The previous post in this series provided an Excel User Defined Function (UDF) to find  the short term curvature of a reinforced concrete section subject to combined bending and axial load.  In this post UDFs will be presented to determine the strain in a concrete section due to creep and shrinkage, and in the final post these will be incorporated with the curvature UDF to find the curvature of the section under load for any given period.

Time related strains in concrete are divided into three categories:

• Endogenous (or chemical) shrinkage; the shrinkage of the concrete due to the hydration of the cement.
• Drying shrinkage; the shrinkage due to loss of water.
• Creep; long term strain in the concrete due to applied loads.

In all three cases internal or external restraint of the strain will result in a change in the state of stress of the section.  The methods examined in this post assume no restraint of the strain.  The effect of restraint will be examined in the following posts.

The UDFs Shrink() and Creep() have been added to the RC Design Functions3 spreadsheet.  These functions provide estimated shrinkage strain and creep coefficients to either the Australian Standard Concrete Structures Code (AS 3600) or the Eurocode Concrete Code (EC2).  A third UDF, AdjustedAge() calculates the adjusted age of a concrete section according to EC 2, based on the time/temperature history.  This age can be used as input to the Creep function.  As usual, the spreadsheet includes open source code for the UDFs.

The next version of the AS 3600 code contains significantly different provisions for the calculation of shrinkage and creep, and the UDFs follow these recommendations, as published in the last public draft version of the code.  The UDFs will be updated if required when the final version of the code is issued (which is expected any day now!)

Input for all three UDFs and typical output is shown in the screenshots below:

Input to Shrink() and Creep()

Adjusted Age input and output

Shrink() Output

Creep() Output

Je n’arrive pas à choisir entre la politique business et la neutralité islamophobe
(France-Rwanda 0 – Suisse 1)

Ok, agora que é oficial, posso contar: passei na prova de estágio do TJ, me chamaram, eu aceitei, já assinei contrato e começo na segunda!!! Tou súper empolgada, lógico, mesmo que seja na vara cível. O que acontece é que passar em um estágio por causa de entrevista é uma coisa, passar por causa de prova são outros 500. Por mais que a prova cobrasse coisas sobre arte*, atualidade e coisas não-ligadas a direito, ainda acho que é um ótimo meio pra selecionar pessoal. Me revolta muito estar na universidade e ver que as pessoas, na verdade, são umas antas em tudo que não é relativo ao curso em que estão matriculadas. Não que eu seja a senhora sei-sobre-tudo-que-tá-acontecendo, mas eu sei que isso é muito importante e tento me atualizar.

Por ironia, me ligaram na sexta, me chamando pra estagiar na área de design. Eu ainda não sei muito bem o que eu vou fazer e, pra falar a verdade, eu tou tão empolgada com tudo (estágio, viagem, fim de semeste…), que nem tou esquentando a cabeça pra ver no que tudo isso vai dar.

O que importa é que, a partir de segunda, terei -20h semanais disponíveis e tou muito feliz que vou gastá-las com uma coisa que eu queria, por mais que seja loucura total entrar nisso bem no caos do fim de semestre. E com isso eu cumpro metade da minha meta nº 2, “estagiar em cada uma das áreas”.

* Aconteceu uma coisa meio absurda nessa prova pra estagiário do TJ: caiu uma questão, perguntando de quem era o quadro Guernica. Ok, respondi, fui pra casa achando o máximo finalmente cobrarem questões sobre cultura geral que eu considero importante que as pessoas saibam, por mais que essa tenha sido meio óbvia. Cheguei na minha aula de processo penal na segunda e tinha uma menina (que tinha gabaritado a prova passada da matéria) comentando sobre a prova do TJ:

“achei muito sem noção!!! Como eu vou saber quem fez os jardins do Itamaraty? E aquele quadro??? PRA QUE EU PRECISO SABER DAQUILO SE EU FAÇO DIREITO?”

E os amiguinhos dela concordando. Viu o naipe das pessoas?! Pois eu achei lindo ter caído quem pintou um dos quadros mais importantes do modernismo e não é porque eu sabia que tinha sido Picasso. Que caísse um que eu não soubesse… É importante cobrarem isso das pessoas, pra que elas comecem a saber (porque se não cai em concurso, ninguém se interessa ¬¬), porque aquilo ali é cultura, poxa! É história contada de um jeito muito mais interessante. Muito mais importante do que saber nox, matriz, classificação de planta ou aquelas baboseiras todas que fazem a gente engolir no ensino médio e que a gente acaba descartando depois que passam as provas, porque são completamente inúteis.

Então, minha filha, você precisa saber quem pintou a Guernica e quem projetou os jardins do Itamaraty exatamente porque você faz direito.

Até!

Paula-rebelde-estagiandonotj (hihi), beijos.

bjp state president Mr p k krishnadas told yesterday that the party have made improvements in the vote percent in the  three assembly segments where the by elections  took place on November 7th.there was an increase of 1% in kannur to 5% of total votes ,in allapuzha an increase of 1% to 3% of total and in eranankulam to 7% from 5%.the party which have always been alleged of selling votes to ldf and udf is largely supported by the upper castes.

UDF candidates have won all the three seats in the by poll conducted on November 7th.according to the latest reports the UDF candidates A.A shukur ,A.P Abdulakutty and Dominic presentation won the Alapuzha,Kannur and Eranakulam seats respectively.this is a serious blow to the ruling LDF coalition especially taking into account the high-octane election campaigning it did  .Kannur saw the fiercest of fights where the defeated candidate Mr E.P Jayarajan is a stalwart of the CPM.

the poor performance of LDFcan be attributed to various factors like anti incumbency,infighting in CPM,the corruption allegations against many CPM leaders and the deteriorating law and order situation in the state.

bjp which have lost its hope of bagging any seats in the state came a distant third in all these seats

the results are more or less on expected lines as Kerala politics have become so predictable.the power always alters between the two fronts which are virtually undifferentiable from each other . people do not have a choice and this was mirrored in low percentage of votes polled in urban areas(kochi).the results are in line with expectations as an overwhelming majority  is predicted for udf in the coming elections.

the margins of victory in various constituencies are

KANNUR 12043

ALLAPUZHA 5701

ERANAKULAM 8630

Nostalgic feelings all over the place. Just found this baby ugly code but when I needed it it sure did it’s job. I even seem to have implemented some kind of rudimentary “social engineering’. When the wrong password is supplied to the bind shell it will respond with “FTP ACCESS DENIED”. Intention was to have people think it was some kind of FTP daemon, so if they attempted a brute force it would be wrong from the beginning.

The command execution shell

http://pastebin.com/f22735864

The bind shell

http://pastebin.com/f611f0ba2

The reverse shell

http://pastebin.com/f5e167b65

road accidents have become a fact of life in KERALA.when ever one such accident happens the immediate blame goes onto the driver .the so called overspeed is some thing like 60km/hr.no one blames the infrastructure,it is always the speed.

the roads in kerala are DEATH TRAPS for anyone whether he drives slow or fast.their whole design is unnatural.you have blunt turns and u-turns where the plain going straight must have served the purpose.the way PWD build roads they are meant to last only for one year so that after the rains they can repair it.the bad condition of the roads is always blamed on the monsoon,but i would like to ask them whether the other monsoon countries like singapore or malaysia have such problems with their roads?.

we MALAYALEES never question those things,if they ask us to drive only at 70km/hr we agree,but never ask t “are the roads meant for going slow?”.all we are good at is debating and implementing nothing

The simplified reinforced concrete section analysis spreadsheet presented here has been revised to allow the input of a pre-tension stress to either or both layers of reinforcement.  The spreadsheet (including full open source code) can be downloaded from RC Design Functions3.

Note 26 Oct 2009: The version of Estress originally uploaded gave incorrect output for total force and bending moment when the neutral axis depth was below the bottom reinforcement.  A corrected version has now been uploaded and is dated 26 Oct 2009.

Note that this spreadsheet is intended for the analysis of rectangular beams or slabs with two layers of reinforcement.  For more complex sections refer to Reinforced Concrete Section Analysis – 5; Ultimate Limit State and Reinforced Concrete Section Analysis – 3.

In addition to the provision for prestressed reinforcement the revision also provides additional output data on section curvature, including analysis of tension stiffening effects and shrinkage according to the Eurocode EC2, and analysis of shrinkage curvature using a fictitious pre-compression stress applied to the reinforcement.  More details on these revisions will be given in a later post.

Typical Input and Output:

Estress input, including pre-stress

EStress Output

Everybody knows how to call stored procedures from a .NET application. Right? But then, how often do you see stored procedures used to their full advantage in database applications? William Brewer goes through some of the basics, but uses PowerShell, IronPython and VB.NET for the example .NET application just to freshen the subject up a bit, and avoids all mention of Northwind or AdventureWorks!

in .NET, there are three very similar ways of accessing SQL Server. If you want to access other databases such as MySQL, Access or SQLite, then you’ll use the net library System.Data.ODBC but we are going to use System.Data.SQLClient, as it supports all the current SQL Server datatypes.The third main approach is System.Data.OLEDB but but this is minority-interest.

Stored Procedures provide more alternatives in the way they can pass data back to the application. You can pass data and information

• As one or more results
• As a series of messages (e.g. DBCC)
• As an integer return code
• In output or input/output parameters.
• In an error

Calling Stored Procedures from .NET Applications.

I love fall because of all the delicious pumpkin-flavored foods that are available.

So far I have purchased and/or eaten:

• Yagoot’s Pumpkin Frozen Yogurt – I didn’t like this, even though it was paired with Cinnamon Teddy Grahams. The Pumpkin flavor was too tart and citrusy, reminding me of an orange flavor instead of the spiced-filled goodness that is pumpkin.
• UDF’s Pumpkin Pie Ice Cream – Delish! It has pieces of pumpkin pie crust mixed in and it is dangerously good
• Starbucks Pumpkin Spice Latte – Once again, delish!
• Homemade Pumpkin Bread – I purchased this at a farmers market in Mount Vernon, OH from a pair of tattooed, Harley-loving love birds, making the experience so much better
• Pumpkin Dot – A lovely co-worker of mine made these at home and they reminded me of Cheryl & Co’s Cinnamon Frosted Cookies found in this gift box trio

Pumpkin-flavored things that I still need to buy and eat while I can:

• Pumpkin Seeds – I need to go out and buy a pumpkin so that I can bake the seeds! Home baked seeds are SO much better than the ones you purchase at a store. yuck!
• Brueggers Pumpkin Cream Cheese – I’m not a huge cream cheese fan but I have to try this
• Pumpkin Butter – Another co-worker told me that he purchased this at a farmers market. MUST FIND
• Even though I ate a Pumpkin Dot, I need to go to Cheryl & Co and get a Cinnamon Frosted Cookie.

Public Function Evaluate_Polynomial(RngExponents As Range, RngCoefficients As Range, RngX As Range) As Variant
Dim LngLoopCells As Long
Dim LngCountCells As Long
Dim DblSum As Double

‘====================================================================================================
‘Perform the necessary checks on the cells that contain the EXPONENTS
‘====================================================================================================
If TypeName(RngExponents) <> “Range” Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

If RngExponents Is Nothing Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

If RngExponents.Areas.Count <> 1 Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Perform the necessary checks on the cells that contain the COEFFICIENTS
‘====================================================================================================
If TypeName(RngCoefficients) <> “Range” Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

If RngCoefficients Is Nothing Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

If RngCoefficients.Areas.Count <> 1 Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Make sure that the number of COEFFICIENTS matches the number of EXPONENTS
‘====================================================================================================
If RngExponents.Cells.Count <> RngCoefficients.Cells.Count Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

If TypeName(RngX) <> “Range” Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

If RngX Is Nothing Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Perform the necessary checks on the X-value
‘====================================================================================================
If RngX.Areas.Count <> 1 Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

If RngX.Cells.Count <> 1 Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

If Not IsNumeric(RngX) Then
——–Polynomial = “UNDEFINED”
——–Exit Function
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Determine the number of terms in the polynomial
‘====================================================================================================
LngCountCells = RngExponents.Cells.Count

‘====================================================================================================
‘Loop through the coefficient and exponent pairs and multiply accordingly summing up on each iteration
‘====================================================================================================
For LngLoopCells = 1 To LngCountCells
——–DblSum = DblSum + RngCoefficients.Cells(LngLoopCells).Value * (RngX.Value ^ RngExponents.Cells(LngLoopCells).Value)
Next LngLoopCells

‘====================================================================================================
‘Return the result
‘====================================================================================================
Evaluate_Polynomial = DblSum

End Function

CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[udfSplit](@text nvarchar(max), @delimiter char(1) = ‘ ‘)

RETURNS @Strings TABLE ( position int IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY, value nvarchar(max) )

AS

BEGIN

DECLARE @index int

SET @index = -1

WHILE (LEN(@text) > 0)

BEGIN SET @index = CHARINDEX(@delimiter , @text)

IF (@index = 0) AND (LEN(@text) > 0)

BEGIN

INSERT INTO @Strings VALUES (@text) BREAK

END

IF (@index > 1)

BEGIN

INSERT INTO @Strings VALUES (LEFT(@text, @index – 1))

SET @text = RIGHT(@text, (LEN(@text) – @index))

END

ELSE

SET @text = RIGHT(@text, (LEN(@text) – @index))

END

RETURN

END

parameters:

@text: text to split

@delimiter: character

returns:

table with columns position und value

SELECT * FROM [OLReweAbf].[dbo].[udfSplit] (‘test’,'t’)

example:

Update LBFulfillmentKNORueckmeldungAuftrag

SET PaketGew = (select sum(cast([value] as bigint)) from [dbo].[udfSplit](PaketGew,’:'))

WHERE VersandartID LIKE ‘LKW%’ AND PaketGew LIKE ‘%:%’ AND TrackingNr is NULL

This post is in response to recent discussions at Daily-Dose-of-Excel where many and various worksheet formulas have been suggested to carry out tasks that are (it seems to me) better done with a simple User Defined Function (UDF):

Adding Every Other Cell (also at the Microsoft Office Blog: Adding Every Other Cell in a Column )
and
Summing the Digits of a Number

My solutions to these, and also another at Eng-Tips: Transposing data from columns, can be dowloaded here: Sum Tab.xls

The spreadsheet includes full open source code as usual:

SumSkip Function

The SumSkip function will sum every n’th row or column of a range, starting from any specified cell.


Function SumSkip(SumRange As Variant, Optional NumSkip _As Long _
= 2, Optional StartCell As Long = 1, _
Optional DirSkip As String) As Double
Dim Numrows As Long, NumCols As Long, Sums As Double
Dim i As Long, j As Long, k As Long
If TypeName(SumRange) = "Range" Then SumRange = SumRange.Value2
Numrows = UBound(SumRange)
NumCols = UBound(SumRange, 2)
If DirSkip = "" Then
If Numrows > NumSkip Then
DirSkip = "V"
ElseIf NumCols > NumSkip Then
DirSkip = "H"
End If
End If
DirSkip = UCase(DirSkip)
Select Case DirSkip
Case Is = "V"
For i = StartCell To Numrows Step NumSkip
For j = 1 To NumCols
Sums = Sums + SumRange(i, j)
Next j
Next i
Case Is = "H"
For j = StartCell To NumCols Step NumSkip
For i = 1 To Numrows
Sums = Sums + SumRange(i, j)
Next i
Next j
End Select
SumSkip = Sums
End Function


SumDig Function

The SumDig function sums the digits of a value or string (either including or excluding values to the right of the decimal point).  I have incorporated the use of  a Byte array to extract the numeric characters without tripping over non-numeric characters, thanks to Charles Williams who provided a neat UDF in the DDoE thread using this technique.

Function SumDig(SumVal As String, _
Optional SumFract As Boolean = False) As Long
Dim NumDig As Long, i As Long, DPPos As Long, ByteA() As Byte
DPPos = InStr(1, SumVal, ".") * 2 - 1
ByteA = CStr(SumVal)
NumDig = Len(SumVal) * 2 - 1
If DPPos > 0 Then
For i = 0 To DPPos Step 2
SumDig = SumDig + Val(Chr(ByteA(i)))
Next i
If SumFract = True Then
For i = DPPos + 1 To NumDig Step 2
SumDig = SumDig + Val(Chr(ByteA(i)))
Next i
End If
Else
For i = 0 To NumDig Step 2
SumDig = SumDig + Val(Chr(ByteA(i)))
Next i
End If
End Function


Tabulate Function

The tabulate function creates a table based on row and column numbers and data listed in a 3 column range.  It was pointed out in the Eng-Tips thread that this could also be done with a pivot table, but the UDF solution seems simpler to me.

Does a straightforward UDF beat a convoluted worksheet function, or are UDFs best avoided?

What do you think?

Public Function Match_UDF(RngValue2Find As Range, Rng2Search As Range, Optional BolCaseSensitive As Variant) As Range
On Error GoTo Match_UDF_ErrorHandler
Dim RngArea As Range
Dim RngCell As Range
Dim VarValue2Find As Variant

‘====================================================================================================
‘Return NOTHING iff the RngValue2Find is itself NOTHING and EXIT
‘====================================================================================================
If RngValue2Find Is Nothing Then
        Set Match_UDF = Nothing
        Exit Function
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Return NOTHING iff the RngValue2Find has more than 1 AREA and EXIT
‘====================================================================================================
If RngValue2Find.Areas.Count <> 1 Then
        Set Match_UDF = Nothing
        Exit Function
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Return NOTHING iff the RngValue2Find has more than 1 CELL and EXIT
‘====================================================================================================
If RngValue2Find.Cells.Count <> 1 Then
        Set Match_UDF = Nothing
        Exit Function
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Return NOTHING iff the Rng2Search is itself NOTHING and EXIT
‘====================================================================================================
If Rng2Search Is Nothing Then
        Set Match_UDF = Nothing
        Exit Function
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Set the default to CASE INSENSITIVE iff needs be
‘====================================================================================================
If IsMissing(BolCaseSensitive) Then
        BolCaseSensitive = False
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Make a note of the value to be found
‘====================================================================================================
VarValue2Find = RngValue2Find.Value

‘====================================================================================================
‘If CASE INSENSITIVITY is the setting then uppercase the value to find
‘====================================================================================================
If Not BolCaseSensitive Then
        RngValue2Find = UCase(RngValue2Find)
End If

‘====================================================================================================
‘Cycle through each of the AREAS in the range to seach and ALL of the cells therein
‘====================================================================================================
For Each RngArea In Rng2Search.Areas
        For Each RngCell In RngArea.Cells
                ‘====================================================================================================
                ‘iff the cell to be found is actually found then return it’s single cell range location and exit
                ‘====================================================================================================
                If BolCaseSensitive Then

                        If RngCell.Value = RngValue2Find Then
                                Set Match_UDF = RngCell
                                Exit Function
                       End If
                ‘====================================================================================================
                ’iff the [UCASE] cell to be found is actually found [case insensitive match] return it’s single cell range location & exit
                ‘====================================================================================================
                Else
                        If UCase(RngCell.Value) = RngValue2Find Then
                                Set Match_UDF = RngCell
                                Exit Function
                        End If
               End If
       Next RngCell
Next RngArea

Exit Function

‘====================================================================================================
‘At this point an error of some sort has occurred and thus return NOTHING
‘====================================================================================================
Match_UDF_ErrorHandler:
        Set Match_UDF = Nothing
End Function

This post presents an Excel User Defined Function (UDF) to carry out the analysis of vertical piles subject to horizontal loads, using the same approach as employed in the DOS program COM624. A spreadsheet including the UDF and an on-spreadsheet solution using the same method may be downloaded from LatPile.zip.  As usual the file contains full open source code for the UDF and associated routines.

Detailed background information on the method of analysis is given in the COM624 manual, which can be downloaded from the link given in the previous post.  An outline of the method, including all relevant equations used, is given below and in the download file, together with some simple examples.

The equations used in the analysis are shown in the screenshot below (click on any image for full size view):

LPile Finite Difference Equations

On the FinDiff sheet of the download file these equations have been entered into a 25×25 matrix, which with the MINVERSE() and MMULT() functions allows the equations to be solved and the deflections calculated for any pile with 20 segments:

Finite Difference Equations in Matrix Format

The same basic method of analysis has also been incorporated in a UDF, allowing the solution to be carried out much more conveniently and flexibly.  Input for the UDF is shown below:

LPile UDF

Example 1 is a 20 m long pile of uniform stiffness in a uniform soil:

UDF Input and Results; Example 1

Example 1 Bending Moments

Example 1 Shear Forces

Example 1 Deflections

Example 2 is a reinforced concrete pile with a cracking moment of 60 kNm in a soil with stiffness increasing with depth. The pile and soil stiffness values have been adjusted by hand in this case. Future versions of the program will allow input of non-linear soil and pile section stiffness.

Example 2 Input and Results

Example 2 Bending Moments

Example 2 Shear Forces

Example 2 Deflections

Henri Turenne in a letter to Cardinal Mazarin before the battle of the Dunes near Dunkerque in 1658 had written as follows:” I have seen the English. They have the finest troops possible”. He was referring to the New Model Army of Great Britain. Established in 1645 by Parliamentarians during the English civil war, it consisted of 22,000 soldiers comprising eleven regiments of cavalry (6600 men), twelve regiments of infantry (14,400 men) and one regiment of 1,000 dragoons. The new Model army was headed by Sir Thomas Fairfax (Captain General) and Sir Philip Skippon (Sergeant Major General of the foot). The standard pay was equitable and fair.Eight pence for infantry and two shilling for cavalry on a daily basis. Recruitment was drawn from the very best. Members of the Houses of Commons and Lords were excluded from seeking commissions by the Self Denying Ordinance (exceptions were made in the cases of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and the local Commanders in Cheshire and North Wales).

The new Model Army was an all male volunteer militia (John Bunyan, author of the Pilgrim’s Progress was a member). The officers had no political allegiances because they had no seats in Parliament. Independence from Parliament helped and led to the Army’s willingness to contribute to the overthrow of Crown and Parliament. The Army’s Generals (particularly Cromwell) could rely both on the army’s discipline, its religious zeal and innate support for the” Good old Cause” to maintain an essentially dictatorial rule. The Ironsides were also a mobile force and could be deployed quickly and swiftly anywhere in the country. They were not tied to garrisons or county unlike its predecessors. In battle, retreat was not allowed and the soldiers were always encouraged to charge the enemy, but to hold ground and not give pursuit if they fled .They were expressly forbidden from looting baggage left by opposing forces.

Puritanism and religious fervor ran rampant amongst the rank and file of the militia. Soldiers were encouraged to read and own Bibles and before going into battle, copious sections of the Psalms were recited. Paintings depicting Christ were made on Cannons and other heavy military equipment and inscriptions like “Jesus is love” and “God cares” were lovingly carved on muskets and grenades before they tore through the sinews and flesh of the enemy. Cromwell was a zealot who quoted frequently from the Bible. He compared himself to Achan and vowed never to rebuild Jericho.

The New Model Army marched from one success to another. They annexed Dunkerque, took Jamaica as a colony from the Spanish, occupied Gibraltar, subjugated Scotland and ruthlessly ravaged Ireland. Drogheda became to the Irish what Dresden was to the Germans after the Second World War. War crimes were committed and the saying of the day became” Hell or Connaught”.A common profanity was”Malacht Cromail Ort” meaning “the Curse of Cromwell upon you”. It was akin to uttering the curse of the “Pox on you” or “May the devil take you”. Lands were taken from the original owners and given to the troops as recompense and back pay. It could be argued that Cromwell gave birth to latter day resistance movements like the IRA who sought to recover lands taken from their forebears. Settlers from England were encouraged to live in Dublin and elsewhere and the original landowners were transported to Barbados and Jamaica to carry out forced labor. These settlers later became known as Protestant Ulster freedom Men who went on to form nationalist movements like the UVF, UDF and UFF to counter the mainly Catholic IRA.These movements led to the troubles in the region which was only settled by the Good Friday agreement engineered by former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and former Irish Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern

The New Model Army ruled the Commonwealth. England was divided into eleven regions each run by a Major General (Monck had a free run in Scotland). Their writs ran far and wide. They were to suppress vice and promote virtue. Popular pursuits of the people like Fox and squirrel hunting were banned. Card playing and gambling were discouraged. Bars and Taverns were barred from serving spirits and alcohol. Sunday worship was encouraged and Presbyterianism became the state religion. Dissent and uprisings were ruthlessly suppressed by Cromwell’s security services. As a commentator aptly put it “when Cromwell was alive, not a single mouse squeaked”.

By the time of Cromwell’s death and the Restoration in 1660, the English were yearning for change. After Monck marched on London and installed Charles 11 as king, the New Model Army was disbanded. Only portions still remain in the form of Monck’s own regiment, the Cold stream guards and the Regiment of Cuirassiers (the Royal Horse guards).

Public Function File_Date_And_Time(StrFileSpec As String) As String

On Error GoTo File_Date_And_Time _ErrorHandler
‘====================================================================================================
‘This function returns the DATE and TIME (of CREATION) of the supplied filename
‘====================================================================================================
________File_Date_And_Time = CStr(FileDateTime(StrFileSpec))
Exit Function

‘====================================================================================================
‘At this juncture an error has returned therefore return a NULL string
‘====================================================================================================
File_Date_And_Time _ErrorHandler:
________File_Date_And_Time = “”
End Function