If you are curious to visit the IRC channel, visit here first

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/IrcGuidelines

Thanks for visiting from IRC #ubuntu-offtopic

I am a beginner with Linux Ubuntu, and I want a simple means
to back up my system occasionally.

I found a tar command at the following link:

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=35087

I tried it once and it seemed to work, except I had some trouble getting rights to access the file in / root. I THINK that the following commands will work for me without hurting my install.

I DID do some things with sudo Nautilus and a /var/Backup folder which I believe crashed my whole Ubuntu system, and I had to spend 7 hours re-installing it, which you may read about at this blog.

So, I really need someone who is experienced in Linux and script/bash commands to look at this and tell me if there is any danger.

I DID get the tar command which you see below to work once, and I managed to copy it to a DVD. I put the dvd in my second computer which is a Wubi Ubuntu install on top of windows, and it was able to open the tar, browse the folders, and extract some files from /Desktop.

I WOULD ALSO APPRECIATE THE CORRECT COMMAND TO SAFELY DELETE backup.tgz from / root

Thanks for looking and commenting!

enter TERMINAL

sudo su

tar cvpzf backup.tgz –exclude=/proc –exclude=/lost+found –exclude=/backup.tgz –exclude=/mnt –exclude=/sys –exclude=/media /

sudo cd /

sudo chmod 777 backup.tgz

sudo cp -p backup.tgz /home/bryan/Desktop/mytestfolder/

++++++

1.
I WOULD ALSO APPRECIATE THE CORRECT COMMAND TO SAFELY DELETE backup.tgz from / root
2.
>>> sudo rm /backup.tgz
3.

4.
Thanks for looking and commenting!
5.

6.
enter TERMINAL
7.

8.
### sudo su
9.
### This is silly for two reasons. First, ’sudo -i’ is preferable to ’sudo su’. Second, rather than putting sudo on every line of the script, just run the script itself with sudo.
10.

11.
# This will work, but using v (verbose) doesn’t really add value with this huge of a data set, and significantly impairs performance (the terminal can’t keep up), so I’d probably drop it.
12.
tar cvpzf backup.tgz –exclude=/proc –exclude=/lost+found –exclude=/backup.tgz –exclude=/mnt –exclude=/sys –exclude=/media /
13.
# Note that you are not specifying a target directory for backup.tgz to end up in here. As you’ve noticed, it’s helpful to have it somewhere that you’re not backing up, to avoid recursion.
14.

15.
sudo cd /
16.

17.
sudo chmod 777 backup.tgz
18.

19.
sudo cp -p backup.tgz /home/bryan/Desktop/mytestfolder/
20.

21.

22.
THUS, my recommendations:
23.
—————————————————————————————————-
24.
#!/bin/bash
25.
tar cpzf /backup.tgz –exclude=/proc –exclude=/lost+found –exclude=/backup.tgz –exclude=/mnt –exclude=/sys –exclude=/media /
26.
chmod 755 /backup.tgz
27.
ln -s /backup.tgz /home/bryan/Desktop/mytestfolder/
28.
—————————————————————————————————-
29.
Save as mybackupscript.sh
30.
chmod +x mybackupscript.sh
31.
Run with:
32.
sudo ./mybackupscript.sh

++++++++++

tonyyarusso: one quick question, what does this last line do — ln -s /backup.tgz /home/bryan/Desktop/mytestfolder/
[02:07] what is ln -s
[02:07] WilliamBuell: Create a symbolic link
[02:07] WilliamBuell: it creates a symbolic link
[02:07] symlink
[02:08] WilliamBuell: It makes a “pointer” of sorts in your home directory to the real file, rather than copying it all over.
[02:08] and, ok ln symbolic link, how is that useful
[02:08] can reach data 2 ways but only have it exist on disk once
[02:08] so, you are saying that when I mount a dvd, and go to file manager, i will SEE the tar in that folder (but it is really the symbolic link) and i may freely copy it to the dvd
[02:08] so if you dont want to type a really really long path, you can have a shortcut
[02:08] WilliamBuell: Half the disk space usage, and less time.
[02:08] WilliamBuell: yup
[02:09] wow, thanks, now it all makes sense
[02:09] there are also hardlinks (ln without the -s)
[02:09] what is difference between hard and soft link
[02:09] symlinks point to a path to the data so they can point to things on other disks/partitions/media

hardlink vs symlink

[02:19] WilliamBuell: I thought you wanted it in that folder for some kind of convenience – it’s certainly not necessary.
[02:19] oh, ok…. i am just scared to death of root, since my crash
[02:19] the script can go wherever you like. Many people like to create /home/bryan/bin/ for such things, but it doesn’t matter.
[02:20] so sudo ./mybackupscript.sh WILL SEARCH until it finds that file, wherever it is, even on /Desktop ?
[02:20] No.
[02:20] It will be the current working directory, whatever that is.
[02:21] oh, ok, so as long as i am in current directory where that .sh is, and i sudo ./ it will find the .sh
[02:21] but, i should not save the script to root, i take it
[02:22] and if i did create /home/bryan/bin i would cd to that, and then sudo ./mybackupscript.sh
[02:23] right
[02:23] but, if i went into gedit and saved some file as mytestfile.sh in root,… it would not harm root
[02:23] except it is a bad practice to store things in root

Ποσες φορες, δεν σας εχει τυχει να γραφετε μια εντολη στο τερματικο να πατατε το enter και να σας βγαζει μυνημα οτι πρεπει να εχετε δικαιωματα root για να εκτελεστει η εντολη… δεν ειναι σπαστικο να ξαναγραφετε την εντολη η εστω με τα βελακια να κανετε back… στην αρχη της εντολης κτλ…κτλ…

Μπορειτε πολυ ευκολα να γραψετε κατευθειαν sudo και μετα διπλα θαυμαστικα, οπως φενεται παρακατω:

sudo !!

Βασικα το ολο κολπο ειναι τα διπλα θαυμαστικα, τα οποια ειναι εντολη του bash και αυτο που κανουν ειναι να “γραφουν” την τελευταια εντολη που πληκτρολογησατε, οποτε μπορειτε να τα χρησιμοποιειτε και με αλλες εντολες και οχι μονο με την sudo.

The default Ubuntu screenshot software isnt really something spectacular. Also, it really doesnt have many options. For example, if you want the screenshot of just a window and not of the entire desktop, you’d be pretty much stuck if you were using the default screenshot app, as you would have to use some image editing software like GIMP to modify the screenshot to suit your needs.

No more… Say hello to Shutter! The perfect screenshot tool. Lets you take screenshots of windows, notifications (and even panels!). Has loads of options and is really useful.

This is how you install it:

Go to Ubuntu Software Center from your GNOME menu and search for ‘Shutter’, follow the links and install it! Like so:

Alternate method for users who prefer to use the terminal:

Type the following in the terminal:

sudo apt-get install shutter

And after the installation, you’ll find Shutter installed in the ‘Accessories’ section of the GNOME menu.

This is what the Shutter screenshot toolbar window looks like:

Thats it!

Usually, to compile a software we can find a lots of probles, now I show you a way to compile on fedora 12!

We can do:

[gusions@laptop]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools"

To install the developments tools necessary to build a software.

Usually in the gnu/linux world there are a lots of format to archive software: .tar.gz, .tgz, .tar.bz2

We can unpacked these types of archive with these commands:

[gusions@laptop]$ tar -xvzf programma-x.y.z.tgz
[gusions@laptop]$ tar -xvzf programma-x.y.z.tar.gz
[gusions@laptop]$ tar -xvjf programma-x.y.z.bz2

After the unpacking process, we can enter in the folder using :

cd programma.x.y.z/

Run :

./configure

To check the dependencies, or other part required by the software!

After ./configure run:

make
su
make install

To compile and install the software!

Usually in Fedora the executing file go in /usr/local, but we can change the folder destination with this command:

./configure --prefix=/percorso/

This is a simply tutorial to make, build and install a software!

Para alguno esto es verdadera seguridad para otros es sumamente molesto, y es que todos sabemos que esto es una norma en linux para salvaguardar nuestro sistema… pero para el que quiera desactivar esto solo tiene que seguir estos comandos..

En una terminal ejecuta

sudo visudo

en el archivo que se abre busca la línea

%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL

y reemplazala por la siguiente

%admin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

Graba y cierra el archivo

Fuente

Espero que no nos afecte, pero creo que se va a ver raro “sudo” en una consola de Windows, o peor aún, que sea parte importante del sistema.

El comando sudo es en Linux algo tan importante y además una herramienta para evitar el “root” pero sin ser un usuario común. Ahora Microsoft toma este comando como “personalizado” y con entorno gráfico y con eso le tapa la boca a los de patentes de los EEUU.

Espero que no nos vaya a afectar esta decisión por parte del gigante de Redmond.

En esta Oportunidad les Traigo una recopilación de lo q yo concidero son los comandos más, utiles, importantes y usados tanto en Ubuntu como en muchas otras distros linux

• Adduser: Se utiliza para añadir un usuario.

Uso: adduser <nombreusuario>

• Alias (este esta bien explicado en un post anterior)
  

Uso: alias nombrequeledamos=’comando’

• apt-get install nombredelprograma =  instala el paquete.

• apt-get remove nombredelprograma = Borra el paquete. Con la opción –purge borra tambien la configuración del paquete instalado.

• apt-get update = Actualiza la lista de paquetes disponibles para instalar.

• apt-get upgrade  = Instala las nuevas versiones de los diferentes paquetes disponibles.

• cd = Cambia el directorio.

Uso: cd nombredirectorio

Continuar leyendo el resto de comandos:

• chmod: Cambia los permisos de los archivos.

r:lectura w:escritura x:ejecución
+: añade permisos -:quita permisos
u:usuario g:grupo del usuario o:otros
Uso: chmod permisos nombrearchivo

• chown: Cambia el propietario de un archivo.

Uso: chown <nombrepropietario> <nombrearchivo>

• cp:Copia archivos en el directorio indicado.

Uso: cp archivoorigen archivodestino

• deluser: Elimina una cuenta de usuario

Uso: deluser <nombreusuario>

• exit: Cierra las ventanas o las conexiones remotas establecidas

• fsck: Sirve para chequear si hay errores en nuestro disco duro.

Uso: fsck -t <fs_typo> <dispositivo>

• ftp: Protocolo de Transferencia de Archivos, permite transferir archivos de y para computadores remotos.

Uso: ftp <maquina_remota>

• grep: Su funcionalidad es la de escribir en salida estándar aquellas líneas que concuerden con un patrón. Busca patrones en archivos.

grep: grep <patronabuscar> <nombrearchivos>

• ifconfig: Obtener información de la configuración de red

• kill: Termina un proceso

Uso: kill numeroPID

• ls:Lista los archivos y directorios dentro del directorio de trabajo.

• make: Crea ejecutables a partir de los archivos fuente.

• man: muestra el manual de un programa o comando si este esta disponible

Uso: man <nombredelcomando>

• mkdir: Crea un nuevo directorio.

Uso: mkdir nombredirectorio

• mount: Monta una unidad.

Uso: mount -t< sistema_de_archivo> <dispositivo> <nombredirectorio>

• mv: Este comando sirve para renombrar un archivo.

Uso: mv <nombrearchivo> <nuevonombrearchivo>

• netstat:Muestra las conexiones y puertos abiertos por los que se establecen las comunicaciones.

• poweroff: Apaga el ordenador.

• ps: Muestra información acerca de los procesos activos.

• rlogin: Conecta un host local con un host remoto.

Uso: rlogin <maquina_remota>

• rm: Remueve o elimina un archivo.

Uso: rm <rutaynombrearchivo>

• rmdir: Elimina el directorio indicado, el cual debe estar vacío.

Uso: rmdir nombredirectorio

• sudo o su: Con este comando accedemos al sistema como root.

• umount: Desmontar unidades montadas anteriormente

Uso: umount <nombredirectorio>

• wc:Cuenta los caráteres, palabras y líneas del archivo de texto.

Uso: wc nom_archivo

• whereis: Devuelve la ubicación del archivo especificado, si existe.

Uso: whereis nomb_archivo

Larga vida a la consola!!

I got really tired of having to go to the community building where there is a printer with two computers next to it in order print. Half the time I needed to print something, both the computers are being used up and I can’t print until one of them gets off. I’ve seen people watch youtube videos and play farmville. So, when it came to my birthday, I received a decent amount of money from my relatives and decided to buy my own printer! The Canon PIXMA MP560 sounded like the perfect printer for me. It was the cheapest printer I could find that was wireless, simple looking, and had two-sided printing.

What I saw when trying to add my printer... the printer was not listed, but the scanner was.

After receiving this wonderful printer of mine, I found out that my MacBook was not able to detect the printer. The printer was supposed to be detected by my MacBook through bonjour, but the only thing that showed up was the scanner, not the printer. I couldn’t figure it out for the life of me, so I decided to look online.

That is when I ran into a forum post on the Apple Discussion board. This post had someone having trouble trying to connect to their MP560 just like I was. I tried everything the people suggested, but could not get it to work. Pahu, the person who was helping the guy out, was the person who also tried to help me. He suggested that I have CUPS installed from Canons website. I installed it, the printer still wouldn’t show up. He then asked me if I had firewall setup or Parallels installed. Well, I never had my firewall setup, but I do have Parallels installed. Apparently, Parallels has a known problem to block the protocol that some Canon printers try to communicate through to the computer.

My first reaction… I do not want to uninstall Parallels because I bought the program and I use it fairly often for work and school purposes. So, I searched once again and found another forum post. This one suggested that I stop a Parallels service that was running in the background by opening Terminal and typing “sudo launchctl stop com.parallels.desktop.launchdaemon” into it, without quotes.

This is what you are supposed to see when adding the MP560 as a printer.

Well what do you know? I opened the “add printer” dialogue again and it showed up after a good 10 seconds. So, when installing the Canon PIXMA MP560 Printer on a Mac, make sure you have CUPS drivers installed, MP560 Mac drivers installed, and parallels service not running by using the sudo command mentioned above (or just not installed period). Also, to print double-sided you will have to select the “duplex printing” option in the printer settings when printing. Took me awhile to figure out, but a quick search of the printers manual helped me solve that problem.

Okay so this is a lot of information, but it’s mainly to help anyone who is having problems with the same printer. As an extra treat I should let you all know that there is an iPhone app that allows you to print photos from your iPhone to the printer, wirelessly. Of course you will have to be connected to the same WiFi as the printer.

This…is…hilarious…

awesome…

İçindekiler;

* Ubuntu ONE (Hakan TÜRÜT)
* Gnome Shell (Ayhan AKTAŞ)
* Tremulos (Ayhan AKTAŞ)
* Django (Levent ALTUNÖZ)
* OpenSuse 11.2 (Ömer KIRMIZI)
* Deluge (Utku DEMİR)
* Karmic Röportajı (Ayhan AKTAŞ)
* Güldürü (Levent ALTUNÖZ – Yusuf SANSARKAN)

In questi giorni la Microsoft e’ riuscita a farsi odiare ancora di piu’, anche se non sembrava possibile. Tutto e’ cominciato dalla notizia del furto di codice sotto licenza GPL, ed e’ proseguito per l’allarme, partito probabilmente da questo sito e poi rimbalzato in ogni forum/blog/ecc., per una notizia secondo la quale Microsoft avrebbe brevettato sudo. Analizziamo le due notizie per vedere se l’allarme e l’odio sono giustificati.

Messa cosi’ la situazione e’ inquietante e preoccupante. Inquietante perche’ sudo e’ un comando utilizzato da anni negli ambienti Unix & sons e perche’ il furto del codice e’ un atto grave, preoccupante perche’ un ufficio brevetti non deve permettere di far brevettare cose che non implicano una novita’ (tecnica o d’uso) e perche’ si suppone che la GPL protegga il codice anche in queste situazioni. Vediamo dunque le singole notizie, parto dal brevetto di sudo.

SUDO BREVETTATO? – I rapporti tra utenti GNU/Linux e Microsoft non sono certo dei migliori, e’ normale quindi che una notizia del genere abbia scatenato una marea di articoli su blog e forum tra l’insulto e l’incredulita’. Ma e’ stato veramente brevettato sudo? Prima di tutto vediamo di capire cos’e’ sudo, leggiamo da Wikipedia:

sudo (abbreviazione dalla lingua inglese di super user do, esegui come superutente) è un programma per i sistemi operativi Unix e Unix-like che, con dei vincoli, permette di eseguire altri programmi assumendo l’identità (e di conseguenza anche i privilegi) di altri utenti.

Ora andiamoci a leggere il brevetto 7617530 concesso il 10 novembre 2009 alla Microsoft dall’USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office):

Systems and/or methods are described that enable a user to elevate his or her rights. In one embodiment, these systems and/or methods present a user interface identifying an account having a right to permit a task in response to the task being prohibited based on a user’s current account not having that right.

Ma e’ proprio lui, e’ sudo! Tra l’altro una versione di sudo per Windows esisteva gia’. Pero’ si tratta solo di un brevissimo estratto, non possiamo trarre conclusioni affrettate, quindi proseguiamo con la lettura.

Continuando a leggere scopriamo che:

At arrow 6, user interface 116 presents a graphical user interface (GUI) to the user having at least one account with rights sufficient to permit the prohibited task. The graphical use interface may comprise one, many, or all accounts having sufficient rights. In some cases all of the accounts may be so many as to be cumbersome. In these cases, the user interface and/or rights elevator may select which to present based on various criteria, such as frequency of use, those associated with the current user, those with sufficient but not unlimited rights, and the like.

Ecco la novita’ che giustifica la brevettabilita’. Il “sudo” brevettato da Windows ha l’interfaccia grafica. Non e’ quindi sudo. Inoltre il brevetto di Microsoft indica un’altra differenza con sudo, contenuto in queste parole: “one, many, or all accounts“, funzionalita’ che mi pare proprio non sia presente in sudo. Questo brevetto di Microsoft serve per coprire l’User Account Control (UAC) di Windows Vista e 7.

Insomma, se ci fermiamo alle prime righe del brevetto e’ normale fraintendere, ma se leggiamo tutto quanto scopriamo ad esempio che questo pseudo sudo della Microsoft – o meglio, le parti di questo pseudo sudo coperte dal brevetto – sono il fatto che all’utente puo’ essere data la possibilita’ di incrementare momentaneamente i suoi privilegi quando si trova a non poter compiere una determinata azione a causa dei suoi limitati privilegi, il tutto scegliendo da un elenco grafico tra i privilegi dei vari utenti che hanno i privilegi sufficienti a compiere quell’azione. Sudo non ha ne’ la GUI, ne’ la lista degli utenti autorizzati. Si tratta dunque di un’estensione delle funzioni dell’UAC.

E’ un brevetto che non intacca minimamente il nostro sudo. E a dirlo e’ Todd Miller (l’ingegnere che ha gestito sudo fin dal 1993):

“I really don’t think that that patent applies to sudo. I read through it and it seems to be something completely different.”

Anche perche’ ad essere coperte da brevetto sono le parti del programma la cui brevettabilita’ e’ stata accettata, non tutto il programma.

Pare quindi che questa volta (sottolineo questa volta) Microsoft non abbia fatto nulla di male. Se invece si vuole valutare l’opportunita’ o meno di brevettare i bit, allora il discorso cambia, si puo’ essere d’accordo o contrari, ma finche’ sara’ legalmente possibile, non possiamo darne la colpa a chi ne approfitta.

FURTO DI CODICE SOTTO GPL – Un’altra notizia ha creato un certo scalpore, una utility di Windows ha varie righe di codice identiche ad un’applicazione sotto licenza GPLv2. Qualcuno si e’ scaricato l’utility Windows 7 USB/DVD Download (applicazione che facilita la creazione di un’immagine di Windows 7 da inserire in una penna USB o da masterizzare in un DVD), ne ha guardato il codice e ha notato che in alcune parti e’ identico a ImageMaster (progetto ospitato all’interno di Codeplex):

Codici a confronto (premi per ingrandire)

Dopo la segnalazione la Microsoft ha comunicato che il furto non e’ stato intenzionale, in quanto si tratta di un software sviluppato (rubato) da terzi esterni alla Microsoft. Resta comunque la colpa grave della Microsoft per non aver notato la presenza di codice sotto licenza GPLv2. Pare comunque che voglia rimediare ai suoi errori, l’utility e’ stata cosi’ rimossa dal Microsoft Store, anche se da qualche parte e’ ancora scaricabile.

Inoltre sembrerebbe che la Microsoft piuttosto che far sparire il progetto abbia intenzione di rilasciarlo in accordo con la licenza GPLv2. Fonti ufficiali infatti affermano che:

“we will be making the source code as well as binaries for this tool available next week under the terms of the General Public License v2 as described here, and are also taking measures to apply what we have learned from this experience for future code reviews we perform”

A dirlo e’ Peter Galli (open source community manager for Microsoft’s Platform Strategy Group).

ImageMaster e’ invece sparito dal sito di Codeplex:

This project is not yet published

Si possono trarre due morali da questa storia. La prima e’ che bisogna tenere sempre gli occhi ben aperti e leggere tutto sino in fondo (sia che si tratti di codice sia che si tratti di un brevetto), la seconda e’ che la licenza GPL funziona.

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Creare un .deb partendo da Python
Programmate in Python e non sapete come creare un file .deb per la vostra distro Debian (o derivate come Ubuntu)? La soluzione è semplice e non serve molto per creare il vostro deb da usare oppure da condividere su internet per tutti i debianizzati.
Continua a leggere…

Five Power Tools for Pidgin
Pidgin is a great GTK2-based instant messenger application that supports a bevy of protocols, including ICQ, Yahoo!, MSN, Jabber, and AIM. It’s a terrific app in its own right, but when you add some of these power tools, Pidgin is even better.
Continua a leggere…

Installare e configurare sudo su Debian
Questa breve guida è dedicata all’installazione e alla configurazione base di sudo. Molto semplicemente, sudo è l’acronimo di superuser do. Si intuisce quindi immediatamente il significato di questo comando molto utile: fornire i privilegi di root ad un singolo utente.
Continua a leggere…

Fstab Demystified: How to Add Partitions
In this article, you will learn to understand fstab (File System Table) and its entries. We’ll show you how to add a new hard drive to fstab and mount the partitions automatically on boot. We’ll also explain some of the terminology used in fstab, and we take a look at the fdisk command.
Continua a leggere…

QuickTip: Make life easier with ssh-copy-id
Thanks to bash’s tab completion, I happened upon ssh-copy-id. Instead of all that above, just do this:
$ ssh-copy-id myhost
Continua a leggere…

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Fuente: barrapunto

Via: Gizmodo