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	<title>steve-pinker &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://en.wordpress.com/tag/steve-pinker/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "steve-pinker"</description>
	<pubDate>Fri, 25 Dec 2009 21:17:10 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Da Bear]]></title>
<link>http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/da-bear/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2009 12:25:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>whyevolutionistrue</dc:creator>
<guid>http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/da-bear/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[o.k.,  nobody is even in the vicinity, although there have been some clever responses.  I will post ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>o.k.,  nobody is even in the vicinity, although there have been some clever responses.  I will post the second clue at <strong>noon</strong> Chicago time today, and if somebody doesn&#8217;t get it after that, it&#8217;s hopeless.  Obviously, I&#8217;m not making this easy  &#8212; what fun would it be otherwise?</p>
<p>By the way, Matthew is completely wrong that I published a paper with this bear.  Don&#8217;t go looking for his name among my co-authors.</p>
<p>Incidentally, I have learned that Steve Pinker also has a bear, whose name is WILFRED.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Γνῶθι Σεαυτόν- Conosci te stesso]]></title>
<link>http://sindromedisnoopy.wordpress.com/2009/03/18/conosci_te_stesso/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2009 14:00:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sindromedisnoopy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sindromedisnoopy.wordpress.com/2009/03/18/conosci_te_stesso/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ho letto un articolo molto interessante, su Internazionale di questa settimana. Si chiama &#8220;Il ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0 14       MicrosoftInternetExplorer4  &#60;![endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ho letto un articolo molto interessante, su <a href="http://www.internazionale.it" target="_blank">Internazionale </a>di questa settimana. Si chiama &#8220;Il mio genoma sono io&#8221; ed è di <a title="Steven Pinker" href="http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/about/index.html">Steven Pinker</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ammetto candidamente di averne capito circa la metà, perché la mia mente è refrattaria agli argomenti scientifici, anche quando sono trattati con tanta grazia e chiarezza. Il tema è quello della ricerca genetica e in particolare della <a title="23andMe" href="https://www.23andme.com/" target="_blank">possibilità</a> &#8211; per il privato cittadino -  di effettuare una mappatura parziale del proprio codice genetico. A che scopo? Ottenere informazioni sui tratti del carattere, i rischi di malattie, le proprie origini.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Io non ho mai fatto mistero dei dubbi che nutro rispetto all&#8217;opportunità di un uso personalizzato (e in mano a aziende private) di materiali tanto &#8220;specialistici&#8221; e delicati, ma l&#8217;analisi coerente e lucida di Pinker mi ha riconciliato con l&#8217;idea della genomica personale. In particolare questa riflessione, rispetto ai numerosi tentativi da parte dei governi (soprattutto USA) di controllare e limitarne la diffusione: &#8220;<em>Per il genoma, come per internet, l&#8217;informazione ha bisogno di essere libera: dubito che dei provvedimenti paternalistici basteranno a tenenre l&#8217;industria sotto controllo. [...] Nel bene e nel male, le persone vorranno conoscere il loro genoma.</em>&#8220;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Come spesso accade, il rischio non sta nella disponibilità dei dati, ma nell&#8217;uso che se ne fa.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Una parte dell&#8217;articolo è dedicata a illustrare come i nostri geni possono determinare inclinazioni e carattere, a prescindere dalle influenze esterne del famigerato &#8220;condizionamento ambientale&#8221; (pure lui determinante, a modo suo): <em>&#8220;Il nostro genoma è una parte fondamentale di noi. È quello che determina la nostra umanità, compresa la capacità esclusivamente umana di imparare e di creare cultura. E anche se possiamo cambiare sia i tratti ereditati sia quelli acquisiti, cambiare quelli ereditati è più difficile&#8221;.</em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sono d&#8217;accordo. Mi sembra di vederla, la mia piccola eredità personale, i piccoli geni contro cui combatto ogni giorno. Non li posso estirpare, posso solo imparare a far sì che sia tutto il resto ad essere più forte. Smussare, smussare, smussare &#8230; a colpi di &#8220;condizionamento ambientale&#8221;.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Io non la vorrei proprio un&#8217;analisi del mio genoma. Non voglio sapere da dove provengono i miei occhi chiari, né se sono portata per la pittura, né se le malattie che caratterizzano la mia famiglia me le porto scritte nel codice genetico. Forse è per questo che, nonostante le sue posizioni siano decisamente opposte in merito, mi è piaciuta così tanto la conclusione di Pinker.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Perciò se siete spinti dalla curiosità scientifica o personale e riuscite a pensare in termini di probabilità, godetevi pure i frutti della genomica personale. Ma se volete sapere se correte il rischio di avere il colesterolo alto, fatevi misurare il colesterolo. Se volete sapere se siete bravi in matematica, fate un test di matematica.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">E se veramente volete conoscere voi stessi (e questa sarà la prova di quanto lo volete veramente), ascoltate questo consiglio di François de la Rochefocauld: <em>“Il giudizio dei nostri nemici su di noi è più vicino alla verità del nostro”</em>.</p>
</blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Graveola, as dicas do Pilipe e a felicidade em ver as coisas dando certo]]></title>
<link>http://quatroventos.wordpress.com/2009/02/22/graveola-as-dicas-do-pilipe-e-a-felicidade-em-ver-as-coisas-dando-certo/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2009 04:02:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>/lw</dc:creator>
<guid>http://quatroventos.wordpress.com/2009/02/22/graveola-as-dicas-do-pilipe-e-a-felicidade-em-ver-as-coisas-dando-certo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Meu valioso amigo Pilipe é um desses caras que é sempre bom ter por perto, pois ele sempre pode lhe ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">Meu valioso amigo Pilipe é um desses caras que é sempre bom ter por perto, pois ele sempre pode lhe passar dicas interessantes e informações (in)úteis.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Este cara teve pelo menos três oportunidades de mudar a minha vida com essas dicas dele.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Uma dica foi me apesentar <a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.last.fm/music/Regina%2BSpektor&#38;ei=4M2gScOWINCCtwfi_cWKDQ&#38;sa=X&#38;oi=spellmeleon_result&#38;resnum=1&#38;ct=result&#38;cd=1&#38;usg=AFQjCNHfBbT1hEBpwxgvuNQBMEjaD40MYA">Regina Spektor</a>, cantora que só agora chega ao mercado brasileiro (uma bendita vizinha minha escuta Fidelity pelo menos 15 vezes &#8211; literalmente 15 vezes &#8211; seguidas por fim-de-semana garças a novela da Globo. Podia ser pior, podia ser Katinguelê ou sei lá o quê&#8230; Só sei que Regina Spektor rapidamente se tornou uma das minhas cantoras favoritas, e no meu Last FM acusa ela como um dos três intérpretes que eu mais ouço. Mais pura verdade. Adoro a voz dela, a sonoridade das músicas e suas letras fantásticas (Especialmente <em>Pavlov&#8217;s Daughter, On the Radio, Your Honor </em>e<em> That Time</em> &#8211; estão aí recomendadas!!).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Outra foi acadêmica. Ele insistiu tanto para que eu lesse <a href="http://quatroventos.wordpress.com/ilustrada/">Tábula Rasa</a>, que até &#8220;comprou o livro para mim, sendo que eu podia pagá-lo bem depois&#8221;. Sorte minha que eu fui preguiçoso (500+ páginas de texto não-ficção&#8230;) e só li depois de terminar a faculdade. Assim, pude lê-lo com um senso mais apurado, e de fato, foi uma epifania. O livro é, do começo ao fim, uma confirmação das minhas idéias aliadas a conhecimento acadêmico e centífico. Ler Steven Pinker foi revelador e mudou minha visão de mundo &#8211; não mudou meu ponto de vista, só a forma como eu enxergo minhas próprias idéias, o que é ainda mais incrível.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">A última dica dele a ser listada aqui (apesa de haver mais), foi o <a href="http://xkcd.com/">XKCD</a>. O Genial Randall Munroe me foi apresentadoelo Pilipe e até hoje trata-se das tirinhas mais incríveis que eu leio. Diversão nerd-acadêmica-româtica-matemática garantida duas vezes por semana.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Entres outras mil dicas. Por isso o blog dele deve sempre ser lido! Este post todo virou uma espécie de homenagem, mas o sentido original era falar de <em>Graveola e o Lixo Polifônico</em>, banda regional que ele gostou muito e insistiu para que eu conhecesse. Conheci e gostei muito! Eu sou fascinado com bandas que misturam gêneros musicais sem nenhum compromisso além de trazer um som agradável para seus ouvintes.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Eu baiei as músicas e estou escutando direto. Recomendado. Muito bom. E, se o <a href="http://matizes.escondidos.zip.net/arch2009-02-15_2009-02-21.html#2009_02-18_19_34_22-8357085-0">Pilipe deu a dica</a>, sugiro que experimentem&#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Inteki!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Darwinism must die????]]></title>
<link>http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/02/10/darwinism-must-die/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:00:07 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>whyevolutionistrue</dc:creator>
<guid>http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/02/10/darwinism-must-die/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The science section of today&#8217;s New York Times is a celebration of evolution, including several]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>The science section of today&#8217;s New York Times is a celebration of evolution, including several articles that are excellent.  Unfortunately, the one by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Safina">Carl Safina</a>, an ecologist, is not.  Called <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/science/10essa.html?ref=science">&#8220;Darwinism Must Die so that Evolution May Live</a>.&#8221;  He gives the usual misguided reasons for abandoning the term, to wit:</p>
<blockquote><p>By propounding “Darwinism,” even scientists and science writers perpetuate an impression that evolution is about one man, one book, one “theory.” The ninth-century Buddhist master Lin Chi said, “If you meet the Buddha on the road, kill him.” The point is that making a master teacher into a sacred fetish misses the essence of his teaching. So let us now kill Darwin. . . . .</p>
<p>Using phrases like “Darwinian selection” or “Darwinian evolution” implies there must be another kind of evolution at work, a process that can be described with another adjective. For instance, “Newtonian physics” distinguishes the mechanical physics Newton explored from subatomic quantum physics. So “Darwinian evolution” raises a question: What’s the other evolution? .. . .</p>
<p>Charles Darwin didn’t invent a belief system. He had an idea, not an ideology. The idea spawned a discipline, not disciples. He spent 20-plus years amassing and assessing the evidence and implications of similar, yet differing, creatures separated in time (fossils) or in space (islands). That’s science.</p></blockquote>
<p>Well, how much confusion has really been caused by using the term &#8220;Darwinism&#8221;?   How many people have been made to think that we biologists adhere to an ideology rather than a strongly supported theory?  Would creationism and its country cousin, intelligent design, suddenly vanish if we started using the terms &#8220;modern evolutionary theory&#8221; (ugh!) or the insidious-sounding &#8220;neoDarwinism&#8221;?  I don&#8217;t think so.  &#8220;Darwinism&#8221; is a compact, four-syllable term for &#8220;modern evolutionary theory,&#8221; which is ten syllables long.  And, of course, Darwin had far more influence on modern evolutionary research than Newton has on work in modern physics. In fact, in no other area of science has a research program suggested by one person lasted for a century and a half.  As I write in my own homage to the term (to be published in <em>Current Biology</em>):</p>
<blockquote><p>. . . . True, Darwin wasn’t always correct: he got genetics wrong, and his views on species and speciation are pretty wonky.  And of course evolutionary theory has advanced: systematics, continental drift, and population genetics are all areas untouched by his looming shadow.</p>
<p>Still, these advances amount to refinements of Darwinism rather than its Kuhnian overthrow. Evolutionary biology hasn’t suffered the equivalent of quantum mechanics. But some biologists, chafing in their Darwinian straitjacket, periodically announce new worldviews that, they claim, will overturn our view of evolution, or at least force its drastic revision.  During my career I have heard this said about punctuated equilibrium, molecular drive, the idea of symbiosis as an evolutionary force, evo-devo, and the notion that evolution is driven by the self-organization of molecules.  Some of these ideas are worthwhile, others simply silly; but none do more than add a room or two to the Darwinian manse.  Often declared dead, Darwinism still refuses to lie down. So by all means let’s retain the term.  It is less of a jawbreaker than “modern evolutionary biology,” and has not, as was feared, misled people into thinking that our field has remained static since 1859. What better honorific than “Darwinism” to fête the greatest biologist in history?</p></blockquote>
<p>As Nicholas Wade notes in his <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/science/10evolution.html?ref=science">essay on Darwin</a> in the same section as Safina&#8217;s:</p>
<blockquote><p>Not only was Darwin correct on the central premises of his theory, but in several other still open issues his views also seem quite likely to prevail. His idea of how new species form was long eclipsed by Ernst Mayr’s view that a reproductive barrier like a mountain forces a species to split. But a number of biologists are now returning to Darwin’s idea that speciation occurs most often through competition in open spaces, Dr. Richards says.. . . It is somewhat remarkable that a man who died in 1882 should still be influencing discussion among biologists.</p></blockquote>
<p>Finally, as my colleague <a href="http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/">Steve Pinker</a> points out:</p>
<blockquote><p>Linguistically, the point is moot &#8211; once a name sticks, only massive forces toward political correctness can change it<br />
(African American, Native American, etc.). Voltaire noted that the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, Roman, nor an Empire, but that&#8217;s what we still<br />
call it. Even if Darwinism had outgrown Darwin, it would be impossible to rechristen it.</p></blockquote>
<p>Just noticed that over on Pharyngula, <a href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2009/02/darwin_is_already_dead_and_we.php">P.Z. agrees with me</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Cara a cara con la vida, la mente y el universo]]></title>
<link>http://cienciayficcion.wordpress.com/2009/02/03/cara-a-cara-con-la-vida-la-mente-y-el-universo/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Feb 2009 08:33:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>cienciayficcion</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cienciayficcion.wordpress.com/2009/02/03/cara-a-cara-con-la-vida-la-mente-y-el-universo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Punset, Eduardo: Cara a cara con la vida, la mente y el Universo : conversaciones con los grandes ci]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><ul>
<li><a title="Punset en Wikipedia" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punset">Punset, Eduardo</a>: Cara a cara con la vida, la mente y el Universo : conversaciones con los grandes científicos de nuestro tiempo. Barcelona : Destino, 2005</li>
</ul>
<p><a title="El libro en la biblioteca" href="http://roble.unizar.es/record=b1453607*spi"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-920" title="cara-a-cara-con-la-vida-la-mente-y-el-universo" src="http://cienciayficcion.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/cara-a-cara-con-la-vida-la-mente-y-el-universo.jpg" alt="" width="92" height="130" /></a>Eduardo Punset recoge las ideas y aportaciones de los mejores científicos de nuestro tiempo formando una perfecta introducción a la ciencia actual.</p>
<p>En las últimas décadas la ciencia ha dado pasos de gigante. Los científicos de la segunda mitad del siglo XX y los albores del XXI han alcanzado cotas inimaginables de conocimiento en muy poco tiempo. La evolución de las teorías y los conocimientos científicos han seguido en estos años un ritmo imparable y han hecho que nuestra visión de muchos aspectos del universo, la vida, la mente y la tecnología cambie radicalmente.</p>
<p>Eduardo Punset lleva años conversando con los grandes científicos de nuestro tiempo y en este libro recoge interesantes diálogos con estos sabios contemporáneos, desde <a title="Gould en Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> a <a title="Pinker en Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, pasando por <a title="Sabater Pi en Wikipedia" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Sabater_Pi">Sabater Pi</a>, <a href="http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/pincusj/?Action=View&#38;PageTemplateID=121">Jonathan Pincus</a>, <a title="Margulis en Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis">Lyn Margulis</a>&#8230;</p>
<p>El libro repasa de forma clara, amena y rigurosa los grandes hallazgos y retos de la ciencia actual y responde a preguntas como:<br />
. ¿Cómo se originó el universo?<br />
. ¿Nos podemos fiar de las percepciones de nuestro cerebro?<br />
. ¿Qué leyes rigen la evolución?<br />
. ¿Cómo podemos definir la belleza?<br />
. ¿Es posible romper las barreras del espacio y el tiempo?<br />
. ¿Qué nos diferencia realmente de los animales?<br />
. ¿Cómo actúan los virus?<br />
. ¿Qué explica la agresividad?<br />
. ¿Qué leyes rigen la vida?<br />
. ¿Hasta dónde llegará el progreso tecnológico?</p>
<p>- <a href="http://www.eduardpunset.es/libros_detalle.php?idlibro=3">Índice del libro</a></p>
<p>- <a href="http://www.eduardpunset.es/">Web de Eduardo Punset</a></p>
<p>- <a href="http://roble.unizar.es/search*spi?/aPunset/apunset/1%2C6%2C15%2CB/exact&#38;FF=apunset+eduardo&#38;1%2C7%2C/indexsort=-">Obras de Punset en las bibliotecas de la Universidad</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Steven Pinker on his genome]]></title>
<link>http://carrefoursagesse.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/57/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2009 21:21:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Lover of Wisdom</dc:creator>
<guid>http://carrefoursagesse.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/57/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I found, via Gene Expression, that Steven Pinker talks about his genome. Razib and Steve Sailer disc]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>I found, via <a href="http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2009/01/pinker-on-personal-genomics.php">Gene Expression</a>, that Steven Pinker <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/magazine/11Genome-t.html?_r=2&#38;pagewanted=1&#38;ref=magazine">talks</a> about his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome</a>.  Razib and Steve Sailer discuss Pinker&#8217;s article <a href="http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2009/01/personal_genomics_pinker_23and.php">here</a> and <a href="http://isteve.blogspot.com/2009/01/steven-pinker-gets-his-genome-tested.html">here</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Steve Pinker, trade-offs e filosofia política]]></title>
<link>http://quatroventos.wordpress.com/2008/12/04/steve-pinker-trade-offs-e-filosofia-politica/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2008 16:16:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>/lw</dc:creator>
<guid>http://quatroventos.wordpress.com/2008/12/04/steve-pinker-trade-offs-e-filosofia-politica/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Trecho do livro Tábula Rasa, de Steve Pinker: &#8220;(&#8230;)significa que um trade-off entre liber]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">Trecho do livro Tábula Rasa, de <a title="Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker">Steve Pinker</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8220;(&#8230;)significa que um <em>trade-off</em> entre liberdade e igualdade material é inerente a todos sistemas políticos. As principais filosofias políticas podem ser definidas pelo modo como lidam com esse <em>trade-off</em>. A direita <a title="Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism">darwinista social</a> não dá valor à igualdade; a esquerda totalitarista não dá valor à liberdade. A esquerda <a title="PDF - Teoria da Justiça de Rawls" href="http://www.uff.br/direito/artigos/TeoriadaJusticaSenadoFederal.pdf">rawlsiana </a>sacrficia alguma liberdade em favor da igualdade; a direita libertária sacrifica alguma igualdade em favor da liberdade. Embora pessoas sensatas possam discordar quanto ao melhor trade-off,não é sensato fingir que não existe um trade-off.&#8221;</p>
</blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA["This is a human being!"]]></title>
<link>http://houellebecq.wordpress.com/2008/10/29/this-is-a-human-being/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2008 05:23:16 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>robertthebelgian</dc:creator>
<guid>http://houellebecq.wordpress.com/2008/10/29/this-is-a-human-being/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker, who elsewhere has argued against &#8220;the stupidity of [h]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker, who elsewhere has argued against <a href="http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=d8731cf4-e87b-4d88-b7e7-f5059cd0bfbd">&#8220;the stupidity of [human] dignity,&#8221;</a> describes for the readers of the libertarian magazine, <em>Reason</em>, <a href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/28537.html">the worldview which reigns in the wake of what Houellebecq, in <strong>The Elementary Particles</strong>, calls a &#8220;metaphysical mutation.&#8221;</a></p>
<blockquote><p><strong>Reason:</strong> Why is the ghost in the machine doctrine a myth?</p>
<p><strong>Pinker:</strong> Neuroscience is showing that all aspects of mental life &#8212; every emotion, every thought pattern, every memory &#8212; can be tied to the physiological activity or structure of the brain. Cognitive science has shown that feats that were formerly thought to be doable by mental stuff alone can be duplicated by machines, that motives and goals can be understood in terms of feedback and cybernetic mechanisms, and that thinking can be understood as a kind of computation. Not computation the way your IBM PC does computation, but computation nonetheless &#8212; a kind of fuzzy analog to parallel computation. So intelligence, which formerly seemed miraculous &#8212; something that mere matter could not possibly accomplish or explain &#8212; can now be understood as a kind of computation process.</p></blockquote>
<p> This materialist understanding of the human person is dramatically portrayed by Knowall, one of the leaders of the Elohimite sect in <strong>The Possibility of an Island</strong>:</p>
<blockquote><p>Two assistants brought to the table in front of him, with some difficulty, a container about the size of a bag of cement, made up of plastic pouches which were transparent, juxtaposed, of unequal size, and containing various chemical products&#8211;the largest, by far, was filled with water.</p>
<p>&#8220;This is a human being!&#8221; exclaimed Knowall, almost with emphasis&#8230; &#8220;The container placed on this table,&#8221; he continued, &#8220;has exactly the same chemical composition as an adult human being weighing seventy kilos. As you will notice, we are composed primarily of water&#8230;&#8221; He seized a slender proble and pierced the transparent pouch; there was a little jet of water.</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Review of Podcasts]]></title>
<link>http://theamazingworldofpsychiatry.wordpress.com/2008/07/27/review-of-podcasts/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 27 Jul 2008 18:03:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr Justin Marley</dc:creator>
<guid>http://theamazingworldofpsychiatry.wordpress.com/2008/07/27/review-of-podcasts/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Podcasts are a great way to learn about a subject quickly. In this posting, I&#8217;ve reviewed a fe]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Podcasts are a great way to learn about a subject quickly. In this posting, I&#8217;ve reviewed a few of the podcasts that are out at the moment.</p>
<p>The journal Science produces a weekly podcast. In the Podcast for the week of  <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/multimedia/podcast/" target="_blank">25th July 2008</a> there is an interesting discussion of the possible function of sleep. By looking at the sleep patterns of 60 animals species (from pre-existing data), they found that social animals (animals that sleep in groups) sleep less than animals that sleep apart. They also found that if animals sleep on the ground where they&#8217;re more likely to be hunted by predators, they sleep less than those that sleep above the ground. The other finding was that animals that spend more time grazing, spend less time sleeping giving some possible clues about the evolutionary function of sleep.</p>
<p>In June 2008&#8217;s <a href="http://www.nature.com/neurosci/neuropod/index.html" target="_blank">Nature Neuropod</a>, a number of interesting topics were discussed. Neanderthals were found to have the same variation of FOX-P2 gene as modern humans. Fox-P2 is a transcription factor &#8211; that is a gene which affects the expression of other genes. Fox-P2 has been shown to be associated with a condition known as developmental verbal dyspraxia (a condition of speech and language). There is an ongoing project to compare Neanderthal, chimpanzee and human genomes. The idea is that finding genes specific to humans will give us a greater understanding of the evolutionary process. Cortical thinning in sensory-motor areas is associated with the occurrence of Tics in certain body parts in people with Tourette&#8217;s. This is an interesting finding as Tourette&#8217;s is classically thought of as a disorder of the basal ganglia. People with schizophrenia may have a family history or not. The ratio is about 40:60. In one study, researchers were interested in the occurrence of spontaneous mutations in non-familial schizophrenia, known as copy number variants. People normally have two copies of a gene, one from the father and the other from the mother. With copy number variants they have either one or more than two copies of the gene. The study findings makes sense if we consider schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder i.e. resulting from the way the brain develops in the foetus and early childhood. Steve Pinker talks about a new book he has written on language and discussed his thoughts on the relationship between language and thought.</p>
<p>In the NEJM Podcast for the week of <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/2/DC1?ssource=summarypodcast" target="_blank">July 10th</a>. The NEJM reports on a mental health parity bills which have been supported by the house and the senate, with however different wording in both cases. The parity bills relate to the higher cost of insuring people with a mental illness. The bill has stalled however as the house and senate differ in their definitions of mental illness. In the <a href="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/content/vol165/issue6/images/data/A50/DC1/June_2008.mp3" target="_blank">June podcast</a> of the American Journal of Psychiatry, there were again a number of interesting issues. Reduced amygdala response in adolescents with &#8216;callous and unemotional traits with conduct disorder or oppositional disorder. Shown emotional or non-emotional faces &#8211; whilst being fMRI scanned. Healthy subjects showed more activation of the Amygdala when shown emotional faces than did the adolescents with &#8216;callous and unemotional traits&#8217;. There was also an implication of the connections between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala in this difference. This supports a model in which antisocial behaviour is related to not being able to process the emotional reactions of other people. An interesting case report discussed is a 55 year old lady with treatment resistant depression refractory to treatment with single antidepressants, combination therapy, augmentation strategies, ECT and cingulotomy. She finally improved with deep brain stimulation which adds to the recent publication of the success of deep brain stimulation in depression.</p>
<p><strong>Disclaimer</strong></p>
<p>The comments made here represent the opinions of the author and do not represent the profession or any body/organisation. The comments made here are not meant as a source of medical advice and those seeking medical advice are advised to consult with their own doctor.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Tabula Rasa]]></title>
<link>http://mikosz.wordpress.com/2008/04/26/tabula-rasa/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 26 Apr 2008 16:50:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mikosz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mikosz.wordpress.com/2008/04/26/tabula-rasa/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O texto abaixo é um pequeno recorte de um capítulo que se encontra no livro Tabula Rasa &#8211; A Ne]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p class="MsoNormal">O texto abaixo é um pequeno recorte de um capítulo que se encontra no livro Tabula Rasa &#8211; A Negação Contemporânea da Natureza Humana &#8211; de <a href="http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/">Steve Pinker</a>, professor de psicologia de Harvard, especialista em Ciências Cognitivas, ex-professor do MIT (um dos maiores centros de pesquisa do planeta) e que traz em seu livro algumas reflexões sobre Arte e Natureza Humana.</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Embora as formas exatas de arte variem muito entre as culturas, as atividades de criar e apreciar arte são reconhecíveis em toda a parte. O filósofo <span style="font-weight:bold;">Denis Dutton</span> identificou sete assinaturas universais:</p>
<ol>
<li>Perícia ou virtuosismo. Habilidades artísticas técnicas são cultivadas, reconhecidas e admiradas.</li>
<li>Prazer não utilitário. As pessoas apreciam a arte pela arte, e não requerem que ela as mantenha aquecidas ou que lhes ponha comida na mesa.</li>
<li>Estilo. Objetos e representações artísticas satisfazem regras de composição que as situam em um estilo reconhecível.</li>
<li>Crítica. As pessoas fazem questão de julgar, avaliar e interpretar obras de arte.</li>
<li>Imitação. Com algumas importantes exceções como música e pintura abstrata, as obras de arte simulam experiências do mundo.</li>
<li>Enfoque especial. A arte é distinguida da vida comum e dá um enfoque dramático à experiência.</li>
<li>Imaginação. Artistas e seus públicos imaginam mundos hipotéticos no teatro da imaginação.</li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">As raízes psicológicas dessas atividades recentemente tornaram-se tema de pesquisas e debates. Alguns pesquisadores, como a acadêmica <span style="font-weight:bold;">Ellen Dissanayake</span>, acreditam que a arte é uma adaptação evolutiva, como a emoção do medo e a capacidade de ver em profundidade. Outros, como eu, acreditam que a arte (exceto a narrativa) é um subproduto de outras três adaptações: a <span style="font-style:italic;">ânsia por status</span>, o <span style="font-style:italic;">prazer estético de vivenciar objetos e ambientes adaptativos</span> e a <span style="font-style:italic;">habilidade de elaborar artefatos para atingir os fins desejados</span>. Desta perspectiva, a arte é uma tecnologia de prazer, como as drogas, o erotismo e a culinária refinada &#8211; um modo de purificar e concentrar estímulos prazerosos e enviá-los aos nossos sentidos (PINKER 2004, 546).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>&#8211;&#62;</strong> Para ler um pouco mais sobre <strong>Steve Pinker</strong>, além do site, saiu na Folha de São Paulo uma interessante entrevista com ele e o escritor <strong>McEwan</strong> <strong><a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ilustrada/ult90u395056.shtml" target="_blank">aqui</a></strong>.</p>
<p><span style="font-size:85%;">(Interessante refletir que praticamente apenas nas Artes Visuais algumas coisas &#8220;estranhas&#8221; acontecem, isto é, você já viu um malabarista apenas deixando cair os malabares? Sim, isso, malabarismo &#8220;pós-moderno&#8221;. Parece familiar com muitas produções &#8220;contemporâneas&#8221; de Artes Visuais? Coisa pra se refletir, não? Há muita coisa boa, interessante e importante na arte atual, mas tem muita imitação <em>duchampiana</em> fraca por ai <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif' alt=':D' class='wp-smiley' /> ).</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Il costo della libertà di cambiare idea]]></title>
<link>http://civicacitta.wordpress.com/2008/02/02/il-costo-della-liberta-di-cambiare-idea/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 19:30:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Luigi Iovane</dc:creator>
<guid>http://civicacitta.wordpress.com/2008/02/02/il-costo-della-liberta-di-cambiare-idea/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Edge è una fondazione no-profit che raccoglie i contributi intellettuali dei maggiori scienziati, fi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p align="justify"><a href="http://www.edge.org/"><img src="http://psicocafe.blogosfere.it/images/tornare%20sui%20propri%20passi-thumb.JPG" alt="tornare%20sui%20propri%20passi.JPG" align="left" border="0" height="310" hspace="5" width="200" /><span style="color:black;">Edge</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;color:black;"> </span><span style="color:black;">è una fondazione no-profit che raccoglie i contributi intellettuali dei maggiori scienziati, filosofi, letterati e pensatori del nostro tempo. Ogni anno lancia un tema a cui questa elite di belle menti risponde. Il tema del 2008 è stato: “<b>Su cosa avete cambiato idea? E perché?</b>”<span><br />
</span>Si tratta in sostanza dell’ammissione, da parte di gente che fa delle idee e delle proprie intuizioni il proprio destino, di aver clamorosamente toppato.<br />
</span><span style="color:black;">Naturalmente mi sono letta le risposte degli psicologi (ve le ho linkate in fondo al post) e ve ne riporto una che mi è piaciuta particolarmente, quella di <a href="http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/%7Edtg/gilbert.htm">Daniel Gilbert  </a>Professore di Psicologia alla Harvard University. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;" class="MsoNormal" align="justify"><span style="color:black;">“Sei anni fa ho cambiato idea sul beneficio di essere in condizione di cambiare idea. Nel 2002 Jane Ebert e io scoprimmo* che le persone sono solitamente più felici quando prendono decisioni irrevocabili. Quando i soggetti nei nostri esperimenti erano in condizione di ripensare e modificare le decisioni prese tendevano a considerare sia gli aspetti positivi che quelli negativi delle stesse decisioni, ma quando non potevano tornare indietro tendevano a concentrarsi solo sugli aspetti positivi e ignoravano quelli negativi. Per questo erano molto più soddisfatti quando avevano fatto scelte irrevocabili rispetto a quando avevano fatto scelte sulle quali avrebbero potuto ancora intervenire. </span><span style="color:black;">Per ironia della sorte le persone non si rendevano conto che questo sarebbe accaduto e preferivano di gran lunga il fatto di avere l’opportunità di cambiare idea.<br />
</span><span style="color:black;">Fino ad allora avevo sempre creduto che l’amore causasse il matrimonio. Ma questi esperimenti suggerivano che il matrimonio avrebbe anche potuto causare l’amore. </span><span style="color:black;">Se prendi il dato in seria considerazione, agisci in base ad esso, così quando arrivarono questi risultati andai a casa e chiesi alla donna con cui vivevo di sposarmi. Lei disse di sì e fu provato che i dati erano corretti: amo mia moglie più di quanto abbia mai amato la mia fidanzata.<br />
</span><span style="color:black;">La capacità delle persone di cambiare idea è un segno di intelligenza, <b>ma la libertà di farlo ha un costo</b>”. </span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;"></span><span style="color:#333333;"></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#333333;"><font color="#000000">Le risposte degli altri psicologi al quesito di Edge:</font> </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_14.html#baroncohen"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Simon Baron-Cohen</span></a><span style="color:#333333;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_13.html#blackmore"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Susan Blackmore</span></a><span style="color:#333333;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_12.html#buss"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">David Buss</span></a><span style="color:#333333;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_13.html#gigerenzer"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gerd Gigerenzer</span></a><span style="color:#333333;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_7.html#gilbert"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Dan Gilbert</span></a><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_11.html#goleman"><span style="font-family:Arial;text-decoration:underline;">Daniel Goleman</span></a><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_8.html#haidt"><span style="font-family:Arial;text-decoration:underline;">Jon Haidt</span></a><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_3.html#hauser"><span style="font-family:Arial;text-decoration:underline;">Marc Hauser</span></a><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_17.html#kahneman"><span style="font-family:Arial;text-decoration:underline;">Daniel Kahneman</span></a><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_15.html#miller"><span style="font-family:Arial;text-decoration:underline;">Geoffrey Miller</span></a><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_8.html#pinker"><span style="font-family:Arial;text-decoration:underline;">Steve Pinker</span></a><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">, </span><a href="http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_1.html#seligman"><span style="font-family:Arial;text-decoration:underline;">Martin Seligman</span></a><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;"></span><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">Fonte &#124; <a href="http://www.corriere.it/cronache/08_gennaio_02/scienza_errori_aab35a40-b901-11dc-aa63-0003ba99c667.shtml">Quando la scienza confessa: ho sbagliato </a>(Corriere.it)<br />
</span><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">*Paper originale &#124; <a href="https://www.carlsonschool.umn.edu/Assets/72208.pdf">Decisions and Revisions: The Affective Forecasting of Changeable Outcomes </a></span><span style="color:#333333;font-family:Arial;">(pdf)</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Talks  Steven Pinker: A brief history of violence]]></title>
<link>http://thalex.wordpress.com/2008/01/24/talks-steven-pinker-a-brief-history-of-violence/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jan 2008 16:06:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thalex</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thalex.wordpress.com/2008/01/24/talks-steven-pinker-a-brief-history-of-violence/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Steven Pinker (* 18. September 1954 in Montreal) ist Professor für Psychologie an der Harvard Univer]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[Steven Pinker (* 18. September 1954 in Montreal) ist Professor für Psychologie an der Harvard Univer]]></content:encoded>
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