CREATE TABLE TEMP(ENAME VARCHAR2(100));

INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(‘SMITH,JOHN’);
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(‘SMITH,JANE’);
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(‘DOE,JOHN’);
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(‘DOVERS,JANET’);

SELECT ENAME,INITCAP(SUBSTR(ENAME,INSTRB(ENAME,’,')+1,LENGTH(ENAME))) ||’ ‘||INITCAP(SUBSTR(ENAME,1,INSTRB(ENAME,’,')-1)) ProperName
FROM TEMP;

– Note: this wouldn’t handle spaces, but all you need to do for that is to incorporate trim function.

How to use String.substring(start, to)

The old method substr() is deprecated so screw that. The preferred method is to now use substring().

(start,to) arguments explained:

start – This is the position to start extracting the string from.   Zero based, so the first character is 0, then 1 and so on.

to – This is the position to copy to and should obviously be greater than start.   It does not include the character at to. So, if to is the same as start then nothing will be returned. If to is not present then the rest of the string from start is returned.

The examples below use the following string.

var s = "abcdefghij"

The first example returns the characters from positions 5 to 6. Remember that the string is zero indexed so the character at position 5 in the above string is “f”

s.substring(5, 7); // returns "fg"

The second example returns the characters from 5 to the end of the string:

s.substring(5); // returns "fghij"

The next example returns the characters from positions 0 to 4 (i.e. 5 characters in total):

s.substring(0, 5); // returns "abcde"

Link con una visualización un poco mejor que la de wordpress… :Link

In this post, I would like to demonstrate how each character function behaves with its string input;

REPLACE

replace(inThisString,'oldValue','newValue')

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME                 SURNAME
---------------------- -------------------- --------------------
1                      oldvalue             walidera
2                      NULL                 long                 

2 rows selected
SELECT customer_id,REPLACE(name,'oldvalue','newvalue') as name, surname FROM customers;

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME                  SURNAME
---------------------- -------------------   -------------------
1                      newvalue              walidera
2                      NULL                  long                 

2 rows selected

INSTR

instr( findInThisString, searchThisString [, start-position] [,  nth-occurence ]  )

SELECT INSTR('Hello SQL World','o', 1 , 1) FROM DUAL;
-->> Result is 5 [The first occurence of 'o' character]
SELECT INSTR('Hello SQL World','o', 1 , 2) FROM DUAL;
-->> Result is 12 [The second occurence of 'o' character]
SELECT INSTR('Hello SQL World','a', 1 , 1) FROM DUAL;
-->> Result is 0 [so there is no a in this string]

NVL

NVL('searchInThisString', value)
 --returns value if 'searchInThisString' is Null otherwise 'searchInThisString' returns

select * from customers;

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME                 SURNAME
---------------------- -------------------- --------------------
1                      oldvalue             walidera
2                      NULL                 long                 

2 rows selected

SELECT customer_id,NVL(name,'Replaced Value') as name, surname FROM customers;

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME                 SURNAME
---------------------- -------------------- --------------------
1                      oldvalue             walidera
2                      Replaced Value       long                 

2 rows selected

NVL2

NVL2('searchInThisString', value1, value2)
--returns value2 if searchInThisString is NULL otherwise value1 returns

SELECT * FROM customers;

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME                 SURNAME
---------------------- -------------------- --------------------
1                      oldvalue             walidera
2                      NULL                 long                 

2 rows selected

SELECT customer_id,NVL2(name,'VALUE1','VALUE2') as name, surname FROM customers;

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME   SURNAME
---------------------- ------ --------------------
1                      VALUE1 walidera
2                      VALUE2 long                 

2 rows selected

SUBSTR

SUBSTR('inThisString', startPoint [,length])
--length is optional however starpoint is required
--returns a part of whole string

SELECT * FROM customers;

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME                 SURNAME
---------------------- -------------------- --------------------
1                      oldvalue             walidera
2                      NULL                 long                 

2 rows selected

SELECT customer_id,SUBSTR(name,1,2) as name, surname FROM customers;
--start from first character and take 2 character

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME SURNAME
---------------------- ---- --------------------
1                      ol   walidera
2                      NULL long                 

2 rows selected

SELECT customer_id,SUBSTR(name,2,2) as name, surname FROM customers;
--start from second character and take 2 character

CUSTOMER_ID            NAME SURNAME
---------------------- ---- --------------------
1                      ld   walidera
2                      NULL long                 

2 rows selected

What built-in functions/operators are available for manipulating strings?

The most useful ones are LENGTH, SUBSTR, INSTR, and ||:

• LENGTH(str) returns the length of str in characters.
• SUBSTR(str,m,n) returns a portion of str, beginning at character m, n characters long. If n is omitted, all characters to the end of str will be returned.
• INSTR(str1,str2,n,m) searches str1 beginning with its n-th character for the m-th occurrence of str2 and returns the position of the character in str1 that is the first character of this occurrence.
• str1 || str2 returns the concatenation of str1 and str2.

The example below shows how to convert a string name of the format 'last, first' into the format 'first last':

SUBSTR(name,INSTR(name,’,',1,1)+2) ||’ ‘|| SUBSTR(name, 1, INSTR(name,’,',1,1)-1)

For case-insensitive comparisons, first convert both strings to all upper case using Oracle’s built-in function upper() (or all lower case using lower()).

SUBSTR

The syntax for the substr function is:

substr( string, start_position, [ length ] )

string is the source string.
start_position is the position for extraction. The first position in the string is always 1.
length is optional. It is the number of characters to extract. If this parameter is omitted, substr will return the entire string.

substr(‘This is a test’, 6, 2) would return ‘is’

substr(‘This is a test’, 6) would return ‘is a test’

substr(‘TechOnTheNet’, 1, 4) would return ‘Tech’

substr(‘TechOnTheNet’, -3, 3) would return ‘Net’

INSTR

The syntax for the instr Oracle function is:

instr( string1, string2 [, start_position [, nth_appearance ] ] )

string1 is the string to search.

string2 is the substring to search for in string1.

start_position is the position in string1 where the search will start. This argument is optional. If omitted, it defaults to 1. The first position in the string is 1. If the start_position is negative, the function counts back start_position number of characters from the end of string1 and then searches towards the beginning of string1.

SUBSTR and INSTR

Query returns string after the 6th occurence of ‘\’ in full path of data file name

select substr(name,instr(name,’\',1,6)+1) from v$datafile

SYSTEM01.DBF
USERS01.DBF
SYSAUX.DBF

REPLACE

The syntax for the replace function is:

replace( string1, string_to_replace, [ replacement_string ] )

string1 is the string to replace a sequence of characters with another set of characters.

string_to_replace is the string that will be searched for in string1.

replacement_string is optional. All occurrences of string_to_replace will be replaced with replacement_string in string1. If the replacement_string parameter is omitted, the replace function simply removes all occurrences of string_to_replace, and returns the resulting string.

replace(‘123tech123′, ‘123′); would return ‘tech’

replace(‘222tech’, ‘2′, ‘3′);    would return ‘333tech’

TRANSLATE

TRANSLATE(<string>, <’list_to_match’>,<’replacements_list’>)

This demo replaces all commas with vertical bars.

SELECT TRANSLATE(‘comma,delimited,list’, ‘,‘, ‘|‘)
FROM dual;
—————————-
comma|delimited|list

The following takes a DNA sequence and returns its complement.

SELECT TRANSLATE(‘CAG-TTT-GAC-ACA-TGG-ATC’, ‘ACGT’, ‘GATC’) DNA
FROM dual;
———————————————————-
AGT-CCC-TGA-GAG-CTT-GCA

In this demo the number of vowels in the string is counted

WITH data AS (SELECT ‘Whose line is it anyway’ line FROM dual)
SELECT LENGTH(line)-LENGTH(TRANSLATE(line,’xaeiou’,'x’)) nbVowels
FROM data;
————————————————-
8

Flex is a highly productive, free open source framework for building and maintaining expressive web applications that deploy consistently on all major browsers, desktops, and operating systems -Adobe

Adobe Flex is a collection of technologies released by Adobe Systems for the development and deployment of cross platform rich Internet applications based on the proprietary Adobe Flashplatform. The initial release in March 2004 by Macromedia included a software development kit, anIDE, and a J2EE integration application known as Flex Data Services. Since Adobe acquired Macromedia in 2005, subsequent releases of Flex no longer require a license for Flex Data Services, which has become a separate product rebranded as LiveCycle Data Services. -Wikipedia

There are many sites providing the tutorials and samples in net.Here is my Flex samples blog ,

http://gnanz-flexworld.blogspot.com

Continuando com a série de funções PSQL para Firebird postarei mas uma função rápida, que vale mais como uma pequena dica, visto que ainda estou meio sem tempo para fazer um post legal englobando Stored Procedures, Triggers, Views e etc.

Vamos ao trabalho!

Como dito acima, postarei apenas uma função (Stored Procedure) por hoje.

Falaremos sobre o STR_POS, que todos conhecemos, que retorna a primeira ou a ultima, dependendo do parâmetro incluído, posição de uma string em outra string.

Complicado ?

Veja um exemplo!

Na String “Leonardo Machado Moreira”, caso apliquemos a função strpos procurando por Machado, obteriamos o inteiro 10 como resultado.

Este tipo de função é muito útil quando estamos trabalhando com strings. Caso ache que estou mentindo espere e verá.

Criação

Assim como no post anterior, podemos criar uma Stored Procedure com o seguinte comando rodado em uma query com acesso ao nosso banco de dados

CREATE PROCEDURE STR_POS (

PROCURAR Varchar(8192),
ONDE Varchar(8192),
OCORRENCIA Char(1)

)
RETURNS (

RESULT Integer

)
AS

Declare Variable i Integer;
Declare Variable sTmp Varchar(8192);

BEGIN

i = 1;
while(i <= char_length(:ONDE))do
begin

sTmp = substring(:ONDE from i for char_length(:PROCURAR));

if(:sTmp = ROCURAR)then
begin

RESULT = i;

if(:OCORRENCIA = ‘P’)then
begin

SUSPEND;
Exit;

end

end

i = i + 1;

end

SUSPEND;

END

Uma coisa que eu não citei no post anterior é a maneira que alteramos uma Stored Procedure. Imagine que já tenhamos criado STR_POS, porém queremos altera-lá, basta rodar o mesmo código com a sintaxe de alteração, obviamente alterando o que você deseja.

ALTER PROCEDURE STR_POS (

PROCURAR Varchar(8192),
ONDE Varchar(8192),
OCORRENCIA Char(1)

)
RETURNS (

RESULT Integer

)
AS

Declare Variable i Integer;
Declare Variable sTmp Varchar(8192);

BEGIN

i = 1;
while(i <= char_length(:ONDE))do
begin

sTmp = substring(:ONDE from i for char_length(:PROCURAR));

if(:sTmp = ROCURAR)then
begin

RESULT = i;

if(:OCORRENCIA = ‘P’)then
begin

SUSPEND;
Exit;

end

end

i = i + 1;

end

SUSPEND;

END

Assim como a função do post anterior esta função também é bem intuitiva, veja:

No inicio criamos ou alteramos a Stored Procedure STR_POS com os três parâmetros indicados acima. Note que os dois primeiros parâmetros cujos valores serão strings que não conhecemos coloquei o tamanho como varchar(8192), isto porque varchar é um tipo de dado que se adapta de acordo com o valor incluído então caso não passemos nada para um varchar de 8192 o seu tamanho será zero. Diferentemente do char que não tem o seu tamanho variável, então caso uma string não tenha o tamanho do campo char o Firebird a completa com espaços em branco à direita.

Então criamos as duas variáveis, sem muito mistério.

E fazemos um loop while enquando i for menor ou igual ao tamanho da string :ONDE. A função char_length retorna a quantidade de caracteres que uma string possuí.

Importante lembrar que esta função char_length é nativa do Firebird 2.1, e cada versão do Firebird apresenta ela com um nome.

Dentro do loop temos outro exemplo de função nativa do Firebird que é a substring, esta também muito conhecida dos desenvolvedores, ela pega a string :ONDE e retira o texto entre a posição i e a posição char_length(:PROCURAR) que neste caso referência o final da string.

Então a partir daí temos o uso do if no Firebird que é muito simples, o Suspend que já vimos no post anterior e o comando Exit que como você pode ter imaginado deixa a função imediatamente.

A maneira que rodamos esta função como ja disse no post anterior é muito simples:

Execute procedure STR_POS(‘Machado’, ‘Leonardo Machado Moreira’, ‘P’)

Retorno: 10

Select result from STR_POS(‘Machado’, ‘Leonardo Machado Moreira’, ‘P’)

Retorno: 10

Podemos também procurar de trás para frente a ocorrencia da string ou a ultima ocorrência da string.

Select result FROM STR_POS(‘M’, ‘Leonardo Machado Moreira’, ‘U’)

Retorno:18

Bom por hoje é só peço para aqueles que acharam o post muito breve e superficial que deem uma lida no post anterior que tem muita informação que não coloquei aqui pois já está lá e eu não quero repetir.

Obrigado, caso tenha alguma dúvida ou tenha notado algum erro meu deixe postado nos coments que tentarei ajuda-lo o mais breve possível.

Mungkin banyak sekali pertanyaan bagaimana cara memotong tulisan yang panjangnya se-abrek pada PHP, kalo menggunakan printah substr() secara langsung kayaknya kurang wokeh deh karena tiap paragraph beda panjang tulisan otomatis terkadang tulisan jadi tidak bagus terbaca contoh “ini ibu budi”, jika kita mengambil 6 karakter dari karakter pertama maka jadinya “ini ib” aneh kan.., nah sekarang bagaimana melakukan pemotongan tulisan dengan teknik yang lembut.

<?
   /*  copyright global-algorithm@server-labs.pondokiklan.com
    *  Release Oct, 14 08 
    */

     function SOFTCUTER($tulisan, $count) {
        $count = $count;

           $length = strlen($tulisan);
              if($length>$count) {
                 $i = $count;
                 while($i != 0) {
                    if(substr($tulisan,$i,1) == ” “) { 
                       break;
                    } else { 
                    }
                 $i = $i-1;
                }      
             $tulisan = substr($tulisan,0,$i);
             $tulisan = $tulisan;
        } else {
           $tulisan = $tulisan;
        }
       $tulisan = strtolower($tulisan); 
       return $tulisan;
     }

 $text = “Ini Ibu Budi Sedang Belajar PHP”;
 print SOFTCUTER($text, 6); // 6 <= adalah jumlah karakter yg mau di pakai

?>

hasilnya, coba sendiri yach

Hi. Quote from Ronii on August 07 2008 11 10 11 pm. All Anyone knows how to resolve the issue of 117 9 d Got married just before landed but didn t know that
canadavisa.com

Définir une nouvelle variable à partir de x caractères d’une autre variable. Substituer, dans une variable texte, les x caractères à partir du z^ème. Ces deux thématiques fortes différentes sont traitées avec la même fonction SUBSTR. Selon qu’elle soit placée à gauche ou à droite de l’égalité, la fonction répond à un besoin différent.  

1. Créer une nouvelle variable à partir d’un sous-ensemble d’une autre : l’application la plus courante de la fonction SUBSTR consiste à conserver un sous-ensemble d’une chaîne de caractères, en se référant à sa position de départ et à sa longueur, pour définir une nouvelle variable.

Notation : la fonction est composée de trois paramètres

• le nom de la variable d’origine, 
• la position du premier caractère qui nous intéresse,
• le nombre total de caractères à partir du point de départ (optionnel).

Exemple : dans l’exemple suivant, imaginez une variable TESTCASE. Les tests tc0101, tc0102 appartiennent au même groupe, tandis que tc0201 appartient à un groupe différent. Les deux premiers chiffres font référence au groupe. Pour sauvegarder ces chiffres dans une variable GRP, on utilise la fonction SUBSTR.

grp=substr(testcase,3,2);

Note : Si le nombre de caractères à retenir n’est pas précisé par un troisième paramètre, c’est tout le reste de la chaîne à partir de la position donnée en second paramètre qui est conservé.

grp=substr(testcase,3);

2. Remplacer une partie d’une chaîne de caractères : pour actualiser une variable dans un data step, la démarche sous SAS est fastidieuse. Dans un cas particulier, cependant, on peut l’éviter : changer un sous-ensemble d’une variable texte défini par sa position dans la chaîne et sa longueur.

Rappel, actualiser une variable dans un data step : dans un premier, la variable est renommée. Cette variable contient les valeurs d’origine, celle qui nous intéressent. On peut ainsi définir une nouvelle variable portant le nom d’origine puisque ce nom n’existe plus. Cette nouvelle variable prendra nos valeurs d’origine, plus les nouveautés voulues via une addition, une concaténation ou autre.

Exemple : on reprend l’exemple de la première section avec notre variable TESTCASE. La chaîne  ’tc’ commençant en position 1 et longues de 2 est remplacée par les caractères ‘AB’.

substr(testcase,1,2)=‘AB’;

Notez que la valeur de substitution doit être de la même longueur. Si elle est plus grande, les caractères seront ignorés. Si elle est plus petite, des blancs remplaceront les espaces manquants.  De plus, on ne peut substituer que parmi les caractères existants, blancs de début et fin de chaîne compris.

I needed to pick some statements out of my assembler source based on the instruction (doing a quick & dirty count of the number of branches in the source, so counting all statements where the opcode starts with a “B”). Since my source files are indented to show control structures, I cannot simply

  locate 9 ,B,

Using substr 1 of w1 will let me select records based on the first character in the first word, but this would fail when the statement also has a label. To fix that, I can do a destructive test by removing the optional label first.

  | x: if nlocate 1 , ,
  |   substr w2-*
  | x:
  | locate substr 1 of w1 ,B,

While this might work for the initial purpose of counting the records, it does not work when I need to handle the selected records afterwards.
So a non-destructive test is what I wanted. That is possible using the if as well.

  | x: if nlocate 1 , ,
  |   locate substr 1 of w1 ,B,
  | x:
  |   locate substr 1 of w2 ,B,
  | x:

Unfortunately, this has the same selection in two different places. As long as I am using the locate that is not much of a problem, but as soon as I need to use lookup it becomes horrible to have the selection in two different places. A much nicer pipeline is the following:

  | insert ,*, before
  | locate substr 1 of w2 ,B,
  | substr 2-*

While this isn’t really non-destructive, the change to the record is such that I can undo it easily. The insert prefixes the record with a character so that I am certain the opcode will be the second word (first word is either the “*” itself, or the original label prefixed by “*”).

substr() method extracts a specified number of characters in a string, from a start index.

Syntax: string.substr(start, length);

substring() method extracts the chars in a string between two specified indexes.

Syntax: string.substring(start, stop);

Quick Notes aout Substr:

• If start is negative, Internet Explorer returns the whole string. That’s wrong! IE should use the last character in the string.

Quick Notes about Substring:

• If start equals stop, it returns an empty string.
• If stop is omitted, it extracts characters to the end of the string.
• If either argument is less than 0 or is NaN, it is treated as if it were 0.
• If either argument is greater than string’s length, either argument will use string’s length.
• If start > stop, then substring will swap those 2 arguments.

UPDATE (Added Slice upon request)

slice() works like substring() with a few different behaviors.

Syntax: string.slice(start, stop);

Quick Notes about Slice:

• If stop is omitted, slice extracted chars to the end of the string, exactly like substring().
• If start > stop, slice() will NOT swap the 2 arguments.
• If start is negative, slice() will set char from the end of string, exactly like substr() in Firefox. This behavior is observed in both Firefox and IE.
• If stop is negative, slice() will set stop to: (string.length – 1) – stop (original value).

References:

• Mozilla Developer Documentation – substr()
• Mozilla Developer Documentation – substring()
• Mozilla Developer Documentation – slice()
• MSDN Documentation – substr()
• MSDN Documentation – substring()
• MSDN Documentation – slice()
• Opera ECMAScript &/ Javascript Support (including Opera for Wii)