamento altruísta é evolutivamente selecionado porque aumentaria a freqüência daquele gene envolvido. Essa é uma explicação coerente, mas há outra possibilidade: a seleção em níveis superiores ao indivíduo pode ser explicada de outra forma, sem se trazer à tona novamente as falácias da seleção de grupo.</p>
<p>Antes de prosseguirmos, uma breve digressão: alguns comportamentos supostamente altruístas podem ter uma explicação bem diversa. Um exemplo clássico é o comportamento de “saltar” das gazelas (stotting, em inglês) com as patas estendidas, logo antes de fugir de um felino, ou mesmo durante a perseguição. Esse comportamento não serve para avisar a seus congêneres sobre a presença do predador; pelo contrário, esse sinal é dirigido exatamente para o felino! Pode ser que a gazela queira avisar ao felino que já o viu, ou então mostrar para ele que está em boa condição física; qualquer que seja o caso, os felinos abandonam mais frequentemente a perseguição contra gazelas que “saltam” do que contra gazelas que não “saltam”&#8230;</p>
<div id="attachment_143" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://biologiaevolutiva.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/stotting.jpg?w=500" target="_blank"><img class="size-medium wp-image-143" title="stotting" src="http://biologiaevolutiva.wordpress.com/files/2009/07/stotting.jpg?w=300" alt="Gazela saltando (stotting) ao ser perseguida por um guepardo" width="300" height="222" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Gazela saltando (stotting) ao avistar um guepardo</p></div>
<p>Voltando ao nosso tema: creio que há uma nova e adequada explicação para seleção em níveis acima do indivíduo. Trata-se de uma questão simples de auto-regulação do ponto de vista evolutivo. Um exemplo bastante interessante, que li na Scientific American de fevereiro, é o caso das bactérias <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em>. Há variantes que produzem um polímero que permite que a colônia flutue, e que têm um gasto energético maior para produzir este polímero; outras variantes, aproveitadoras, não produzem o polímero. A seleção com base nos indivíduos, ou mesmo nos genes, vai fazer com que a proporção de bactérias aproveitadoras na colônia se eleve. Contudo, se essa proporção for muito grande, a colônia afunda, e todas elas morrem. O artigo original, que em inglês é da edição de dezembro, pode ser lido <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=whats-good-for-the-group" target="_blank">aqui</a>.</p>
<p>O que podemos fazer nesse caso é definir toda a colônia como uma unidade de seleção. Há uma série de colônias, algumas onde as bactérias aproveitadoras são mais “agressivas”, outras onde são mais contidas. Sem nenhuma teleologia em jogo, o processo seletivo pode ser explicado como sempre foi: tratando a colônia como unidade de seleção, certas colônias originam mais colônias que outras (maior taxa reprodutiva), e, assim, propagam seus genes e seus comportamentos bacterianos individuais.</p>
<p>Atualmente, essas propostas de seleção para diversos níveis hierárquicos, inclusive níveis superiores ao do organismo, é o que se tem denominado de “seleção multinível”. Para esses biólogos evolutivos, a seleção de parentesco, por exemplo, seria apenas um dos vários casos de seleção multinível em níveis superiores ao do indivíduo.Penso que é uma proposta a ser considerada seriamente, e que deve ser tratada de forma matemática bastante rigorosa. A seleção tendo como unidade o indivíduo, ou mesmo os genes (para os mais reducionistas), não está descartada. Pelo contrário: para alguns propositores da seleção multinível, como Edward Wilson e David Wilson, “a adaptação, em um dado nível, requer um processo de seleção natural no mesmo nível, e tende a ser debilitada pela seleção em níveis inferiores”.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Plastic bags no longer a worry?]]></title>
<link>http://mariusostrowski.wordpress.com/2009/06/23/plastic-bags-no-longer-a-worry/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2009 11:01:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Marius Ostrowski</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mariusostrowski.wordpress.com/2009/06/23/plastic-bags-no-longer-a-worry/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Dizzy has an interesting piece about the discovery by a 16-year-old Canadian by name of Daniel Burd ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://dizzythinks.net/2009/06/teenagers-discovers-how-to-decompose.html"><img class="alignleft" src="http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/WWSEF/08Awards/08Burd06Port01.jpg" alt="" width="113" height="149" />Dizzy has an interesting piece</a> about the discovery by a 16-year-old Canadian by name of Daniel Burd of a way to decompose ordinary plastic bags in considerably less than the 100s of years cited by the green lobby. Through judicious use of a bacteria called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomonas"><em>Sphingomonas</em></a>, along with a helper bacteria called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas"><em>Pseudomonas</em></a>, polythene can completely degrade in about 3 months. The only ingredients, in Mr Burd&#8217;s own words, are &#8220;a fermenter&#8230; your growth medium, your microbes and your plastic bags&#8221;, the process requires little energy because the microbes produce heat as they work, and the only outputs are water and a minuscule quantity of CO2 (specifically, each microbe produces 0.01pc of its own body weight in CO2 throughout the process).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">So instead of landfills and rough-handed punitive legislation, this young Canadian has developed a way for individual people to set up their own bacteria-powered plastic degrading plants. <em>That</em>&#8217;s what I call scientific research!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/photos/uncategorized/2008/05/23/plastic.jpg" alt="" width="482" height="273" /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Overstocking and poor habitat lead to fish kills: Hewlett et al., 2009]]></title>
<link>http://naturedata.wordpress.com/2009/05/21/overstocking-and-poor-habitat-lead-to-fish-kills-hewlett-et-al-2009/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2009 17:20:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>pathdigger</dc:creator>
<guid>http://naturedata.wordpress.com/2009/05/21/overstocking-and-poor-habitat-lead-to-fish-kills-hewlett-et-al-2009/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Journal:Fisheries Management and Ecology Location: England and Wales, UK In 2004 and 2005, 187 fish ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Journal:<a href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118543587/home">Fisheries Management and Ecology</a><br />
Location: <a href="http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/">England</a> and <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/">Wales</a>, UK</p>
<p>In 2004 and 2005, 187 <a href="http://www.nccwep.org/stormwater/effects/algae_blooms.php">fish kills</a> were investigated in <a href="http://www.fisheries.co.uk/">lake fisheries</a> in England and Wales, predominantly stocked with <a href="http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/environment/naturalenvironment/celebrating_wildlife/volunteers_environment/guide_to_nat_hist_recording/species_surveys/fishfinders/fish_to_look_out_for/chi_fishfinders_carp.htm">Common Carp</a>. The fish kills largely occurred in Spring (April &#8211; June) in lakes with <a href="http://www.gofishing.co.uk/news/News-Search-Results/General-News/April-2009/Is-this-the-end-of-overstocking/">high stocking densities</a> (&#62;1500 kg ha−1), a <a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083%3C0743%3AHHHAAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2">uniform habitat</a>, and few <a href="http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/X7580E/X7580E02.htm">aquatic shore plants</a> (macrophytes). Mortality was mainly from parasitic infections (<a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FA006">White Spot</a>, <em><a href="http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/chilodonella.htm">Chilodonella</a></em> species, <em><a href="http://www.aboutfishonline.com/articles/costia.html">Ichthyobodo necator</a></em>, and <a href="http://www.tdsfb.org/Argulus-Project.htm">Fish Lice</a>) and ulcerative diseases caused by infection with the bacterium <em><a href="http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/reutd/fhm/aero2.cfm">Aeromonas salmonicida</a></em>, and secondary bacterial infections of other <em><a href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/quorum/aeromonas.htm">Aeromonas</a></em> and <em><a href="http://www.mass.gov/czm/wpfshlth.htm">Pseudomonas</a></em> bacteria. Recent stocking was linked to <a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.10/carp.html">Carp</a> fish kills.</p>
<p>Common Carp &#8211; <em>Cyprinus carpio</em><br />
White Spot &#8211; <em>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</em><br />
Fish Louse &#8211; <em>Argulus</em> sp. </p>
<p>Hewlett NR, Snow J, <a href="http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/cceec/staffandstudents/rob_britton.html">Britton JR</a>, 2009. <a href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122387880/abstract?CRETRY=1&#38;SRETRY=0">&#8220;The role of management practices in fish kills in recreational lake fisheries in England and Wales&#8221; Fisheries Management and Ecology, 16(3): 248 &#8211; 254, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00671.x</a></p>
<p>Affiliations: <a href="http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/">Environment Agency, UK</a><br />
<a href="http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/cceec/">Bournemouth University</a>, UK</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Busy Busy Busy]]></title>
<link>http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/2009/05/15/busy-busy-busy/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2009 23:49:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>A's Mommy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/2009/05/15/busy-busy-busy/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Well let me start off two weeks ago today. I got a call from A&#8217;s chest team saying that they b]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Well let me start off two weeks ago today. I got a call from A&#8217;s chest team saying that they believe that he just might have cystic fibrosis even though his sweat test that we did in March came back negative. WHY? Well because of the pseudomonas. And if he comes back negative for cystic fibrosis then they want to look into primary cilliary dyskenesia. So a lot of people have been saying &#8220;well at least they are doing what they should be now.&#8221; Yes, very true, BUT they are only looking into things now because of the pseudomonas. That&#8217;s it. I have been telling them for YEARS that they need to look closer at his lungs. In my mind it is the ONLY thing that they have not ruled out 100%.</p>
<p>Last Monday we headed to Sick Kids. We were told to not be late for our appointment as they would rebook us and that would be it. We have been waiting for this genetics appointment now for over a year. Anyhow we were there on time and placed into a room. A nurse had come in and took a little bit of information down about A and left telling us they would be right back. This was at about 1pm. At 2:30pm I went out and asked the man at the desk if we were forgot about. I mean for real, one and a half hours sitting in a room with a child that usually is napping at this time?? He told me the doctors were probably in the back room talking about A. Hmmmm well they didn&#8217;t know much yet, how could they be talking that in depth about him? That so wasn&#8217;t the case.</p>
<p>Guess what time we finally saw the doctor? 4:30pm!!!!! No apology, nothing! I was not too impressed and can&#8217;t believe that a doctors office can get THAT behind. Just not right at all for families to wait this long.</p>
<p>Anyways, we talked about A. He had read his files. Well some of them. He would need a year to read everything. He feels that something else is going on with Ashton but again just has no idea what or where to begin. One of the things that he was really hoping for was a new MRI. Unfortunately this is not going to happen as A has his cochlear implant and cannot have an MRI. The only way this would be possible would be to remove the implant, do the MRI and then replace the implant. And there is not a chance that I would do this to him!</p>
<p>So we left the appointment to head down to get a bunch of bloodwork done for this genetics doctor as well as the gentic bloodwork for the cystic fibrosis. When we go back to this doctor in 6-12months we will discuss the results as well as talk about doing biopsies and a spinal tap to check for neurotransmitters. Nothing like moving slow eh?</p>
<p>In other news. We had H&#8217;s service here on Sunday, Mothers Day. It was perfect for us and I feel much more at ease with everything. I definitely needed to do it to help me heal. To ease the pain. To put him to rest. We did a balloon release for him at the end of the service which was really awesome. I had pictures laminated of him and we attached one to the balloons before they were sent off. I also mailed out a ton for people that wanted to be a part of this for him. I have had six different people email their pictures already of the release that they did and WOW how touching. I cry every time I look at them. It means so much to me that people care enough to want to do this for us.</p>
<p>I will post the pictures we took soon&#8230;I have no space left on this blog so I am trying to figure that out!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Swine Flu: Why is This Different?]]></title>
<link>http://pilgrimpathway.com/2009/04/30/swine-flu-why-is-this-different/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2009 14:23:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Greg Katz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pilgrimpathway.com/2009/04/30/swine-flu-why-is-this-different/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Every news cycle over the past few days has been consumed with stories about the Swine Flu (I realiz]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Every news cycle over the past few days has been consumed with stories about the Swine Flu (I realize that the CDC is calling it something different so pigs aren&#8217;t insulted).  The World Health Organization is involved along with the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) and it helped facilitate the immediate confirmation of the new Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary Kathleen Sebelius.  It truly is a global issue that not only impacts health but economics around the world and in particular Mexico.</p>
<p>Viruses are around us all the time.  The hope is that our immune systems can keep them at bay, but when they can&#8217;t all hell breaks loose.  I&#8217;m particularly sensitive to these issues because I have a dog, yes a dog, who has been diagnosed with MRSA and Pseudomonas, not to mention staph infections.  These infections are prevalent in our healthcare settings and they don&#8217;t make news regularly&#8230;why do you think that is?  People die from these infections, but they aren&#8217;t casually transmitted and the big issue is they don&#8217;t impact the global economic situation like the Swine Flu.  The tentacles of the Swine Flu reach far and go deep&#8230;is that the only time when we put our attention into fighting illness?  I think I&#8217;m having one of those cynical touchstone moments that I discussed in a previous post.</p>
<p>One of the things talked about repeatedly on the news is how to protect yourself from getting infected.  Yesterday NPR had a story that gave us listeners a lesson on how to wash our hands.  They wanted everyone to know how long you should wash your hands for (20 seconds) and what song you can sing to get to the 20 second marker.  Are we so naive about our health?  Do we have such issues of entitlement that we believe we don&#8217;t ever have to take any precautions?  Isn&#8217;t that the thought around HIV&#8230; I can&#8217;t get it so I don&#8217;t have to worry about safe sex? </p>
<p>We have to begin taking better care of our health on a regular basis, not just when we increase the alert level.  We have to know what our risk factors are and how we can take better care of our bodies so we won&#8217;t have to confront the illnesses lurking in the shadows waiting for us to let down our guard.  What will you do to take better care of yourself?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[LA CISTITE]]></title>
<link>http://dottornaddaf.wordpress.com/2009/04/30/la-cistite/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2009 11:10:33 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Fadlo Naddaf</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dottornaddaf.wordpress.com/2009/04/30/la-cistite/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[LA CISTITE La cistite è la più nota, e frequente delle infezioni che colpiscono le vie urinarie. Que]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>LA CISTITE</strong></p>
<p>La cistite è la più nota, e frequente delle infezioni che colpiscono le vie urinarie. Queste infezioni possono coinvolgere solo le vie urinarie inferiori, solo quelle superiori o entrambi i distretti. In genere non passano inosservate, perchè si accompagnano a sintomi fastidiosi. Fortunatamente, però sono facilmente curabili e, con la terapia adegueta, si risolvono senza lasciare conseguenza. Ecco le principali infezioni delle basse vie.</p>
<p><strong>SINTOMI DELLA CISTITE</strong></p>
<p>Infezione delle vie urinarie, vescica e uretra.<br />
Sintomi: <strong><span style="color:#0000ff;">Disuria </span></strong>(minzione difficoltosa), <strong><span style="color:#0000ff;">stranguria</span></strong> (minzione dolorosa), <strong><span style="color:#0000ff;">pollachiuria</span></strong> (frequente sintomo ad urinare, con emissione di scarse quantità di urine), <strong><span style="color:#0000ff;">nicturia</span></strong> (necessità di alzarsi ripetutamente dal riposo notturno per urinare), <span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong>ematuria</strong></span> (presenza di sangue nelle urine), <strong><span style="color:#0000ff;">tenesmo </span><span style="color:#0000ff;">vescicale</span></strong> (dolore nella regione sovrapubica).<br />
Cause: infezione da batteri o da virus.</p>
<p><strong>BATTERIURIA ASINTOMATICA</strong></p>
<p>Infezione batterica silente, non manifesta sintomi e può annidarsi sia nelle alte che nelle basse vie urinarie. Si scopre con urinocolture di routine, nell&#8217;uomo si accompagna di solito a ostruzione delle vie urinarie o affezioni prostatiche. Molto importante identificarla in gravidanza perchè circa il 30% delle donne che ne sono affette va incontro a pielonefrite acuta con aumento della morbilità e della mortalità fetali.</p>
<p><strong>RECIDIVE</strong></p>
<p>Possono essere ricadute, dovute allo stesso agente eziologico (microrganismi), che ha raggiunto anche il rene, oppure reinfezioni, sostenute da batteri diversi, circoscritte alle vie urinarie inferiori.<br />
Nell&#8217;uomo le recidive sono quasi sempre dovute a prostatite batterica cronica.</p>
<p><strong>COME SI ARRIVA ALLA DIAGNOSI</strong></p>
<p>La diagnosi di cistite si basa, oltre che sulla<strong><span style="color:#0000ff;"> presenza dei sintomi caratteristici,</span></strong> sui risultati dell<strong><span style="color:#0000ff;">&#8216;esame delle urine</span></strong> e sull&#8217;<strong><span style="color:#0000ff;">urinocoltura</span></strong> con conta delle colonne batteriche sviluppate. Nell&#8217;analisi delle urine la presenza di un elevato numero di leucociti (globuli bianchi superiori a 10.000/ml), la presenza di batteri in numero significativo, la presenza di emazie (globuli rossi), la presenza di nitriti e un aumento del pH sono segni di cistite. Si considera solitamente che sia presente di 100.000 batteri/ml di urina.<br />
La vaginite può anche essere responsabile di disturbi a carico delle basse vie urinarie, si tratta spesso di infezioni da Trichomonas o da Candida, meno frequentemente da Clamydia trachomatis o da Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nei casi di cistite recidivante, quindi, può essere utile l&#8217;esame colturale eseguito su tampone vaginale.</p>
<div id="attachment_1670" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 510px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1670" href="http://dottornaddaf.wordpress.com/2009/04/30/la-cistite/img_1810/"><img class="size-full wp-image-1670" title="img_1810" src="http://dottornaddaf.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/img_1810.jpg" alt="MAREMMA." width="500" height="375" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">MAREMMA.</p></div>
<p><strong>UN&#8217;INFEZIONE MOLTO FREQUENTE</strong></p>
<p>Le cistite, asintomatiche e non, sono le infezioni battreiche più frequenti nella popolazione femminile: il 20-30% delle donne adulte (tra i 20 e 50 anni) sviluppa una o più episodi ogni anno, e l&#8217;incidenza aumenta con l&#8217;età, in gravidanza e nelle donne affette da diabete.<br />
Questa preferenza per il sesso femminile è dovuta alla conformazione dei genitali esterni e alla brevità dell&#8217;uretra (3 cm). Il vestibolo della vagina e la regione periuretrale, infatti, vengono facilmente in contatto con la flora fecale e l&#8217;uretra, più corta che nel maschio (16 cm), facilita la risalita dei batteri verso la vescica.</p>
<p>Più frequentemente  responsabile della cistite batterica è l&#8217;Escherichia coli (80% dei casi) un abituale saprofita dell&#8217;intetstino, seguono lo Stafilococcus epidermidis (9%) e lo Streptococcus fecalis (1-3%); altri germi aerobi della flora fecale come Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter e Pseudomonas hanno maggior importanza nelle infezioni complicate, da catetere o ricorrenti.</p>
<p>Non tutte le donne però sono ugualmente colpite perchè l&#8217;organismo dispone di molteplici meccanismi di difesa. I glicosamminoglicani, per esempio, impediscono l&#8217;adesione dei batteri patogeni alla parete vescicale; batteri non patogeni (lattobacilli, gram-positivi), ospiti abituali della vagina e della zona periuretrale, impediscono la crescita dei ceppi patogeni; l&#8217;acidità dell&#8217;ambiente vaginale e dell&#8217;urina ostacala la proliferazione dei batteri responsabili delle cistiti; una proteina renale (proteina di Tamm-Horsfall), che si ritrova nell&#8217;urina, ha la funzione di ostacolare l&#8217;adesione batterica alla pareti vescicale e di intrappolare i batteri, così da eliminare con l&#8217;emissione dell&#8217;urina; le immunoglobuline (anticorpi) specifiche sulla parete vescicale costituiscono una valida barriera alla colonizzazione da parte dei batteri.<br />
In alcune donne l&#8217;alterazione o la mancanza, di uno o più di questi fattori, fa aumentare il rischio di infezioni ricorrenti. Terapie antibiotiche, antitumorali o immunosoppressive, malattie croniche debilitantie e uso di cateteri sono tutte condizioni in grado di alterare negativamente i sistemi di difesa dell&#8217;appartao urinario.</p>
<p><strong>CISTITE E GRAVIDANZA</strong></p>
<p>La maggior predisposizione alle cistite durante la gestazione si deve attribuire alla diminuizione del tono dell&#8217;uretere e della peristalsi uretrale.<br />
Una batteriuria, spesso asintomatica, è presente nel 2-8% delle gestanti, ma la sua incidenza varia con la razza e lo stato socioeconomico. E&#8217; prudente il trattamento farmacologico già con basse cariche batteriche, perchè la pielonefrite può presentarsi anche con sole 20.000-50.000 colonie/ml di un singolo patogeno. Se non trattato, il 20-30% delle donne infette svilupperà un&#8217;infezione acuta delle alte vie urinarie con ricadute negative anche sul decorso della gravidanza. Le casistiche dimostrano che l&#8217;incidenza di parto pre.termine è significativamente maggiore (27%) in donne  con batteriuria asintomatica non trattata, rispetto a donne sottoposte a terapia antibiotica (7%), inoltre, questo comporta un rischio più elevato di mortalità neonatale.</p>
<p>Harrison&#8217;s Principles of Internal Medicine<br />
Elisa Lucchesini.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">LEGGERE ANCHE L&#8217;ARTICOLO &#8220;INFEZIONE DELLE VIE URINARIE&#8221;.</span></strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Long Overdue!!]]></title>
<link>http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/2009/04/29/long-overdue/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2009 20:05:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>A's Mommy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/2009/04/29/long-overdue/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Wow it has been a long time since I have blogged!!! A is back to himself and has been for about a we]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;">Wow it has been a long time since I have blogged!!! A is back to himself and has been for about a week now. He came off the oxygen last weekend and by Monday of last week he was smiling and his happy self. Not too sure what the issue was with him, but I am not complaining!</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">So things have been interesting with him yet again. We went to Sick Kids last week to see his complex care team and his chest team. More or less just a follow up of his stay that he had there in March. Anyhow, as you probably all remember, he tested positive for pseudomonas while he was intubated. Once we were out of ICU and onto the floor the chest team had come and told me that they did not believe that he really had pseudomonas. They believed that it was a contaminate of some sort. So they wanted to do a swab of his throat to see and the main doctor said &#8220;I can guarantee you that it will be negative.&#8221; He was VERY sure of himself. I had to trust him as he has been doing this for many, many years.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Well we found out that A&#8217;s swab was POSITIVE. His complex team and the chest team have NEVER seen a positive pseudomonas swab of the throat. It is just mind boggling to me how A ALWAYS and I mean ALWAYS is different. So while we were there they did another swab.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/img_4649.jpg"><img src="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/img_4649.jpg?w=300" border="0" alt="" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">I just got word yesterday that this swab was also positive. YES, I can&#8217;t believe it. I don&#8217;t understand it. And I hate how we NEVER EVER seem to have ANY answers for everything that happens in A&#8217;s life and my own for that matter. The chest team called today and they are going to start him on tobramycin. I was so upset on the phone I was in tears. When they first found the pseumdomonas in the ICU, they had started him on two different antibiotics to treat it. But after only two days they took him off those and decided NOT to treat as they believed it was not a real positive. WHY couldn&#8217;t they have just finished the course of antibiotics?!? UGH it makes me so angry.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Anyhow, besides that there is not much new with A. We are patiently waiting for his metabolics/genetics appointment which is next Monday. We have been waiting for this day since last March!!! I have started a list of things I want to talk to them about so that I do not forget anything. The complex care team also told me to make sure that I mention our recent loss of H as maybe they will wonder what is happening too.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Speaking of H, I just got my tattoo on Saturday for him. I absolutely LOVE it and I am so happy that I did it. It is hard for me at times because it is like I can NEVER not think of him as I see my arm all of the time. I am getting used to it though and love the fact that I can see him whenever I want. It is just beautiful.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/img_4723.jpg"><img src="http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/files/2009/04/img_4723.jpg?w=300" border="0" alt="" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">I can&#8217;t believe that it has already been almost five weeks since we lost him. Time just goes so fast and it really makes me stop and think about how I have to slow down and enjoy things in life because there is no turning back.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">I went on Monday to see high risk to discuss my loss of H. We are starting with some smaller ideas to see if anything shows up and then we will discuss the results. I had bloodwork taken to check my thyroid as well, she is wanting to test me for diabetes. There are some swabs she wants to do as well but we are going to wait for a few weeks for when I go in for another procedure. They are going to insert water into my uterus to see if there is anything wrong with the structure of it. Any of things would be okay because they are FIXABLE. But over 50% of women never have answers that are that easy so I am not getting too hopeful about it. Wouldn&#8217;t it be nice though if just once things went in my favor?!</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">On another note, this little girl needs all the prayers she can get. Every time I read her blog I am in tears. She had went into hospital for a g tube placement and a fundoplication and is now brain dead. Just so horrible that I don&#8217;t even know what to say.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://kayleighannefreeman.blogspot.com"><img alt="" /> </a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Failed Extubation]]></title>
<link>http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/failed-extubation/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2009 03:42:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>A's Mommy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ouramazinglittleman.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/failed-extubation/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Well started out as a good day. A had been doing all of the breathing on his own for quite some time]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Well started out as a good day. A had been doing all of the breathing on his own for quite some time by the time I got there this morning with grandma. He was on very minimal support. Had a great day with only one desat and sleeping contently (no sedatives).</p>
<p>3pm we decided to try and extubate. He was awake and I would have thought he was ready if they asked me. Tube came out and it was horrible. He would NOT breathe. The doctor started yelling out meds that she needed and sizes for intubation tubes. I asked for her to give me a few seconds to try and calm him. She was kind of angry as at this time his saturation said 14 but I wanted the few seconds. They continued to bag him and I got him pretty calm. He was satting 100. But unfortunately as soon as they stopped bagging he would go very very blue and just not breathe. It was very scary. It was like he just didn&#8217;t care. It was not agitation at all causing his problem.</p>
<p>A code was called and within minutes there was a room full. I was still leaning over the bed holding his head in my hand and rubbing his head with my other hand. I was crying. I am just SO angry. So upset. I just don&#8217;t understand.</p>
<p>When they went to intubate again I left the room bawling my eyes out. My heart is hurting. I feel so guilty for all the bullshit he is going through. I know I don&#8217;t have to but as a mom watching her child suffer I do.</p>
<p>So he is sedated again and on a rate of 25 with oxygen of 50.</p>
<p>Oh, he did hapen to grow a moderate culture of pseudomonas. However the doctor does not think that it would have made him this sick and it does not explain the ordeal today.</p>
<p>They started giving him dex at a dose of 5mg every six hours for four doses.</p>
<p>I&#8217;m just one scared mommy.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La bacteria que mató a la modelo brasileña y a mujer peruana]]></title>
<link>http://peruesbabel.wordpress.com/2009/02/04/l-bacteria-que-mato-a-la-modelo-brasilena-y-a/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2009 18:57:17 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Kalki</dc:creator>
<guid>http://peruesbabel.wordpress.com/2009/02/04/l-bacteria-que-mato-a-la-modelo-brasilena-y-a/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Advierten: bacteria que mató a peruana genera problema de salud pública Esta bacteria -que le quitó ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Advierten: bacteria que mató a peruana genera problema de salud pública Esta bacteria -que le quitó ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Antibiotic resistance rise fears ]]></title>
<link>http://expressyoureself.wordpress.com/2008/09/10/antibiotic-resistance-rise-fears/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2008 13:11:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>expressyoureself</dc:creator>
<guid>http://expressyoureself.wordpress.com/2008/09/10/antibiotic-resistance-rise-fears/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Antibiotic resistance rise fears The NHS is being warned about its use of antibiotics The rise in an]]></description>
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<h1>Antibiotic resistance rise fears</h1>
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<div class="cap">The NHS is being warned about its use of antibiotics</div>
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<p><!-- E IIMA --> <!-- S SF --></p>
<p class="first"><strong>The rise in antibiotic resistance is reaching worrying levels, experts say.</strong></p>
<p>The Health Protection Agency said while the focus on infections such as MRSA had been largely successful, new trends in other bugs were now posing a threat.</p>
<p>For instance, 12% of bloodstream infections by E. coli in England, Wales and Northern Ireland now show some signs of not responding to drugs.</p>
<p>The HPA said the NHS must be careful over antibiotic use and urged industry to look into developing new drugs. <!-- E SF --></p>
<p>There are two main families of bacteria known as gram-positive, such as MRSA, and gram-negative, which includes E. coli and other less common bugs Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas.</p>
<p><!-- S IBOX --></p>
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<div class="mva"><img src="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/img/v3/start_quote_rb.gif" border="0" alt="" width="24" height="13" /> <strong>There are some cracks in the system, but they are not big ones yet</strong> <img src="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/img/v3/end_quote_rb.gif" border="0" alt="" vspace="0" width="23" height="13" align="right" /></div>
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<div>Dr David Livermore, of the HPA</div>
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<p><!-- E IBOX -->The HPA said there had been a drive to tackle MRSA in recent years which had helped reduce infection rates and led to a host of new antibiotics to be developed.</p>
<p>By comparison, the development of antibiotics targeting gram-negative bacteria such as E coli, which can cause a range of symptoms from mild diarrohea to abdominal cramps and kidney damage, was much less common.</p>
<p>The fight against drug resistance is an on-going battle because many bacteria constantly mutate, gaining resistance to current antibiotics in the process.</p>
<p>This is what has been happening in recent years to the likes of E coli.</p>
<p>HPA data shows that there are about 20,000 bloodstream infections of E. coli each year &#8211; although the true level of infections would be much higher if urinary tract infections were taken into account.</p>
<p>Of these, 12% show signs of resistance &#8211; up from about 4% at the turn of the century.</p>
<p>The infections are mostly not yet resistant to all forms of antibiotics, just what doctors call the first-line.</p>
<p>This means they are having to use back up drugs, which tend to have more side effects and raises the prospect of the widespread emergence of a new strain which is totally antibiotic resistant.</p>
<p><strong>Cases</strong></p>
<p>Indeed, reports have already emerged of such a scenario in Israel and the US, while four cases have been reported in the UK.</p>
<p>Dr David Livermore, an infections expert at the HPA, urged industry to start looking at developing new antibiotics.</p>
<p>But he added: &#8220;The NHS must be careful over its use of antibiotics to slow down the development of resistance.</p>
<p>&#8220;Hospitals must make sure they use the right dose, for the right length of time.</p>
<p>&#8220;GPs should not prescribe &#8211; nor patients expect &#8211; antibiotics for routine coughs and colds.</p>
<p>&#8220;Resistance has been accumulating. We are having to use reserve antibiotics more than previously&#8230; that is worrying.</p>
<p>&#8220;There are some cracks in the system, but they are not big ones yet.&#8221;</p></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Kid Rewarded For Being Degrading]]></title>
<link>http://briansrapier.wordpress.com/2008/08/29/kid-rewarded-for-being-degrading/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2008 12:53:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>briansrapier</dc:creator>
<guid>http://briansrapier.wordpress.com/2008/08/29/kid-rewarded-for-being-degrading/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[More than 500 billion plastic bags are  produced worldwide each year. While convenient to use, they ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[More than 500 billion plastic bags are  produced worldwide each year. While convenient to use, they ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Cancer smells funny.]]></title>
<link>http://littledialogues.wordpress.com/2008/07/10/cancer-smells-funny/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 10 Jul 2008 21:29:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Rebekah</dc:creator>
<guid>http://littledialogues.wordpress.com/2008/07/10/cancer-smells-funny/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;Why don&#8217;t I ever get to be on your blog?&#8221; &#8220;Because we never have any intere]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>&#8220;Why don&#8217;t I ever get to be on your blog?&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;Because we never have any interesting conversations.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;Sure we do. Remember that time you told me about how cancer smells?&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;Cancer DOES smell. So does pseudomonas. They both reek.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;See? This is an interesting conversation!&#8221;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Medical Article Scan June 2008]]></title>
<link>http://chronicpositivity.com/2008/07/07/medical-article-scan-june-2008/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 07 Jul 2008 16:02:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jeffsher63</dc:creator>
<guid>http://chronicpositivity.com/2008/07/07/medical-article-scan-june-2008/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Stowers Institute discovers possible cause of polycystic kidney disease - I&#8217;ve heard several t]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/2008/06/16/daily1.html" target="_blank">Stowers Institute discovers possible cause of polycystic kidney disease</a> - I&#8217;ve heard several theories about the cause of PKD, which is currently known as a hereditary disease. One such theory is that it is caused by an <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no2/miller.htm" target="_blank">infectious disease</a>. Now, a researcher postulates that a gene mutation occurs from being disrupted by Tumor Necrosis Factor, and that Enbrel may be a treatment.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.zimbio.com/pilot?ID=KjmafQyFDn_&#38;ZURL=/National+Kidney+Foundation/news&#38;URL=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnews%2Furl%3Fsa%3DT%26ct%3Dus%2F6-0%26fd%3DR%26url%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.renalandurologynews.com%2FLow-Vitamin-D-Anemia-Linked%2Farticle%2F110231%2F%26cid%3D0%26ei%3DQ6MuSMPPBaqM8QSklo2fCA%26usg%3DAFrqEzcQuIbTYE5k3l1ia9YBNOsQDSomvw" target="_blank">Low Vitamin D, Anemia Linked</a> - more interesting research on Vitamin D. The study compared those with impaired renal function to those with normal renal function, and found that those with impaired renal function and low Vitamin D levels were at a much higher risk for anemia. <em>&#8220;Data show that supplementation with 25 (OH) D is associated with reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines&#8221;</em>  It&#8217;s also interesting to note that a study of over 16,000 participants (not necessarily renal patients) showed that Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with increasing prevalence of CVD (cardio vascular disease) in the entire study population.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24511171/" target="_blank">10 Surprising Places Where Germs Lurk</a> - I found this article personally interesting, since I am currently immunosupressed.   Of course, some of the places are well known, such as grocery cart handles, gym equipment, and the shower curtain. But did you ever consider your vacuum, the lemon wedge in your drink, or the menu in a restuarant?  <a href="http://whitecoatrants.wordpress.com/2008/05/28/eeeewwwwwwww-2/" target="_blank">(hat tip to WhiteCoat Rants)</a> </p>
<p><a href="http://www.medpagetoday.com/Nephrology/GeneralNephrology/tb/9890" target="_blank">Weight Gain Increases Risks To Kidneys</a> &#8211; gaining weight while remaining within normal range increases risk of chronic kidney disease.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.medpagetoday.com/Pediatrics/Obesity/tb/9862" target="_blank">Bariatric Surgery May Help Prevent Infections</a> &#8211; interesting study. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass may not only help prevent infections, but also prevent cancer.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Plastic: Recycle or Ban]]></title>
<link>http://colleenanderson.wordpress.com/2008/06/24/plastic-recycle-or-ban/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2008 19:54:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>colleenanderson</dc:creator>
<guid>http://colleenanderson.wordpress.com/2008/06/24/plastic-recycle-or-ban/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Vancouver has recently been debating whether to ban plastic shopping bags or not. I was of a mixed m]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Vancouver has recently been debating whether to ban plastic shopping bags or not. I was of a mixed mind. After all, if all plastic bags are banned, what do we put our garbage in? I also try to use cloth bags but forget about half the time. Still, I&#8217;m sure if there were no plastic bags tomorrow, I would have enough bags for garbage for over a year.</p>
<p>Plastic bags have only been around fifty years or so and they are already a major problem for landfills. But landfill would not be that much of a problem if in fact our garbage was only organic and biodegradable. I would bet that studies will show that plastic water bottles are also contributing largely to the problem. Many North American cities now have recycling programs to filter out paper, glass, tin and plastics so that they are not sitting for hundreds of years in landfills. It&#8217;s not a policed system (much) so it takes people&#8217;s participation to really work. And not all cities have recycling, which in this day and age, is a sin.</p>
<p>I had a theory that when I use plastic bags for garbage it makes more sense to leave organic waste in than to filter it out because it would help compost the plastic. In theory I was right, but I found out a couple of things that counteract this. Many landfills are lined with clay and other materials to retain seepage of dangerous chemicals. As well, a layer or dirt may be pushed over the garbage to keep down the odor. That&#8217;s good for containing the problem but organic waste only breaks down if it has the right amount of bacteria, light and oxygen. Burying the garbage restricts the ability of UV radiation and air needed to break down even a lettuce leaf.</p>
<p>One bacteria that breaks down some types of plastic is Pseudomonas in a process called<br />
bioremediation. Plastic is man-made from petroleum based hydrocarbons and polyethylene (there are other materials as well). The hydrocarbons in the plastic serve as food for the bacteria but there is a question of how long it can take to break down, and what toxic residue is left behind.</p>
<p>The plastic bags that many of us use in many countries are not always discarded safely, nor are they reused. I mentioned an incident in India in my &#8220;Not Throwing in with the Crowd: Litter&#8221; article. <a title="Litter" href="http://colleenanderson.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&#38;post=76" target="_blank">http://colleenanderson.wordpress.com/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&#38;post=76</a>  Plastics in ground and sea get into the water and the soil, slowly poisoning it and affecting all life forms. They can also kill an animal that accidentally eats the plastic, mistaking it for food. And many animals are ensnared by plastic, trapping or injuring them until they expire.</p>
<p>This heartbreaking slideshow was sent to me by a friend. Just click on it to see the effects of plastic bags. If you don&#8217;t believe the statistics, the pictures alone should encourage us all to try harder.  <a href="http://colleenanderson.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/thedangersofplasticbags.pdf" target="_blank">thedangersofplasticbags</a> After seeing this and doing a bit of research, I&#8217;m now wholeheartedly for banning plastic bags. There are ways of making garbage removal/composting work without the bags or with using other recycled materials that won&#8217;t redirect the burden onto trees for paper bags.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="color:#810081;"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="color:#810081;"><a href="http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_12751.cfm">http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_12751.cfm</a></span></span></span><a href="http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_12751.cfm"></a></span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.reusablebags.com/facts.php?id=2">http://www.reusablebags.com/facts.php?id=2</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.rcbc.bc.ca/index.htm">http://www.rcbc.bc.ca/index.htm</a></p>
<p> </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa and microbial endocrinology]]></title>
<link>http://microbios.wordpress.com/2008/05/03/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-and-microbial-endocrinology/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 03 May 2008 22:45:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>microbios</dc:creator>
<guid>http://microbios.wordpress.com/2008/05/03/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-and-microbial-endocrinology/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I recently presented the &#8220;Recognition of intestinal epithelial HIF-1a activation by Pseudomona]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>I recently presented the &#8220;<a title="Journal article" href="http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/292/1/G134" target="_blank">Recognition of intestinal epithelial HIF-1a activation by <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em></a>&#8221; by Patel et al.  in a journal club discussion.  This group at the University of Chicago led by Eugene Chang and John C. Alverdy try to understand why <em>P. aeruginosa</em> seems to become very active in the intestines after certain surgical procedures. Their previous work described how a laparotomy (opening of the chest cavity) did not induce mortality in mice injected with PA in the cecum, while a partial hepatectomy followed by the injection caused 100% mortality.  They reasoned that surgical stress made the bacteria more active (i.e. pathogenic).  They focus on a gene that is important for PA&#8217;s initial opportunistic adherence called PA-I lectin/adhesin.  <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5735/774">An interesting paper</a> in <span style="text-decoration:underline;">Science</span>, which made me look into this group, shows that IFNg, an inflammatory cytokine, can bind to a surface protein of the bacterium and induce changes in transcription.  They&#8217;ve also published about the <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030035">effects of dynorphin</a>, an endogeous opioid, on the bacteria&#8217;s gene expression.  In this paper, they show that hypoxia, common during surgery, sets off a chain of events that can activate PA.</p>
<p><!--more-->The paper showed how ischemia-reperfusion injury can activate PA.  The temporary loss of oxygen to an organ [ischemia] causes some damage, but after prolonged loss of oxygen, reoxygenation can be more damaging as reactive oxygen species [ROS] are released [reperfusion injury].  During ischemia (and a lot of other processes, including some considered oncogenic), hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) is released setting of a chain of events.  As a brief summary, HIF-1a causes the release of lots of adenosine (I think by breaking down ATP), which is supposed to help protect the epithelium by making tight junctions tighter and not allowing neutrophils to get by (source of ROS which may be damaging the host?).  It&#8217;s been <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15698948">reported</a> that PA-I lectin in addition to its binding of galactose, could bind N-acyl homoserine lactones (quorum sensing molecules) and adenine. Patel et al. demonstrated that adenosine is processed by PA using an adenosine deaminase, causing the activation of PA-I lectin.</p>
<p>Being my first entry, I got a bit carried away with the length.  The main take home message from the discussion was that bacteria are capable of not only reacting to the consequences of host responses but that they can at times respond to the mediators/signals used by the body to activate the responses.  This gives them a slight edge as they can anticipate and adapt to the host&#8217;s next move.</p>
<p>There are interesting reviews by Mark Lyte (who coined the words &#8220;<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&#38;_imagekey=B6TD0-4B3NMNV-1-3&#38;_cdi=5184&#38;_user=501045&#38;_orig=search&#38;_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2004&#38;_sk=999879998&#38;view=c&#38;wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzS&#38;md5=9b32d9bc1867917238fa8e4311dab3e6&#38;ie=/sdarticle.pdf">microbial endocrinology</a>&#8221; for this reemerging field [reemerging according to Moselio Schaechter from "Small Things Considered"]) or Vanessa Sperandio (who coined &#8220;<a href="http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v6/n2/full/nrmicro1836.html;jsessionid=C463312A54414B1A7CF49CA52C1C4EC8">inter-kingdom signaling</a>&#8220;).  They&#8217;ve separately worked a lot on how catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine AKA aderenaline and noradrenaline) can induce growth, adhesion, etc. on <em>E. coli.</em> There are cool papers out there about how IL-2, IL-1B, TNFa and others are being shown to have an effect on many bugs like <em>E. coli, P. aeruginosa, <a href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/513275">Vibrio</a>, </em>etc. so check out the links below.</p>
<p><a href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/75/10/4875">Global Effects of the Cell-to-Cell Signaling Molecules Autoinducer-2, Autoinducer-3, and Epinephrine in a luxS Mutant of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli </a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1731173?dopt=Abstract">Catecholamine induced growth of gram negative bacteria</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/254/5030/430">Enhancement of growth of virulent strains of Escherichia coli by IL-1 </a></p>
<p><a href="http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/59/5/1853">IL-2 and GM-CSF stimulate growth of a virulent strain of Escherichia coli </a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5735/774"> </a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&#38;pubmedid=17263883">Modulation of Bacterial Growth by TNFa In Vitro and In Vivo</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&#38;pubmedid=17263883">Blocking catecholamine-induced growth in E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Yersinia enterocolitica</a></p>
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