I spent a cloudy morning on the road between Guayabo (Arriba) and Guayabo (Abajo) and ran into some excellent birding, despite a final species list of only 37.  I awoke at the crack of dawn here in San Antonio, just after the Tropical screech-owl went to bed.  Twenty minutes was all that was needed to pack a bite to eat and dress for the occasion.  I forgot rain gear, of course, in my hurry to get out the door.  It’s a beautiful little drive on dirt roads up to Guayabo (Arriba) and then down towards the Monument through cow pastures and a few forest remnants.  You get an idea of the terrain when you see Eastern meadowlark  among your first birds of the day.  The downhill stretch has now also been graded and so the road is passable, both up and down, for my battered Ford Ranger (no four-wheel drive), and I can actually return the way I came instead of driving down into Turrialba.

As you approach the National Monument, the forest begins, mostly on the left-hand side, and the Río Guayabo can be heard rushing along to the right.  Birding the road turned out to be very fruitful, and I never even entered the Monument proper, which would have cost me $10.  I simply pulled off to the side.  A small flock of Collared araçari, feeding in an epiphyte-laden tree,  were the first birds here, but there was lots of activity, for both eyes and ears.  The highlight at this first stop was a flock of twelve Brown-hooded parrots.  When I first came to the area almost two years ago, I began by thinking that many of the parrot fly-bys at the house in San Antonio were this species.  However, after never getting a positive id, I concluded that they were all White-crowned parrots, chucuyos, to the locals.  It seems I will now have to make a big effort to get some of those fly-bys because the Brown-hoodeds came up really close and gave me some twenty minutes of eye-to-eye contact.  Naturally I had left the camera at home.  The next little stop brought a female Violaceous trogon, another species I have not yet found at San Antonio.  This was a little frustrating to me because I had brought with me a list of some 32 species, not found yet by me, that a birding tour had reportedly identified at Guayabo, and among these were two trogon species, but not the Violaceous.  I actually ended the day without seeing (or being able to identify) a single one of those 32 species.  My last stop, just before the Monument entrance, brought a wave of warblers containing dozens of individuals.  I must have missed a good third of them.  The sheer numbers made it impossible for me to concentrate, and I had to spend a good hour on them before the activity died down somewhat.  There were no rarities, but among them I thought I found a White-vented euphonia, a species new to me, despite its supposed regular occurrence in many parts of Costa Rica.  Where do all these reputedly common birds hide?  Actually, I’m pretty sure that this was a Tropical parula viewed from below and quickly.  Cross off the still elusive White-vented euphonia.

Several wood pewees appeared but I’m damned if I know whether they’re Western or Tropical.  I suppose they could even be Eastern.  None of the bird-guide descriptions help because voice, bill-colour and amount of yellow never match up.  Ah well.   Oh yes, in the huge trees at the Monument picnic tables I was a little surprised to find a large flock of Chestnut-headed oropendolas, another species that never seems to make its way over not much more than 5 km (as the Oropendola flies) to my home in San Antonio.

I attach a list of this morning’s species, but my little excursion was made all the better by two additional discoveries:  firstly that the road downhill can also take you, via mostly dirt road and in about an hour and a half, to Siquirres (I will explore it later this week); secondly that in Guayabo Abajo there is a very nice little trout restaurant with cabins and ponds devoted to environmental education.  The owner, who has lived there for some 26 years, is a very well-informed gentleman by the name of José Miguel.  Our conversation, ranging from Costa Rican politics, to fish, to birds, was another highlight of the day for me.  What a recurring delight and surprise (still!) it is, in this most modest and unassuming of countries, to meet time and time again these happy and self-assured, yet unpresumptous, people.

If you visit Guayabo, see the birds by all means, but don’t miss spending some time with the locals, and especially at José Miguel’s trout place.

A big downpour drove me home, where I was greeted by a pair of White-lined tanagers at the bird feeder.

Here’s the list:

1.  Black vulture

2. Turkey vulture

3. Red-billed pigeon

4. Ruddy ground-dove

5. Crimson-fronted parakeet

6. Brown-hooded parrot

7. Vaux’s swift

8. Rufous-tailed hummingbird

9. Violaceous trogon

10. Keel-billed toucan

11. Collared aracari

12. Wood pewee (sp.)

13. Great kiskadee

14. Social flycatcher

15. Grey-capped flycatcher

16. Tropical kingbird

17. Brown jay

18. Blue-and-white swallow

19. Barn swallow

20. House wren

21. Clay-coloured robin

22. Tennessee warbler

23. Tropical parula

24. Chestnut-sided warbler

25. Blackburnian warbler

26. Black-and-white warbler

27. Wilson’s warbler

28. Bananaquit

29. Passerini’s tanager

30. Golden-hooded tanager

31. Blue-grey tanager

32. Variable seedeater

33. Yellow-faced grassquit

34. Rufous-collared sparrow

35. Eastern meadowlark

36. Chestnut-headed oropendola

37. Montezuma’s oropendola

Turrialba volcano in Costa Rica is not a good neighbour: its sulphur dioxide emissions spread across the adjacent countryside, particularly to the west, damaging local vegetation and ruining the local agricultural economy. Costa Rica’s Teletica news channel has been reporting on the effects of recent increases in Turrialba’s emissions, now running at between 700 and 2000 tonnes/day: ‘The green vegetation that covered the volcano has been replaced by a bright yellow, and the trees have been turned into skeletons’, local schoolchildren are having to wear breathing masks to protect them from the unhealthy effects of the gases, and even the equipment used by scientists to monitor the volcano has been damaged by accelerated corrosion (‘Turrialba volcano’s activity is a threat to surrounding villages’). Vegetation around the volcano may not recover from the damage for 20 years, and the effects on local agricultural communities have been severe: arable and livestock farmers have been forced out of business by the effects of Turrialba’s emissions, and local milk production has declined (‘Environmental damage caused by Turrialba volcano destroyes vegetation and agricultural production’). Some nearby villages have been abandoned by their inhabitants because of the effects of Turrialba’s sulphur dioxide.

Recent field investigations by Costa Rica’s geological authority OVSICORI have revealed further signs of increased activity at Turrialba: increased sulphur deposition within the active western crater and the appearance of new fissures and the widening of existing cracks on the southern rim of the west crater and low down on the north-western flank of the volcano. These new cracks are emitting gas-and-vapour fumes, adding to the emissions problem. A news report from Costa Rica’s Columbia radio station on 7 October, headed ‘Turrialba volcano is more active than ever’, says OVSICORI have also found temperature increases in the west crater, in addition to cracks and sustained emissions producing a white gas column.

Meanwhile, La Nación reports that the Costa Rican national seismological network (Red Sismológica Nacional) has registered ‘a significant fall in the number of earthquakes’ at Turrialba – but that seismicity may be on the rise at Rincón de la Vieja volcano, where ‘a significant number of minor earthquakes’ have been detected.

News
El Volcán Turrialba está más activo que nunca – Columbia, 7 October 2009
Actividad del volcán Turrialba amenaza a poblaciones cercanas – Teletica, 7 October 2009
Daño ambiental provocado por volcán Turrialba acaba con vegetación en montañas y producción agrícola – Teletica, 8 October 2009
Vulcanólogos detectan sismos leves en Rincón de la Vieja – La Nación, 12 October 2009

Information
Global Volcanism Program: Turrialba – summary information for Turrialba (1405-07=)
Global Volcanism Program: Rincón de la Vieja – summary information for Rincón de la Vieja (1405-02=)
Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Ovsicori website
Volcán Turrialba – information from Ovsicori
Monitoreo Volcanico (Red Sismológica Nacional) – volcano monitoring updates from the Costa Rican national seismological network

Click on the map for a larger version (1280 x 898 pixels).

The Smithsonian Institution/United States Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 23-29 September 2009 is available on the Global Volcanism Program website. The following is a summary and not a substitute for the full report.

• The current report: Weekly Volcanic Activity Report.
• Previous reports: Weekly Reports Archive.
• The SI/USGS map of volcanoes discussed this week.

New activity/unrest: Dieng Volcanic Complex (Indonesia), Karymsky (Russia), Shiveluch (Russia).

Ongoing activity: Batu Tara (Indonesia), Chaitén (Chile), Dukono (Indonesia), Kilauea (Hawaii, USA), Langila (Papua New Guinea), Rabaul (Papua New Guinea), Redoubt (Alaska, USA), Sakura-jima (Japan), Turrialba (Costa Rica).

Note: a.s.l. = ‘above sea level’.

NEW ACTIVITY/UNREST

Dieng Volcanic Complex (Indonesia). On 26 September Dieng produced a ‘thunderous’ noise heard 2 km away, and on 27 December a phreatic eruption from one of the craters ejected mud up to 140 m to the S, leaving deposits 10 cm thick near the vent and 1 cm thick at the furthest point.

Karymsky (Russia). A weak thermal anomaly was detected on 17 and 22 September. Seismic activity was at background levels 19-23 September, and seismic data indicated that ash plumes may have risen to 2 km a.s.l. during 21-22 September and 4.5 km a.s.l. on 23 September. Scientists passing in a helicopter on 22 September observed ash plumes rising to 1.7 km a.s.l. and drifting E.

Shiveluch (Russia). During 18-25 September seismic activity was above background levels. A large thermal anomaly was detected daily over the lava dome. Seismic data indicated that ash plumes may have risen to 5.5 km on 18, 19 and 22 September, and hot avalanches from the lava dome were observed on 18 and 22-23 September. Ash plumes were occasionally seen drifting 15-70 km N, NW and SE.

ONGOING ACTIVITY

Batu Tara (Indonesia). During 22-29 September ash plumes rose to 1.5-2.4 km a.s.l. and drifted 15-75 km W and NW.

Chaitén (Chile). On 28 September a diffuse plume of ash possibly mixed with steam and gas rose from the lava dome complex to 2.4 km a.s.l. and drifted less than 40 km W and SW.

Dukono (Indonesia). On 24 September an ash plume rose to 2.4 km a.s.l. and drifted 65 km NW.

Kilauea (Hawaii, USA). Lava continued to flow SE through the lava tube system during 23-27 September to the Waikupanaha ocean entry. Lava was not observed entering the ocean on 28 and 29 September. Explosive activity at the ocean entry on 26 September was probably caused by a small bench collapse. Weak incandescence was detected from inside Pu’u ‘O’o crater, and from a gas vent on the E crater wall, on 23 September. Thermal anomalies and visual observations revealed active surface flows on most days. The Halema’uma’u vent continued to produce a diffuse white plume that drifted SW and W. Weak incandescence from the vent was visible at night. A series of rockfalls accompanied an apparent collapse of the vent floor on 26 September, causing the lava level to drop and the plume to turn ‘dusty brown’ for several minutes. On 28 September, a spattering lava pond was seen inside the vent.The sulfur dioxide emission rate at the summit remained elevated: 400 tonnes/day was measured on 23 September, 700 tonnes/day on 24 September, and 665 tonnes/day on 28 September (2003-2007 average rate = 140 tonnes/day).

Langila (Papua New Guinea). An ash plume rose to 2.4-4.3 km a.s.l. and drifted 75-220 km NW on 29 September.

Rabaul (Papua New Guinea). Grey ash plumes from Tavurvur cone rose1.5 km above the crater during 18-24 September, and ashfall was reported in Rabaul town and surrounding areas. Summit incandescence was occasionally visible at night, incandescent fragments were ejected from the crater and rumbling/roaring noises were heard, although to a lesser degree than 11-17 September. On 29 September an ash plume rose to 2.4 km a.s.l. and drifted 75 km NW.

Redoubt (Alaska, USA). On 29 September Alaska Volcano Observatory lowered the alert level for Redoubt to Normal and the Aviation Colour Code to Green. Low seismic activity, volcanic gas output, ground deformation, lava dome temperatures, and outward signs of lava dome instability, have been declining during the previous several months.

Sakura-jima (Japan). Explosions during 23, 25, and 27-29 September produced plumes that rose to 1.8-2.7 km a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, and NW.

Turrialba (Costa Rica). Scientists from OVSICORI reported on 25 September that winds carrying toxic gases 10 km SW were causing trees to exhibit mild burns to a greater degree than effects from the previous year, and Vegetation within a 4-km-radius on the W, NW, and E flanks was burned more severely that previously noted. Several elongated fissures in the rim S of the W crater were documented, as well as 1 km down slope NW of the crater. One E-W-trending crack that was first seen several months before had opened up as much as 12 cm, and emitted gas and vapor at 90 degrees Celsius. On the NW lower flanks, at least three radial fissures emitted high gas-and-vapour plumes. Some fissures near the summit were 5-10 cm wide.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER

The foregoing is a summary of the Smithsonian Institution/United States Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report covering 23-29 September 2009. It is provided for information only, and is based on but not a substitute for the full report, which comes with its own criteria and disclaimers. The map base is derived from the Smithsonian Institution/USGS/US Naval Research Laboratory This Dynamic Planet website.

For all our coverage of the SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports: Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports « The Volcanism Blog.

Casa Turire is a haven of gracious charm set in the verdant, agricultural region of Turrialba, and it is an ideal base camp for exploring Costa Rica. From Casa Turire, you may easily explore many aspects of Costa Rica: its rich interior, from the Braulio Carrillo to the Irazú Volcano; its many, roaring rapids from the Reventazon to the Pacuare rivers; and its Caribbean coast from exotic Limón to the mystical, submerged Tortuguero Rainforest. All these diverse areas and attractions are easily reached from the comfortable, inviting luxury of Casa Turire.

Please check Casa Turire special of the green season: accomodations (3 nights in a standard room), tours (Kayak at Lake ANgostura), welcome cocktail, breakfast, free wireless Internet for $240 plus tax. Please see the promotion and all it includes.

Link: Hotel Casa Turire

The Costa Rican volcano Turrialba is showing an increase in activity, reports Univisión today (quoting an Associated Press report). The report quotes Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica (Ovsicori) volcanologist Eliécer Duarte as saying that the volcano is in a ‘gaseous phase’ which precedes the ‘presence of solids’, with the latter represening ‘much more dramatic activity’. An Ovsicori field trip to Turrialba last week confirmed that new cracks and fumaroles had appeared on the volcano’s flanks.

Some villagers and farmers around the volcano, alarmed at its increased activity, have decided to leave their homes, reports Costa Rica’s La Nación. Many local inhabitants are particularly concerned at the damage being done to vegetation by Turrialba’s SO2-laden, acidic and very nasty emissions, which burn trees, shrubs and grasslands around the volcano and are seriously damaging local agriculture:

Some people even evacuated their dairy cattle, because of the loss of grassland, the toxicity of the gases emanating from the volcano and the fear that more animals will die because of the new vents that have appeared low down [on the volcano].

There was increased activity at Turrialba earlier this summer, and roads through the surrounding National Park were closed to visitors as a precaution.

News
Costa Rica: alertan incremento de actividad en volcán – Univisión, 2 September 2009
Vecinos dejan casas por volcán Turrialba – La Nación, 2 September 2009

Information
Global Volcanism Program: Turrialba – summary information for Turrialba (1405-07=)
Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Ovsicori website
Volcán Turrialba – information from Ovsicori

Casa Turire Hotel is a haven of gracious charm set in the verdant, agricultural region of Turrialba, and it is an ideal base camp for exploring Costa Rica. From Casa Turire, you may easily explore many aspects of Costa Rica: its rich interior, from the Braulio Carrillo to the Irazú Volcano; its many, roaring rapids from the Reventazon to the Pacuare rivers; and its Caribbean coast from exotic Limón to the mystical, submerged Tortuguero Rainforest. All these diverse areas and attractions are easily reached from the comfortable, inviting luxury of Casa Turire.

Casa Turire Hotel has a new great promotion for this season:

• 20% discount on any type of room.
• Credomatic CC holders 30% discount on rooms 10% on food.
• CR PLUS http://www.visitcostarica.com/crplus/pages/cr1hct.html

Very important we are located in Turrialba region just a door step for extreme sports such: Rapelin, Canopy, Rafting Rio Pacuare, Rafting Rio Pejivall, Mountain bike,Cabalgata – Horseback riding and much more.

Please visit Casa Turire Hotel

Costa Rica is a highly mountainous country with both Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The terrain lends itself to mountain bike at various sites in the country. Biking tours for a wide variety of physical fitness, from experts cyclists to amateurs cyclists, using mountain roads, passing through small towns and really knowing the “country side” of Costa Rica. Many tour operators take advantage of the mountain bike tours to show the tourists a naturalist and ecological experience in the dense forests of the country. The country’s tourism structure allows tours which can be combined white water rafting and mountain biking, giving tourists a new vision of Costa Rica.

BAT – Copyright

Costa Rica has a wide variety of adventure activities, carried out by prestigious companies and responsible tour operators throughout the country. In both, the Pacific and the Atlantic, and across the volcanic mountains of Costa Rica visitors can find a variety of adventure tours for all levels of phisical fitness. Here visitors can find mountain bike tours, ATV or quads, bungee jumping, canopy of all forms (including Superman type) canyonning, rappeling, white water rafting (river of all classes, class I to class V), kayaking , scuba diving, surfing and horseback riding, among many others. The adrenaline level varies depending on the capabilities of the person or group of persons interested in such activities, and there is also the possibility of making custom tours with the activities and the level of choice.

Costa Rica is a country where the fun never ends. Despite its small territory, there are many wonderful places to meet and activities to try out that there are only because of certain characteristics of the country. In small towns, not as famous as the mos visitied tourist sites of Costa Rica (Manuel Antonio, Arenal, Tamarindo, etc.), You can also find adventure activities created for different types of visitors. Some of these sites are Orosi and Turrialba (Cartago), Tenorio and Bijagua (Alajuela), and Rincón de la Vieja (Guanacaste), among many others.

Río Orosi – D. Sanchez – Copyright

Turrialba is truly a fresh new touristic site in Costa Rica. In recent years the touristic activity of the area has been incresing constanly, and now going to Turrialba is a fun and great way to live Costa Rica country side. There visitors can find amazing landscapes, archeological sites, active volcanic views, great adventure tours, such as canyoning, canopy, white water rafting, and mountain biking, among others, great food and nice people. It is a place where visitors could fin a little bit of everything in one place. It is also a stop place between San Jose and the Caribbean; visitors should not meet this place in their itinerary.

Turrialba Volcano – Copyright CGoodfellow

Please check our secction on Turrialba, read more about this great place and find hotels, rent a cars, restaurants and tour operators. Arranging your trip to Costa Rica has never been easier.

Link: Turrialba CROM

 On June 27, we received a wonderful group from Santa Rosa Christian Church. They were led by Doug and Sandy Cavalliere and stay with us dor 10 days. Their spirit for service was amazing. They work all week painting the Tuis primary school paint. David Meirik created the designs and all of them together went to paint every morning. It was a great job. They also donated the materials. During the afternoon they study Spanish at CISA (www.cisacostarica.com ), and also tough some workshops on soccer, basketball and jewelry. The group together with our youth group had a retreat together called El Encuentro, this was led by a group of ladies from San Jose, it was really sweet, but a little bit exhausting for all of us. However, the activity gave us the chance to get to know eac h other better and love us more. At the end of the trip we went to the mountains to go down a creek, it was really fun, and that Sunday at night we had an ice cream party, really good. By   this time most of our girls had fallen in love with the boys from Santa Rosa hahaha, just kidding! But definitely it was hard for them to say good bye.  Santa rosa Christian we love you very much, and hope you will come back to our little Tuis someday. You did an amazing work, and we will remember your sweetness, care and love for Jesus. Love you and hope to see you soon.

The Smithsonian Institution/United States Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report covering 10-16 June 2009 is available on the Global Volcanism Program website. The following is a summary and not a substitute for the full report.

• The current report: Weekly Volcanic Activity Report.
• Previous reports: Weekly Reports Archive.
• The SI/USGS map of volcanoes discussed this week.

New activity: Rinjani (Indonesia), Sangay (Ecuador), Sarychev Peak (Russia).

Ongoing activity: Batu Tara (Indonesia), Chaitén (Chile), Dukono (Indonesia), Ebeko (Russia), Galeras (Colombia), Kilauea (USA), Kliuchevskoi (Russia), Popocatépetl (Mexico), Rabaul (Papua New Guinea), Redoubt (USA), Sakura-jima (Japan), Shiveluch (Russia), Suwanose-jima (Japan), Tungurahua (Ecuador), Turrialba (Costa Rica), Ubinas (Peru).

NEW ACTIVITY

Rinjani (Indonesia). Ash plumes rose to 4 km a.s.l. and drifted 15-55 km W and WSW over 11-12 and 16 June.

Sangay (Ecuador). A thermal anomaly was detected, and analysis of satellite imagery suggested possible small ash plumes drifting WNW on 15 June.

Sarychev Peak (Russia). A thermal anomaly and possible diffuse ash plume were detected on 11 June. On 12 June a large thermal anomaly and ash emissions were detected, and on 13 June ash plumes rose to 7.5 km a.s.l. and drifted 200 km SW and 105 km SE. A large eruption on 14 June produced an ash plume to 12 km a.s.l., and a large explosion on 15 June produced an ash plume to 8 km a.s.l

ONGOING ACTIVITY

Batu Tara (Indonesia). Over 10-16 June ash plumes rose to 1.5-2.4 km a.s.l. and drifted 25-185 km all over the place: SW, NW, N, and NE.

Chaitén (Chile). Ash plumes from the dome complex rose to 1.8-2.4 km a.s.l. and drifted NE and SE on 11 and 14 June, and a thermal anomaly was detected on 11 June.

Dukono (Indonesia). An ash plume rose to 1.5 km a.s.l. and drifted 40 km NE on 16 June.

Ebeko (Russia). Gas-and-steam plumes rose to 2.7 km a.s.l. during 9-10 June, and on 13 June an ash plume reportedly rose to 2.1 km a.s.l. and drifted SW.

Galeras (Colombia). The alert level was lowered to Orange on 10 June. Seismicity remained at low levels, and steam plumes from the crater drifted NW.

Kilauea (USA). Lava continued to flow SE to the Waikupanaha (where explosions were reported on 13 June) and Kupapa’u ocean entries during 10-16 June, and surface flows were observed. The Halema’uma’u crater vent continued to produce a predominantly white plume drifting mainly SW. A molten lava pool about 100 m below the floor of the crater produced bright incandescence. Summit sulphur dioxide emissions remained elevated.

Kliuchevskoi (Russia). Seismic activity has remained at background levels since 12 May, and weak intermittent volcanic tremor and fumarolic activity continued to be detected.

Popocatépetl (Mexico). Emissions of steam and gas sometimes contained slight amounts of ash over the period 10-16 June.

Rabaul (Papua New Guinea). White and occasionally blue plumes from Tavurvur cone rose 1.5 km above the crater over 7-11 June and incandescence was visible at night. During 11-12 and 16 June ash plumes rose to 1.5-2.1 km a.s.l. and drifted 25-45 km SE, E, and NE.

Redoubt (USA). Over 10-16 June seismicity remained low, but above background levels, with small discrete earthquakes in the summit region associated with dome growth and instability being registered. Steaming was observed from the summit region on 10, 11, and 16 June. On 12 June, the lava dome was estimated as 1 km long, 460 m wide, and 200 m high.

Sakura-jima (Japan). On 12 June an ash plume reportedly rose to 1.8 km a.s.l., and during 14-16 June eruptions produced plumes to 2.4-2.7 km a.s.l. On 14 and 15 June plumes drifted SE and E.

Shiveluch (Russia). During 5-11 June seismic activity was above background levels, and ash plumes possibly rose to 4.8-7.7 km a.s.l. during 6 and 10-11 June. A daily thermal anomaly was detected over the lava dome, and ash plumes drifted 90 km S on 6 and 7 June. During 11-12 and 14-15 June eruptions reportedly produced plumes to 6.1-7.9 km a.s.l., and a possible eruption was seen on satellite imagery on 13 June.

Suwanose-jima (Japan). An eruption was reported on 16 June.

Tungurahua (Ecuador). Tremor and explosions were detected over 10-15 June, and ash plumes rose to 7 km a.s.l. during 10-11 and 14 June. Almost daily ashfall was reported, mainly to the W ,and Tungurahua was its usual noisy self with cannonades and rumbling noises that made local windows shake.

Turrialba (Costa Rica). Fumarolic activity has been reported all around the upper flanks of the active
W crater. Over the past two months, fumarolic activity has been accompanied by radial cracks widening, the emission of 1-2 km gas-and-vapour plumes, and one sustained discrete seismic swarm.

Ubinas (Peru). During 11 and 13-15 June eruptions produced ash plumes to 5.5-7.9 km a.s.l. that drifted NE, E, and SE.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER

The foregoing is a summary of the Smithsonian Institution/United States Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report covering 10-16 June 2009. It is provided for information only, and is based on but not a substitute for the full report, which comes with its own criteria and disclaimers. The map base is derived from the Smithsonian Institution/USGS/US Naval Research Laboratory This Dynamic Planet website.

For all our coverage of the SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports: Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports « The Volcanism Blog.

Turrialba Volcano National Park

General Information

This wild area was created by Law No. 1719 of July 30^th of 1955, and established as a National Park. It is located in the Turrialba canton, province of Cartago. It has a maximum elevation of 3340 msnm (meters above sea level), with an approximate area of 1256 hectares. This volcano is located on the east slope of the Central Volcanic Mountain Range and it is the second highest volcano in Costa Rica.

In this area, there are several ecosystems: the rain forest, the evergreen lower montane, the humid forest, evergreen montane, as well as wide barren plains in the volcano summit. This park includes the springs of the Aquiares, Turrialba, Bonilla, Guayabo, Parismina, Toro Amarillo, Guácimo, Dos Novillos, and Destierro Rivers; tributaries of the Reventazón River, that supply the town with drinkable water and electricity.

Main Attractions

This National Park is the only one that allows visitors to walk inside a volcanic crater. On a clear day, from various points of the summit, a panoramic view of the Caribbean plains, the massifs of the Braulio Carrillo and the Poas Volcano National Park’s, the Turrialba valley, and the summit of the Cerro Chirripo can be appreciated.

Geology

The geomorphology of the Turrialba Volcano forms one whole system with the Irazu Volcano. It is a stratovolcano, oval shaped and its formation is the result of explosive eruptions and pyroclastic flows. It has been in a dormant state for more than 130 years and its last eruption was between 1864 – 1866, defined as strombolian (fast cooling hurtles of melted and doughy matter) and phreatic (hurdles of matter from the bottom of the crater) with hurtles of ashes.

The cone is made up of three craters: the east crater is formed by a small depression without fumarolic activity and a small humid area towards the center of the crater. The central crater is more accessible and has visible fumarolic activity with temperatures the vary between 45ºC and 90ºC; and the main crater is located southwest of the central crater, its big fumaroles can be seen from the viewpoint and from the park’s paths.

At the present moment, it shows two main activities: emission of water vapor and other gases and seismic activity.

Flora and Fauna

The most representative species of flora are: cedar, authograph tree, yellow elder, buddhist pine, winter’s bark tree, arrayán tree among others.

There have been 84 species of birds identified in this park and the most representative ones are around the crater: red-tailed hawk, green fronted lance bill, volcano hummingbird, swain son’s thrush, tanager, and the woodpecker. There have been 11 species of mammals reported among which: coyote, rabbit, armadillo, and skunk.

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Telephone in Costa Rica: 506 8919-8246
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We are offering a CISA SALE from August 1 – December 31, 2009

Please contact us for more details!

Christian Immersion Spanish Academy in Escazu provides Spanish classes in a Christian environment to its students of all ages. Classes are led by professional teachers who aid students develop their Spanish speaking ability. A student can expect to learn how to have conversations, learn Spanish business terminology, or even survival Spanish for travelers, etc. Students are placed with Christian Homestay families, and have an opportunity to be apart of the Escazu Christian community, meet locals and get to know the Costa Rican urban way of life! Visit us at: www.cisacostarica.com, and know more about our CISA Escazu, CISA Turrialba, and the Voz Que Clama Mission.

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Turrialba volcano in Costa Rica, a massive 3340-metre high stratovolcano, has been quiescent since a series of explosive eruptions in the mid-nineteenth century. The last eruption sequence lasted from August 1864 to February 1866, ending with a VEI=3 event producing pyroclastic flows, lahars and thick ashfall. There have been no further explosive eruptions but seismicity began to increase in the late 1990s and fumarolic activity became more pronounced in the early 2000s. The threat of renewed explosive activity remains.*

The main hazard Turrialba is presenting at the moment, however, is a non-eruptive one. As part of the generalized upswing in activity over the past few years, levels of sulphur dioxide in the volcano’s emissions increased greatly, reports the USGS, from around 140 tonnes/day in late 2007 to 1100-2000 tonnes/day in summer 2008. The most recently available figures on Turrialba’s SO2 flux come from the 4th Ticosonde Workshop (PDF) held at Costa Rica’s Universidad Nacional on 26 March 2009: a presentation by Dr Sebastián Miranda of the Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica (Oviscori) reported that emissions have recently shown a decline, with an average SO2 flux for the period December 2008 to February 2009 of 250 tonnes/day.

This recent decline notwithstanding, Turrialba’s SO2 emissions have had a dramatic effect on local vegetation. Sulphur dioxide is damaging to plants in high concentrations, but the effects of long exposure to even relatively low concentrations are potentially much more destructive. causing growth reduction, burning and damage to foliage (foliar necrosis) and yellowing due to a lack of chlorophyll (chlorosis). Vegetation situated below a persistent SO2-rich volcanic plume will be severely affected, while acid rain generated by the SO2 concentrations may spread the damage even further.

An article in the Costa Rican newspaper La Nación today makes it clear how serious the problem is. Headed ‘Daños por volcán Turrialba ganan terreno este año’ (‘Damage from Turrialba volcano gains ground this year’) it describes the severe problems the persistent exposure to the volcanic emissions has caused. Javier Coto, who farms land near Turrialba, reports that ‘today we have only dry grass. Here everything is bad. The barbed wire fences crumble and the iron roofing rots away’. Workers at a nearby dairy wear masks to help them cope with the ‘almost unbearable’ sulphurous smell of the gases, and the burning of pastures affects milk production. The area affected by Turrialba’s emissions has expanded, according to Ovsicori scientists, increasing the impact on local agriculture:

In the areas closer to the mountain, the damage caused by the burning ‘is irreversible’, says scientist Eliécer Duarte of Oviscori. ‘In the area of the summit of Cerro San Juan (near the crater of Turrialba) all the vegetation is totally dead. Shrubs that have shown little effect on other occasions … are today completely burned on their surface and into the wood. Small plants, shrubs and trees of low habit are covered with a fine coating of sulphur.’

Wind patterns and the effects of the increase in emissions are responsible for the greater degree of damage this year, say experts from Ovsicori.

Meanwhile, the most recent studies of Turrialba by the Costa Rica National Seismological Network indicate increased seismicity, with a growth in the numbers of hybrid and superficial volcano-tectonic earthquakes being recorded, El Azucarero reported this week.

* For a clear overview of Turrialba’s eruptive history and hazard potential, see M. Reagan, E. Duarte, G. J. Soto & E. Fernández, ‘The eruptive history of Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica, and potential hazards from future eruptions’, in William I. Rose, Gregg J. S. Bluth, Michael J. Carr, John W. Ewert, Lina C. Patino & James W. Vallance, Volcanic Hazards in Central America (Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America, 2006), pp. 235-57.

News
Daños por volcán Turrialba ganan terreno este año – La Nación, 26 April 2009
Geólogos detectan incremento sísmico en el Volcán Turrialba – El Azucarero, 24 April 2009

Information
Global Volcanism Program: Turrialba – summary information for Turrialba (1405-07=)
Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Ovsicori website
Volcán Turrialba – information from Ovsicori

El 31 de enero se celebró en Costa Rica el Día Nacional de la Poesía conmemorando el día del nacimiento de Jorge Debravo (31/01/1938). Si tienen tiempo de leer una biografía ejemplar se las recomiendo.

Por cierto que ese mismo día estuve escuchando, como a medio día, en radio U un excelente especial sobre poemas musicalizados por Jorge Drexler, Serrat, Goizueta… muy bueno.

Como turrialbeño no podía dejarlo pasar sin publicar al menos uno de sus poemas:

Nosotros los hombres

Vengo a buscarte, hermano, porque traigo el poema,
que es traer el mundo a las espaldas.

Soy como un perro que ruge a solas,
ladra a las fieras del odio y de la angustia,
echa a rodar la vida en mitad de la noche.

Traigo sueños, tristezas, alegrías, mansedumbres,
democracias quebradas como cántaros,
religiones mohosas hasta el alma,
rebeliones en germen echando lenguas de humo,
árboles que no tienen suficientes resinas amorosas.

Estamos sin amor, hermano mío,
y esto es como estar ciegos en mitad de la tierra.

Agradecimiento al Periódico El Azucarero de Turrialba.

Mi más profundo reconocimiento a la noble labor que realiza el periódico El Azucarero de Turrialba. Deseo manifestar mi agradecimiento por la publicación de “La leyenda de la Virgen de Turrialba”.

Agradecimiento al Periódico El Azucarero de Turrialba.

Mi más profundo reconocimiento a la noble labor que realiza el periódico El Azucarero de Turrialba. Deseo manifestar mi agradecimiento por la publicación de “La leyenda de la Virgen de Turrialba”.

Grano de Oro au Costa Rica: un autre mode de vie autochtone

(Agence Science-Presse) Notre séjour à Turrialba est maintenant terminé. Nous nous retrouvons aujourd’hui plus à l´Ouest du pays, pas très loin de la région où l´ouragan Alma a fait un ravage de ça quelques jours et inondé la région du Guanacaste. Avec le soleil qui plombe, j´ai confiance pour les Ticos que la situation va se rétablir.

La matière à réflexion en ce moment surpasse mes capacités à compacter le tout sur une page de blogue… Je me concentrerai donc sur une visite particulière mercredi et jeudi passés, lorsque je me suis retrouvé dans une réserve indigène, à Grano de Oro plus précisément. Le sujet des indigènes intéresse Monica, une des stagiaires. Je l´ai accompagnée dans son aventure là-bas.

La réserve que nous avons visitée est de loin différente de ce que nous pouvons retrouver au Québec. Pour nous rendre là-bas, nous avons du parcourir des kilomètres sur des routes de terre, s´enfoncer dans une jungle dense et braver la pluie. Nous avions comme guide un jeune homme de 14 ans dénommé Mark. Sa famille, américaine et très croyante, vit près de la réserve depuis trois générations (il est de cette troisième génération). Une famille bien spéciale où tous parlent anglais, espagnol et la langue des Cabecars (les indigènes de la réserve de Grano de Oro). Mark ne nous servait donc pas seulement de guide, mais d´interprète.

Au premier coup d´oeil, je me suis demandé comment un jeune homme de 14 ans pouvait nous être utile dans la mission dans laquelle nous nous embarquions. Eh bien, il s´est vite révélé plus utile que ce nous aurions pu espérer de n´importe qui sur cette planète. La famille de ce jeune garçon jouit d´un contact privilégié avec les Cabecars et indigènes de partout dans la région de Turrialba. À 14 ans, Mark est probablement un des non-indigènes qui parle le mieux le Cabecar dans tout Grano de Oro, si ce n´est dans tout le Costa Rica!

La réserve

J´ai pris du temps à comprendre, en nous promenant à pieds à travers les montagnes, en quoi consistait exactement la réserve que nous sommes allés visités. Les maisons des indigènes ne sont pas toutes rapprochées dans un lieu spécifique. Tous établissent leur demeure où bon leur semble. Donc, pour passer d´une famille Cabecar à l´autre, histoire de récolter un maximum d´informations, il fallait souvent passer quelques sommets, traverser quelques ruisseaux et surtout trouver le bon chemin. Les maisons, souvent faites de toles (quand ils ont la chance d´en avoir) sont très rustiques et la terre battue fait office de plancher.

Les écoles indigènes se retrouvent dans la même ambiance. C´est plutôt spécial de voir une école…sur le sommet d´une montagne, entourée d´arbres, avec aucun signe de civilisation autour. D´ailleurs, l´éducation aux petits indigènes vivant dans la réserve connaît son lot de problèmes. Particulièrement dans la saison des pluies, où les enseignants n´ont l`habitude de se déplacer vers l´école que deux ou trois jours par semaine alors que ça devrait plutôt être cinq jours par semaine.

Le fait de parler avec quelques indigènes et avec le père et l´oncle de Mark nous ont permis de mieux cerner la réalité des Cabecars à Grano de Oro. Mais comme il s´agit du sujet de reportage de Monica, je ne vous en dirai pas plus. J´espérerai plutôt que Monica réussisse à faire publier un article sur le sujet, qui vaut la peine d´être découvert et mieux connu.

Sur ce, à bientôt,

Pura Vida comme ils disent ici!

Gabriel.

PUBLICITÉ
Quand un homme accouche. Roman de cheminement. Le personnage principal accouche de son enfant intérieur qui devient son ami et son thérapeute tout au long du roman. Ce livre est le premier d’une trilogie qui a été reprise dans L’amour en 3 Dimensions. 9,95$

Disponible dans toute bonne librairie.
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Turrialba, Costa Rica, journalisme international

(Agence Science-Presse) Aujourd’hui, nous quittons la capitale de San Jose pour nous diriger vers les trésors du Costa Rica: sa nature verte et grandiose. Depuis longtemps, on nous dit que ce ne sont pas les villes qui caractérisent le Costa Rica, mais bien ses lieux éloignes, ses jungles qu´on ne retrouve nul part ailleurs, ses volcans dont on entend tant parler.

Grâce à cette nature, les Ticos ont pu se construire une économie forte autour de l’éco-tourisme et peuvent aujourd’hui bénéficier de la visite de nombreux étrangers venus voir ce cote exceptionnel du Costa Rica chaque année.

Une nouvelle aventure

A San Jose, notre groupe a pu récolter beaucoup d´informations. Nous avons aussi pu constate l´écart qui peut exister entre les riches et les pauvres. Nous avons compris aussi que San Jose est de loin plus américanisée que les capitales des autres pays environnants. Les blancs ici ont l´argent.

Hier, j´ai visité La Carpio, bidonville de San Jose dont on ne pourrait douter l´existence à partir du centre de la ville. Ici, ceux qui n´ont rien, ce sont les immigrants du Nicaragua et du Guatemala venus chercher une meilleure vie. Le Costa Rica, c´est l´espèce d´El Dorado de l´Amérique centrale.

Nous nous dirigeons donc ce matin vers Turrialba, une petite ville de 30 000 habitants, perdues dans le creux des montagnes au pied d´un volcan. Là-bas, deux familles nous accueilleront pendant notre séjour dans ce petit coin de pays, et beaucoup de rencontres avec des gens du milieu politique, du monde de l´enseignement, du tourisme, de la religion sont à l´horaire. J´ai bien hâte de voir ce que nous révélera cette fois une autre ville du Costa Rica, cette fois bien ancrée dans la nature.

 bientôt,

Gabriel.

P.S. Hier soir, il n´a pas arrête de pleuvoir. C´est le premier matin où nous avons des averses. Mais ce n´est pas si grave car nous passerons l´avant-midi en autobus!

PUBLICITÉ

Poésie urbaine. Jours de Nuit. Roberto Mayer. 11,95$

Entre en mon univers, infiniment petit. Que se libère ta galaxie. Entre, là, tu es ton enfer, ton paradis. Ton repère y est enfoui. Entre, il ne manque que toi en ces mots. En ces vers dont j’aime me croire l’auteur.

Par téléphone: (514) 256-9000, en région: 1-877-256-9009
Par Internet: www.refletdesociete.com
Par la poste: Reflet de Société 4233 Ste-Catherine Est Montréal, Qc. H1V 1X4

Bonjour,

aujourd´hui, nous quittons la capitale de San Jose pour nous diriger vers les tresors du Costa Rica: sa nature verte et grandiose. Depuis longtemps, on nous dit que ce ne sont pas les villes qui caracterisent le Costa Rica, mais bien ses lieux eloignes, ses jungles qu´on ne retrouve nul part ailleurs, ses volcans dont on entend tant parler.

Grace à cette nature, les Ticos ont pu se construire une economie forte autour de l´eco-tourisme et peuvent aujourd´hui beneficier de la visite de nombreux etrangers venus voir ce cote exceptionnel du Costa Rica chaque annee.

Une nouvelle aventure
A San Jose, notre groupe a pu recolter beaucoup d´informations. Nous avons aussi pu constate l´ecart qui peut exister entre les riches et les pauvres. Nous avons compris aussi que San Jose est de loin plus americanisee que les capitales des autres pays environnants. Les blancs ici ont l´argent.

Hier, j´ai visite La Carpio, bidonville de San Jose dont on ne pourrait douter l´existence à partir du centre de la ville. Ici, ceux qui n´ont rien, ce sont les immigrants du Nicaragua et du Guatemala venus chercher une meilleure vie. Le Costa Rica, c´est l´espèce d´El Dorado de l´Amerique centrale.

Nous nous dirigeons donc ce matin vers Turrialba, une petite ville de 30 000 habitants, perdues dans le creux des montagnes au pied d´un volcan. Là-bas, deux familles nous accueilleront pendant notre sejour dans ce petit coin de pays, et beaucoup de rencontres avec des gens du milieu politique, du monde de l´enseignement, du tourisme, de la religion sont à l´horaire. J´ai bien hate de voir ce que nous revelera cette fois une autre ville du Costa Rica, cette fois bien ancree dans la nature.

 bientot,
Gabriel.

P.S. Hier soir, il n´a pas arrete de pleuvoir. C´est le premier matin où nous avons des averses. Mais ce n´est pas si grave car nous passerons l´avant-midi en autobus!

Standing next to her family’s water pipe, 4-year-old Sandra winces at her first encounter with the fresh, strong taste of toothpaste.

Living in her remote home in the jungle-covered Chirripó Indgenous reserve, she is a seven-hour hike away from the nearest shop that sells such things as a toothbrush and a tube of Colgate.

Her unevenly spaced and slightly browned teeth are experiencing this today thanks to a Christmas donation of toothbrushes and small toothpaste tubes from a Western well-wisher.

The art of toothbrushing has just been demonstrated to her and 15 other squatting children by Daniel Montoya, who puts as much energy into the lesson as if it were a revolutionary new invention.

“Brush forward, back, forward, back. How do you say teeth in Cabécar?” Montoya asks through a mouth of foam.

Montoya and his colleague Hector Soto started coming to the reserve after they received an unexpected knock on the door of their Christian mission, Voz Que Clama in Tuis, Turrialba. A Cabécar chief was standing outside, asking them to help his community.

There are few people who will spend the energy to visit the remote community, and the villagers often feel forgotten by the rest of the country.

Indeed, in a recent United Nations survey, 77 percent of Costa Rica’s inhabitants admitted that they did not know that 22 indigenous territories exist within the borders of their country. 73 percent of the very few indigenous people left in Costa Rica live within or close to these territories, keeping them largely separated from the Tico majority.

For Soto, Monotya and their 12 volunteers, the journey here started the day before with a three-hour drive in the back of a truck, up a dirt road to the village of Quetzal.

From there it is a two-hour downhill hike to the valley bottom on trails just wide enough for a horse to pass between the banana palms.

The boulder-covered valley is easier to navigate in the current dry season, but the group still wades through eight streams, some up to their knees.

Three hours of negotiating rivers brings them to the “zip-line.” A high wire attached to tree roots on either side of the riverbank is the only way to make the final crossing of the fast-running Chirripó.

It is a rudimentary little brother to the canopy tours that dot Costa Rica’s eco-lodges, and safety regulations certainly do not apply. A metal runner made of two wheels and two hooks is balanced on top of the wire, while the passenger slings a loop of rope around himself to make a seat.
The rope is looped onto the hooks, and the passenger holds on for dear life as their body swings out over the river.

Carrying the gear across this is the hardest part, and frequently rucksacks, sleeping bags, and work tools fall to their doom in the swift current.

Everything that makes it successfully across the river is carried another 40 minutes to the chief’s house, the end of the journey.

Despite the fact that it is something of an eco-adventure in itself, tramping through some of Costa Rica’s finest mountain scenery with not a house or a car in sight, this is certainly not a tourist destination.

The four or five other people encountered on the long hike are all Indigenous, leaving the reserve to sell bananas or beans, to find farm work or make an emergency trip to the doctor.

Coming straight from the smog, office blocks and supermarkets of San José, visiting this community is like stepping over the border between two completely estranged worlds.

This is pretty much as remote as it gets. There are no incongruous satellite dishes threatening to topple the precarious huts, no televisions, no cars, no newspapers, no radio.

“Welcome to the Hotel Presidential,” Soto jokes as he shows his volunteers into a hut made of thin wooden poles of caña brava — the “best hut in the village.” Light streams through the gaps between the canes, but a raised platform of caña brava across most of the room provides for a sizable group of people to sleep.

“Have you ever seen anything like this?” asks Tico volunteer Samya, as she is led towards the bathing area, in a chilly stream just uphill from the huts.

Within her own country, not so far away from her hometown of Tuis, people are living with lavatory facilities that consist of an open-air toilet placed over a deep hole dug into the field. To shelter the bathroom-users modesty, a single piece of corrugated iron leans over the toilet at an angle.

The smell of wood smoke suffuses the small clearing around the collection of three huts. In the three-room house where a family of some 25 people lives, women cook on an open fire in the chimneyless kitchen. The smoke drifts through the house and into the children’s’ lungs, provoking a high incidence of asthma.

Asthma attacks in a place where there are no inhalers are serious enough to call the government’s hospital helicopter, which will also fly out for difficult births. It will airlift emergency cases out of the reserve, but calling it involves a radio, something this community doesn’t have. They must walk an hour to Colonia, the biggest town on the reserve, before they can call for help.

Unlike in other Latin American countries, Indian people here are an almost invisible minority. Around half of Guatemala’s population is indigenous, while Costa Rica’s share represent only 1.7 percent of the population, and for too long the government ignored their needs.

Indigenous people only became official citizens of Costa Rica in 1991, when they were given permission to have a cédula (identification number) with the free social security that implies.

Three years later, the Departmento de Educación Indigena was created by the Ministerio de Educación Publica, in an attempt to provide the same access to education to the Indian populations as those in the rest of the country receive.

Most of the 100 or so children in Chief Arnoldo Segura Cespedes’ dispersed community of 180 do go to school, but the difference in the quality of education is obvious in the Spanish levels of some of the children. 11-year-old Daniel could not answer when asked if he had eaten breakfast yet, and Sandra’s vocabulary extends only to words such as arroz and naranja.

Cabécar is very much the mother tongue. Other Indigenous languages such as Boruca are dying out in Costa Rica, but 50 percent of this reserve’s residents do not understand any other language than their own.

Illiteracy rates in the indigenous territories are still at a third-world 30.2 percent of the population, while the country-wide average outside the territories is a very respectable 4.5 percent, according to U.N. Statistics.

Cespedes cites the intense remoteness from the outside world as the biggest obstacle to the community’s development. He only leaves the reserve every two to three months himself, and some may never leave.

It is simply too difficult to make journeys out of the reserve carrying crops to sell or to return with building materials. This makes Soto and Montoya’s input crucial. Their approach, talking with the chief to decide the best way to move forward, makes a more personal, hands-on difference than central government programs.

Small steps, such as bringing toothbrushes, gradually help to make life easier. The model house, being built with wooden boards next to the caña brava hut, will soon show how houses can be made with chimneys, providing a smokeless room for cooking.

Volunteers from EARTH University will also be reviewing the land, to suggest crops that the fertile land would easily produce, varying the diet of bananas, maize, beans and rice.

While the United Nations Children’s Fund survey demonstrated how little ordinary Costa Ricans know about the Indian communities, it also showed that they are open to finding out more. Nine out of 10 agreed that modern Costa Rica could learn something from Indian culture, with traditions such as respect for elders and natural medicinal techniques.

Small ventures such as the mission provide a cultural exchange from which both populations can benefit.

An analysis of gas collected from Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica, has revealed the presence of high proportions of helium in one of three samples collected on 7 and 8 March, according to a report in La Nación today. This suggests that magma may be building up within the volcano.

The gas sampling at Turrialba is being undertaken by a scientific team from the Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica (Ovsicori), part of the Universidad Nacional (UNA), while scientists at the Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) have been carrying out the gas analysis. The UCR mass spectrometer analysis of the three gas samples revealed the presence of helium at a far higher level than normal: ‘We are talking about a difference of three orders of magnitude’ reports Jorge Andrés Díaz of the UCR.

Information
Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program – summary information for Turrialba (1405-07=)
Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Ovsicori news page, including latest bulletins (which are in PDF format)
Volcán Turrialba – information from Ovsicori

News
Helio sugiere formación de magma en volcán Turrialba – La Nación, 9 April 2008 (Spanish)