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<title><![CDATA[Musas mercantiles. Hiperinflación]]></title>
<link>http://danimoide.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/musas-mercantiles-hiperinflacion/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 10:50:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>danimoide</dc:creator>
<guid>http://danimoide.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/musas-mercantiles-hiperinflacion/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[He encontrado un billete de 1923 con la cara de Schopenhauer por valor de 500 millones de marcos. a ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://danimoide.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/800px-1923_gdansk_500mln.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-248" title="800px-1923_gdansk_500mln" src="http://danimoide.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/800px-1923_gdansk_500mln.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="172" /></a></p>
<p>He encontrado un billete de 1923 con la cara de Schopenhauer por valor de 500 millones de marcos. a causa de la hiperhinflación, se imprimían estos billetes millonarios para que la gente pudiera comprar una barra de pan.</p>
<p>la cara del filósofo dice claramente:</p>
<p>&#8216;como me vuelva a encontrar a otro escritorzuelo que diga que la musa es el mercado van a llover hostias&#8217;</p>
<p>los alemanes tiene mala leche</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Hence should anything of this sort in the following adumbrations seem “queer"—should any of them seem to good Panglossians to embody strange and disrespectful conceptions of this best of all possible worlds, I apologize; but cannot help it.]]></title>
<link>http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/hence-should-anything-of-this-sort-in-the-following-adumbrations-seem-%e2%80%9cqueer%e2%80%94should-any-of-them-seem-to-good-panglossians-to-embody-strange-and-disrespectful-conceptions-of-this-best/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 08:58:50 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mark</dc:creator>
<guid>http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/hence-should-anything-of-this-sort-in-the-following-adumbrations-seem-%e2%80%9cqueer%e2%80%94should-any-of-them-seem-to-good-panglossians-to-embody-strange-and-disrespectful-conceptions-of-this-best/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[N.B. Thomas Hardy often wrote prefaces—at times, wonderful documents—for his books of verse. But non]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><em>N.B. Thomas Hardy often wrote prefaces—at times, wonderful documents—for his books of verse. But none, in my view, or in the view of most other devoted readers of his poetry, rivals the one reprinted here, which is by turns cagey; deftly unapologetic (though &#8220;Apology&#8221; it be called); satirical; and perfectly in temper with the poetry that this book, like all of Hardy&#8217;s later books of poetry, contains. Hardy surveys, along the way, and in relatively short order, the history of English poetry at least since the earliest Romantics; and he offers up, with a concision altogether admirable, a summary of certain philosophical developments, from Schopenhauer to Darwin and beyond to Einstein, that English poetry had yet—except in Hardy&#8217;s own case—taken fully into account.  The preface appeared first in Hardy&#8217;s 1922 volume <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/latelyricsearlie00hardiala" target="_blank">Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses</a>. I reprint it whole, here, in the spirit in which I began this web-blog two months ago: as a commonplace book, a definition of which you will find at the top right margin of The Era of Casual Fridays.</em></p>
<div id="attachment_1791" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 294px"><a href="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/thomashardy2.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-1791 " title="Thomashardy" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/thomashardy2.jpg" alt="" width="284" height="399" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Thomas Hardy, &#34;evolutionary meliorist.&#34;</p></div>
<p>APOLOGY</p>
<p>About half the verses that follow were written quite lately.  The rest are older, having been held over in MS. when past volumes were published, on considering that these would contain a sufficient number of pages to offer readers at one time, more especially during the distractions of the war. The unusually far back poems to be found here are, however, but some that were overlooked in gathering previous collections. A freshness in them, now unattainable, seemed to make up for their inexperience and to justify their inclusion. A few are dated; the dates of others are not discoverable.</p>
<p>The launching of a volume of this kind in neo-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_poets" target="_blank">Georgian</a> days by one who began writing in mid-Victorian, and has published nothing to speak of for some years, may seem to call for a few words of excuse or explanation. Whether or no, readers may feel assured that a new book is submitted to them with great hesitation at so belated a date. Insistent practical reasons, however, among which were requests from some illustrious men of letters who are in sympathy with my productions, the accident that several of the poems have already seen the light, and that dozens of them have been lying about for years, compelled the course adopted, in spite of the natural disinclination of a writer whose works have been so frequently regarded askance by a pragmatic section here and there, to draw attention to them once more.</p>
<p>I do not know that it is necessary to say much on the contents of the book, even in deference to suggestions that will be mentioned presently.  I believe that those readers who care for my poems at all—readers to whom no passport is required—will care for this new installment of them, perhaps the last, as much as for any that have preceded them.</p>
<div id="attachment_1960" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 242px"><a href="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/william_wordsworth.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1960" title="william_wordsworth" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/william_wordsworth.jpg?w=289" alt="" width="232" height="240" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">William Wordsworth, painter unkown (at least to me)</p></div>
<p>Moreover, in the eyes of a less friendly class the pieces, though a very mixed collection indeed, contain, so far as I am able to see, little or nothing in technique or teaching that can be considered a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-Chamber" target="_blank">Star-Chamber</a> matter, or so much as agitating to a ladies’ school; even though, to use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordsworth" target="_blank">Wordsworth</a>’s observation in his &#8220;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preface_to_Lyrical_Ballads" target="_blank">Preface</a>&#8221; to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Lyrical Ballads</span></a>, such readers may suppose “that by the act of writing in verse an author makes a formal engagement that he will gratify certain known habits of association: that he not only thus apprises the reader that certain classes of ideas and expressions will be found in his book, but that others will be carefully excluded.” It is true, nevertheless, that some grave, positive, stark, delineations are interspersed among those of the passive, lighter, and traditional sort presumably nearer to stereotyped tastes. For—while I am quite aware that a thinker is not expected, and, indeed, is scarcely allowed, now more than heretofore, to state all that crosses his mind concerning existence in this universe, in his attempts to explain or excuse the presence of evil and the incongruity of penalizing the irresponsible—it must be obvious to open intelligences that, without denying the beauty and faithful service of certain venerable cults, such disallowance of “obstinate questionings” and “blank misgivings” tends to a paralysed intellectual stalemate. Heine observed nearly a hundred years ago that the soul has her eternal rights; that she will not be darkened by statutes, nor lullabied by the music of bells. And what is to-day, in allusions to the present author’s pages, alleged to be “pessimism” is, in truth, only such “questionings” in the exploration of reality, and is the first step towards the soul’s betterment, and the body’s also.</p>
<p>If I may be forgiven for quoting my own old words, let me repeat what I printed in this relation more than twenty years ago, and wrote much earlier, in a poem entitled “<a href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=173593" target="_blank">In Tenebris</a>”:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>If way to the Better there be, it exacts a full look at the Worst:</em></p>
<p>that is to say, by the exploration of reality, and its frank recognition stage by stage along the survey, with an eye to the best consummation possible: briefly, <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/darwinism/" target="_blank">evolutionary</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliorism" target="_blank">meliorism</a>. But it is called <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/" target="_blank">pessimism</a> nevertheless; under which word, expressed with condemnatory emphasis, it is regarded by many as some pernicious new thing (though so old as to underlie the Christian idea, and even to permeate the Greek drama); and the subject is charitably left to decent silence, as if further comment were needless.<!--more--></p>
<p>Happily there are some who feel such Levitical passing-by to be, alas, by no means a permanent dismissal of the matter; that comment on where the world stands is very much the reverse of needless in these disordered years of our prematurely afflicted century: that amendment and not madness lies that way. And looking down the future these few hold fast to the same: that whether the human and kindred animal races survive till the exhaustion or destruction of the globe, or whether these races perish and are succeeded by others before that conclusion comes, pain to all upon it, tongued or dumb, shall be kept down to a minimum by loving-kindness, operating through scientific knowledge, and actuated by the modicum of free will conjecturally possessed by organic life when the mighty necessitating forces—unconscious or other—that have “the balancings of the clouds,” happen to be in equilibrium, which may or may not be often.</p>
<div id="attachment_1959" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 218px"><a href="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/frederic_harrison.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1959" title="Frederic_Harrison" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/frederic_harrison.jpg?w=208" alt="" width="208" height="300" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Frederic Harrison, English jurist, historian, and a &#34;positivist&#34; follower of Comte (in his philosophy)</p></div>
<p>To conclude this question I may add that the argument of the so-called optimists is neatly summarized in a stern pronouncement against me by my friend Mr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Harrison" target="_blank">Frederic Harrison</a> in a late essay of his, in the words: “This view of life is not mine.” The solemn declaration does not seem to me to be so annihilating to the said “view” (really a series of fugitive impressions which I have never tried to co-ordinate) as is complacently assumed. Surely it embodies a too human fallacy quite familiar in logic. Next, a knowing reviewer, apparently a Roman Catholic young man, speaks, with some rather gross instances of the <em>suggestio falsi</em> in his article, of “Mr. Hardy refusing consolation,” the “dark gravity of his ideas,” and so on. When a Positivist and a Catholic agree there must be something wonderful in it, which should make a poet sit up. But . . . O that ‘twere possible!</p>
<div id="attachment_1956" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 199px"><a href="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/matthew_arnold_-_project_gutenberg_etext_16745.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1956 " title="Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/matthew_arnold_-_project_gutenberg_etext_16745.jpg?w=210" alt="" width="189" height="270" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Matthew Arnold</p></div>
<p>I would not have alluded in this place or anywhere else to such casual personal criticisms—for casual and unreflecting they must be—but for the satisfaction of two or three friends in whose opinion a short answer was deemed desirable, on account of the continual repetition of these criticisms, or more precisely, quizzings. After all, the serious and truly literary inquiry in this connection is: Should a shaper of such stuff as dreams are made on disregard considerations of what is customary and expected, and apply himself to the real function of poetry, the application of ideas to life (in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" target="_blank">Matthew Arnold</a>’s familiar phrase)? This bears more particularly on what has been called the “philosophy” of these poems—usually reproved as “queer.” Whoever the author may be that undertakes such application of ideas in this “philosophic” direction—where it is specially required—glacial judgments must inevitably fall upon him amid opinion whose arbiters largely decry individuality, to whom ideas are oddities to smile at, who are moved by a yearning the reverse of that of the Athenian inquirers on Mars Hill; and stiffen their features not only at sound of a new thing, but at a restatement of old things in new terms. Hence should anything of this sort in the following adumbrations seem “queer&#8221;—should any of them seem to good <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panglossianism" target="_blank">Panglossians</a> to embody strange and disrespectful conceptions of this best of all possible worlds, I apologize; but cannot help it.</p>
<p>Such divergences, which, though piquant for the nonce, it would be affectation to say are not saddening and discouraging likewise, may, to be sure, arise sometimes from superficial aspect only, writer and reader seeing the same thing at different angles. But in palpable cases of divergence they arise, as already said, whenever a serious effort is made towards that which the authority I have cited &#8211; who would now be called old-fashioned, possibly even parochial &#8211; affirmed to be what no good critic could deny as the poet’s province, the application of ideas to life. One might shrewdly guess, by the by, that in such recommendation the famous writer may have overlooked the cold-shouldering results upon an enthusiastic disciple that would be pretty certain to follow his putting the high aim in practice, and have forgotten the disconcerting experience of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Blas" target="_blank">Gil Blas</a> <a href="http://www.exclassics.com/gilblas/gil61.htm" target="_blank">with the Archbishop</a>.</p>
<p>To add a few more words to what has already taken up too many, there is a contingency liable to miscellanies of verse that I have never seen mentioned, so far as I can remember; I mean the chance little shocks that may be caused over a book of various character like the present and its predecessors by the juxtaposition of unrelated, even discordant, effusions; poems perhaps years apart in the making, yet facing each other. An odd result of this has been that dramatic anecdotes of a satirical and humorous intention (such, e.g., as “Royal Sponsors”) following verse in graver voice, have been read as misfires because they raise the smile that they were intended to raise, the journalist, deaf to the sudden change of key, being unconscious that he is laughing with the author and not at him. I admit that I did not foresee such contingencies as I ought to have done, and that people might not perceive when the tone altered. But the difficulties of arranging the themes in a graduated kinship of moods would have been so great that irrelation was almost unavoidable with efforts so diverse. I must trust for right note-catching to those finely-touched spirits who can divine without half a whisper, whose intuitiveness is proof against all the accidents of inconsequence. In respect of the less alert, however, should any one’s train of thought be thrown out of gear by a consecutive piping of vocal reeds in jarring tonics, without a semiquaver’s rest between, and be led thereby to miss the writer’s aim and meaning in one out of two contiguous compositions, I shall deeply regret it.</p>
<div id="attachment_1958" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 215px"><a href="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/samueltaylorcoleridge.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1958" title="SamuelTaylorColeridge" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/samueltaylorcoleridge.jpg?w=250" alt="" width="205" height="245" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Samuel Talor Coleridge, painting by Peter Vandyke (1729-1799)</p></div>
<p>Having at last, I think, finished with the personal points that I was recommended to notice, I will forsake the immediate object of this Preface; and, leaving <span style="text-decoration:underline;">Late Lyrics</span> to whatever fate it deserves, digress for a few moments to more general considerations.</p>
<div id="attachment_1957" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 212px"><a href="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/portrait_of_percy_bysshe_shelley_by_curran_1819.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1957" title="Portrait_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Curran,_1819" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/portrait_of_percy_bysshe_shelley_by_curran_1819.jpg?w=233" alt="" width="202" height="260" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Percy Bysshe Shelley, painting by Amelia Curran (1775-1847)</p></div>
<p>The thoughts of any man of letters concerned to keep poetry alive cannot but run uncomfortably on the precarious prospects of English verse at the present day. Verily the hazards and casualties surrounding the birth and setting forth of almost every modern creation in numbers are ominously like those of one of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" target="_blank">Shelley</a>’s <a href="http://www.neuroticpoets.com/shelley/" target="_blank">paper-boats</a> on a windy lake. And a forward conjecture scarcely permits the hope of a better time, unless men’s tendencies should change. So indeed of all art, literature, and “high thinking” nowadays. Whether owing to the barbarizing of taste in the younger minds by the dark madness of the late war, the unabashed cultivation of selfishness in all classes, the plethoric growth of knowledge simultaneously with the stunting of wisdom, “a degrading thirst after outrageous stimulation” (to quote Wordsworth again), or from any other cause, we seem threatened with a new Dark Age. I formerly thought, like so many roughly handled writers, that so far as literature was concerned a partial cause might be impotent or mischievous criticism; the satirizing of individuality, the lack of whole-seeing in contemporary estimates of poetry and kindred work, the knowingness affected by junior reviewers, the overgrowth of meticulousness in their peerings for an opinion, as if it were a cultivated habit in them to scrutinize the tool-marks and be blind to the building, to hearken for the key-creaks and be deaf to the diapason, to judge the landscape by a nocturnal exploration with a flash-lantern. In other words, to carry on the old game of sampling the poem or drama by quoting the worst line or worst passage only, in ignorance or not of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" target="_blank">Coleridge</a>’s proof that a versification of any length neither can be nor ought to be all poetry; of reading meanings into a book that its author never dreamt of writing there. I might go on interminably. <em>[N.B. Here, Hardy alludes to Coleridge's remarks in the <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/bioli10.txt" target="_blank">Biographia Literaria</a>: "In short, whatever specific import we attach to the word, Poetry, there will be found involved in it, as a necessary consequence, that a poem of any length neither can be, nor ought to be, all poetry."]</em></p>
<p>But I do not now think any such temporary obstructions to be the cause of the hazard, for these negligences and ignorances, though they may have stifled a few true poets in the run of generations, disperse like stricken leaves before the wind of next week, and are no more heard of again in the region of letters than their writers themselves. No: we may be convinced that something of the deeper sort mentioned must be the cause.</p>
<p>In any event poetry, pure literature in general, religion—<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/interpretationso00santiala" target="_blank">I include religion because poetry and religion touch each other, or rather modulate into each other; are, indeed, often but different names for the same thing</a>—these, I say, the visible signs of mental and emotional life, must like all other things keep moving, becoming; even though at present, when belief in witches of Endor is displacing the <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/darwinism/" target="_blank">Darwinian theory</a> and “the truth that shall make you free,&#8221; men’s minds appear, as above noted, to be moving backwards rather than on.</p>
<div id="attachment_1803" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 157px"><a href="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/book_of_common_prayer_1662.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1803" title="Book_of_common_prayer_1662" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/book_of_common_prayer_1662.jpg?w=187" alt="" width="147" height="236" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">The Book of Common Prayer, as used in the Anglican Church</p></div>
<p>I speak, of course, somewhat sweepingly, and should except many isolated minds; also the minds of men in certain worthy but small bodies of various denominations, and perhaps in the homely quarter where advance might have been the very least expected a few years back—the English Church—if one reads it rightly as showing evidence of “removing those things that are shaken,” in accordance with the wise Epistolary recommendation to the Hebrews. For since the historic and once august hierarchy of Rome some generation ago lost its chance of being the religion of the future by doing otherwise, and throwing over the little band of neo-Catholics who were making a struggle for</p>
<div id="attachment_1795" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 208px"><a href="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/469px-arthur_schopenhauer_portrait_by_ludwig_sigismund_ruhl_1815.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1795" title="469px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/09/469px-arthur_schopenhauer_portrait_by_ludwig_sigismund_ruhl_1815.jpg?w=234" alt="" width="198" height="254" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Arthur Schopenhauer in 1818 (painting by Ludwig Sigismund Ruhl)</p></div>
<p>continuity by applying the principle of evolution to their own faith, joining hands with modern science, and outflanking the hesitating English instinct towards liturgical reform (a flank march which I at the time quite expected to witness, with the gathering of many millions of waiting agnostics into its fold); since then, one may ask, what other purely English establishment than the Church, of sufficient dignity and footing, and with such strength of old association, such architectural spell, is left in this country to keep the shreds of morality together? It may be a forlorn hope, a mere dream, that of an alliance between religion, which must be retained unless the world is to perish, and complete rationality, which must come, unless also the world is to perish, by means of the interfusing effect of poetry &#8211; “the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge; the impassioned expression of science,” as it was defined by an English poet who was quite orthodox in his ideas. But if it be true, as Comte argued, that advance is never in a straight line, but in a looped orbit, we may, in the aforesaid ominous moving backward, be doing it <em>pour mieux sauter</em>, drawing back for a spring. I repeat that I forlornly hope so, notwithstanding the supercilious regard of hope by <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/" target="_blank">Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_von_Hartmann" target="_blank">von Hartmann</a>, and other philosophers down to <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/">Einstein</a> who have my respect.  But one dares not prophesy. Physical, chronological, and other contingencies keep me in these days from critical studies and literary circles</p>
<p style="padding-left:150px;"><em>Where once we held debate, a band<br />
Of youthful friends, on mind and art</em></p>
<p>(if one may quote <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson,_1st_Baron_Tennyson" target="_blank">Tennyson</a> in this century of free verse). Hence I cannot know how things are going so well as I used to know them, and the aforesaid limitations must quite prevent my knowing hence-forward.</p>
<p>I have to thank the editors and owners of <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" target="_blank">The Times</a></span>, <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnightly_Review" target="_blank">Fortnightly</a></span>, <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Mercury" target="_blank">Mercury</a></span>, and other periodicals in which a few of the poems have appeared for kindly assenting to their being reclaimed for collected publication.</p>
<p>T. H. February 1922.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Manhattan Declaration As The New Barmen Declaration]]></title>
<link>http://startthinkingright.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/the-manhattan-declaration-as-the-new-barmen-declaration/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 01:49:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Michael Eden</dc:creator>
<guid>http://startthinkingright.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/the-manhattan-declaration-as-the-new-barmen-declaration/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Christians are hearing about the Manhattan Declaration with great excitement.  It is a tremendous do]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Christians are hearing about the<a href="http://manhattandeclaration.org/decdocs/ManhattanDeclaration.pdf" target="_blank"> </a><a href="http://manhattandeclaration.org/decdocs/ManhattanDeclaration.pdf" target="_blank">Manhattan Declaration</a> with great excitement.  It is a tremendous document with tremendous support from some tremendous Christian figures.</p>
<p>The actual declaration (linked to above) is some 4,000 plus words long, and is available to read at the link above.  But here is the nutshell version:</p>
<blockquote><p>Christians, when they have lived up to the highest ideals of their faith, have defended the weak and vulnerable and worked tirelessly to protect and strengthen vital institutions of civil society, beginning with the family.</p>
<p>We are Orthodox, Catholic, and evangelical Christians who have united at this hour to reaffirm fundamental truths about justice and the common good, and to call upon our fellow citizens, believers and non-believers alike, to join us in defending them. These truths are:</p>
<ol>
<li>the sanctity of human life</li>
<li>the dignity of marriage as the conjugal union of husband and wife</li>
<li>the rights of conscience and religious liberty.</li>
</ol>
<p>Inasmuch as these truths are foundational to human dignity and the well-being of society, they are inviolable and non-negotiable. Because they are increasingly under assault from powerful forces in our culture, we are compelled today to speak out forcefully in their defense, and to commit ourselves to honoring them fully no matter what pressures are brought upon us and our institutions to abandon or compromise them. We make this commitment not as partisans of any political group but as followers of Jesus Christ, the crucified and risen Lord, who is the Way, the Truth, and the Life.</p></blockquote>
<p>I hope you stand with me &#8211; and with (at last count as of November 24, 2009) 106,738 other believers &#8211; <a href="http://manhattandeclaration.org/index.php" target="_blank">and sign this declaration</a>.</p>
<p>It reminds me of another time, and another declaration: <a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/barmen.htm" target="_blank">the Barmen Declaration of 1934</a>, which was a point-by-point denunciation of the fascist and racist ideological doctrines of Nazism and a positive expression of true Christian faith against a government and a culture that had become evil.</p>
<p>Adolf Hitler attempted to redefine &#8211; or &#8220;Nazify&#8221; &#8211; the Church and transform it into a component of his ideological agenda.  At one point in its history Germany had been the seat of the Protestant Reformation, and while Germany had since become the most secular humanist nation in Europe, there was still a vestige of Christianity remaining.  And Hitler wanted to harness that still-influential vestige toward his own ends.  The government thus passed resolutions to limit the influence or dictate the agenda of the church.  One demanded the purging of all pastors who rejected &#8220;the spirit of National Socialism.&#8221;  Another resolution categorically rejected the very foundations of Judeo-Christian transcendent morality even as it tried to conflate &#8220;being a German&#8221; with &#8220;being a Christian&#8221;:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;We expect that our nation&#8217;s church as a German People&#8217;s Church should free itself from all things not German in its services and confession, especially from the Old Testament with its Jewish system of quid pro quo morality.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>The German Confessing Movement was a reaction against the German government&#8217;s attempt to impose its agenda upon the Christian Church in Germany.  As Gene Edward Veith put it in his book <em>Modern Fascism: Liquidating the Judeo-Christian Worldview:</em></p>
<blockquote><p>The Barmen Declaration thus sets itself against not only the <em>German Christian</em> aberration but against the whole tradition of modernist syncretism that made it possible.</p>
<p>[Article 1 affirmed Christ as the transcendent authority and source of values (as opposed to the German race, the Nazi revolution, or the person of Adolf Hitler)].  Article 2 asserts the sovereignty of Christ over all of life.  Article 3 asserts Christ&#8217;s lordship over the church and rejects &#8220;the false doctrine, as though the Church were permitted to abandon the form of its message and order to its own pleasure or to changes in prevailing ideological and political conventions.&#8221;  That is to say, the world does <em>not</em> set the agenda for the church.  Article 4 teaches that church offices are for mutual service and ministry, not for the exercise of raw power.  Article 5 acknowledges the divine appointment of the state, but rejects the pretensions of the state to &#8220;become the single and totalitarian order of human life, thus fulfilling the Church&#8217;s vocation as well.&#8221;  Article 6 affirms the church&#8217;s commission to proclaim the free grace of God to everyone by means of the Word and the sacraments.  &#8220;We reject the false doctrine, as though the Church in human arrogance could place the Word and work of the Lord in the service of any arbitrarily chosen desires, purposes, and plans [pp. 60-61].</p></blockquote>
<p>One article, entitled &#8220;<a href="http://jewsforjesus.org/publications/issues/16_10/01" target="_blank">Hitler&#8217;s Theologians: The Genesis of Genocide</a>,&#8221; takes time to describe how various key German liberal theologians systematically tore apart the Bible and orthodox Christianity &#8211; and in so doing systematically undermined the ethics and morality of the German people in preparation for the hell to come.  The author begins with Friedrich Schleiermacher, called &#8220;the founder of Liberal Protestantism,&#8221; and profiles the &#8220;contributions&#8221; of Friedrich Nietzsche, Julius Wellhausen, and Adolf von Harnack.</p>
<p>Georg Lukacs has observed that tracing the path to Hitler involved the name of nearly every major German philosopher since Hegel: Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Dilthy, Simmel, Scheler, Heidegger, Jaspers, and Weber [page 5, <em>The Destruction of Reason</em>].  And Max Weinreich produced an exhaustive study detailing the complicity of German intellectuals with the Nazi regime entitled <em>Hitler&#8217;s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany&#8217;s Crimes Against the Jewish People</em>.  Ideas have consequences, and it was the ideas of these liberal theologians, philosophers and scholars who provided the intellectual justification and conceptual framework for the Holocaust.  Thus Nazism did not merely emerge from a liberal theological system, but from a distinguished secular humanist intellectual tradition as well &#8212; a distinguished intellectual tradition that had repudiated all the moral and spiritual values inherent to the orthodox Christianity of the <em>Confessing Church</em>.</p>
<p>Josef Hromadka wrote that:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;The liberal theology in Germany and in her orbit utterly failed.  It was willing to compromise on the essential points of divine law and of &#8220;the law of nature&#8221;; to dispose of the Old Testament and to accept the law of the Nordic race instead; and to replace the &#8220;Jewish&#8221; law of the Old Testament by the autonomous law of each race and nation, respectively.  It had made all the necessary preparation for the &#8220;Germanization of Christianity&#8221; and for a racial Church.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>Veith subsequently says, &#8220;in deciding whether or not to sign the Barmen Declaration &#8230; the dividing line was clear.&#8221;  And he states, &#8220;The <em>German Christian</em> theologians predictably denounced the confessional movement as being &#8216;narrow&#8217; and &#8216;fundamentalist.&#8217;&#8221;  He rightly described the opponents of the Barmen Declaration as being &#8220;modernists,&#8221; &#8220;existentialists,&#8221; and &#8220;dialectical&#8221; in their thinking.  The theologians who rejected Barmen were men like Emanuel Hirsch, who taught that the resurrection of Christ was only a spiritual vision, and that the idea of a physical resurrection distorted Christianity by focusing attention to the hereafter rather than to the culture and community of the present.</p>
<p>In short, it was Christians who thought like the evangelicals and fundamentalists of today who signed the Barmen Declaration and openly opposed Nazism, and it was &#8220;Christians&#8221; who thought like the mainline liberals of today who stood for the <em>German Christian</em> Nazification of Christianity and for the resulting Nazification of German ethics and morality.</p>
<p>Confessing Church pastors and priests who resisted this Nazification of the church paid dearly.  Thousands of clergymen were hauled away to the concentration camps.  According to the Niemoller archives, 2,579 clergymen were sent to Dachau alone &#8211; and 1,034 of them died in the camp.  And that only refers to the priests and pastors &#8211; not the untold thousands of devout Christians such as the Ten Booms who perished in the death camps for their opposition to Nazism.</p>
<p>An article entitled &#8220;<a href="http://www.ucalgary.ca/oncampus/weekly/may5-06/nazi-religions.html" target="_blank">Asking &#8216;Why Nazism?&#8217;</a>&#8221; reviewing a book by Dr. Karla Poewe has this:</p>
<blockquote><p>“One of the dangers of liberal Christianity, where all sorts of interpretations are permitted, is that it can easily slip into becoming a new religion,” Poewe says. “This is what happened. In a bid to rid Germany of what it saw as Jewish Christianity, several home-grown practices sprang up, including some that incorporated Icelandic and pre-Christian sagas, as well as ideas from German Idealism.”</p>
<p>Although initially these new religions were separate and disorganized entities, they eventually came under the umbrella of what was known as the German Faith Movement. Hitler saw in it a mechanism for transmitting and reinforcing the National Socialist worldview. “He shaped its followers into a disciplined political force but dismissed its leaders later when they were no longer needed,” Poewe says.</p></blockquote>
<p>We&#8217;re clearly not to the point where Jews, or Christians, or anyone else are being gathered by the thousands and placed in death camps.  But we&#8217;re beginning to see a trend that is frightening, as government, with the assistance of liberal &#8220;Christian&#8221; churches and organizations, are trying to impose their will upon the church and its agenda.</p>
<p>We&#8217;ve had <a href="http://americansfortruth.com/news/pastors-to-protest-new-homosexuality-inclusive-hate-crimes-law-in-dc-monday.html" target="_blank">a &#8220;hate crimes&#8221; law imposed upon us that makes homosexuality a protected behavior</a>.  And one evangelical expresses the Confessing Church position <a href="http://www.deepcreekbc.com/?p=832" target="_blank">in a nutshell</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>Tony Perkins, president of the Family Research Council, said in a written statement the bill “is part of a radical social agenda that could ultimately silence Christians and use the force of government to marginalize anyone whose faith is at odds with homosexuality.”</p></blockquote>
<p>In another recent case, a Christian mother who has homeschooled her child is being forced to put her ten-year old child in public school, not to improve her academic education, but to limit her exposure to Christianity <a href="http://www.onenewsnow.com/Education/Default.aspx?id=659638" target="_blank">and forcibly expose her to a government-approved &#8220;public&#8221; point of view</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>According to the court order, the guardian concluded that Amanda&#8217;s &#8220;interests, and particularly her intellectual and emotional development, would be best served by exposure to a public school setting in which she would be challenged to solve problems presented by a group learning situation and&#8230;Amanda would be best served by exposure to different points of view at a time in her life when she must begin to critically evaluate multiple systems of belief and behavior.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>This is a shocking case, in which the government is usurping both parental and religious freedoms.  And there are many similar usurpations today, in which our government is actively opposing Christian values.</p>
<p>Nearly fifty million babies have been killed in this country by a government-sanctioned &#8220;pro-choice&#8221; system.  Gene Edward Veith addresses the &#8220;pro-choice&#8221; movement and its philosophical underpinnings:</p>
<blockquote><p>Existential ethics brackets the objective issues on abortion entirely.  At issue is not some transcendent moral law, nor medical evidence, nor a logical analysis.  The content of that choice makes no difference.  If the mother chooses to have the baby, her action is moral.  If she chooses not to have the baby, her action is still moral.  If she bears a child against her will or aborts a child against her will &#8212; then and only then is the action evil.  Those who believe that abortion should be legal do not consider themselves &#8220;pro-abortion.&#8221;  They are &#8220;pro-choice.&#8221;  The term is not only a rhetorical euphemism but a precise definition of existential ethics.</p>
<p>Existentialism is also reflected in those who are &#8220;pro-choice&#8221; but personally oppose abortion.  They do not believe in abortion for themselves, but refuse to impose their beliefs on others.  In this view, a belief has no validity outside the private, personal realm of each individual.  Moral and religious beliefs are no more than personal constructions, important in giving meaning to an individual&#8217;s life, but not universally valid.  Or, to use another commonly accepted axiom, &#8220;what&#8217;s true for you may not be true for me.&#8221;</p>
<p>Such a view of truth flies in the face of all classical metaphysics, which sees truth as objective, universal, and applicable to all&#8221; (page 96, <em>Modern Fascism: Liquidating the Judeo-Christian Worldview</em>).</p></blockquote>
<p>We can return to the historical analysis of Nazism presented by Karla Poewe, and what happened when such &#8220;anything goes&#8221; belief systems were allowed to rule.  [I am writing an article describing how existentialism became a primary component of Nazism, and will link to it here when I am finished writing it].</p>
<p>Before we leave the issue of abortion as a vile violation of Christian ethics and morality, let us consider one more voice:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;But I feel that the greatest destroyer of peace today is abortion, because it is a war against the child &#8211; a direct killing of the innocent child &#8211; murder by the mother herself. And if we accept that a mother can kill even her own child, how can we tell other people not to kill one another?&#8221; &#8212; Mother Teresa</p></blockquote>
<p>Christians should fight for life.  And allowing a human being to live should not be a &#8220;choice,&#8221; but a duty.</p>
<p>In 2003 one David Allen Black wrote an article bearing the question, &#8220;<a href="http://www.daveblackonline.com/do_we_need_a_new_barmen_declarat.htm" target="_blank">Do We Need A New Barmen Declaration?</a>&#8220;  No Christian with a knowledge of history can answer any other way than, &#8220;<em><strong>YES!</strong></em>&#8220;</p>
<p>The Barmen Declaration was written in 1934, but in many ways it was already too late: The Nazis were already in power.  Hitler was in his second year of power; and the ideas of the liberal theologians, the existentialist philosophers, and the amoral intellectuals were already firmly in place.</p>
<p>It is my fervent hope that we finally have that &#8220;New Barmen Declaration&#8221; to answer the evils of our own day.  If we already should have written one, then every day that passes is one more day wasted; if we are acting pro-actively, then let us thank God that we acting before it is too late.</p>
<p>From the <em>UK Telegraph</em>:</p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/100017824/at-last-christians-draw-a-line-in-the-sand-against-their-pc-secularist-persecutors/" target="_blank"><strong>At last, Christians draw a line in the sand against their PC secularist persecutors</strong></a></p>
<p>By Gerald Warner UK Last updated: November 24th, 2009</p>
<p>At long last, Christian leaders have faced up to their persecutors in the secularist, socialist, One-World, PC, UN-promoted axis of evil and said: No more. In the popular metaphor, they have drawn a line in the sand. For harassed, demoralised faithful in the pews it will come as the long-awaited call to resistance and an earnest that their leaders are no longer willing to lie down supinely to be run over by the anti-Christian juggernaut. This statement of principle and intent is called The Manhattan Declaration, published last Friday in Washington DC.</p>
<p>It is difficult to believe that so firm an assertion of Christian intransigence in the face of persecution will not have some beneficial effects even here. For this Declaration is no minor affirmation by a few committed activists: on the contrary, it is signed by the most important leaders of three mainstream Christian traditions – the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church and Evangelical Protestants. For an ecumenical document it is heroically devoid of fudge, euphemism and compromise.</p>
<p>The Manhattan Declaration states that “the lives of the unborn, the disabled, and the elderly are severely threatened; that the institution of marriage, already buffeted by promiscuity, infidelity and divorce, is in jeopardy of being redefined to accommodate fashionable ideologies; that freedom of religion and the rights of conscience are gravely jeopardized by those who would use the instruments of coercion to compel persons of faith to compromise their deepest convictions”.</p>
<p>For Barack Obama, the PC lobby, the “hate crime” fascists and, by implication, their opposite numbers in Britain, the signatories have an uncompromising message: “We pledge to each other, and to our fellow believers, that no power on earth, be it cultural or political, will intimidate us into silence or acquiescence.” That is plain speaking, in the face of anti-Christian aggression by governments. The signatories spelled it out even more unequivocally: “We will fully and ungrudgingly render to Caesar what is Caesar’s, but we will under no circumstances render to Caesar what is God’s.”</p>
<p>In a world where a Swedish pastor has been jailed for preaching that sodomy is sinful, similar prosecutions have taken place in Canada, the European Court of Human Rights (sic) has tried to ban crucifixes in Italian classrooms, Brazil has passed totalitarian legislation imposing heavy prison sentences for criticism of homosexual lifestyles, Amnesty International is championing abortion, David Cameron has voted for the enforced closure of Catholic adoption agencies, and Gordon Brown’s government has just been defeated in its fourth attempt to abolish the Waddington Clause guaranteeing free speech – this robust defiance is more than timely.</p>
<p>The signatories are unambiguously expressing their willingness to go to prison rather than deny any part of their religious beliefs. Those signatories are heavyweight. On the Catholic side they include Justin Cardinal Rigali, Archbishop of Philadelphia; Adam Cardinal Maida, Archbishop Emeritus of Detroit; the Archbishops of Denver, New York, Washington DC, Newark, Saint Paul and Minneapolis, Kansas City, and Louisville; and other Bishops. The Orthodox include the Primate of the Orthodox Church in America and the Archpriest of St Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary. There are also the Anglican Primates of America and Nigeria, as well as a host of senior Evangelical Protestants.</p>
<p>In terms of influence on votes and public opinion, this is a formidable coalition. It has served notice on the US government that further anti-Christian legislation will provoke cultural trench warfare and even civil disobedience. As regards the sudden stiffening of resistance among the usually spineless Catholic leadership, it is impossible not to detect the influence of Benedict XVI.</p>
<p>We need more declarations like this, on a global scale, and the requisite confrontational follow-up. This is Clint Eastwood, make-my-day Christianity – and not before time. From now on, any governments that are planning further persecution of Christians had better make sure they have a large pride of lions available for mastication duties. The worm has turned.</p></blockquote>
<p>As a young Christian, I was inspired by the music, <a href="http://www.stlyrics.com/songs/k/keithgreen2137.html" target="_blank">lyrics</a>, and album cover of Keith Green&#8217;s album, <em>No Compromise</em>.  The cover says it all:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone" src="http://chuckbrown.com/media/albumcovers/keith-green-no-compromise.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="300" /></p>
<p>The Manhattan Declaration &#8211; like the Barmen Declaration &#8211; calls for Christians who are willing to <em>stand up</em> and be singled out even in the face of persecution or punishment.</p>
<p>I hope you are willing to be one of those Christians.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Estética Ateística na Literatura?]]></title>
<link>http://santoateismo.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/estetica-ateistica-na-literatura/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 16:19:03 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ademarjr</dc:creator>
<guid>http://santoateismo.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/estetica-ateistica-na-literatura/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O ateísmo é constantemente visto na literatura seja ele explicito ou implícito, como personagem prin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://santoateismo.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bebe20lendo.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-166" title="Lendo" src="http://santoateismo.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/bebe20lendo.jpg" alt="" width="417" height="334" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">O ateísmo é constantemente visto na literatura seja ele explicito ou implícito, como personagem principal ou secundário, de uma forma ou de outra ele está lá, impregnado. Mas o ateísmo em literatura pode ser considerado uma estética ou gênero? Quando se pensa na quantidade de autores ateus ou livros que falam sobre ateísmo dava até para acrescentar essa nova categoria, mas o ateísmo muito menos se insere na estética religiosa, simplesmente por não ser uma religião. O mais correto seria denominar o ateísmo como um tema literário, assim como é o amor, a homossexualidade ou a política.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">São muitos os nomes de livros, autores e personagens de caráter ateístico. Entre alguns autores pode-se citar desde o fantasioso Philip Pullman, passando pelos filósofos Nietzsche e Schopenhauer, até os contemporâneos Richard Dawkins e José Saramago. Sem contar os livros de religiosos que abordam, mesmo que pejorativamente, o ateísmo, como é o caso do livro <em>Não tenho fé suficiente para ser ateu</em> dos cristãos Norman Geisler &#38; Frank Turek.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">É possível ainda listar inúmeros personagens ateus que fazem partes de diversos romances, seja no papel principal ou secundário. Só para citar alguns temos, a terrorista Dahlia Iyad do livro <a title="Domingo Negro" href="http://coolturalblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/domingo-negro/" target="_blank"><em>Domingo Negro</em> </a>do americano Thomas Harris, a arqueóloga Tess Chaykin no livro <em>O Último Templário</em> de Raymond Khouri, e ainda o agnóstico Robert Langdon dos livros <em>O Código Da Vinci </em>e <em>Anjos e Demônios </em>do também americano Dan Brown. Isso sem mencionar os vários personagens ateus do russo Fiódor Dostoievski, que apesar de ter sido um cristão fervoroso usava o ateísmo para caracterizar vários de seus personagens, ainda que usasse isso para determinar o caráter dos personagens como escórias sociais, eram sempre os assassinos, homicidas, adúlteros e por ai vai.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">O ateísmo está quase sempre presente, seja no autor que usa ou não o tema em seus livros, pode ser citado aqui o brasileiro Machado de Assis; seja como tema principal do livro, podendo ser visto positivamente ou não; ou, seja nos personagens que podem ser tanto os mocinhos como os vilões. Vale destacar aqui a trilogia de Phillip Pullman, <em>As Fronteiras do Universo </em>(<em>A Bússola Dourada, A Faca Sutil</em> e <em>A Luneta Âmbar</em>) que usa a fantasia para escrever de forma metafórica um ateísmo pra crianças, segundo alguns puritanos Pullman é um exagerado e sensacionalista por escrever sobre tal coisa para crianças, mas há quem defenda que o contrário também é valido, não se deve impor religião para crianças.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Em suma, sendo estética, gênero ou tema, o que importa é que o assunto é bem presente na literatura podendo assim, permitir uma análise sobre a opinião de cada autor e como cada um ver o ateísmo, claro que não é algo massificado, o ateísmo não determina a personalidade dos personagens, autores ou dos próprios leitores, mas proporciona uma reflexão sobre a aceitação e de como essa opção pela descrença é normal e existe a muito tempo, nos mais diversos povos.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://santoateismo.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/dostoievski.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-167" title="Dostoiévski" src="http://santoateismo.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/dostoievski.jpg" alt="" width="299" height="400" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Marginalia, no.88]]></title>
<link>http://newpsalmanazar.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/marginalia-no-88/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 19:11:12 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ian Wolcott</dc:creator>
<guid>http://newpsalmanazar.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/marginalia-no-88/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Imagine…a Utopia in which everything grows of its own accord and turkeys fly around ready-roasted. ~]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><blockquote><p>Imagine…a Utopia in which everything grows of its own accord and turkeys fly around ready-roasted.</p></blockquote>
<p>~ Arthur Schopenhauer, <em>Parerga and Paralipomena</em></p>
<p>&#8216;In such a place,&#8217; says Art, &#8216;men would die of boredom or hang themselves.&#8217;  But he’s wrong about that, because this heaven really exists and I, for one, will be glad to find myself there come Thursday.  I refer, of course, to Mom’s kitchen on Thanksgiving Day.  The great American secular feast approaches like an annual Brigadoon through the November mist.  The whole splendid chorus of fowl and stuffing, potato and gravy, casserole and cranberry sauce implores us to eat, drink and be merry: Utopia lives for only a day.</p>
<p><em>Signing off until next week…</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ho perso la pazienza di avere pazienza]]></title>
<link>http://liberolamiamente.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/ho-perso-la-pazienza-di-avere-pazienza/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:33:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>simovit</dc:creator>
<guid>http://liberolamiamente.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/ho-perso-la-pazienza-di-avere-pazienza/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Contro le infamie della vita le armi migliori sono: la forza d&#8217;animo, la tenacia e la pazienza]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://thenonconsumeradvocate.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/got-patience-680x510.jpg"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://thenonconsumeradvocate.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/got-patience-680x510.jpg" alt="p" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong><em>Contro le infamie della vita le armi migliori sono: la forza d&#8217;animo, la tenacia e la pazienza. La forza d&#8217;animo irrobustisce, la tenacia diverte e la pazienza dà pace.<br />
&#8211; Hermann Hesse</em></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Vorrei avere ancora la pazienza di avere pazienza&#8230;Ma non ce l&#8217;ho più&#8230;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Vorrei pensare ancora che essere tenace, forte d&#8217;animo, come </span></span>ieri <span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">mi ha detto M.  che sono stata, possa essere una soluzione per salvaguardarmi, anche a tempo determinato.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Ma non è più così.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Sono satura, satura di giustificare e di dare spiegazioni, satura di pensare e di sopportare, satura di dover combattere dopo 28 anni sempre con gli stessi fantasmi, che si ripetono in questa casa continuamente, sempre sotto forme diverse.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">La giornata di ieri penso sia stata una delle più devastanti per me, violenza fisica e violenza psicologica specialmente quando te le porti dietro fin da bambina, riappaiono ancora più esorbitanti quando si riverificano dopo tutto questo tempo, con una forma esplosiva e disastrosa, e disastrante.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Ma ancora una volta posso pensare di essere stata forte, di aver fatto fronte a questa cosa e di esserci passata e di aver fatto in modo che passasse, in un modo o nell&#8217;altro.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Certo non si è risolto nulla e stiamo tutti peggio di prima, ma almeno QUEL momento è passato.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Ed ho avuto la forza di dirmi: &#8220;che cazzo te ne stai a fare a casa, a piangere e rivangare continuamente gli stessi momenti e a croggiolarti nella tristezza, fai quello che avresti dovuto fare qualche ora fa&#8230;&#8221;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">E così mi sono fatta una doccia, mi sono vestita di corsa, e mi sono infilata in macchina, e fortunatamente posso dire di aver fatto bene, N. mi aveva scritto &#8220;ja vieni che ti distrai&#8221; e così è stato <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' />  Per un buon 60%</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">A volte si dice il &#8220;Caso&#8221;&#8230;ma come si fa a crederci?</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Comunque&#8230;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">La verità è che poi torni a casa e la tensione è sempre la stessa, le facce &#8221; a peste&#8221; sono sempre le stesse, i silenzi o le urla sono sempre gli stessi. Non è cambiato molto in quelle ore che non c&#8217;eri, ma almeno torni di notte, quando tutti dormono, e forse puoi dormire anche tu (ma ci sono riuscita poco&#8230;)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Non capisco perchè la terapia psicologica viene vista con così tanti pregiudizi&#8230;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><span style="color:#000000;">Se fa male la testa si è abituati a impasticcarsi come pazzi, se viene la febbre idem, sciroppini vari, se viene il diabete ci si cura, mentre se il problema è di natura psicologica nessuno ammette di averlo, anzi, lo nega e lo prende pure come offesa&#8230;</span></span></p>
<p>Penso sia una forma di autonegazione verso se stessi, è più facile pensare che tutti gli altri ce l&#8217;hanno con te e che tu hai ragione che pensare &#8220;cazzo, ma forse il problema sono anche io, forse dovrei fare qualcosa per far star meglio me e gli altri che mi circondano, a cui voglio bene, e che invece tratto a volte come fossero i miei peggiori nemici, colpendoli fisicamente e soprattutto psichicamente di continuo, senza tregua&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><em><span style="color:#ff0000;">Tutte le verità passano attraverso tre stadi. Primo: vengono ridicolizzate; secondo: vengono violentemente contestate; terzo: vengono accettate dandole come evidenti.<br />
&#8211; Arthur Schopenhauer</span></em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Ci credo molto in questa frase.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">E spero che possa essere veritiera anche per questo.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Spero di poter vivere una vita con ostacoli certo, la vita te ne mette davanti sempre centinaia, anche grossi,  ma in pace con me stessa, con il cervello meno &#8220;ipersinaptico&#8221; per sforzarsi di trovare soluzioni che non esistono a problemi che ci massacrano.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Tanto se la soluzione non c&#8217;è, o non dipende da noi, non è che si possa fare molto&#8230;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Ma ci sono momenti in cui se ti guardi da fuori, e fai un click, una fotografia di quel momento, di quello che sta accadendo, pensi che sia quasi impossibile che sta accadendo a te. Sono cose che si sentono dire agli altri, sono racconti che passano di bocca in bocca ma non può essere che stia accadendo proprio a te.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Sono trame di film, sono storielle inventate per far scena e avere qualcosa da raccontare, ed invece sta succedendo proprio a te, e in quel momento ti congeli, ti blocchi, per un attimo non escono più parole da bocca e non riesci più a muoverti.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Spero che almeno tutto questo mi serva come monito, avrei la tendenza a dover affrontare un problema molto simile in futuro anche con me stessa, ma fortunatamente l&#8217;averlo vissuto come esterna, e aver visto come viene fuori, come si agisce, come funziona, spero mi aiuti a essere forte e a contrastare questa &#8220;naturale cosa&#8221; verso l&#8217;autoconsapevolezza e quindi l&#8217;evitare che si verifichi questa condizione, che di certo se non avessi chiesto aiuto, molto probabilmente si sarebbe verificata.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Si dice &#8220;aiutati che Dio t&#8217;aiuta&#8221;. Non credo in Dio, ma nell&#8217;essere Dio di noi stessi sì, la nostra forza personale sì.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Se già decidiamo di farci aiutare, siamo a un passo dallo stare meglio.<br />
</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;">Che vi devo dire, domani è un altro giorno.<br />
</span></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Philosophy – Guide to Happiness]]></title>
<link>http://qausain.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/philosophy-guide-to-happiness/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 19:46:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>qausain</dc:creator>
<guid>http://qausain.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/philosophy-guide-to-happiness/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[- We tend to accept that people in authority must be right. It’s this assumption that Socrates wante]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2407" title="guide" src="http://qausain.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/guide.jpg" alt="" width="212" height="300" /><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">We tend to accept that people in authority must be right. It’s this assumption that Socrates wanted us to challenge by urging us to think logically about the nonsense they often come out with, rather than being struck dumb by their aura of importance and air of suave certainty. This six part series on philosophy is presented by popular British philosopher Alain de Botton, featuring six thinkers who have influenced history, and their ideas about the pursuit of the happy life.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-<br />
</span></p>
<h1><span style="color:#000000;">Part 1:  Socrates on Self-Confidence</span></h1>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">Why do so many people go along with the crowd and fail to stand up for what they truly believe? Partly because they are too easily swayed by other people’s opinions and partly because they don’t know when to have confidence in their own.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">RunTime: <strong>25 min</strong></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center;display:block;'><object width='400' height='330' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' data='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-2808374571100926940'><param name='allowScriptAccess' value='never' /><param name='movie' value='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-2808374571100926940'/><param name='quality' value='best'/><param name='bgcolor' value='#ffffff' /><param name='scale' value='noScale' /><param name='wmode' value='window'/></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">[ <a href="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=2808374571100926940&#38;hl=en&#38;autoplay=1" target="_blank">Full Screen</a> ]</p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<h1><span style="color:#000000;"><strong>Part 2:  Epicurus on Happiness</strong></span></h1>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">British philosopher Alain De Botton discusses the personal implications of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-270BCE) who was no epicurean glutton or wanton consumerist, but an advocate of “friends, freedom and thought” as the path to happiness.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">RunTime: <strong>24 min</strong></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center;display:block;'><object width='400' height='330' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' data='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-3535764476733084568'><param name='allowScriptAccess' value='never' /><param name='movie' value='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-3535764476733084568'/><param name='quality' value='best'/><param name='bgcolor' value='#ffffff' /><param name='scale' value='noScale' /><param name='wmode' value='window'/></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">[ <a href="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=3535764476733084568&#38;hl=en&#38;autoplay=1" target="_blank">Full Screen</a> ]</p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<h1><span style="color:#000000;"><strong>Part 3:  Seneca on Anger</strong></span></h1>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">Roman philosopher Lucious Annaeus Seneca (4BCE-65CE), the most famous and popular philosopher of his day, took the subject of anger seriously enough to dedicate a whole book to the subject. Seneca refused to see anger as an irrational outburst over which we have no control. Instead he saw it as a philosophical problem and amenable to treatment by philosophical argument. He thought anger arose from certain rationally held ideas about the world, and the problem with these ideas is that they are far too optimistic. Certain things are a predictable feature of life, and to get angry about them is to have unrealistic expectations.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">RunTime: <strong>25 min</strong></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center;display:block;'><object width='400' height='330' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' data='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=6877249402964035542'><param name='allowScriptAccess' value='never' /><param name='movie' value='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=6877249402964035542'/><param name='quality' value='best'/><param name='bgcolor' value='#ffffff' /><param name='scale' value='noScale' /><param name='wmode' value='window'/></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">[ <a href="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=6877249402964035542&#38;hl=en&#38;autoplay=1" target="_blank">Full Screen</a> ]</p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<h1><span style="color:#000000;"><strong>Part 4: Montaigne on Self-Esteem</strong></span></h1>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">Looks at the problem of self-esteem from the perspective of Michel de Montaigne (16th Century), the French philosopher who singled out three main reasons for feeling bad about oneself – sexual inadequecy, failure to live up to social norms, and intellectual inferiority – and then offered practical solutions for overcoming them.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">RunTime: <strong>25 min</strong></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center;display:block;'><object width='400' height='330' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' data='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=6436583611449448580'><param name='allowScriptAccess' value='never' /><param name='movie' value='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=6436583611449448580'/><param name='quality' value='best'/><param name='bgcolor' value='#ffffff' /><param name='scale' value='noScale' /><param name='wmode' value='window'/></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">[ <a href="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=6436583611449448580&#38;hl=en&#38;autoplay=1" target="_blank">Full Screen</a> ]</p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<h1><span style="color:#000000;"><strong>Part 5:  Schopenhauer on Love</strong></span></h1>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">Alain De Botton surveys the 19th Century German thinker Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) who believed that love was the most important thing in life because of its powerful impulse towards ‘the will-to-life’.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">RunTime: <strong>24 min</strong></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center;display:block;'><object width='400' height='330' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' data='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=8358646220672429933'><param name='allowScriptAccess' value='never' /><param name='movie' value='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=8358646220672429933'/><param name='quality' value='best'/><param name='bgcolor' value='#ffffff' /><param name='scale' value='noScale' /><param name='wmode' value='window'/></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">[ <a href="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=8358646220672429933&#38;hl=en&#38;autoplay=1" target="_blank">Full Screen</a> ]</p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<h1><span style="color:#000000;"><strong>Part 6:  Nietzsche on Hardship</strong></span></h1>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">British philosopher Alain De Botton explores Friedrich Nietzsche’s (1844-1900) dictum that any worthwhile achievements in life come from the experience of overcoming hardship. For him, any existence that is too comfortable is worthless, as are the twin refugees of drink or religion.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">RunTime: <strong>24 min</strong></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center;display:block;'><object width='400' height='330' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' data='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=2975222748330605245'><param name='allowScriptAccess' value='never' /><param name='movie' value='http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=2975222748330605245'/><param name='quality' value='best'/><param name='bgcolor' value='#ffffff' /><param name='scale' value='noScale' /><param name='wmode' value='window'/></object></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">[ <a href="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=2975222748330605245&#38;hl=en&#38;autoplay=1" target="_blank">Full Screen</a> ]</p>
<p><span style="color:#ffffff;">-</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Sentimenti e Interessi]]></title>
<link>http://afovidius.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/sentimenti-e-interessi/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 15:54:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>afovidius</dc:creator>
<guid>http://afovidius.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/sentimenti-e-interessi/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Gli uomini mutano sentimenti e comportamenti con la stessa rapidità con cui si modificano i loro int]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong>Gli uomini mutano sentimenti e comportamenti con la stessa rapidità con cui si modificano i loro interessi.</strong></p>
<p>(Arthur Schopenhauer)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Prelude II – Of Knowledge and Ignorance]]></title>
<link>http://jamesesz.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/prelude-ii-%e2%80%93-of-knowledge-and-ignorance/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 01:50:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jamesesz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jamesesz.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/prelude-ii-%e2%80%93-of-knowledge-and-ignorance/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The Fox and the Grapes by Milo Winter The Fox and the Grapes A famished fox crept into a vineyard wh]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[The Fox and the Grapes by Milo Winter The Fox and the Grapes A famished fox crept into a vineyard wh]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Arthur Schopenhauer]]></title>
<link>http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/arthur-schopenhauer/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 10:13:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ali Lochhead</dc:creator>
<guid>http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/2009/11/20/arthur-schopenhauer/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;Arthur Schopenhauer was born February 22, 1788 in Danzig, Prussia (now Gdansk in Poland).  Hi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/romanticism1.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-793" title="Romanticism" src="http://bibibook4.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/romanticism1.jpg" alt="" width="141" height="180" /></a>&#8220;Arthur Schopenhauer was born February 22, 1788 in Danzig, Prussia (now Gdansk in Poland).  His father was a successful businessman, and his mother a novelist.  Young Arthur was moved around Europe quite a bit, which allowed him to become fluent in several languages, and to develop a deep love of nature.</p>
<p>In 1805, his father died, and he tried a business career.  He lived with his mother for a while in Weimar, and she introduced him to Goethe.  He went on to study medicine at the University of Göttingen and philosophy at the University of Berlin, and ultimately received his doctorate from the University of Jena in 1813.  Later, he worked with Goethe on Goethe&#8217;s studies on color.</p>
<p>In 1819, he published his greatest work, <strong>Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Idea)</strong>.</p>
<p>To Schopenhauer, the phenomenal world is basically an illusion.  The true reality, Kant&#8217;s &#8220;thing-in-itself,&#8221; he refers to as <strong>Will</strong>.  Will, perhaps an odd term to us today, is more like the Tao in Chinese philosophy:  It is out of the Will that everything derives.  But it has more the qualities of a force, and pushes or drives what we perceive as the phenomenal world.</p>
<p>Will is, you could say, the inner nature of all things.  So, if you want to understand something&#8217;s &#8212; or someone&#8217;s &#8212; inner nature, you need only look within yourself.  So the Will also drives us, through our instincts.  This concept would influence a young Sigmund Freud a generation later.</p>
<p>Schopenhauer, profoundly influenced by his reading of Buddhist literature, saw life as essentially painful.  We are forced by our natures, our instincts, to live, to breed, to suffer, and to die.  Schopenhauer is often described as &#8220;the great pessimist!&#8221;</p>
<blockquote><p>For the world is Hell, and men are on the one hand the tormented souls and on the other the devils in it&#8230;.If you imagine&#8230; the sum total of distress, pain, and suffering of every kind which the sun shines upon in its course, you will have to admit it would have been much better if the sun had been able to call up the phenomenon of life as little on the earth as on the moon&#8230;.</p>
<p>To our amazement we suddenly exist, after having for countless millennia not existed; in a short while we will again not exist, also for countless millennia.  That cannot be right, says the heart.</p></blockquote>
<p>The question, of course, is how does one get past this suffering?  One way he recommends is <strong>esthetic salvation</strong> &#8212; seeing the beauty in something, or someone.  When we do this, we are actually looking at the universal or essence behind the scene, which moves us in turn towards the universal subject within ourselves.  This quiets the will that forces us into the phenomenal world.  Schopenhauer believed that music was the purest art &#8212; one step from will.</p>
<p>A second way to transcend suffering is through <strong>ethical salvation</strong> &#8212; compassion.  Here, too, it is the recognition of self-in-others and others-in-self that leads to a quieting of the will.</p>
<p>But these are only partial answers.  The full answer requires <strong>religious salvation</strong> &#8212; asceticism, the direct stilling of all desires by a life of self-denial and meditation.  Without the will, only nothingness remains, which is Nirvana.</p>
<p>Schopenhauer lived many years of his life a bitter and reclusive man, unable to deal with his lack of success in life.  He began publishing his works again in 1836, and intellectuals all over Europe began to develop an interest in him.</p>
<p>Sadly, Schopenhauer developed heart problems and on September 21, 1860, he died.  After his death, he would powerfully influence such notables as the composer Richard Wagner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Thomas Mann and many other writers.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><a title="BiBi Books. Bibliography. The History Of Psychology. Dr. C. George Boeree." href="http://bibibooks.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/the-history-of-psychology/" target="_blank"><em>The History Of Psychology</em></a><em>, Part 3: The 1800&#8217;s</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>Dr. C. George Boeree</em></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><em>© Copyright 1999 C. George Boeree</em></p>
<p>Ali.♥</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Meditation XIII, Historia – The Philosophy of History and History in Philosophy]]></title>
<link>http://jamesesz.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/the-thirteenth-meditation-historia-%e2%80%93-the-philosophy-of-history-and-history-in-philosophy/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2009 16:17:35 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jamesesz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jamesesz.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/the-thirteenth-meditation-historia-%e2%80%93-the-philosophy-of-history-and-history-in-philosophy/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The King&#8217;s Library ~ Our meeting today, my dear reader, is not one of coincidence, luck or bli]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[The King&#8217;s Library ~ Our meeting today, my dear reader, is not one of coincidence, luck or bli]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Egoisme]]></title>
<link>http://isidreb.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/egoisme/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 15 Nov 2009 07:08:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>isidreb</dc:creator>
<guid>http://isidreb.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/egoisme/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[L&#8217;egoisme no té límits. Per dissimular-lo els homes van inventar la cortesia. Per contenir-lo ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://isidreb.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/te-interesa-saber2.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-2939" title="te interesa saber2" src="http://isidreb.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/te-interesa-saber2.jpg?w=495" alt="te interesa saber2" width="495" height="140" /></a></p>
<blockquote><p>L&#8217;egoisme no té límits. Per dissimular-lo els homes van inventar la cortesia. Per contenir-lo i regular-lo, instituïren l&#8217;estat.</p>
<p><strong><a title="Viquipedia: Schopenhauer" href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></strong></p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[• Benjamin FONDANE – Baudelaire şi experienţa abisului  | cap. III | ]]></title>
<link>http://fondane.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/benjamin-fondane-baudelaire-si-experienta-abisului-capitolul-3/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 23:44:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Restitutio Benjamin Fondane</dc:creator>
<guid>http://fondane.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/benjamin-fondane-baudelaire-si-experienta-abisului-capitolul-3/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A apărut, în revista Luceafărul de dimineaţă (numărul 37 din 11 noiembrie 2009), traducerea capitolu]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">A apărut, în revista <a href="http://www.revistaluceafarul.ro/index.html?editie=74"><span style="color:#993300;"><em>Luceafărul de dimineaţă</em> </span></a>(numărul 37 din 11 noiembrie 2009), traducerea capitolului al III-lea din volumul <em>Baudelaire et l’expérience du gouffre</em> (Paris, Pierre Seghers éditeur, 1947, pp. 33-44).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Îl reproducem în continuare, însoţit de şapoul care a precedat acest fragment important din opera lui Fondane, precum şi de coperta ediţiei originale, din anul 1947.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Este prima traducere în limba română a acestui text.</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">Luiza Palanciuc şi Mihai Şora</p>
<p style="text-align:right;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_1225" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 430px"><img class="size-full wp-image-1225" title="FONDANE_Benjamin_Baudelaire_et_l_experience_du_gouffre_edition_1947_couverture" src="http://fondane.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/fondane_benjamin_baudelaire_et_l_experience_du_gouffre_edition_1947_couverture.jpg" alt="FONDANE_Benjamin_Baudelaire_et_l_experience_du_gouffre_edition_1947_couverture" width="420" height="570" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Benjamin Fondane &#124; Baudelaire et l’expérience du gouffre &#124; coperta ediţiei originale &#124; </p></div>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Traducerea de faţă face parte din programul „<em>Restitutio</em> Benjamin Fondane“, program iniţiat în urmă cu doi ani, prin care ne-am propus să aducem în conştiinţa publicului român opera franceză a autorului, în ediţii adnotate şi comentate. Prima în limba română, această traducere a fost realizată după volumul din 1947, publicat postum de Geneviève Fondane, cu ajutorul lui Cioran şi al lui Jean Cassou. Cartea a apărut la Éditions Seghers, sub titlul <em>Baudelaire et l’expérience du gouffre</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Tradus <em>à la lettre</em>, acest text ar fi ininteligibil: Fondane nu a avut timp să-şi revadă manuscrisul, frazele lui sunt febrile, ritmate de o necesitate internă, nu de una exterioară şi formală, a unei simple analize. După cum scrie Jean Cassou, în prefaţa cărţii, este vorba, aici, de „ardoarea unei drame spirituale“, nu despre vreo savantă algebră care ar utiliza conceptul de <em>angoasă</em> ori pe cel de <em>disperare</em>. Ne-am străduit, în traducerea noastră, să restituim, înainte de toate, gândul lui Fondane. Acest capitol al III-lea, tradus integral aici, este continuarea celor două apărute în vara anului 2008, în revista <em>Observator Cultural</em>, în rubrica „<em>Restitutio</em> Benjamin Fondane“ (redeschisă de curând în lunarul ieşean <em>Timpul</em>). Am lăsat la o parte, în aşteptarea apariţiei acestui volum în limba română, întreg aparatul de note, comentarii şi interpretări pe care l-am pregătit odată cu traducerea noastră. În speranţa că această aşteptare nu ne va fi înşelată, iar apariţia traducerilor operelor lui Benjamin Fondane nu va mai rămâne multă vreme sub semnul interdicţiei.</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">Luiza Palanciuc şi Mihai Şora</p>
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<h1 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#000000;">Benjamin Fondane</span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#000000;"><em><span style="color:#ff0000;">Baudelaire </span></em></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#000000;"><em><span style="color:#ff0000;">şi </span></em></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#000000;"><em><span style="color:#ff0000;">experienţa abisului </span></em></span></h1>
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<p style="text-align:center;">Capitolul III</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Prezentare şi traducere din limba franceză</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">de</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Luiza Palanciuc şi Mihai Şora</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-958" title="fondane_restitutio" src="http://fondane.wordpress.com/files/2009/08/fondane_restitutio.jpg" alt="fondane_restitutio" width="420" height="420" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">De ce ridică oamenii în slăvi „spiritul critic“, încât ajung să creadă că nu doar este un bine, un har, ci chiar Binele, Harul prin excelenţă? Însuşi harul poeziei li se pare meschin în comparaţie cu acesta; dar ce spun? – <em>mai cu seamă</em> harul poeziei. Dacă nu le-ar fi dat, odată cu harul poeziei, şi un spirit să-l potrivească, să dispună de el, să-l ţină în mâini, poezia li s-ar arăta drept <em>cel mai insipid dintre lucruri</em>. Este ceea ce chiar spun oamenii; dar, în străfundul lor, gândesc: <em>cel mai groaznic</em>. De ce „groaznic“? nimeni n-a mai zis aşa ceva până acum; dar gândul te duce la nebunie, la dezordine, la beţie. La ceva care nu este „omenesc“. Numai odată cu spiritul critic coboară asupra noastră „omenescul“: odihnitor, împăciuitor, liniştitor. El aşază între noi şi poezie o stavilă, un dig, un parapet. <em>Acum, doar acum</em> putem sorbi – fără risc – din potirul său. Nu mai avem de-a face doar cu roadele harului (despre care vom vorbi mai departe), ci cu roadele <em>unei reguli</em>. Chiar dacă harul continuă să dăinuiască – ceea şi trebuie, căci, altminteri, nu ar mai exista poezie –, el nu ne mai înspăimântă: nu mai este chiar aşa de îngrozitor, câtă vreme a fost deja domesticit, purificat, câtă vreme a fost făcut <em>potabil</em>. Nu mai este o forţă oarbă, capricioasă, venind nu se ştie de unde; nu ne mai împărtăşeşte taine şi semne; nu mai are nicio putere; este, desigur, o minune, dar pe măsura noastră, aruncată într-o cuşcă, într-un acvariu: ne uităm la ea; dar şi ea ne priveşte: la urma urmei, dintre noi doi – <em>minunea suntem noi</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">*</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Am spus că, mai mult decât oricine – strigând în gura mare, ba chiar exagerând –, Baudelaire făcea caz de ataşamentul său faţă de estetica tradiţională şi principiile ordinii. Dar însăşi exagerarea acestui ataşament faţă de nişte principii care detestă <em>orice</em> exagerare nu încetează să pară suspectă. Manifestarea unei conştiinţe cam prea sensibile la realitatea acestei probleme să nu fie, oare, tocmai dovada unui beteşug ascuns? Într-adevăr, Baudelaire este cel dintâi care să-şi fi dat seama de un lucru – neconştientizat deloc până la el de tradiţia franceză –, şi anume că, proclamând manifestul drepturilor şi al limitelor sale, tradiţia aceasta nu înţelegea să apere un statut strict poetic, ci ceva mai obscur, fără vreo legătură nemijlocită cu esenţa însăşi a poeziei, iar scopul său era poate de a garanta <em>altceva</em> decât poemul, chiar împotriva riscurilor şi primejdiilor a ceea ce, pentru moment, am putea numi „viaţa“. Postulatul ascuns al acestei tradiţii – <em>ascuns</em> de vreme ce-i venea prin mijlocirea filosofiei prime a unei tainice porunci căreia, la rându-i, această tradiţie trebuia să i se supună – era faptul că raţiunea este singurul bun în lumea făpturilor care să nu atârne de noi, singura susceptibilă de a ridica o stavilă în faţa primejdiei vieţii, primejdie cu atât mai reală, cu cât se înstăpânea, zi de zi, tot mai mult, asupra a ceea ce conştiinţa naivă se vedea silită să expulzeze din sine. Lume pură de acte virtuale, de abstracţii şi de identităţi, conştiinţa se golise într-o asemenea măsură de orice „viaţă“, încât ajungea o nimica toată, o regulă nerespectată, prezenţa unui cuvânt neobişnuit pentru a strecura în ea, dintr-o dată, un val, o mişcare sugerând ceea ce era cel mai de temut: năvala detestabilă a arbitrarului. Ajunge un singur cuvânt, „mizerabil“, pe care Racine voia să-l întrebuinţeze în locul cuvântului „năpăstuit“, iar pe Boileau îl şi apucă greaţa şi panica. Ce s-ar întâmpla, aşadar, dacă primejdia care i se înfăţişează poetului ar fi adevărată, dacă i s-ar arăta sub forme mai concrete, mai nemijlocite, dacă poetul ar fi mai ameninţat ca oricând, de vreme ce primejdia se găseşte chiar în străfundul lui şi îl ispiteşte? Văd de departe groaza care a apucat-o pe Frina, expertă în materie de amoruri, <em>professor publicus ordinarius</em> al mângâierilor savante, când, pe nepusă masă, cuprinsă de o greaţă irezistibilă, a simţit că ceva mişcă în pântecele ei, pântece până atunci sterp. Creaţia îşi spune cuvântul, fără să-i pese de Principii, punând în pericol armonia formelor. Cum să nu fie conştient poetul de un asemenea pericol? Cel dintâi impuls al lui este să facă faţă la ceva; crede că şi poezia – ba tocmai ea – este chemată să-i facă faţă. Acolo unde Boileau nu vedea decât un haos în care doar poezia era un punct neclintit şi ferm, Baudelaire are impresia violentă, îngreţoşată, a unui antagonism, a unui conflict între forţe egale. Ne aflăm, <em>aici</em>, în faţa unei imense şi dezgustătoare materii, o materie lamentabilă, plângăreaţă, neliniştită şi sfâşiată, lipsită de orice voinţă, fără ochi, cu străluciri tenebroase şi furioase – iar, <em>dincolo</em>, în faţa unui spectacol de lumini cu acrobaţii fără plasă de salvare, în care ordinea, complexitatea, ierarhia se aliază pentru a lăsa impresia calmului şi siguranţei. Da, în viaţa de zi cu zi, până şi calmul, până şi ordinea par zbuciumate, neliniştite, au ceva chinuit, neîmplinit; iar dincolo, în artă, neliniştea însăşi, ca şi tensiunea au ceva împăcat şi reconfortant. Se înţelege de la sine că, în spatele decorului, găsim lemnul necioplit, pânza prinsă grosolan în cuie, borcanul cu clei, sforile împrăştiate pe jos – ceea ce Baudelaire numeşte „inevitabila înşelătorie a artei“ –, dar nu ne vine la îndemână să ne închipuim agonia, insomnia, înjosirea, groaza şi murdăria, în toată puterea cuvântului. Până şi când vorbim de „spatele decorului“, tot la cel <em>artistic</em> ne gândim, la spatele <em>unui decor</em>, iar nu la viaţa întâmplătoare care îi serveşte de suport; un lucru este viaţa, cu totul altul este arta. Şi nu cumva este ea o apărare <em>împotriva</em> vieţii, un refugiu, o evaziune? Nu cumva este ea <em>superioară</em> vieţii?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dar, pe vremea lui Baudelaire, nu mai era posibil să te încrezi în arta ca sumă a unor <em>mijloace</em>; revoluţia romantică, deşi nu decapitase cuvintele, regulile, făcuse măcar atât: zdruncinase credinţa în drepturile lor divine; termenul „năpăstuit“ nu mai avea niciun fel de putere pentru a goni diavolul, după cum nici termenul „mizerabil“ nu ne-ar fi putut da pe mâna lui. Credinţa dezamăgită şi înşelată trebuia să fie transferată asupra unei esenţe mai adânci, trebuia să fie descoperit în artă un centru mai puţin vulnerabil la tulburările din afară. Hugo avea dreptul să se bucure că salvase, în sfârşit, cuvântul „mizerabil“, dar problema, de fapt, nici nu se mai punea. În spatele acestor probleme legate de cuvinte, de reguli, de mijloace, se afla, în secolul al XVII-lea, o filosofie, un idealism <em>latent</em> căruia i-a venit clipa să fie dat <em>în vileag</em>; în lipsa unei lumi exterioare, stabile şi legitime – de n-ar fi decât aceea a limbajului –, arta nu se mai poate sprijini decât pe ea însăşi. Şi când zic „pe ea însăşi“ tocmai asta zic: că, de-acum înainte, va ajunge să recurgă la o „filosofie a artei“. Iar această filosofie nu va trebui căutată prea departe; ea există deja: pluteşte în aerul timpului. Desigur, este încă plină de întunecime când iese de sub condeiul lui Hegel: „Vieţii îi este cu neputinţă să atingă conceptul“; dar oricine poate ghici despre ce anume este vorba.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Filosofia, spune Hegel, exprimă Ideea; arta – oglindirea sensibilă a Ideii; cea dintâi reprezintă împăcarea adevărului şi a realului <em>doar în gândire</em>, cea de-a doua împacă realul cu adevărul „în însăşi manifestarea reală“, într-o judecată fără concept. Atât filosofia, cât şi arta au drept ţintă atingerea, prin metode diferite, a unui aceluiaşi ţel, pe care Schopenhauer, deşi neînduplecat duşman al lui Hegel, îl definea în aproape aceiaşi termeni ca şi rivalul său: „Opera de artă nu este decât mijlocul menit să uşureze cunoaşterea Ideii, cunoaştere care duce la plăcerea estetică“. Fără îndoială, ar fi naiv să vrei cu orice preţ să încerci să înţelegi cum anume este posibil ca o împăcare a adevărului cu realul <em>în idee</em> şi o împăcare <em>în însăşi manifestarea reală</em> – adică o împăcare fără concept – ar putea fi unul şi acelaşi lucru, ajungând la acelaşi rezultat; şi cum, anume, o împăcare <em>în idee</em> a adevărului cu realul şi o împăcare <em>în sensibil</em> a realului cu adevărul mai pot avea o ţintă comună? Ar fi poate mai bine să nu stăruim prea mult asupra acestui talmeş-balmeş. Dar dai dovadă că eşti o fiinţă înzestrată cu raţiune dacă, tocmai dimpotrivă, începi să bănuieşti că filosofii nu taie firul în patru <em>chiar degeaba</em>, ci, dimpotrivă, crezi că trebuie să fi urmărit totuşi, ei, o ţintă cât de cât limpede, şi să aştepţi răbdător ca ei înşişi să-ţi divulge <em>taina</em> lor. Iat-o, de altfel, căci Schopenhauer nu prea ştie să ţină un secret: „În starea aceasta (starea estetică) suntem eliberaţi de nefericitul nostru eu.“ (<em>Dann werden wir des leidigen </em>Selbst<em> entledigt</em> (<em>Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung</em>, III, § 38). <em>Acest</em> lucru, şi nimic altceva, ni se spunea când era vorba despre „manifestarea Ideii“: că trebuia să alungăm, pur şi simplu, nefericitul nostru eu. Dar nu este cazul să ne aşteptăm ca tocmai Hegel să ne explice motivul pe şleau; n-are chef să pună punctul pe i. Doar pentru că eul <em>nu</em> intră în concept, spune el, doar de aceea trebuie alungat fără milă; deoarece se pune de-a curmezişul <em>inteligenţei</em>. Schopenhauer este însă mai direct, mai curajos: el ne destăinuie că eul este sediul voinţei, al setei de existenţă, al vieţii fenomenale, aşadar al suferinţei şi al nesiguranţei universale. Scopul urmărit de Idee este slăbirea voinţei; dacă, din nenorocire, arta s-ar întâmpla s-o <em>aţâţe</em>, prin chiar acest fapt arta ar deveni duşmanul Ideii. Dar, slavă Domnului!, arta nu aţâţă câtuşi de puţin voinţa; ea ştie prea bine că de negarea voinţei şi a setei de a trăi atârnă însăşi existenţa şi manifestarea Ideii; ba încă arta însăşi este manifestarea acestei Idei; face, prin urmare, tot ce-i stă în putinţă – şi nu este de lepădat – pentru a ne elibera de al nostru <em>leidige Selbst</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Desigur, nu în aceşti termeni se va exprima poezia franceză, de la Malherbe (care nu are nici cea mai vagă bănuială despre aşa ceva), până la Mallarmé (care ştie lucrurile foarte limpede), dar aceasta este gândirea care stă la temelia nenumăratelor acte rituale impuse poetului pentru a-i evita acestuia contactul cu „impurităţile“ eului; şi, oare, nu încearcă ea să scape de fulgerul şi trăznetul lui Platon şi ale Sfântului Augustin, care, <em>pe bună dreptate</em>, îi reproşau poeziei că nu este decât un aţâţător al voinţei, o exprimare a „eului“? Bineînţeles, această estetică nu este câtuşi de puţin <em>originală</em>; o regăsim la Atena, la Roma, la Alexandria, peste tot unde civilizaţiile anchilozate, sleite, cu instinctul vital istovit, desacralizaseră în întregime şi natura, şi gândirea, în beneficiul unei gândiri şi al unei naturi <em>profane</em> de la un capăt la altul, negăsind altă cale de a se sustrage terorii vidului decât călirea conştiinţei. Mai regăsim această estetică peste tot în Europa, începând cu Renaşterea. Dar nu este mai puţin adevărat că, în această estetică universală, poezia franceză s-a remarcat în mod special, croindu-şi un chip deosebit, printr-o adeziune exclusivă, printr-o supunere oarbă şi un acord fără cea mai mică urmă de rezervă mentală faţă de această viziune a spiritului care răspunde (aşa cum, din bun început, a ghicit) celor mai stricte exigenţe ale raţiunii. Vreau să vorbesc, printre altele, despre <em>această</em> tendinţă a gândirii noastre de a-i prefera, misterului, limpezimea, şi de a face ca universul să fie redus la nivelul înţelegerii omului de rând. „Literatură de <em>a priorist</em>, aşadar franceză prin excelenţă şi carteziană“, scrie André Gide referindu-se la Mallarmé.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nu este cazul să examinăm aici motivele care au făcut ca secolul al XVII-lea francez să dea la iveală, în lumea Literelor, aceşti fioroşi <em>a priori</em>, investiţi cu puteri depline; nu este nici cazul să vedem dacă această hotărâre a avut urmări binefăcătoare sau dezastruoase asupra celor trei secole ulterioare de poezie franceză, nici dacă aceste urmări vor fi fost mai fericite în acele ţări care, deşi supunându-se aceleiaşi doctrine, au făcut-o cu mai puţin fanatism şi, eventual, chiar cu inima strânsă. Cu <em>doctrina însăşi</em> ne răfuim noi aici, descotorosind-o de toate acele consideraţii istorice care îi vor fi determinat amplitudinea, forţa, împrejurările, slăbiciunile şi excesele. Nu ne este necunoscut faptul că doctrina aceasta a trecut prin tot felul de crize şi de revoluţii, că nu şi-a păstrat mereu aceeaşi înfăţişare, fie sub armura feudală, fie sub libertăţile burgheze. Actele rituale pe care ea le comandă s-au schimbat, fără îndoială, de mai multe ori, stavilele au fost interiorizate şi nu este prea uşor să recunoşti un acelaşi spirit în estetici aparent atât de diferite precum regula celor trei unităţi, pe de o parte, şi scrierea automată din zilele noastre, pe de alta. Şi totuşi, nimic nu s-a schimbat în privinţa <em>fondului</em>; şi aici, şi acolo, tot „nefericitul eu“ al lui Schopenhauer urma să fie alungat, cu toate că acea epocă a clasicismului îl alungase <em>de pe margine</em>, în vreme ce epoca noastră o face din chiar străfundul ei.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">S-ar putea ca acei critici literari care nu prididesc să-i reproşeze artei secolului al XIX-lea înclinaţia spre „individualism“ să mă contrazică spunându-mi că teoriile filosofilor nu fac nici cât o ceapă degerată, şi că niciodată lor nu le-a păsat de ceea ce gândeau despre artă un Hegel sau un Schopenhauer, ba chiar un Aristotel; dar ei nu mă conving. Îi cred pe cuvânt când spun că nu l-au citit nici pe Hegel, nici pe Schopenhauer, şi că niciodată n-au fost tulburaţi de problemele acestor Domni; nu le putem pune la îndoială sinceritatea. Dar nenorocirea face ca ideile filosofilor să plutească în aer, acolo unde ei înşişi le aruncaseră sau de unde le culeseseră (nu se ştie prea bine de ce anume este în stare aerul, şi, mai cu seamă, <em>aerul timpului</em>). Descoperim la critici – cu această diferenţă, totuşi, că ideile lor, câtuşi de puţin înrădăcinate în raţiunea pură, sunt mai degrabă sentimentale – descoperim deci aceeaşi oroare faţă de „nefericitul nostru eu“ şi aceeaşi aplecare spre experienţa medie, aceeaşi exigenţă a universalului şi a „valorilor veşnice“. Dacă sunt îndeobşte mai îngăduitori decât filosoful este pentru că sunt mai prost echipaţi decât acesta, mai sensibili la „succes“ şi, uneori, din fericire, mai <em>artişti</em>. Ei nu-şi dau seama de contradicţie şi nu au habar de pericolul de care se tem; doar <em>simt</em> că supunerea oarbă la exigenţele logicului nu este lipsită de pericole; au înţeles că trebuie să-ţi păstrezi supleţea, să faci adâncă plecăciune în faţa „adevărurilor veşnice“, dar că nu este cazul să priveşti cu lupa dacă aceste adevăruri sunt îndeplinite întocmai. Şi poetul, la rându-i, se mişcă în acest mediu elastic, ghidându-se mai degrabă după „instinctul“ său decât după raţiune şi lăsându-le filosofilor grija de a se pune de acord cu Ideea. „Mă tem, Doamne iartă-mă!, că poetul trebuie să fie cât de cât prostănac“, spunea cel mai inteligent dintre poeţii ruşi, Puşkin; şi să nu fie, oare, de mirare că poetul cel mai important dintre toţi datorită inteligenţei sale critice, după cum ni se spune, este de aceeaşi părere, ba chiar o şi proclamă? „Or, marea poezie, spune Baudelaire (<em>Œuvres posthumes</em>, <em>Compte rendu du Prométhée délivré</em>, de M. de Senneville), este, prin chiar natura ei, <em>prostănacă</em> (subliniat de Baudelaire), ea <em>crede</em> şi tocmai acest lucru îi conferă forţă şi o încununează cu glorie. Nu cumva să confundaţi vreodată fantomele raţiunii cu fantomele imaginaţiei; cele dintâi sunt nişte ecuaţii, iar acestea din urmă fiinţe şi amintiri.“</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Dar nu toată lumea poate avea <em>norocul</em> de a fi prostănac, pur şi simplu. Se întâmplă uneori ca un mare artist, cu toate că prost (de vreme ce aceasta este condiţia <em>esenţială</em> a marii poezii), să fie <em>şi</em> cât se poate de inteligent. El vede limpede <em>încotro îl îndreaptă</em> experienţa lui adâncă (instinct, inspiraţie, harul Domnului, şi altele asemenea), dar tot aşa de limpede vede şi că ea nu se potriveşte cu ideea pe care şi-o face despre această experienţă. E deştept; are deci scrupule. E deştept; nu poate deci suporta contradicţia, şi nici să se vadă ţinând partea ba a poeziei, ba a ceea ce <em>crede el că ar fi ea</em>. E deştept; aruncă deci o privire lipsită de candoare în tainele meseriei lui: „I se arată, oare, publicului – azi înnebunit, nepăsător mâine – şmecheriile meseriei? I se explică, oare, retuşurile şi variantele improvizate&#8230;, ori în ce măsură instinctul şi sinceritatea se amestecă în rubricile şi în şarlatanismul indispensabil amalgamului operei? I se dezvăluie, oare, toate zdrenţele, fardurile, scripeţii, lanţurile, pocăinţele, mâzgăliturile începuturilor, pe scurt <em>toate ororile care alcătuiesc altarul artei</em>?“ Iată la ce triste constatări ajunge un poet care n-are norocul de a fi prostănac şi care ar da tot ce are mai de preţ pentru a fi astfel, şi căruia îi este ruşine de dorinţa lui. Ar vrea să înlăture acest conflict; dar, pe măsură ce se străduie să-l înlăture, îl şi provoacă. În acest dialog tăcut al sufletului cu el însuşi se duce o sumbră bătălie între ceea ce <em>crede</em> poetul şi ceea ce, în străfundul lui, se ruşinează de faptul de a crede. Inteligenţa nu poate să-şi lase acasă arme, dovezi, raţionamente când înfruntă un adversar înrăit, de partea căruia se află dreptul, dacă nu chiar, întotdeauna, şi forţa. Ajunge ca poetul să se aplece spre „lucrul extrem“, ajunge ca el să simtă ivindu-se în el „clarvăzătorul“, starea de transă, „idioţenia“ şi, deîndată, va şi începe să cultive în el acest fel de <em>rezistenţă</em> pe care i-o pune la îndemână inteligenţa sa „firească“. Dar pe măsură ce este dus de val, iar rezistenţa îi este învinsă, creşte în el conştiinţa mijloacelor potrivite ca s-o fortifice ori măcar, la nevoie, <em>să-i simuleze prezenţa</em>. Este clipa în care se face simţită nevoia urgentă a filosofiei, clipa în care i se cere „filosofiei artei“ să vină în ajutor fără să i se pună condiţii. Desigur, ajutorul acesta nu va fi negociat; cum ai apucat să-i pronunţi numele, filosofia şi apare, darnică în sfaturi şi consolări pe care le-a mai servit şi altor navigatori în pericol. Într-un asemenea moment ne oferă Baudelaire, liniştit până una, alta, textul acesta luat cu împrumut – fără să-l numească – de la Poe, text pe care nu ne vine la îndemână să-l denumim un „plagiat“, Baudelaire crezând atât de puternic în aceste idei, încât, după spusa lui Valéry, îşi închipuia că ar fi chiar ale sale: </p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">„«Intelectul pur ţinteşte Adevărul, Gustul ne arată Frumuseţea, Simţul Moral ne predică Datoria. Este drept că simţul valorilor medii are conexiuni lăuntrice cu cele două extreme şi că nu-l separă de Simţul Moral decât o diferenţă atât de neînsemnată, încât Aristotel nu a pregetat să aşeze în rândul virtuţilor câteva dintre operaţiile sale mai delicate. Totodată, ceea ce îl exasperează cel mai mult pe omul de gust în spectacolul viciului sunt <em>sluţenia</em> acestuia şi <em>lipsa lui de proporţii</em>. Viciul atacă dreptatea şi adevărul, răscoleşte intelectul şi conştiinţa; dar, în măsura în care jigneşte armonia, ca disonanţă, el va răni îndeosebi anumite spirite poetice; şi nu cred că ar fi prea scandalos să considerăm că orice abatere de la morală, de la <em>frumosul moral</em>, este un fel de greşeală împotriva ritmului şi a prozodiei universale.» Şi mai departe: «În felul acesta, principiul poeziei constă&#8230; într-un entuziasm, într-o răpire a sufletului; <em>entuziasm total independent de pasiune</em>&#8230; Căci <em>pasiunea</em> este ceva firesc, prea firesc pentru a nu introduce un ton aspru, strident în domeniul Frumuseţii pure; este prea familiară şi prea violentă pentru a nu scandaliza dorinţele pure, gingaşele melancolii şi nobilele disperări care îşi duc traiul pe plaiurile supranaturale ale Poeziei.»“</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Să fie, oare, Baudelaire cel care vorbeşte în felul acesta? Sau Poe? Ori poate Hegel? Ori însăşi Raţiunea? Se înţelege de la sine că este greu să te pronunţi. Tonul este atât de solemn, atât de dogmatic, ba chiar este citat şi Aristotel! Sper că nu ni se va mai face reproşul că, ­<em>à propos</em> de poezie, vom fi pomenit şi filosofia idealistă; nu ni se va mai spune, sper, că gândirea ieşită din experienţa poetului nu are nimic de-a face cu aceea a metafizicienilor!&#8230; Căci ce altceva vrea să spună acest text atunci când alungă entuziasmul şi pasiunea „firească“, dacă nu că arta trebuie să ne elibereze de nefericitul nostru eu? Şi ce, anume, exprimă acest text, de la un capăt la altul, dacă nu tocmai convingerea că este „o oglindire sensibilă a ideii“?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Fără îndoială, poetul ştie prea bine că domeniul său implică dorinţe, melancolii şi disperări; el ştie că începutul poeziei se află „în entuziasm, într-o răpire a sufletului“; dar – adăugând că dorinţele, melancolia şi disperarea trebuie să fie nobile, iar nu fireşti, că entuziasmul şi răpirea sufletului trebuie să evite pasiunea şi violenţa, precum şi „tonalităţile aspre, stridente“, toate sluţeniile şi lipsa de proporţii ale „eului“, din teama de a nu <em>scandaliza</em> ideea şi a vătăma ritmul prozodia universale – ce mai păstrează el, oare, din acest ritm şi din această prozodie? Avem de-a face aici cu o impresie atât de înţeleaptă, cu o impresie atât de pură a ortodoxiei filosofice, încât admiraţia acordată acestui text nu mă surprinde câtuşi de puţin; ceea ce mă surprinde însă este faptul că toată lumea a acceptat cu atâta uşurinţă că acest text ar fi fost scris de Baudelaire; că s-a crezut cu atâta uşurătate că el exprima gândirea sa autentică; dar nici descoperirea „plagiatului“ n-a descurajat pe nimeni, n-a deschis ochii nimănuia. Autorul <em>Florilor Răului</em> să vorbească despre viciu ca despre o „greşeală“ împotriva ritmului!, despre sluţenie şi lipsa de proporţii ca despre un păcat împotriva prozodiei!, căzând în genunchi în faţa Simţului Moral!, ba chiar citându-l pe Aristotel! Chiar şi cu mai puţin te-ai putea îndoi. Însă, pe de altă parte, sare în ochi că acest text nu este unic în felul său; nu doar că Baudelaire ţine la el, şi încă atât de mult, încât îl publică de două ori – şi în <em>Art Romantique</em>, şi în studiul său despre Poe –, dar se şi grăbeşte să reia acest punct de vedere îngroşându-l din ce în ce, cu o furie care depăşeşte mult ţinta pe care îşi propusese s-o atingă. Oricât de „insolit“ ar fi textul, nu-i poţi pune la îndoială sinceritatea decât atacând întreg „complexul critic“ al lui Baudelaire şi nemaivăzând în el decât cea mai extraordinară edificare a sinelui de către sine, fără să-i înţelegi, din capul locului, prea bine ţelul: apărare? disimulare?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Trebuie, prin urmare, să-i acorzi încredere. Dar gândul ne dă ghes cu încăpăţânare: de ce, oare, Baudelaire nu numai că a făcut loc, în opera lui, unor elemente contradictorii, antagonice, ireductibile la gândirea ortodoxă pe care o propovăduieşte (sluţenia, lipsa de proporţii, pasiunea, entuziasmul şi violenţa – toate <em>fireşti</em>), ci – iar acest lucru este cel mai important – a ţinut să-şi <em>justifice</em> gestul, ba încă într-un fel care să nu lase nici urmă de îndoială, fără a renunţa, totuşi, la prima sa atitudine, încărcându-şi astfel umerii cu cele mai groaznice neajunsuri. Însuşi viciul, această dublă greşeală împotriva moralei şi a gustului, se lăfăie în acest text, se justifică şi încearcă să atingă primatul spiritual; şi nu doar <em>firescul</em> acţionează aici, în pofida Ideii, ci şi <em>sălbatecul</em>, vreau să spun firescul în libertate şi nevinovat de libertatea sa. Iar mai grav este că faptul că avem de-a face cu un fel de <em>convingere</em> şi cu un accent personal de care duce lipsă atitudinea ţeapănă şi academică pe care o luase cu împrumut de la Poe. Desigur, poeţii sunt nişte fiinţe <em>frivole</em>. Ei nu pot să-şi ascundă mereu prostia. Li se întâmplă să dea glas la ceea ce filosofii n-ar fi spus niciodată: gânduri stranii, enigmatice, fără să bănuiască măcar contradicţiile pe care acestea le ascund, fără măcar să-şi dea seama că au dărâmat ceea ce tocmai edificaseră mai adineaori cu atâta osteneală şi cu atâta curaj. Iată ce scrie Gérard de Nerval: „Inspiraţia a intrat în mine ca o muză cu vorbe aurite; a dispărut ca o Pitie, scoţând urlete de durere.“.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Iar Baudelaire, la fel de liniştit, poate să scrie, de pildă: „Beţia artei este mai potrivită decât orice altceva să arunce un văl asupra groazei Abisului.“ Ce înseamnă asta? Nici Hegel, nici Kant, nici Schopenhauer nu ne-au vorbit de vreun abis, şi cu atât mai puţin de unul care ar continua să existe după împăcarea adevărului cu realitatea; „realitatea fără concept, ne spune Hegel, este neantul“. Niciunul dintre ei nu s-a gândit că Muza cu vorbe aurite (oglindire limpede şi sensibilă a Ideii) ar fi putut să se transforme într-o Pitie, de vreme ce gemetele nu se pot ridica nicidecum până la concept. Însăşi ideea unei <em>metamorfoze</em> a Frumuseţii li s-a părut de neconceput; căci ce raport, ce trăsătură <em>comună</em> poate fi găsită între Muză şi Pitia, între realitate şi neant? Dacă un asemenea raport ar putea fi conceput, ce ar mai rămâne, oare, din adevăr şi din frumos?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">După cum se vede, filosofia este incapabilă să admită existenţa Abisului, a Pitiei; cât despre poet, el este incapabil, în pofida „bunei sale voinţe“, de a le înlătura din drama lui. Nu că s-ar crampona de ele; îi provoacă oroare, iar, pentru a se păzi de ele, recurge la vrăji, la incantaţiile Ideii, pe care o învaţă pe dinafară şi pe care o tot repetă ca un papagal savant. Dar, când ai ajuns într-o asemenea stare, incantaţiile Ideii se dovedesc neputincioase. Aşa cum îi stă în obicei, filosofia aduce depline consolări, liniştindu-i şi îmbărbătându-i, doar acelora a căror încredere nu fusese pusă la încercare de cine ştie ce rană ascunsă; dar dacă încrederea a fost cumva zdruncinată, atunci niciunul din aceste „farmece“ nu va putea s-o refacă. Nu este mai puţin adevărat că lipsa de încredere în farmece „revoltă intelectul şi conştiinţa“. Ce-i mai rămâne, aşadar, de făcut poetului <em>inteligent</em> care nu se poate împiedica să fie poet, dar nu se poate împiedica nici să fie inteligent? S-ar putea să-i fie cu neputinţă să se hotărască să-şi jignească intelectul şi conştiinţa, oricum ai lua-o, iar criza să rămână fără soluţie. Dar s-ar putea, de asemenea, ca faptul să fie posibil, de n-ar fi decât în parte şi din când în când. Ni s-a spus mereu şi de către toată lumea că, orice am face, cunoaşterea intuitivă este larvară, bolborositoare, „leşinândă“, incapabilă de a se ridica până la concept; dar nu ni s-a spus că, dacă din întâmplare ar putea să se ridice până acolo, nu i s-ar îngădui s-o facă. <em>Trebuie neapărat</em> ca ea să rămână larvară, trebuie ca ea să cadă la pământ în faţa conceptului; prea multe forţe au interesul să menţină această neputinţă, fie prin persuasiune, dacă se poate, fie prin constrângere, dacă este necesar. Cum ar putea, aşadar, poetul ameninţat cu ridicolul, cu blamul sau cu azilul de nebuni, să nu-şi invoce ortodoxia? Dar cum să dea glas la ceea ce nu resimte? În felul acesta, el înlocuieşte convingerea de care duce lipsă prin ridicarea vocii, golul sentimentului adevărat – prin accese de isterie; nu mai este vorba de a se convinge pe sine însuşi, cât mai ales de a-i convinge <em>pe ceilalţi</em>. Atunci, şi numai atunci, forţată să ascundă falia devenită prea vizibilă între a fi şi a părea, conştiinţa se dezice de încercarea disperată a unei schimbări a sinelui, dar se agită să nu lase la vedere nimic din ce-ar putea-o diminua, exagerând în ochii celorlalţi o putere în care n-a încetat să creadă ea însăşi şi care atinge proporţiile mitului [1].</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Trebuie să fii nespus de inteligent ca să duci la capăt o asemenea întreprindere. Iar Baudelaire este cât se poate de inteligent. Şi, fără îndoială, tot sub semnul mitului va trebui să luăm în considerare, în forma lui cea mai subtilă, spiritul critic al lui Baudelaire.</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;text-align:justify;"><em> </em></p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;text-align:justify;"><em>Notă:</em></p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;text-align:justify;">[1] Întrebuinţăm aici cuvântul <em>mit</em> în lipsa altuia mai potrivit. Dar el trebuie luat în sensul laic, profan, al unei forţe lipsite de conţinut, pur imaginară – adică exact contrarul mitului în sensul sacru. </p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;text-align:justify;"><em>Referinţa originală</em>:</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;text-align:justify;"><strong>Benjamin Fondane</strong> – <em>Baudelaire et l’expérience du gouffre</em>, Paris, Pierre Seghers éditeur, Préface de Jean Cassou, chap. III, pp. 33-44.</p>
<address> </address>
<address>Pentru a cita acest articol:</address>
<address><a href="http://www.fondane.eu/"><span style="color:#993300;"><em>Restitutio</em> <strong>Benjamin Fondane</strong></span> </a>– <a href="http://fondane.wordpress.com/"><span style="color:#993300;">http://fondane.wordpress.com</span></a></address>
<p style="text-align:right;"><strong> </strong><em>Gratias agimus</em>.</p>
<address></address>
<address><span style="color:#ffffff;">I enjoy the massacre of ads. This sentence will slaughter ads without a messy bloodbath.</span></address>
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<title><![CDATA[Das Investiga&ccedil;&otilde;es do Consumo - A permanente busca pelo desconhecido]]></title>
<link>http://reflexoescorporativas.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/das-investigaes-do-consumo-a-permanente-busca-pelo-desconhecido/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 20:43:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Siqueira</dc:creator>
<guid>http://reflexoescorporativas.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/das-investigaes-do-consumo-a-permanente-busca-pelo-desconhecido/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ontem, escrevi uma base sobre as diferentes formas “do consumir”, entre a necessidade e o desejo. Ho]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Ontem, escrevi uma base sobre as diferentes formas “do consumir”, entre a necessidade e o desejo. Ho]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Das Investiga&ccedil;&otilde;es do Consumo - Origens]]></title>
<link>http://reflexoescorporativas.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/das-investigaes-do-consumo-origens/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 10 Nov 2009 18:43:33 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Siqueira</dc:creator>
<guid>http://reflexoescorporativas.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/das-investigaes-do-consumo-origens/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Desde os inícios da formação social, os hábitos em busca da felicidade se desenvolvem em torno de aq]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Desde os inícios da formação social, os hábitos em busca da felicidade se desenvolvem em torno de aq]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Kant en el baile de máscaras]]></title>
<link>http://pseudopodo.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/kant-en-el-baile-de-mascaras/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 21:44:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>pseudópodo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pseudopodo.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/kant-en-el-baile-de-mascaras/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Disculpen que no me levante, digo, que no escriba en el blog&#8230; Estoy muy ocupado leyendo el abs]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://yaestaellistoquetodolosabe.lacoctelera.net/post/2008/11/17/disculpe-no-me-levante">Disculpen que no me levante</a>, digo, que no escriba en el blog&#8230; <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';-)' class='wp-smiley' />  Estoy muy ocupado leyendo el absorbente <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Straw-Dogs-Thoughts-Humans-Animals/dp/0374270937"><em>Straw dogs </em></a>(Perros de paja) de <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Gray">John Gray</a>. ¿De qué trata? Tendría que dedicarle una entrada, pero de momento, estos párrafos lo resumen muy bien:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">“Yo compararía a Kant con un hombre en un baile, que ha pasado toda la velada cortejando a una belleza enmascarada en la vana esperanza de hacer una conquista, hasta que ella al final se descubre y resulta ser su esposa”. En la fábula de Schopenhauer, la esposa que la máscara convierte en una bella desconocida es el cristianismo. Hoy es el humanismo.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Lo que Schopenhauer escribió de Kant no es menos cierto hoy. Tal como suele practicarse, la filosofía es el intento de encontrar buenas razones para creencias convencionales. En la época de Kant el credo de la gente convencional era el cristianismo; ahora es el humanismo. Y no son tan diferentes esos dos credos. En los últimos doscientos años la filosofía se ha quitado de encima su fe cristiana. No se ha librado del error cardinal del cristianismo: la creencia en que los hombres son radicalmente diferentes de los demás animales.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">La filosofía ha sido un baile de máscaras en el que una imagen religiosa de la humanidad se ha vestido con el traje nuevo de las ideas humanistas de progreso e ilustración. Incluso los mayores desenmascaradores de la filosofía han terminado como figuras de la mascarada. Retirar las máscaras de nuestros rostros animales es una tarea que apenas ha empezado.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Otros animales nacen, buscan pareja, se alimentan y mueren. Eso es todo. Pero nosotros, los humanos, pensamos que somos diferentes. Somos <em>personas</em>, cuyas acciones son el resultado de sus <em>elecciones</em>. Otros animales pasan sus vidas sin enterarse, pero nosotros somos <em>conscientes</em>. Nuestra imagen de nosotros mismos se forma a partir de nuestra arraigada creencia de que <em>conciencia, auto-identidad y libre albedrío</em>, son lo que nos define como seres humanos, y nos eleva sobre las demás criaturas.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">En nuestros momentos más imparciales, admitimos que esta visión de nosotros mismos es defectuosa. Nuestras vidas se parecen más a sueños fragmentarios que a los decretos de un yo consciente. Controlamos muy poco de lo que más nos preocupa; muchos de nuestras decisiones más trascendentes se toman sin que seamos conscientes de ellas. Y aún así insistimos en que la <em>humanidad</em> puede lograr lo que <em>nosotros</em> no podemos. Este es el credo de los que han abandonado una creencia irracional en Dios por una creencia irracional en la humanidad. Pero, ¿y si abandonamos las esperanzas vacías del cristianismo y el humanismo? Una vez que apagamos la banda sonora –el bla bla bla de Dios, la inmortalidad, el progreso, la humanidad- ¿qué sentido podemos hacernos de nuestras vidas?</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
</blockquote>
<p>Y ahora vuelvo a la lectura&#8230;</p>
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<title><![CDATA["But Islands of the Blessèd, bless you son, I never came upon a blessèd one."]]></title>
<link>http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/but-islands-of-the-blessed-bless-you-son-i-never-came-upon-a-blessed-one/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 15:38:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mark</dc:creator>
<guid>http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/but-islands-of-the-blessed-bless-you-son-i-never-came-upon-a-blessed-one/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As printed in the first edition of Frost&#39;s book &quot;A Witness Tree&quot; (1942), his last to w]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_1538" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 418px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1538" title="awt006" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/awt006.jpg?w=300" alt="awt006" width="408" height="149" /><p class="wp-caption-text">As printed in the first edition of Frost&#39;s book &#34;A Witness Tree&#34; (1942), his last to win the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.</p></div>
<p>This poem—this epigram, I should say—was collected first in Frost&#8217;s 1942 volume <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=KzT4SvXgLI6GlQTq-ojWBQ&#38;id=wf0qAAAAIAAJ&#38;dq=a+witness+tree&#38;q=Islands+of+the#search_anchor" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">A Witness Tree</span></a>. A few weeks ago I chanced to be in Amherst, Massachusetts, and heard <a href="https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/magazine/issues/2007_summer/my_life" target="_blank">William Pritchard</a> deliver a lecture on Frost, the occasion being the dedication of the <a href="http://joneslibrary.org/" target="_blank">Jones Library</a> there as a <a href="http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/altaff/outreach/literarylandmarks/index.cfm" target="_blank">National Literary Landmark</a> owing to its association with Frost, and to the fine collection held there of his literary manuscripts.</p>
<div id="attachment_1537" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 200px"><em><img class="size-medium wp-image-1537" title="IMG_0299" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/img_0299.jpg?w=216" alt="IMG_0299" width="190" height="264" /></em><p class="wp-caption-text">On Amity Street, Amherst, MA. </p></div>
<p>Pritchard read this poem aloud, read it well, and brought the sound of it home to me again in all its bitter mischief. The first of it has to do with the title: &#8220;An Answer.&#8221; To whom? And to what query? And how particular should one be with the person addressed, this &#8220;son&#8221; spoken of and to? The &#8220;But&#8221; with which this &#8220;answer&#8221; begins implies a discursive context of disagreement, or at least demurral: &#8220;<em>Perhaps</em> for you, my boy, though I rather doubt it. But <em>no, not</em> for me to be sure.&#8221; Likely the person addressed is your rather generic young man, who still thinks that the world, insofar as and where he dwells in it, can be made better, meliorated—even perfected, let&#8217;s say for the sake of argument. Or, if we take it a bit colder, the young man addressed might wish for nothing more than perfectly mundane sorts of happiness: vocation, family, friends, sanity, health—all the great desiderata, and all so hard to keep, to hold, to make <em>stay</em>.</p>
<p>The Islands of the Blessèd, of course, are the fabled &#8220;Islands of the Happy,&#8221; a kind of terrestrial paradise imagined by the ancients as lying, well, <em>somewhere</em> due west. This we have from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" target="_blank">Plutarch</a>&#8217;s <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14140/14140-8.txt" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Life of Sertorius</span></a>, a.k.a. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertorius" target="_blank">Quintus Sertorius</a> (123 BC-72 BC), a Roman statesman and general, born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursia" target="_blank">Nursia</a>, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine" target="_blank">Sabine</a> territory:</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px"><em><em><img class="size-medium wp-image-1557" title="gades" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/gades.jpg?w=300" alt="gades" width="300" height="240" /></em></em><p class="wp-caption-text">The Straits of Gades (as anciently known). Near Beatis (a.k.a. Baetica); now in Spain.</p></div>
<p><em>&#8220;As the wind abated he set sail, and put in at some scattered islands, which had no water. Leaving them, and passing through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetica" target="_blank">Straits of Gades</a>, he touched at those parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" target="_blank">Iberia</a> on the right which lie out of the strait, a little beyond the mouths of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetica" target="_blank">Bætis</a>, which flows into the Atlantic Sea, and has given name to those parts of Iberia which lie about it. There he fell in with some sailors, who had returned from a voyage to the Atlantic Islands, which are two in number, separated by a very narrow channel, and ten thousand stadia [pl.: stadium] from the coast of Libya, and are called the Islands of the Happy [or Blessèd]. These islands have only moderate rains, but generally they enjoy gentle breezes, which bring dews; they have a rich and fertile soil, adapted for arable cultivation and planting; they also produce fruit spontaneously, sufficient in quantity and quality to maintain, without labour and trouble, a population at their ease. The air of the island is agreeable, owing to the temperature of the seasons, and the slightness of the changes; for the winds which blow from our part of the world from the north and east, owing to the great distance, fall upon a boundless space, and are dispersed and fail before they reach these islands; but the winds which blow round them from the ocean, the south and west, bring soft rains at intervals, from the sea, but in general they gently cool the island with moist clear weather, and nourish the plants; so that a firm persuasion has reached the barbarians that here are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysian_plains" target="_blank">Elysian Plains</a> and the abode of the Happy which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" target="_blank">Homer</a> has celebrated in song. Sertorius, hearing this description, was seized with a strong desire to dwell in the islands, and to live in quiet, free from tyranny and never-ending wars.&#8221; The latter to reference to Homer concerns this passage from The <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext99/dyssy10.txt" target="_blank">Odyssey</a>: &#8220;As for your own end, Menelaus, you shall not die in Argos, but the gods will take you to the Elysian plain, which is at the ends of the world. There fair-haired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhadamanthus" target="_blank">Rhadamanthus</a> reigns, and men lead an easier life than any where else in the world, for in Elysium there falls not rain, nor hail, nor snow, but Oceanus breathes ever with a West wind that sings softly from the sea, and gives fresh life to all men.&#8221;</em></p>
<p>The Islands of the Blessèd were, then, indeed a terrestrial paradise, where Adam&#8217;s curse was redeemed, commuted, dismissed: <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV2&#38;byte=9498" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Genesis</span> 3:17-19</a><strong>:</strong> &#8220;And unto Adam [God] said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life; <strong> </strong>Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; <strong> </strong>In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.&#8221; So often did Frost write poems about the &#8220;that other fall they name the fall&#8221; (as he puts it in &#8220;<a href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=173533" target="_blank">The Oven Bird</a>&#8220;) that I&#8217;ve half a mind to include &#8220;An Answer&#8221; in the small anthology that might be made of them.</p>
<p>But the mischief I&#8217;ve spoken of, and which Pritchard&#8217;s lecture brought home to this epigram of a poem, only begins with questions that might be asked about whom this &#8220;answer&#8221; is given to, and in what context. No, the real mischief comes in that second line, which admits of two readings, one colloquial and profane, the other neither. <!--more-->&#8220;Blessed&#8221; is often used in an ironic sense, colloquially, to mean precisely the opposite of what it lexically means (so to speak). &#8220;I never came upon a blessèd one&#8221; can mean &#8220;I never came upon a goddamned one.&#8221; Cf., for example, the <span style="text-decoration:underline;">Oxford English Dictionary</span>, definition 5, of &#8220;blessed&#8221;: &#8220;Euphemistically or ironically used for ‘cursed’ or the like. 1806  13 Sept. in Brewer WINDHAM Let. in Speeches (1812) I. 77 As one of the happy consequences of our blessed system of printing debates, I am described to-day as having talked a language directly the reverse of that which I did talk. 1865 tr. Spohr&#8217;s Autobiog. I. 221 The whole of the members must attend every blessed evening in the theatre.&#8221; Curiously, J.E. Lighter offers no entry for &#8220;blessed&#8221; in the latter ironic sense—cursed, or goddamned—in his <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Random-House-Historical-Dictionary-American/dp/0394544277/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&#38;s=books&#38;qid=1257760328&#38;sr=8-1" target="_blank">Historical Dictionary of American Slang</a> (or in any other sense), nor does H.L. Mencken in his <a href="http://www.amazon.com/American-Language-H-L-Mencken/dp/1605206237/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&#38;s=books&#38;qid=1257760593&#38;sr=1-1" target="_blank">American Language</a>; perhaps they regarded it as chiefly British. But I have myself certainly heard it often enough in American speech, and Frost doubtless draws on &#8220;blessed&#8221; in its ironic sense here, or at the very least lets it hang there, suspended, equivocal. And here it may help the reader unacquainted with Frost to know a little of what his life had been like in the decade before <span style="text-decoration:underline;">A Witness Tree</span> appeared in 1942. In 1934, his beloved daughter Marjorie died of child-bed fever after a six-week battle against the infection, which at times, as Frost and his wife attended her bedside, drove her to delirium. Then in 1938 the poet&#8217;s wife Elinor died. Hard upon that came the suicide of his son Carol, a victim of paranoid schizophrenia (the disease that had bound Frost&#8217;s sister Jeannie in the State Hospital for the Insane at Augusta Maine some 20 years earlier, where she lived until her own death).</p>
<div id="attachment_1539" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 280px"><em><em><em><img class="size-medium wp-image-1539" title="awt005" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/awt005.jpg?w=300" alt="awt005" width="270" height="172" /></em></em></em><p class="wp-caption-text">Title Page and frontispiece, &#34;A Witness Tress&#34; (1942)</p></div>
<p>And as if these serial blows were not enough, Frost&#8217;s daughter Irma had by this time begun to manifest symptoms of the same disease. Bear in mind what the poet says in his 1935 &#8220;Letter&#8221; to <span style="text-decoration:underline;">The Amherst Student</span>: &#8220;“The background is hugeness and confusion shading away from where we stand into black and utter chaos; and against the background any small man-made figure of order and concentration. What pleasanter than that this should be so?” Small, “man-made” figures of order are all we have and all we need. Poems, for example. Don’t go looking for divine “figures” of order; and don’t regret that there are none. &#8220;Fill full your cup, feel no distress; &#8217;tis only one more thought the less&#8221; (as Hardy would say). However it is in some other world, there&#8217;s not a blessed [i.e., goddamned] redemptive place in <em>this</em> one, and rarely even a blessed <em>hour</em>, for that matter. Remember the name of the book in which &#8220;An Answer&#8221; appears, which is accounted for in its first poem, &#8220;Beech&#8221;:</p>
<div id="attachment_1564" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 152px"><em><em><img class="size-medium wp-image-1564" title="frost_r_01" src="http://marksrichardson.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/frost_r_011.jpg?w=210" alt="frost_r_01" width="142" height="200" /></em></em><p class="wp-caption-text">Frost, in his later years.</p></div>
<p><em>Where my imaginary line<br />
Bends square in woods, an iron spine<br />
And pile of real rocks have been founded.<br />
And off this corner in the wild,<br />
Where these are driven in and piled,<br />
One tree, by deeply wounded,<br />
Has been impressed as Witness Tree<br />
And made commit to memory<br />
My proof of being not unbounded.<br />
Thus truth&#8217;s established and borne out,<br />
Though circumstanced with dark and doubt—<br />
Though by a world of doubt surrounded.</em></p>
<p>And bear in mind that before the reader ever reaches &#8220;An Answer,&#8221; with its equivocal, tough-minded bitterness (if such it may be called), he has read that &#8220;happiness makes up in height for what it lacks in length&#8221;; and he has read of how</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>&#8216;Twas Age imposed on poems<br />
Their gather-roses burden<br />
To warn against the danger<br />
That overtaken lovers<br />
From being over-flooded<br />
With happiness should have it<br />
And yet not know they have it.<br />
But bid life seize the present?<br />
It lives less in the present<br />
Than in the future always,<br />
And less in both together<br />
Than in the past. The present<br />
Is too much for the senses,<br />
Too crowding, too confusing—<br />
Too present to imagine.</em></p>
<p><em>And he has read also this:</em></p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;"><em><em>I have been one no dwelling could contain<br />
When there was rain;<br />
But I must forth at dusk, my time of day,<br />
To see to the unburdening of the skies.<br />
Rain was the tears adopted by my eyes<br />
That have none left to stay.</em></em></p>
<p><em>And this:</em></p>
<p style="padding-left:90px;"><em><em>Oh, we make a boast of storing<br />
Of saving and of keeping,<br />
But only by ignoring<br />
The waste of moments sleeping,<br />
The waste of pleasure weeping,<br />
By denying and ignoring<br />
The waste of nations warring.</em></em></p>
<p>And of course he has read also of that &#8220;Rabbit Hunter,&#8221; &#8220;lurking&#8221; with &#8220;gun depressed,&#8221; facing &#8220;alone&#8221; the alder swamps &#8220;ghastly snow-white,&#8221; and all the better &#8220;to deal a death&#8221; to his prey that neither &#8220;he nor it (nor I) / Have wit to comprehend.&#8221; And then, as if that were not enough already, the reader will have encountered this poem, titled &#8220;A Question&#8221;:</p>
<p style="padding-left:120px;text-align:left;"><em>A voice said, Look me in the stars<br />
And tell me truly, men of earth,<br />
If all the soul-and-body scars<br />
Were not too much to pay for birth.</em></p>
<p>To which, of course, <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/" target="_blank">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> would answer without hesitation: <a href="http://www.stjohns-chs.org/general_studies/philosophy/Romantic/sch.html" target="_blank">&#8220;No. It was <strong>far</strong> too much to pay.&#8221;</a> But to which America&#8217;s supposed cracker-barrel philosopher-bard, Robert Frost, makes answer—or anyway &#8220;an&#8221; answer—in the equivocally cracker-barrel idiom of the poem I began this entry by reading: &#8220;Islands of the Blessèd? Son, well, here&#8217;s hoping you find one. Because the Lord knows I never came across a goddamned one.&#8221;</p>
<p><em>N.B.: Incidentally, I think it not entirely impossible—though fairly unlikely—that &#8220;son&#8221; in &#8220;An Answer&#8221; may include, in its address, the poet&#8217;s own son Carol Frost, whose suicide in 1940 followed upon several years of unendurable suffering. In which case, &#8220;An Answer&#8221; might have among its meanings a kind of eulogy: &#8220;But Islands of the Blessèd, bless you, son. Your father never came across a cursed one.&#8221; <span style="text-decoration:underline;">A Witness Tree</span> (1942) is under copyright; the text of it is not available on-line. But for a link to readings of poems from Frost&#8217;s first book, <span style="text-decoration:underline;">A Boy&#8217;s Will</span>, click <a href="http://librivox.org/newcatalog/search.php?reader=&#38;mc=&#38;bc=&#38;cat=&#38;genre=&#38;language=&#38;type=&#38;author=Robert%20Frost&#38;title=&#38;status=all&#38;reader_exact=&#38;mc_exact=&#38;bc_exact=&#38;date=&#38;group=&#38;engroup=&#38;ingroup=&#38;offset=0" target="_blank">here</a>. And for links to digitally scanned facsimiles Frost&#8217;s first three books click <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/aboyswill00frosgoog" target="_blank">here</a>, and <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/northboston00frosgoog" target="_blank">here</a>, and <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/mountaininterval00frosuoft" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Save the hedgehog; save the world: Why the hedgehog is the most important species on the planet.]]></title>
<link>http://hedgehoghugh.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/save-the-hedgehog-save-the-world-why-the-hedgehog-is-the-most-important-species-on-the-planet/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 08 Nov 2009 15:36:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>hedgehoghugh</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hedgehoghugh.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/save-the-hedgehog-save-the-world-why-the-hedgehog-is-the-most-important-species-on-the-planet/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[What an animal the hedgehog is. Not only the source of 2009’s joke of the year at the Edinburgh Frin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>What an animal the hedgehog is. Not only the source of 2009’s joke of the year at the Edinburgh Fringe from Dan Antopolski: Hedgehogs, why can’t they just share the hedge? But also credited with being the most important species on the planet. By me.</p>
<p>Okay, I know this is a bold claim and there are others who might argue for worms, bees, plankton or people. But I believe that the hedgehog is up there among those more obvious candidates. And that is not just because I have been studying the animal, off and on, for the last twenty years. Or because one night I fell in love with a hedgehog called Nigel.</p>
<p>Actually before I explain that – there is something else the hedgehog has to offer, thanks to the arch-pessimist, Schopenhauer. He described the Hedgehog’s Dilemma, a metaphor for relationships between people. Two hedgehogs are in love, but when they get too close to each other, they hurt themselves with prickles – so they back off and get to a point where they are too far apart and suffer from the pain of loneliness.</p>
<p>While many of us may suffer from this in our personal lives, I believe that we are all suffering from a Hedgehog’s Dilemma on a much bigger scale. Our dilemma is with the natural world. When we get too close to ‘out there’, if we were all, for example, to move into the wilds, we would simply destroy what we were seeking.</p>
<p>But we are also removing ourselves from contact with the natural world. Now, for the first time, we are a majority urban species; there are more and more people who have little or no contact with nature. This leaves us bereft – and a growing body of work is beginning to reveal the consequences to our physical and mental well-being.</p>
<p>E.O. Wilson from Harvard started this field of work with the creation of a new word – biophilia – a recognition of the fact that we have an innate need to be in touch with nature. More recently this has been wonderfully explored by Richard Louv in his book Last Child in the Woods – Saving our children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Now as soon as I heard that term, nature-deficit disorder, I knew that it was vital. It perfectly captures the consequences of our bereavement from nature and our failure to solve the hedgehog’s dilemma.</p>
<p>So where is the relationship between this philosophising and the importance of the hedgehog? And where does Nigel come into it all?</p>
<p>Okay, first to Nigel. I had been radio-tracking hedgehogs in Devon and at around four in the morning, as I went to clean my teeth outside the damp and cold caravan I was living in, I noticed one of my animals just sitting there. It was Nigel. I decided to follow him, no electronics, just us. Over the next hour I got closer and closer until there came a point where I was lying on my stomach and we were nose-to-nose. And then he looked at me. Up until then, I had been observing, he had been snuffling and getting on with the business of being a hedgehog. But at that moment, he stopped and looked up at me. The importance of this; there is no other wild animal that we can do this with. You can get nose-to-nose with your pets, but all the other wild animals I have had anything to do with just would not allow this sort of intimacy.</p>
<p>With that sort of intimacy there is a far greater chance of falling in love with the natural world. Love alters behaviour. And we need to alter our behaviour if we are to have any chance of averting catastrophe.</p>
<p>So perhaps the biggest challenge faced by the large wildlife and conservation organisations is in getting people to truly fall in love with the natural world.</p>
<p>How do we encourage people to fall in love with the natural world? It is a bit of a big thing to tackle on its own. So conservation and wildlife charities focus on the charismatic mega fauna to try and seduce us.</p>
<p>Whales, tigers, lions and elephants are the poster-children of their movement. Which is great, up to a point. The risk is that this generates a very superficial, almost sentimental, reaction. I suppose it is a bit like relying on images of supermodels to instruct our understanding of human relationships. It works okay for hormone-ravaged adolescents, but is less effective, and in fact downright destructive, when it comes to more mature considerations of our loves and ourselves.</p>
<p>I reckon I am about as likely to get nose-to-nose with a humpbacked whale as I am with, say, Angelina Jolie. And even if I did get that close, would there be a spark, a bond? We are much more likely to fall in love with the girl or boy next door. And the hedgehog is the animal equivalent of the boy or girl next door.</p>
<p>Getting moved and becoming passionate are key to us all becoming more involved in creating the change we want to see, and in fact becoming the change we want to see, to steal a line from Gandhi.</p>
<p>We can love a hedgehog like no other animal. It is the first and probably only wild animal that we urbanites and suburbanites have a chance of getting really close to. The hedgehog chooses to share the same space as us and if we are willing to change our point of view and get down on its level, we will be rewarded by the opening of a door into a deeper understanding of the natural world. Once the connection has been made, once we have had that chance to do the nose-to-nose thing and see the spark of wild in its eye, then we can follow it through into a new world view.</p>
<p>Hugh Warwick</p>
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<title><![CDATA[El Estado reaccionario: Nietzsche y Platón.]]></title>
<link>http://algundiaenalgunaparte.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/el-estado-reaccionario-nietzsche-y-platon/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 21:24:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Alguien</dc:creator>
<guid>http://algundiaenalgunaparte.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/el-estado-reaccionario-nietzsche-y-platon/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Texto: Nicolás González Varela. Rebelion.org. 04.11.2009 La influencia de más largo aliento en el Ni]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Tahoma;">Texto: <a href="http://www.rebelion.org/noticias/cultura/2009/11/el-estado-reaccionario:-nietzsche-y-platon-94472" target="_blank"><span style="color:#333333;">Nicolás González Varela</span></a>. Rebelion.org. 04.11.2009</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><img class="alignleft" style="border:0 none;" title="Imagen: pintura de Alfred Soder, Nietzsche desnudo ante las Montañas. Ex-Libris de Friedrich Berthold Sutter (1907). Cortesía del Goethe-Schiller Archive, Weimar. " src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2776/4078896114_f1d2feba89_o.jpg" alt="" width="191" height="320" /><strong>La influencia de más largo aliento en el Nietzsche</strong> <em>totus politicus</em>, en su pensamiento político, además de Wagner y el bismarckismo genérico, <strong>es sin lugar a dudas el divino Platón</strong>. Numerosas pero a veces difíciles de detectar son las referencias a la teoría reaccionaria platónica del Estado e incluso se pueden encontrar anotaciones e interpretaciones e intentos de su aplicación a otros temas, entre ellos el de la educación, la concepción y rol de la mujer en la sociedad, el valor productivo del instinto y del amor, la pederastia, la función de la clase trabajadora y la cultura del Genio. Platón puede definirse como el arquitecto de la anti-<em>Polis</em>, una versión idealista de la reacción aristocrática.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">El estado-ideal de Platón está totalmente enfrentado y es reactivo a los fundamentos políticos democráticos de la Atenas de su época. Coincidimos esta vez con Colli quién reconoce que “<strong>Platón es uno de los pocos filósofos a los que Nietzsche ha leído ampliamente</strong> (y él ha adivinado muchas cosas que nadie antes había descubierto)”. También Maurer ha revalorizado este nexo poco considerado en el <em>Nietzschéisme</em>: que la relación de Nietzsche con Platón no constituye una clave más sino más bien “la” clave para la comprensión del sentido político-filosófico de su obra. Si Nietzsche confronta una y otra vez contra el <em>Platonismus</em>, es a su vez innegable la fascinación que ejerce el Platón histórico y político, no sólo en las lecciones sobre educación que estamos analizando, sino por ejemplo en dos escritos de comienzos de los años 1870’s: la <em>Enciclopedia</em><em> de la filología clásica </em>y la <em>Introducción</em><em> al estudio de los diálogos platónicos</em>. Ambos escritos coinciden en subrayar la centralidad de la vocación política del Platón filósofo por sobre el hombre puramente teorético. Nietzsche había proyectado realizar un trabajo sobre filosofía antigua centrado exclusivamente en <em>La  República</em> de Platón (<em>HGK</em> W/4, p. 123).</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Además de su entusiasmo adolescente, <strong>Nietzsche impartió cursos monográficos sobre Platón</strong> en los semestres invernales 1871-1872 y 1873-1874 y en el semestre estival de 1876. Se han conservado gracias a la costumbre de los profesores alemanes de escribir sus propias lecciones y que han sido publicadas bajo el título de <em>Einleitung in das Studium der platonischen Dialogue</em>. Encabeza estos manuscritos un <em>motto</em> sugestivo que indica la actitud ambivalente de Nietzsche hacia el filósofo griego: <em>Plato amicus sed</em>, Platón es un amigo, pero… Debemos dejar constancia que el <em>Nietzschéisme</em> y la hagiografía no ha tomado en cuenta estos textos, en la mayoría de los casos (de Jaspers a Löwith pasando por Heidegger y Deleuze hasta Vattimo) ni siquiera se los menciona (raras excepciones: el biógrafo Andler, el estudioso de Platón Paul Friedländer y el discípulo de Gundolf, Kurt Hildebrandt). Hasta Heidegger mismo subestima estos textos afirmando que “son ciertamente un auxilio, pero no es la vía decisiva para la penetración filosófica de Nietzsche y para confrontarse con ella…”.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Lo cierto es que en estas lecciones universitarias de Basilea Nietzsche no se limita a una mera aproximación filológica o meramente historiográfica, ni siquiera a calcar sobre Platón las ideas-fuerza de su maestro Schopenhauer ,sino que p<strong>ropone una comprensión total de la personalidad y la obra de Platón</strong>, con algunas intuiciones de interpretación novedosas que mantendrá a lo largo de su vida intelectual. La originalidad nietzscheana está más en el radical ángulo ético-político de su visión totalizadora de Platón, un <em>Grundeinsichten</em>, más que en el detalle de exposición de su filosofía. Todo Platón es leído, interpretado y asimilado en clave ético-política, en especial desde su praxis de agitador y reformador. La  <em>Persönlichkeit</em>, la personalidad de un pensador debe siempre privilegiarse por sobre sus libros: “el hombre es más notable que sus libros”. En un sentido más radical y extremo que incluso en Marx, para Nietzsche el ser (Persönlichkeit) tiene primacía absoluta sobre la conciencia (System). Esta notable sintonía entre la Vida (no cualquiera sino la de un <em>große Mensch</em>, la de un verdadero gran hombre) y filosofía se opone a la doxografía habitual y es la única forma de establecer una relación entre necesidad y verdad. El <em>System</em> de un pensador sólo tiene sentido cuando es resultado de un precipitado que se produce como efecto de una reacción con fundamento en la existencia real (no teórica, no académica) del pensador, de manera que la <em>Theorie</em><em> </em>deviene símbolo de “un determinado modo de vivir y de considerar las cosas humanas”.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Los intereses personales de un filósofo (parcialmente reconocibles en sus obras escritas) son lo <em>ewig</em> <em>Unwiderlegbare, </em>eternamente irrefutables y por ello clave interpretativa. <strong>Nietzsche reconoce en Platón una constitutiva complejidad </strong>y que el núcleo íntimo tanto de la personalidad como del pensamiento platónico es un cemento de tipo ético-político. El centro hermenéutico para Nietzsche, incluso cuando aborde a cualquier otro autor, será la dimensión unificante y recompositiva de la Voluntad y la Vida: “Platón no debe ser considerado como un sistemático <em>in vida umbratica</em>, sino como un político revolucionario que desea subvertir el mundo entero y que con este objetivo es, también, escritor”. La misma fundación de la Academia es para Nietzsche un paso organizativo para “reforzar en la lucha” los compañeros y amigos del proyecto político platónico (y no a un “público de lectores”). Por otro lado se burla de aquellas corrientes de la historia de la filosofía que presentan a Platón como “un profesor universitario con su Sistema”. La denostada “filosofía de la universidad” (un concepto de Schopenhauer) es para Nietzsche existencialmente estéril, un ejercicio intelectual privado de nexo vital tanto en lo personal como en lo político. <strong>De tal manera que el Platón escritor será siempre una sombra del Platón maestro</strong>, su obra una mala copia mutilada de su vida, tanto de sus discursos en los jardines de la Academia como de sus viajes políticos (donde según Nietzsche puede tenerse “una auténtica imagen del carácter fundamental de Platón”). Los escritos platónicos, so pena de incomprenderse, deben ser leídos intentando recuperar y reconstituir el espíritu de aquel escenario vital-filosófico, y en la composición entre el Platón escritor y el Platón maestro, es donde lograremos ver la auténtica imagen del hombre político. No es casualidad que Nietzsche destaque como la fuente más importante para entender a Platón sea no tanto los testimonios de contemporáneos o reconstrucciones <em>a posteriori</em> (<em>a la  Aristóteles) sino sus cartas. </em></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><strong>El retrato nietzscheano de Platón es el de un admirador</strong>: destaca su ascendencia de linaje aristócrata, el ser un típico joven noble helénico, <em>tipischer Hellenischer Jungling</em>, un representante ideal del hombre griego de la edad trágica. Recordemos que el padre de Platón decía descender por sangre del último rey coronado de Atenas, Codro. A esta rancia y venerable genealogía Nietzsche le suma su amor instintivo por la cultura doria: “inclinación espartana”. Además subraya puntos salientes de la vida activa de Platón, en especial su relación con Critias (su tío carnal) y su proyecto de restauración oligárquica fracasado. Recordemos que Critias fue miembro principal de la dictadura oligárquica de los Treinta Tiranos, cuyo reinado de terror brutal en los años 404–403 a. C. fue vivamente relatado por Jenofonte en <em>Helénicas</em>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://www.rebelion.org/noticias/cultura/2009/11/el-estado-reaccionario:-nietzsche-y-platon-94472" target="_blank"><span style="color:#000080;">Leer artículo completo</span></a> <a href="http://www.rebelion.org/noticias/cultura/2009/11/el-estado-reaccionario:-nietzsche-y-platon-94472" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone" style="border:0 none;" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2653/4060339690_87da95b9ac_o.jpg" alt="" width="98" height="19" /></a><br />
</span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial;">En Algún Día│<a href="../tag/friedrich-nietzsche/" target="_blank">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>.</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Schopenhauer: Falsafah Penderitaan Dari Jerman]]></title>
<link>http://diskopi.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/schopenhauer-untuk-tarmizi/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 04 Nov 2009 12:40:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Aqil Fithri</dc:creator>
<guid>http://diskopi.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/schopenhauer-untuk-tarmizi/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ini catatan untuk Tarmizi: Tentang Schopenhauer, yang kita harus ingat satu kata kunci: Vorstellung.]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1922" title="schopenhauer04" src="http://diskopi.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/schopenhauer04.jpg" alt="schopenhauer04" width="250" height="300" /></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Ini catatan untuk Tarmizi: Tentang Schopenhauer, yang kita harus ingat satu kata kunci: Vorstellung.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Schopenhauer (1788-1860) adalah anak tuan tanah, di kota Danzig. Tentu, keluarganya kaya-raya. Ayahnya memang ingin Schopenhauer menjadi sepertinya. Menjadi saudagar besar. Punya harta, punya keselesaan. Hidup damai. Tenteram. Memang, mula-mula Schopenhauer cuba menuruti kehendak ayahnya ini, meski Schopenhauer tak senang dengan kehendak tersebut. Lebih-lebih lagi, Schopenhauer merasakan kesaudagaran bukan tempat baginya. Namun, saatnya ayahnya meninggal, Schopenhauer merasa terpukul sekali, kerana ayahnya tetap saja merupakan kechentaan besar baginya.<!--more--></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Begitu latar awal Schopenhauer dalam keluarganya. Ibunya lalu terus membesarkannya, dan berkembang dalam keghairahan falsafah. Mengagumi Plato, kemudiannya Immanuel Kant juga. Dalam nafiri-nafiri kuliah Fichte, Schopenhauer memulai langkahnya sebagai filsuf. Di kemudian, ternyata, Schopenhauer tak hidup dalam bayang-bayang filsuf lain, kecuali Kant. Schopenhauer menjadi tersendiri. Ini yang kemudiannya membezakan Schopenhauer berbanding Fichte, Schelling, dll. Bahkan, Schopenhauer tak pula bersikap seperti kebanyakan intelektual zamannya, yang nasionalistik. Sebaleknya, fikiran hidup sebagai seorang kosmopolitan.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Seperti lazim, untuk memahami seseorang, kita harus memahami latarnya. Sama juga dalam memahami tafsir, juga harus memahami asbabun nuzul-nya. Maka, untuk memahami Schopenhauer, kita harus membaca Eropah waktu itu. Zamannya adalah zaman nalar. Zaman bergeloranya pencerahan. Kita harus himbau, yang pada abad ke-18,ada sebuah peristiwa terkenal. Ini namanya Revolusi Perancis, dengan liberte, equalite, fraternite. Ini adalah tanda pada “the idea of progress.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Saat ini, kata kebebasan adalah kata gemilang. Kata-kata sebegini bukan hanya muncul pada Rousseau, hatta melimpah pada Marx, terutamanya dalam The Paris Commune-nya. Sebelum Marx, ada Hegel, yang melihat sejarah sebagai bukti kenyataan, sekaligus menepati “idea progresif” perkembangan zaman. Sebab itu, Rousseau saat melihat para borjuasi, itu baginya bukanlah tanda kemajuan—dengan pakaiannya, dengan gaya hidupnya, dengan lingkungannya—yang padanya tampak sekali kaku, bosan, atomistik. Bagi Rousseau, gaya itu bukanlah kebahagiaan. Tapi, sebuah keterasingan.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Maka, bagaimana sebetulnya kita memandang sejarah? Sejarah pada mata pencerahan, pastinya adalah kemajuan. Tafsir apa saja kata “kemajuan,” tetap bernama kemajuan. Namun, ada persoalan lain yang lebih mendasar dari itu, apakah kemajuan harus diukur dari fikiran? Apakah kemajuan harus disukat dari kebendaan? Dan, apakah kemajuan ditentukan dari kebenaran yang difahami? Benar, sejarah sering disebut dalam tiga bentuk: kemajuan, kemunduran, ataupun pengulangan. Walau bagaimanapun, setiap sejarah ada citra yang berbeza bagi setiap individu dan masyarakat.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Tapi, apa kaitan semua ini—kata “kemajuan” ini—dengan Schopenhauer? Mari kita bermula.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Sebenarnya, Schopenhaue sering dikatakan sebagai filsuf yang murung. Kehidupannya murung. Lingkungan—yang ditanggapinya—juga murung. Lantas, falsafahnya pasti murung. Hatta, Schopenhauer bukanlah individu yang bermasyarakat, sampai-sampainya memanggil dirinya sendiri, Menschenveraechter, yang suka merendah-rendahkan orang lain. Sampai-sampai Schopenhauer sentiasa menyimpan senjata di bilek tidurnya, hartanya juga—kerana resah. Lebih aneh, Schopenhauer tak mahu dicukur, bimbang-bimbang lehernya dihiris. Inilah Schopenhauer yang aneh, sama seperti kebanyakan filsuf yang lain. Manusia aneh sepertinya adalah gambaran sebuah manusia keluhan, yang sering merintihkan kebodohan dunia. Kadang-kadang, ini semua menjengkelkan ibunya sendiri.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Kendati dalam keanehan ini, Schopenhauer tetap saja diminati. Ya aneh lagi, yang meminatinya ini kebanyakan adalah wanita. Walhal, pada wanitalah juga Schopenhauer menaruh rasa tak-senang. Pernah satu ketika, Schopenhauer memukul seorang wanita kerana celotehnya yang menyinggungnya. Apa jadi pada wanita tersebut? Menanggung sakit sepanjang hayat. Itulah Schopenhauer, yang bertemankan Atma, anjing kesayangannya.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Namun, dalam semua kehairanan ini, tetap saja ada yang mencarinya, dan membacanya, malah sebahagian menghargainya. Sebelum itu, semangat Revolusi Perancis membara. Maka, tentu saja falsafah “kemurungan” Schopenhauer ini ditinggalkan. Filsuf ini kesepian tanpa sambutan—meski kata sepi apapun takkan bererti apapun baginya. Lalu, tiba-tiba kegagalan Revolusi Jerman menarik khalayak mencari Schopenhauer. Di sana, terutamanya dari Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, khalayak mahu mencari jawapan, “mengapa gagal?”</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Selain dampak dari Revolusi Jerman, fikiran Kantian turut memberi kesan besar padanya. Memang, Kantian merambah sampai ke filsuf-filsuf berikutnya, seperti Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, dll, yang sekaligus membariskan zaman Idealisme Jerman. Tapi Kantian pada Schopenhauer dihadapi secara berbeza. Kantian-nya maseh mengekalkan das Ding an Sich. Di sini, kalau kita dapat membezakan antara phanomenon dengan noemenon, maka ruang numenal itulah ruang das Ding an Sich. Jadi, barangkali kerana kegagalan dalam mencari erti, filsuf-filsuf idealisme Jerman sering menolak das Ding an Sich. Tapi, tidak bagi Schopehauer. Padanya, das Ding an Sich itu adalah “Urwille,” iaitu kehendak-primitif. Saat ini, Schopenhauer memberi mutu serta kebersebaban pada gagasan a priori Kant.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Kata Urwille ini penting dari keseluruhan falsafah Schopenhauer. Sama pentingnya dengan Vorstellung: pembentangan maya. Memang, Nietzsche juga menggunakan kata kehendak, tapi “kehendak untuk berkuasa.” Itu lain. Itu bukan kehendak dalam makna Schopenhauer. Kehendak Schopehauer berkaca pada sejarah, yang menurutnya tidak dalam maksud Revolusi Perancis, “the idea of progress” itu. Lalu, Schopenhauer menanyakan, “apakah kita yang berubah, atau benda-benda yang berubah-ubah, atau ada satu hal yang tak mengalami perubahan?” Untuk itu, Schopenhauer cuba mencari hakikat di sebalek semua ini. Itulah Urwille, yang tak berubah-ubah.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Maka, dari sini kita mula memasuki ruang berat dalam falsafah Schopenhauer. Jika Tarmizi dapat memahami ini, barangkali —jika mahu—dapat menjadi pengikut setia Schopenhauer. Persoalan yang seterusnya, apa itu Urwille, atau kehendak-primitif ini? Itu bagi Schopenhauer, itu adalah kehendak yang diobjektifkan. Alam kita, lingkungan kita, kita pula, semua ragam ini sebetulnya menampilkan banyak kehendak. Tapi, setiap saat, hanya ada satu saja kehendak yang dipilih kita. Itulah kehendak-objektif. Kehendak yang tidak dipilih itu pula adalah kehendak yang tak menjadi objektif. Kehendak subjektif. Lihat saja pengalaman manusia, dengan kesedihannya, dengan keriaannya, dan beragam lagi bentuk emosi. Itu kata Schopenhauer adalah paparan dari kehendak manusia. Ini semua adalah manifestasi dari kewujudan manusia itu sendiri.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Bayangkan saja Firdaus tengah angau, barangkali kerana asyik berchenta. Nah, wajah keangauan itulah yang menjadi manifestasi bagi kehendak-objektif baginya. Begitu juga Haris yang sedang ria kerana berpeluang mengutuk-gutuk Firdaus. Wajah ria itulah yang menjadi manifestasi bagi kehendak-objektifnya. Ini semua adalah paparan dari pilihan-pilihan mereka. Ini semua, dalam bahasa Kant, adalah fenomenal yang tampak dari sebuah numenal. Pada tingkat fenomenal, itu didukung sebab, tujuan, nilai. Ini kerana, sebab, tujuan, nilai—untuk sebuah angau dan sebuah ria tersebut—adalah paparan dari kehendak fenomenalnya itu.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Tapi—ini yang penting—di sebalek ini, ada juga kehendak numenal, yang nir-sebab, nir-tujuan, nir-nilai, iaitu Urwille tadi. Ini bermakna pada kehendak primitif, kehendak-asal, kehendak-metafizik atau kehendak-purba, atau apa saja yang dapat mewakili maksud kepada sebuah kehendak murni. Pada tingkat Urwille ini, tiada pengaruh epistemologi, tidak seperti kehendak pada tingkat fenomena sebelumnya.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Mithalnya, pada tingkat kehendak fenomenal, Firdaus dan Haris dapat memberi alasan pada paparan emosi mereka. Manakala, pada tingkat numenal, semuanya adalah sama. Firdaus dan Haris, mahupun Tarmizi sendiri, malah kucing sekalipun, semuanya adalah sama. Tidak ada beza secara metafizik antara mereka. Ini kata Schopenhauer. Sebab, lihat saja beza Haris dengan kucing belaannya. Memang, Haris mempunyai nalar, tidak pada kucing. Tapi, mereka seharian juga terpaksa makan, terpaksa mengais untuk hidup. Atau dalam bahasa Schopenhauer, “der wille zum leven; kehendak untuk hidup.” Mungkin bagi kucing hidupnya adalah garis linear. Tidak pada Haris. Apapun, hujungnya masing-masing tetap sama—menempuh kematian, kesedihan, penderitaan, dll. Berdaur dan berbaur.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Jadi, dalam kehendak-kehendak fenomenal itu, akhirnya berakhir pada kehendak-numenal, kehendak buta itu. Dan, itulah bagi Schopenhauer adalah penderitaan.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Baginya, memang manusia memang dilahirkan untuk menderita. Nikmat yang dinikmati itu hanyalah sementara. Keangauan Firdaus—biarpun dirinya seorang Epicurean, sang penikmat—dan, keriaan Haris hanyalah sementara. Semuanya adalah ilusi yang akhirnya mereka akan mengalami penderitaan juga. Jadi, ke mana arah sejarah manusia ini? Ya, kepada penderitaan. Manusia takkan lekang dari penderitaan. Dari satu sudut, tampak benar. Bacalah saja akhbar-akhbar kita dewasa ini, malah khabar-khabar sebelum zaman ini kita juga. Kita dihidangkan dengan beragam kekecewaan, pengorbanan, kematian, pembunuhan, dan itu harus menganggu kenikmatan sementara kita. Sebab itu, Schopenhauer sinikal dengan kumandang “the idea of progress” itu?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lalu, kemudiannya melalui Friedrich Mayer, melalui Mythologisches Lexicon, Schopenhauer menemui Buddhisme. Tertarik, ekorannya melihat ada kesamaan dari falsafahnya. Di sinilah Schopenhauer juga bertemu kata maya, kata penting dari falsafah timur tersebut. Dari Buddhisme, Schopenhauer bertemu jalan keluar dari kemelut-kemelut penderitaan ini. Jalan pelepasan tersebut adalah menerusi estatika, dan etika. Namun, jalan estitika, iaitu muzik, seni, dll barangkali sementara pada Schopenhauer. Ternyata, jalan etika lebih kekal, di mana alter-ego kita tunduk di bawah keikhlasan, di bawah sikap empatik sesama Sein. Dalam bahasa Schopenhauer, pelepasan ini adalah Mitleudentik, atau kita boleh dinamakan sebagai membela-perasaan, atau bela-rasa. Ini juga sebuah rasa solidariti, persaudaraan, serta perasaan metafizik. Menerusi cara inilah manusia meraih tingkat agape itu. Tapi, keanehan itu tak pernah berakhir. Lebih-lebih pada Schopenhauer.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Maka, kita harus saja bertanya kembali pada Schopenhauer. Bukankah rasa keikhlasan, rasa emptatik, rasa solidariti itu juga berbenih dari Urwille dalam falsafahnya itu? Jadi, mahu atau tidak, setiap kehendak akan kembali pada kehendak-primitif tersebut, yang takkan membawa sebarang makna-epistemologi dan nilai-moral. Nah, mungkin jalan keluar belum ditemui lagi. Ini peluang untuk filsuf berikutnya menyelesaikan. Justeru, hiduplah kita—terus—dalam bayang-bayang penderitaan. Firdaus akan menderita. Haris akan menderita. Tarmizi juga akan menderita. Bergelut ke sana ke sini, kononnya mengusung api kesenangan, walhal itu ilusi. Buat Schopenhauer, kita tak harus lupa, setiap keangauan kita, setiap keriaan kita, malah setiap penderitaan kita sekalipun, akan tetap berakhir pada sebuah penderitaan juga. Kita tak pernah maju. Tidak pernah progress. Tidak pernah senang.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Kita hanya hidup dalam taklukan Vorstellung, di mana semua yang kita lalui adalah maya.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Bhagavad Gita]]></title>
<link>http://leifnoerholm.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/bhagavad-gita/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 17:07:31 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>leifnoerholm</dc:creator>
<guid>http://leifnoerholm.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/bhagavad-gita/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860) &#8220;In the whole world&#8230; there is no study&#8230; so benef]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><div id="attachment_898" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 234px"><a href="http://leifnoerholm.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/schopenhauer.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-898" title="schopenhauer" src="http://leifnoerholm.wordpress.com/files/2009/11/schopenhauer.jpg" alt="schopenhauer" width="224" height="263" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860)</p></div>
<p><em>&#8220;In the whole world&#8230; there is no study&#8230; so beneficial and so elevating as that of the Upanishads. They are products of the highest wisdom. They are destined sooner or later to become the faith of the people.&#8221;</em></p>
<p><strong>- Schopenhauer.</strong></p>
<p>Upanishaderne er den yngste del af de allerældste religiøse/filosofiske skrifer, man kender, nemlig de indiske vedaer&#8230;</p>
<p>Læs mere om Upanishaderne her: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" target="_blank">Upanishads</a></p>
<p>Den mest berømte upanishad er utvivlsomt <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" target="_blank">Bhagavad Gita</a>, som ofte benævnes &#8220;the Upanishad of the Upanishads&#8221;.</p>
<p>Du kan læse en kommenteret udgave af Bhagavad Gita online her: <a href="http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/en" target="_blank">Bhagavad Gita As It Is</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[A Bookish Love Affair]]></title>
<link>http://tomorrowandthedayafter.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/a-bookish-love-affair/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 02:41:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>tomorrowandthedayafter</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tomorrowandthedayafter.wordpress.com/2009/11/03/a-bookish-love-affair/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;When I am attacked by gloomy thoughts, nothing helps me so much as running to my books. They ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[&#8220;When I am attacked by gloomy thoughts, nothing helps me so much as running to my books. They ]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Philosophy – Guide to Happiness]]></title>
<link>http://freedocfilms.wordpress.com/2009/11/01/philosophy-guide-to-happiness/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 31 Oct 2009 19:16:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>qausain</dc:creator>
<guid>http://freedocfilms.wordpress.com/2009/11/01/philosophy-guide-to-happiness/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[- We tend to accept that people in authority must be right. It’s this assumption that Socrates wante]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[- We tend to accept that people in authority must be right. It’s this assumption that Socrates wante]]></content:encoded>
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<title><![CDATA[Correlationism and the Political]]></title>
<link>http://buymeout.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/correlationism-and-the-political/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 18:42:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Michael</dc:creator>
<guid>http://buymeout.wordpress.com/2009/10/30/correlationism-and-the-political/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I really don&#8217;t get this political debate. I thought I did, but I guess I don&#8217;t. Either y]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[I really don&#8217;t get this political debate. I thought I did, but I guess I don&#8217;t. Either y]]></content:encoded>
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