A large brown dog’s rear end, visible

through the chain link, says, do not come in.
She perks, moves from sight, then
appears again: wide jaw and dark eyes
heeled behind the coverall jeans of
a sun burnt man, her master.

She waits while he checks the gate.
Their long shadows cross the earthen lot as
a flatbed truck backs up, stops,
grinds to first, and turns to blacktop.
A red-dirt flag of dust unfurls and

worn out tires rest in regal heaps.

The two friends walk to a yellow trailer.
He fills her bowl from a spigot
and places himself in a lawn chair
beneath an oak’s vast arms.  She laps,
then settles on a smooth bare spot.

He lights a cigarette and leans back.
Her gray muzzle drips and
eyes begin to shut as

kudzu vines stretch their broad leaves over
a crumpled blue Volkswagen, on its side,

unseen, in a corner of her yard.

2 Timothy 2:19-26
19 Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, Let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity. 20 But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver, but also of wood and of earth; and some to honour, and some to dishonour. 21 If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto honour, sanctified, and meet for the master’s use, and prepared unto every good work. 22 Flee also youthful lusts: but follow righteousness, faith, charity, peace, with them that call on the Lord out of a pure heart. 23 But foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they do gender strifes. 24 And the servant of the Lord must not strive; but be gentle unto all men, apt to teach, patient, 25 In meekness instructing those that oppose themselves; if God peradventure will give them repentance to the acknowledging of the truth; 26 And that they may recover themselves out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive by him at his will.

Commentary:
In verse 19 We learn the foundation of God is sure or solid having his seal or approval.  The lord knows all  of mankind and which people in humanity are His already. And as we will see a bit latter He is not content with knowing whose are His, He wants all of humanity, not in any greedy senese, but because He knows what will make His children happiest and He wants to live with all his children  for e ternity. Our Father in Heaven doesn’t want to loose anyone.

In verses 20-21 The scriptures use a metaphor of  a great house being our world. Vessels  would be His children and the children  of  gold and silver could be people of high place and stature. The vessels of wood and earth may be the common man or the poor. Of all these people some honor The Lord while others do not honor the Lord. Be they rich or poor, bond or free.

Those vessels or children of God who honor Him are serviceable to the Lord. If the dishonorable will repent and cleanse themselves of unrighteousness then they to can become servicable to our Father in Heaven to the extent they can do every good work required of them in the service of our Heavenly King.

In verse 22-26 we are given further instruction as to what the penitent should do to keep on the side of honor and what the  those who are already honorable should do to stay that way.

The list is detailed: “Flee also youthful lusts”, ”follow righteousness, faith, charity, peace”. The phrase “with them that call on the Lord out of a pure heart” shows that these virtues are what the honorable or those who seek and serve the Lord already do.

These verses go on to say “But foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they do gender strifes.” Thise phrase tells us that we are not to engage in strife or contention but follow after peace as has already been stated. 

Those seeking after the Lord must be gentle unto all men, teach the good word unto all men and also be patient with all men. No one said being a Christian was easy. We’re told that in meekness we must instruct those opposing the natural or base man. We Should not cease striving to help those in dishonour becasue we don’t know who ”God peradventure will give them repentance to the acknowledging of the truth”.

If we can help someone to the truth and to repentance then so much the better. If we can help others escape the snares of the wicked one or recover those already taken captive by the devil then we bring further honor to the Lord. Everything we do should be done for the glory of God.

Remember the resurrected Lord has made repentance possible, not just for you and me but for those who are being tempted and falling away from the truth. The atonement covers all men and not only do we need to help these people repent but also bring the gospel by teaching and instruction to those who don’t have it. We can do this by both word and example.

Christian and Religious Jewelry

Les effets secondaires de traitement du cancer du sein comprennent habituellement des changements dans votre apparence. Et comme si ceux qui n \ ‘est pas assez fort pour faire face de leur propre chef, ils servent aussi comme un rappel de la maladie. Pourtant, il l \ ‘espoir: Il existe de nombreuses voies de recours pour la perte de cheveux et la peau d’appel d’offres, et les options sont de plus en plus.

Nous avons consult des dermatologues, le maquillage des artistes et des survivantes du cancer du sein et a demand comment les femmes peuvent traiter de l’volution de leur apparition au cours de la chimiothrapie ou la radiothrapie.
Consultez les articles suivants et d’envisager la advice “allant de packs de glace et de la face-techniques de lavage libre de dcote et de supplments de zinc. Ensuite, nous faire part de vos propres conseils.

Les effets secondaires de traitement du cancer du sein comprennent habituellement des changements dans votre apparence. Et comme si ceux qui n \ ‘est pas assez fort pour faire face de leur propre chef, ils servent aussi comme un rappel de la maladie. Pourtant, il l \ ‘espoir: Il existe de nombreuses voies de recours pour la perte de cheveux et la peau d’appel d’offres, et les options sont de plus en plus.

Nous avons consult des dermatologues, le maquillage des artistes et des survivantes du cancer du sein et a demand comment les femmes peuvent traiter de l’volution de leur apparition au cours de la chimiothrapie ou la radiothrapie.
Consultez les articles suivants et d’envisager la advice “allant de packs de glace et de la face-techniques de lavage libre de dcote et de supplments de zinc. Ensuite, nous faire part de vos propres conseils.

Absolutely! 

Jehovah’s Witnesses love to give & receive gifts.

They do this all year, and from the heart.

Most refrain, however, from accepting gifts

that are related to, or on the day of any holy day,

pagan festival, or national observance.

They do not accept gifts that would offend any

reasonable person.

It is always a good practice to consider the persons

feelings, background, and conscience before selecting a gift,

weather they are one of Jehovah’s Witnesses or not.

That being said, ya, sure, fire at will.

Weather it be a co-worker you have admired, not only for

their spiritual integrity,  but hard work & loyalty. 

The Jehovah’s Witness neighbor that always seems to say

and do what is kind & timely. 

Maybe your Jehovah’s Witness schoolmate who seems to keep to themselves,

but when you get to know them they are really remarkable.

As far as Jehovah’s Witness Gift Ideas, well they like what you like.

But they consider your time as the best gift of all.

Here’s a link for some gifts that are designed for Jehovah’s Witnesses:

JW Chic

You Are Not A Butler: Part 2

It appears that I raised a few eyebrows with my last blog. For, I had several personal trainers contact me-asking the question “So, how do you make money in this industry and not get treated like crap”. I had to change the last word in that question. As many of the trainers came across upset with the fact there paychecks are not reflecting their craft. And, grew even more livid with their patience levels being challenged on an everyday basis.  First, off…relax. Breath and realize that you are not alone.  That is why I am reaching out to my fellow Fitness Professionals, and notice I state Professional (not, personal trainer). Cause in theory, there should never be anything personal shared between the trainer and the client (aside from a physical or emotional ailment that may impede their performance). But, you are not there to offer relationship advice or be on call 24/7 for their every need.

That is where I come in…

The word of the day is BOUNDARIES.

It is one of the most imperative words that should be in your Fitness Professional Dictionary. But, no where in any ACE, NASM or CSCS rule book is it found. Because, we are instructed to teach, inspire and be the educated one. Yet, I can guarantee that as high as 85% of “REAL” Fitness Professionals are underpaid and not fully respected.

What is meant by BOUNDARIES?

Boundaries are the divisions that you create, early on with your client. (ie., price structure, cancellation policy, availability, contact information and personal disclosure). If these are not established, than you are setting yourself up for frustration. 

When are BOUNDARIES established?

Before your first training session.  If they are not, you may find yourself fighting to get paid.

It’s basic business sense, here is my product-accept it not. When you are upfront with your client, you will gain greater respect from them as well as yourself…And, in the end-it truly is all about you!

Until next time, Stay Strong.

volunteer: a person who voluntarily undertakes or expresses a willingness to undertake a service

servant: a person working in the service of another

I was struck yesterday by these two words will listening to teachings by Pastor Chris.  He was teaching on a prayer of making us servants.  The key background was from John 13.  The part that really struck a key with me in relation to journeys was the difference between a volunteer and servant.  I have to say now that I don’t want any volunteers in this ministry, that is right, we don’t want volunteers.  If you have a servants heart and have been called by Jesus to serve him through the ministry team of journeys then welcome aboard and let us release you to do what the Lord is calling you to do.

I have from the beginning tried to not call the staff that gives freely of their time volunteers but staff.  I made this a very intentional effort to let everyone know we were one as a team.  I will be changing that statement now, I feel that we are all called to be servants in the ministry team of journeys.  I believe that for all of the servants currently serving.  It is more than a cup of awesome coffee, it is about a changed life.

Thank you to all of the servants who serve.  I have a tough question though, if you are a fully devoted follower of Jesus and you are not serving, are you fully devoted to the cause of Christ in this world?  I urge you to seek your heavenly Father and ask Him to place upon your heart where He would have you serve for His kingdom.  I also pray that you don’t volunteer to fill a position but to serve as our Savior did.

The history behind

This is my first blog ever. After writing comments in other blog’s against the SUPERPOWER, I realize that there is a fear in me building my own walls. The first thing I do was giving NO A NICK to my comments, but my real name. The second thing was putting an avatar (it had to be my image) to the comments. This was the way I land here in WordPress. Then I wanted to say something about me, something intimate and authentic. Therefore I opened my “You Have To Learn” files and copied sentences and ideas with I have to learn. It is supposed to be my own quest for the problems I am involve in, like:

Why so much disinformation or lies?

Why are we killing each other?

Why so much hate?

Who I am?

God?

Since the idea came to me to make this blog (Aug. 29, 2007), it was for me clear to do it in English although my Spanish and German are better. This finally is the reason why: I need to practice.

The Old Testament is the New Testament concealed and the New Testament is the Old Testament revealed.

Manifest Part 2

In Matthew He is “the King of Israel.”

In Mark He is “the Suffering Servant.”

In Luke He is “the Great Physician.”

In John He is “the Son of God.”

In Acts He is “the Prince of Life.”

In Romans He is “the Righteousness of God.”

In Corinthians He is “the Wisdom of God.”

In Galatians He is “the Grace of God.”

In Ephesians He is “the Chief Corner Stone.”

In Philipplans He is “the Source of all Joy.”

In Colossians He is “the Godhead Incarnate.”

In Thessalonians He is “Our Returning Lord.”

In Timothy He is “the Head of the Church.”

In Titus He is “the Bringer of Salvation.”

In Philemon He “answers for our Debt.”

In Hebrews He is “Better than Moses and Angels.”

In James He is “the Crown of Life.”

In Peter He is “the Sufferer for our Sins.”

In John He is “our Advocate with the Father.”

In Jude He is “our Shelter from Apostasy.”

In Revelation He is “the Alpha and Omega.”

This past week has been a miracle for me. While I was beginning to understand that Christianity was probably from God, I still had some questions. Yes I prayed the sinners prayer, but questions and doubts still kept popping. I kept praying to God, “God, I want to believe but I am still having some big doubts. Please give me understanding, and please give me right guidance.”

At this point I still needed to be sure that the Bible was the inerrant word of God. I wanted to believe in it, but when I read it, the doubts came pouring in. Ok, I thought, one question at a time. Ok, God, show me.

One of my main problems was that I couldn’t shake the lie Islam teaches that the Bible is corrupted. You say, well you just called it a lie from Islam, so what is the problem? A big problem. When you are a Muslim, it is so closely like being in a cult, that it takes very hard work and diligence to let go of those beliefs, even if you don’t like them or want them. They are burned into your mind. One of the major beliefs of Islam about Christianity is that the Bible is corrupted.

With God’s guidance, I wanted to figure out what the oldest recorded manuscript is. If I can prove to myself that the Bible is not corrupted, then I can believe it is the word of God, and therefore I have to believe. In Islam, I learned to slam the Bible like crazy to find fault in the hopes of leading Christians away from their faith, and into Islam. Now when I read the Bible, I only see the beauty of it. That is amazing in itself, like God has given me new eyes to see with. Now I just need a new heart to feel it and believe it.

I started with John. I knew that he was an apostle, and for some reason, you can just fall in love with John’s writings. He was beloved of God, and I loved to read his words, yet God’s words I would soon realize.

One of the jokes in Islam about the Gospels is about having 4 apostles with no last names. What are you talking about? They would say Matthew who? Mark who? Luke who? John who? This way they would try to convince folks that no one writes a book and doesn’t put their name on it. Are you kidding me? John is brother of James, sons of Zebedee. Clearly written in the Bible. No mystery. It is there.

Then I thought, well, if John was written in 100 A.D., John would be a very old guy. He couldn’t have written it. Little did I realize, until today, that the countdown is at Jesus’ birth, not his death. His death is recorded as 30 A.D. or 33 A.D. by some scholars. John could easily have written the Gospel with his name. Suddenly, the Gospels became very real for me.

So then I started searching for Old Testament manuscripts to see what the oldest one discovered is. The Dead Scrolls were discovered in 1948. Everything started happening for me real fast. So much information. The Book of Isaiah was intact. I went first to the Jewish Bible, the Tanakh, to see what their book says about the coming Messiah. I discovered Isaiah 53, and Daniel 9. These are both in the Tanakh, that Jesus not only was our Messiah, but did indeed die for our sins. This was written before Jesus was born! The manuscripts are proof! The Bible must be the Word of God, and Jesus did die for my sins. I believe.

So much more happened than what I am writing, but just to show what really clinched it for me is that I learned that the Bible truly is the Word of God and that Jesus is that Word, and that He died for my sins, and rose again. This coincides with my dream I wrote about in The Sign.

 Who has believe our report? and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?

For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground; he has no form nor comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.

He is despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and we hid as it were our faces from him; he was despised, and we esteemed him not.

Surely he has borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted.

But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed.

All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all.

He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he opened not his mouth.

He was taken from prison and from judgment; and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living; for the transgression of my people was he stricken.

And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth.

Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise him; he has put him to grief; when you shall make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper inhis hand.

He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied; by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities.

Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he has poured out his soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.  Isaiah 53.

“They must find it difficult…

Those who have taken authority as the truth,

rather than truth as the authority. “
-Gerald Massey

There is something behind the throne greater than the king himself.
-Sir William Pitt, House of Lords, 1770

The world is governed by very different personages from what is imagined by those who are not behind the scenes.
-Benjamin Dislaeli, English Statesman, 1880

The real truth of the matter is that a financial element in the large centers has owned the government since the days of Andrew Jackson
Franklin D Roosevelt

Search for Zeitgeist in the Wiki and didn’t found it. So tried to added, NO way. The answer:

<!–DO NOT ADD THE DOCUMENTARY MOVIE. IT HAS ALREADY BEEN REVIEWED AND DEEMED NOT-NOTABLE FOR WIKIPEDIA. IF ADDED, IT WILL ONLY BE REMOVED. THANK YOU. –>

Here is the link to the original movie and site:

http://www.zeitgeistmovie.com/

And the critic:

http://www.boingboing.net/2007/08/06/jay-kinney-reviews-z.html

And my comments:

I am CHRISTIAN since ever and I love to love. But I am not blind to the facts that history is a fairytale designed to manipulated US and that ALL the books an so called information that our ancestors believed in WAS MANIPULATED and fairy tales too.

ET/his NEW REVOLUTION is in-form-active. It is NO MORE necessary to go out and dance, our vote 4 a new president. The ONLY move we have to make is to seek the truth. NOT really easy, but we have the right age 4 that. WE HAVE TO GROW UP as a COMMUNITY, and is only possible if we as an INDIVIDUAL wake up and ASCEND: n o t fear b u t love in the fact that everything is taken the right vortex NOW.

File sharing is the practice of making files available for other users to download over the Internet and smaller networks. Usually file sharing follows the peer-to-peer (P2P) model, where the files are stored on and served by personal computers of the users. Most people who engage in file sharing are also downloading files that other users share. Sometimes these two activities are linked together. P2P file sharing is distinct from file trading in that downloading files from a P2P network does not require uploading, although some networks either provide incentives for uploading such as credits or force the sharing of files being currently downloaded.

Proceed for Torrents…

Contents

* 1 The first P2P-Generation: Server-Client
o 1.1 Web Based Sharing
o 1.2 Server-client-protocols
* 2 The second P2P-Generation: Decentralization
o 2.1 Multi-Network-Clients
o 2.2 eDonkey2000 – Network
o 2.3 Gnutella – Network
o 2.4 BitTorrent – Network
o 2.5 FastTrack – Network
o 2.6 Further networks or clients
* 3 The third P2P-Generation: non-direct and encrypted
o 3.1 Waste network
o 3.2 Ants network
o 3.3 Mute network
o 3.4 I2P network
o 3.5 Turtle-Network (F2F Instant Messenger)
o 3.6 other networks or clients
* 4 The fourth P2P-Generation: Streams over P2P
o 4.1 General
o 4.2 Tree structure
o 4.3 Swarm structure such as Bittorrent
* 5 Copyright issues
* 6 Legal controversy
o 6.1 Important Cases
* 7 Attacks on peer-to-peer networks
* 8 Risks
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
* 12 External links

Torrents at Torentu

The first P2P-Generation: Server-Client

The first generation of peer-to-peer file sharing networks had a centralized file list. Ultimately, Napster was held liable even if it used the most advanced technology available to identify works copyright holders had asked it to block, because no technology that can identify works with 100% certainty exists or can exist. Napster still exists today, but as a subsidiary of Roxio after they bought the name during the original Napster’s bankruptcy phase, continues to operate today, and is now legally distributing music under a subscription-based model.

In the centralized peer-to-peer model, a user would send a search to the centralized server of what they were looking for, that is, a song, video, or movie. The server then sends back a list of which peers have the data and facilitates the connection and download.

The first file sharing programs marked themselves by inquiries to a server, either the data to the Download held ready or in appropriate different Peers and so-called Nodes further-obtained, so that one could download there. Best example was Napster (today a Payment offerer) or eDonkey2000 in the server version (today likewise with Overnet and KAD – network decentralized).

Track Torrents Tracker

Web Based Sharing

Webhosting for file sharing is also used. Since it is here very possible to exchange privately and in the very small communities also unpopular files can be distributed very quickly and efficiently. Web hosters are independent from each other, therefore contents are not distributed further. Other terms for this are one-click hosting and web based sharing.

Server-client-protocols

* Audiogalaxy – Service ended in the middle of 2002.
* Direct Connect
* Napster – Closed in its original form in July 2001. Now it’s a paid for service.
* Scour Exchange – The second exchange network after Napster. No longer exists.
* Soulseek – Still popular today despite being relatively old, with more than 120,000 users online at any time.
* TinyP2P – 15 lines Python – SOURCE code
* WinMX – The original servers were switched off in September 2005, but servers from other companies have taken over. Version 3.54 beta 4 is available from http://www.winmxgroup.com/

Track Torrent Downloads

The second P2P-Generation: Decentralization

After Napster encountered legal troubles, Justin Frankel of Nullsoft set out to create a network without a central index server, and Gnutella was the result. Unfortunately, the Gnutella model of all nodes being equal quickly died from bottlenecks as the network grew from incoming Napster refugees. FastTrack solved this problem by having some nodes be ‘more equal than others’.

By electing some higher capacity nodes to be indexing nodes, with lower capacity nodes branching off from them, FastTrack allowed for a network that could scale to a much larger size. Gnutella quickly adopted this model, and most current peer-to-peer networks implement this design, as it allows for large and efficient networks without central servers.

Also included in the second generation are distributed hash tables (DHTs), which help solve the scalability problem by electing various nodes to index certain hashes (which are used to identify files), allowing for fast and efficient searching for any instances of a file on the network. This is not without drawbacks; perhaps most significantly, DHTs do not directly support keyword searching (as opposed to exact-match searching).

The best examples are Gnutella, Kazaa or eMule with Kademlia, whereby Kazaa has still a central server for logging in. eDonkey2000/Overnet, Gnutella, FastTrack and Ares Galaxy have summed up approx. 10.3 million users (as of April 2006, according to slyck.com). This number not necessarily corresponds to the actual number of persons who use these networks; it must be assumed that some use multiple clients for different networks. The number of BitTorrent users cannot be measured directly, however, there should be more users than of eDonkey2000 and that’s why providers try to restrict the BitTorrent traffic first. One must also understand that number of users indicated by software applies only to users which are active at this moment.

Trackerless Downloads

Multi-Network-Clients

* giFT
* Hydranode
* MLDonkey
* Morpheus
* Shareaza
* Lphant

eDonkey2000 – Network

* aMule
* eMule, usually-used Client
* FileScope
* Lphant
* MLDonkey
* Morpheus
* Overnet
* Shareaza
* xMule

Gnutella – Network

* Acquisition – Mac OS X, closed source (Shareware)
* BearShare – Microsoft Windows, closed source, development stopped in 2005,
* Cabos – Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows, based on LimeWire and Acquisition
* FileScope – .NET, open source (GPL), C#, also supports other networks
* FrostWire – open source (GPL), Java, based on LimeWire
* Gnotella – development stopped in 2001
* Gnucleus – Microsoft Windows, open source (GPL), C++, supports also Gnutella2
* Gtk-gnutella – Unix, open source (GPL), C
* I2Phex
* LimeWire – open source (GPL), Java
* MLDonkey – open source (GPL), Objective Caml, also supports other networks
* Morpheus – Microsoft Windows, closed source, also supports other networks
* Mutella – open source
* Phex – open source (GPL), Java
* Qtella – open source (GPL), development stopped in May 2004
* Shareaza – Microsoft Windows, open source, also supports other networks
* Symella – Symbian S60 v3, open source implementation for mobile platforms
* Swapper.NET – .NET, closed source, C#, development stopped in July 2004
* XoloX – contains adware/spyware

Buy Cheap Things…

BitTorrent – Network

* Azureus – Multi-Platform Popular Client, pioneering the Zudeo service.
* BitComet – Windows, closed source, C++
* Shareaza – Windows, open source (GPL), C++, also supports Gnutella2, Gnutella1, eDonkey2000/eMule
* µTorrent – Windows, closed source, C++, light-weight client
* ABC – Windows, open source (GPL), Python
* Deluge (gTorrent) – GTK+, open source, Python
* eXeem – Stopped development in August 2005, contains adware
* KTorrent – KDE, open source (GPL)
* MLDonkey – platform-independent, open source (GPL), Objective Caml, also supports eDonkey2000/eMule, Overnet, Emule Kademlia, FTP, Gnutella1, Gnutella2
* Opera starting from version 9.0
* Rufus – Windows, open source, Python
* Tomato Torrent – Mac OS X, open source, BSD license
* Xtorrent – Mac OS X
* Transmission – GTK+, platform-independent, open source (MIT License)
* Star Torrent – .NET, C#
* SymTorrent – open source implementation for mobile platforms
* Tribler – platform-independent, open source (LGPL), Python
* BitRocket – Mac OS X (native), open source (BSD license
* BitZip – Windows, closed source, works with torrent & .bt files.

See also: Comparison of BitTorrent software

Buy Cheaper Products…

FastTrack – Network

* Apollon – KDE, open source (GPL), based on Poisoned, also supports other networks
* Grokster – development stopped in June 2005
* Kazaa – official client, contains adware/spyware
* Kazaa Lite – derivative of Kazaa, contain no or less adware/spyware
* Mammoth – open source, development stopped in January 2004
* MLDonkey

Further networks or clients

* aimini
* Applejuice
* Ares Galaxy – nearly TRACKs – similar network
* Coral Content Distribution Network
* Darknet
* DC++ – Direct Connect client
* Dijjer
* Direct Connect
* Drumbeat – Mac OS X, OpenNAP client
* iMesh – since October of 2005 Payment offerers
* Jubster – client, supported networks: EDonkey2000, Gnutella, nearly TRACKs and further, contains adware
* JXTA
* Lopster – OpenNAP client
* Nicotine – Soulseek client
* OpenNap – Napster clone
* Peanuts – client, supported networks: Ares Galaxy, nearly TRACKs, Gnutella and further
* PowerFolder – An easy, secure and private file sharing program
* Piolet – client, successor of Blubster, network: MANOLITO P2P network (MP2PN)
* RevConnect – Enhanced DC++
* SlavaNap – Napster clone
* TekNap – OpenNAP client
* XDCC

torrentbg.org

The third P2P-Generation: non-direct and encrypted

The third generation of peer-to-peer networks are those that have anonymity features built in. Examples of anonymous networks are ANts P2P, RShare, Freenet, I2P, GNUnet and Entropy.

A degree of anonymity is realized by routing traffic through other users clients, which have the function of network nodes.This makes it harder for someone to identify who is downloading or who is offering files. Most of these programs also have strong encryption to resist traffic sniffing.

Friend-to-friend networks only allow already known users (also known as “friends”) to connect to your computer, then each node can forward requests and files anonymously between its own “friends” nodes.

Third generation networks have not reached mass usage for file sharing because most current implementations incur too much overhead in their anonymity features, making them slow or hard to use.

torentu.com

An example might be: Petra gives a file to Oliver, then Oliver gives the file to Anna. Petra and Anna thus never become acquainted and thus are protected. Virtual IP addresses are also often used, further obfuscating the user’s network location. Additionally all transfers are encrypted, so that even the network administrators cannot see what was sent to whom. Example software includes WASTE, JetiANts, Tor and I2P. These clients differ greatly in their goals and implementation. WASTE is designed only for small groups and may therefore be considered Darknet, ANts and I2P are public Peer to Peer systems, with anonymization provided exclusively by routing reach.

Waste network

* WASTE
* kDrive similar to WASTE, development stopped at present

Ants network

* ANts P2P
* JetiANts
* Hornet

tracktorrents.com

Mute network

* MUTE
* NapShare
* Kommute – KDE
* MFC MUTE

I2P network

* I2P
* I2Phex – Gnutella over I2P
* Azureus – has I2P plugin

Turtle-Network (F2F Instant Messenger)

* Retroshare_Instant_Messenger
* Turtle F2F – Turtle for privacy of filesharing
* giFT – File-Sharing Application for Turtle
* Apollon – giFT-Frontend

other networks or clients

* Freenet
* GigaTribe – successor of TribalWeb software – [1]
* GNUnet
* Nodezilla
* OFF System – so-called Brightnet [2]
* PowerFolder – An easy, secure and private file sharing program
* Proxyshare – ISP cache/proxyserver
* RShare
* Share – successor of WinNY
* Tor
* WinNY – development stopped in November 2003
* Zultrax – Client, supported networks: ZEPP and Gnutella

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The fourth P2P-Generation: Streams over P2P

Apart from the traditional file sharing there are services that send streams instead of files over a P2P network. Thus one can hear radio and watch television without any server involved — the streaming media is distributed over a P2P network. It is important that instead of a treelike network structure, a swarming technology known from BitTorrent is used. Best examples are Peercast, Cybersky and demo TV.

General

* Broadcatching
* Podcasting

Tree structure

* Peercast
* CoolStreaming

Swarm structure such as Bittorrent

* TVUPlayer
* Joost
* PPLive
* Icecast
* PeerCast
* PPStream
* SopCast
* MediaBlog
* Zudeo

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Copyright issues

File sharing (such as with the Gnutella and Napster networks) grew in popularity with the proliferation of high speed Internet connections, relatively small file size and high-quality MP3 audio format. Although file sharing is a legal technology with legal uses, many users use it to download and upload copyrighted materials without permission, which can be copyright infringement if done without authorization for improper purposes. This has led to attacks against file sharing in general from many copyright owners.

There has been great discussion over perceived and actual legal issues surrounding file sharing. In circumstances where trading partners are in different countries with different legal codes, there are significant problems to contend with. What if a person in Canada wishes to share a piece of source code which, if compiled, has encryption capabilities? In some countries, a citizen may not request or receive such information without special permission.

Throughout the early 2000s, the entire file-sharing community has been in a state of flux. In the year 2000, there was speculation over how seriously record companies and the Recording Industry Association of America would strike the file-sharing community because of its limits compared to more traditional forms of media [3]. However, the communities suffered strain as record companies and the RIAA tried to shut down as much of it as possible. Even though they have forced Napster and Grokster into cooperating against copyright violations, they are fighting an uphill battle since the community has flourished and produced many different clients based on several different underlying protocols.

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The third generation of P2P protocols, such as Freenet, are not as dependent as Napster is on a central server; and as they encrypt the shared data, it is much harder to shut down these systems through court actions. Another attempt (used by the maintainers of KaZaA) is to change the company’s organization or country of origin so that it is impossible or useless to attack it legally. To date, file sharing in Canada is sometimes legal (unauthorized downloading of music is permitted, for example) , though not completely so[4]. The uphill battle also extends to the legal actions taken by the RIAA and motion picture counterpart MPAA against individuals using file-sharing programs to distribute material protected by copyright. Ambiguity in the interpretation of copyright law has been a major factor contributing the lack of successful enforcement by the Intellectual Property owners. In Electra v. Perez for example, the Court ruled that the act of making such files available for distribution equated to infringement of the works involved. In the more recent UMG v. Lindor, Judge David G. Trager ruled that the RIAA would be required to prove that actual distribution (sharing) occurred. Should this case go to trial in 2007, it will likely set a precedent for further RIAA and MPAA actions.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a donor-supported group which seeks to protect and expand digital rights. Its activities include litigation, political lobbying, and public awareness campaigns. The EFF has vocally opposed the RIAA in its pursuit of lawsuits against users of file sharing applications and supported defendants in these cases. The foundation promotes the legalization of peer-to-peer sharing of copyrighted materials and alternative methods to provide compensation to copyright holders.[1]

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Legal controversy

Further information: EU Copyright Directive

Under US law “the Betamax decision” (Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.), case holds that copying “technologies” are not inherently illegal, if substantial non-infringing use can be made of them. This decision, predating the widespread use of the Internet applies to most data networks, including peer-to-peer networks, since distribution of correctly licensed files can be performed. These non-infringing uses include sending open source software, public domain files and out of copyright works. Other jurisdictions tend to view the situation in somewhat similar ways.

In practice, many of the files shared on peer-to-peer networks are copies of copyrighted popular music and movies. Sharing of these copies among strangers is illegal in most jurisdictions. This has led many observers, including most media companies and some peer-to-peer critics, to conclude that the networks themselves pose grave threats to the established distribution model. The research that attempts to measure actual monetary loss has been somewhat equivocal. Whilst on paper the existence of these networks results in large losses, the actual income does not seem to have changed much since these networks started up. Whether the threat is real or not, both the RIAA and the MPAA now spend large amounts of money attempting to lobby lawmakers for the creation of new laws, and some copyright owners pay companies to help legally challenge users engaging in illegal sharing of their material.

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In spite of the Betamax decision, peer-to-peer networks themselves have been targeted by the representatives of those artists and organizations who license their creative works, including industry trade organizations such as the RIAA and MPAA as a potential threat. The Napster service was shut down by an RIAA lawsuit.

In A&M Records v. Napster, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001), the court found that Napster was both vicariously and contributorily liable for the copyright infringement its users were engaged in. Vicarious liability in these types of cases extends to a provider who financially benefits from the infringement committed by its users while having the ability to police that infringement but has failed to do so. The court found ample evidence that Napster’s future revenue is directly dependent upon “increases in userbase.” It also found that Napster could have done more than it claimed with regards to restricting users from sharing copyrighted material. Later on in the opinion, the famous peer-to-peer provider was also found contributorily liable. It knew of the infringing use that Napster could and did have, in a medium where the software provided essential access. The RIAA could have sued individual users at the time for violating federal law, but thought it more prudent to shut down the means by which those users shared music.

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Napster’s use of a central server distinguishes it, on its facts, from the next generation peer-to-peer technology, in which the communication of files is truly “peer to peer.” Therefore, additional litigation was needed to determine the legality of their uses.

In MGM v. Grokster, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed a decision of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals which had granted a summary judgment of dismissal, and held that there were factual issues concerning whether the defendant p2p software providers had, or had not, encouraged their users to infringe copyrights. If they had done so, they could be held liable for secondary copyright infringement.

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The main point of the Grokster holding was about “inducement.” “The classic case of direct evidence of unlawful purpose occurs when one induces commission of infringement by another, or “entic[es] or persuad[es] another” to infringe, Black’s Law Dictionary 790 (8th ed. 2004), as by advertising. Thus at common law a copyright or patent defendant who “not only expected but invoked [infringing use] by advertisement” was liable for infringement …” The court noted that simply providing the material was not enough. While the decision did not find liability, it simply laid out the groundwork for how the law should be interpreted.

A little over a year later, the RIAA initiated the first major post-Grokster case, Arista v. Limewire, in Manhattan federal court. Lime Wire has counterclaimed in that suit, charging the major record companies with antitrust violations and other misconduct.”Lime Wire Sues RIAA for Antitrust Violations”

Shortly thereafter, the lower court judge in Grokster found one of the defendants, Streamcast, the maker of Morpheus, to be liable under the standards enunciated by the Supreme Court. “Streamcast Held Liable for Copyright Infringement in MGM v. Grokster, Round 2″ (“Recording Industry vs. The People”)

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The foregoing cases dealt with ’secondary liability’ under the Copyright Act, i.e. whether and when the p2p network software providers can be held liable for ‘primary’ infringement by their customers. Meanwhile, the underlying question of what uses those customers can make of p2p software without committing a primary infringement is a matter just beginning to be explored, most notably in litigations brought by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) against p2p customers.

In Elektra v. Barker[2], an RIAA case against Tenise Barker, a Bronx nursing student, Ms. Barker moved to dismiss the complaint, contending, among other things, that the RIAA’s allegation of “making available” did not state any known claim under the Copyright Act.[3][4]. The RIAA countered with the argument that “making available” is a copyright infringement, even though the language does not appear in the Act.[5]. Thereafter, several amicus curiae were permitted to file briefs in the case, including the MPAA, which agreed[6] with the RIAA’s argument, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the U.S. Internet Industry Association (USIIA), and the Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA), which agreed with Ms. Barker.[7][8] The US Department of Justice submitted a brief refuting one of the arguments made by EFF,[9] but did not take any position on the RIAA’s “making available” argument[10]. The Elektra v. Barker case was argued before Judge Kenneth M. Karas in Manhattan federal court on January 26, 2007, and as of this writing is awaiting decision.

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Anonymous peer-to-peer networks allow for distribution of material – legal or not – with little or no legal accountability across a wide variety of jurisdictions. Many profess that this will lead to greater or easier trading of illegal material and even (as some suggest) facilitate terrorism, and call for its regulation on those grounds [11]. Others counter that the presumption of innocence must apply, and that non peer-to-peer technologies like e-mail (for which there are also anonymizing services), have similar capabilities. Further, the potential for illegal uses should not prevent the technology from being used for legal purposes.

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In the European Union (EU), the 2001 EU Copyright directive, which implemented the 1996 WIPO treaty (“World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty”), prohibits peer-to-peer, claiming it is a violation of the directive. However, not all European member states have implemented the directive in national legislation. Notably, on December 22, 2005, after discussing the EU directive, the French parliament passed two amendments legalizing the exchange of copies on the internet for private use. In a later proceeding, the French government withdrew the article in question and made illegal any p2p client obviously aimed at sharing copyrighted material. The term “obviously” was not defined. The project of law (called DADVSI) has still to be discussed by the French senate and, if the decision differs too much from the Parliament’s, it will be debated on second lecture back at the Parliament (Assemblée Nationale).

Interestingly, Canada stands out by authorizing, at least until the projected copyright reform, downloads on peer-to-peer networks under the “private copying” exception.

Important Cases

* US law
o Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios (The Betamax decision)
o MGM v. Grokster

Attacks on peer-to-peer networks

Many peer-to-peer networks are under constant attack by people with a variety of motives.

Examples include:

* poisoning attacks (e.g. providing files whose contents are different from the description)
* polluting attacks (e.g. inserting “bad” chunks/packets into an otherwise valid file on the network)
* defection attacks (users or software that make use of the network without contributing resources to it)
* insertion of viruses to carried data (e.g. downloaded or carried files may be infected with viruses or other malware)
* malware in the peer-to-peer network software itself (e.g. distributed software may contain spyware)
* denial of service attacks (attacks that may make the network run very slowly or break completely)
* filtering (network operators may attempt to prevent peer-to-peer network data from being carried)
* identity attacks (e.g. tracking down the users of the network and harassing or legally attacking them)
* spamming (e.g. sending unsolicited information across the network- not necessarily as a denial of service attack)

Risks

Some file sharing software comes bundled with malware such as spyware or adware. Sometimes this malware remains installed on the system even if the original file sharing software is removed, and can be very difficult to eliminate. In many cases such malware can interfere with the correct operation of web browsers, anti-virus software, anti-spyware and software firewalls, and can cause degraded performance on affected systems. Such malware is typically bundled with proprietary software, and not those in open source. In most cases it is possible to easily remove adware and spyware by running spyware removal programs. Such programs can often remove malware without influencing the functionality of the file sharing software.

Some are also concerned about the use of file sharing systems to distribute child pornography, inflammatory literature, and illegal or unpopular material. Novice users may find it difficult to obtain information on which networks are “safe” for them to use. However, experienced users know that there is only one way to get in contact with such material: You have to actively search for it.[12] Therefore they recommend not to search for illegal material.

See also

* Disk sharing
* File sharing timeline
* Comparison of one-click hosters
* File-sharing program
* Comparison of file sharing applications
* Compulsory license
* Open Music Model
* FairShare
* Spyware
* File sharing in Canada
* P2P
* BitTorrent
* MP3 Newswire

References

1. ^ Electronic Frontier Foundation. Making P2P Pay Artists. Retrieved on April 25, 2006.
2. ^ Elektra v. Barker
3. ^ Elektra v. Barker, Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Dismiss Complaint
4. ^ Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Dismiss Complaint
5. ^ Elektra v. Barker, Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Dismissal Motion
6. ^ Amicus Curiae brief of MPAA
7. ^ Amicus Curiae brief of EFF
8. ^ Amicus Curiae brief of USIIA and CCIA
9. ^ Statement of Interest of U.S. Department of Justice
10. ^ Statement of Interest, page 5, footnote 3
11. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/4758636.stm
12. ^ Morris, Alan (2003-08-22). Testimony of Mr. Alan Morris about Pornography, Technology and Process: Problems and Solutions on Peer-to-Peer Networks. United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC. Retrieved on November 20, 2006.

Further reading

* Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis and Diomidis Spinellis. A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies. ACM Computing Surveys, 36(4):335–371, December 2004. doi:10.1145/1041680.1041681.
* Stefan Saroiu, P. Krishna Gummadi, and Steven D. Gribble. A Measurement Study of Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Systems. Technical Report # UW-CSE-01-06-02. Department of Computer Science & Engineering. University of Washington. Seattle, WA, USA.
* Ralf Steinmetz, Klaus Wehrle (Eds). Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications. ISBN 3-540-29192-X, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 3485, Sep 2005
* Ghosemajumder, Shuman. Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models. MIT Sloan School of Management, 2002.
* Silverthorne, Sean. Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, 2004.
* Selected Papers — A collection of academic papers

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This page was last modified 09:10, 9 April 2007.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

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